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Making reading
a priority
David DidauSheredes School Conference
12th November 2015
Reading is complicated
Langu
age c
om
pre
hen
sion p
roce
sses
Word decoding/recognition processes
An accuracy issue?
An intelligence issue?
Skilled readingA fluency issue?
What’s the issue?
Alphabetic CodesEnglish:Opaque code44 smallest speech sounds (phonemes)47+ units of sound /k+s/ /kw/ /y+oo/ /ul/170+ spelling alternatives (graphemes)(double that for rare & unique spellings)
Spanish:Transparent code24 phonemes40 graphemes
Fewer spelling alternatives than sounds in English
The importance of fluency
Theygradually ascended for
half
a milethen found themselve
sat thetop of a
considerable eminence where thewood ceased theand eye was instantl
ycaught by Pemberley House situated
onthe oppositeside of the valley, intowhich the road with some abruptnes
swound.
Is comprehension possible?
• How far did they climb?• Where did the characters find
themselves? • At what point did they first see
Pemberley House?• Where were they standing when they
first saw the house?• How did the author describe the road?
Comprehension depends on reading speed
They gradually ascended for half a mile then found themselves at the top of a considerable eminence where the wood ceased and the eye was instantly caught by Pemberley House situated on the opposite side of the valley, into which the road with some abruptness wound.
• How far did they climb?• Where did the
characters find themselves?
• At what point did they first see Pemberley House?
• Where were they standing when they first saw the house?
• How did the author describe the road?
The cognitive processes
• Visual auditory– Attention– Blocking distractions– Visual systems– Application of rules associating letters to sounds– Saccades
• Higher level language comprehension– Meaning of words– Semantic & grammatical systems– Working memory– Inference & hypothesis– Anticipation
Memory
Long term• Accuracy• Fluency• Prior knowledge• Vocabulary• StoriesFast, automatic, invisible
Working• Inferences• Clarifications• Hypotheses• Predictions
Requires attention & effort
Proud mum in a million Natalie Brown hugged her beautiful baby daughter
Casey yesterday and said: “She’s my double
miracle.”
1 - Where would you find this text?2 - How do you know?
The blood vessels of the circulatory system, branching
into multitudes of very fine tubes (capillaries), supply all
parts of the muscles and organs with blood, which carries oxygen and food
necessary for life.
1 - Where would you find this text?2 - How do you know?
Ensure that the electrical supply is turned off. Ensure the
existing circuit to which the fitting is to be connected has been installed and fused in
accordance with current L.L.L. wiring regulations.
1 - Where would you find this text?2 - How do you know?
SKIMMING
Reading a text quickly to get an overview of the meaning
The Laki eruption was one of the most devastating eruptions in human history. Iceland lies on the mid-Atlantic ridge and its volcanoes pose a constant threat, although very few of them produce violent eruptions because the magma is usually basaltic and relatively free-flowing. In 1783–84, a major eruption from the Laki fissure poured out an estimated 14 km3 of basaltic lava and clouds of poisonous compounds. The volcano is located in a remote part of Iceland and no one was killed by the event itself. However, the secondary effects were devastating because the poisonous cloud killed over half of Iceland’s livestock population, leading to a famine which killed approximately a quarter of the population.
Searching a text quickly to pick out
key information
SCANNING
1. How many Irish provinces were there?
2. When did Henry II persuaded Pope Adrian IV to give him authority to conquer Ireland?
3. What were the names of the 3 towns taken by the English?
Six kings ruled six Irish provinces, each of which had many tribes with their own kings. Traditionally a High King of Ireland claimed tribute from the other kings. The last High King was Brian Boru, King of Munster, who died in 1014 while defeating the Danes at Clontarf. His rival, the King of Leinster, aided by the Danes who, after 1014, ruled Dublin, Waterford and Limerick. Four Kings – of Leinster, Munster, Connaught and Ulster – fought for Boru’s crown. In 1154 Henry II persuaded Pope Adrian IV to give him authority to conquer Ireland. In 1166 he had his chance. MacMurrough (Leinster) had stolen the wife of O’Rourke of Breffney, a neighbour of O’Connor (Connaught). All the kings condemned MacMurrough and banished him. He asked for Henry’s help. He sent de Clare (Strongbow), Earl of Pembroke to lead an army of chain-clad knights, supported by Welsh archers. The unarmoured Irish, with their Danish battle-axes were no match for them. The English took Wexford, Waterford and Dublin
How many provinces?When did Henry II persuade the pope?
What 3 towns?
1. How many Irish provinces were there?
2. When did Henry II persuaded Pope Adrian IV to give him authority to conquer Ireland?
3. What were the names of the 3 towns taken by the English?
ZOOMING
Zoom in on
certain words,
phrases and
sentences to
understand
the text in
more detail
Zooming in and outZooming in (analysing) allows us to see detail we would otherwise miss
We need to zoom out (evaluating) that the can understand how the detail fits into the big picture
But…
Comprehension also depends on background knowledge.
A manifold, contained in an intuition, which I call mine, is represented by means of the synthesis of the understanding, as belonging to the necessary unity of self-consciousness; and this is effected by means of the category.
Immanuel Kant – Critique of Pure Reason
What are the main ideas of this passage?1. Without a manifold, one cannot call an intuition
‘mine’. 2. Intuition must precede understanding. 3. Intuition must occur through a category. 4. Self-consciousness is necessary to understanding
What % of vocabulary do we need to know in order to
understand a text?
95%
Gregory had done all he could to complete the task. When
Horace approached his cousin he could see that Gregory was
exhausted. Smiling broadly, Horace said, “You know there
are dire results for your attempt.”
Misdirective contexts
treg
Dan heard the door open and wondered who had arrived. He couldn’t make out the voices.
Then he recognised the lumbering footsteps on the stairs and knew it was Aunt
Grace.
Nondirective contexts
credering
Joe and Stan arrived at the party a 7 o’clock. By 9:30. the evening seemed to drag for
Stan. But Joe really seemed to be having a good time at the
party. “I wish I could be as gregarious as he is,” thought
Stan.
General contexts
gurberous
When the cat pounced on the dog, he leapt up, yelping, and knocked
down a shelf of books. The animals ran past Wendy, tripping her. She cried out and fell to the floor. As
the noise and confusion mounted, Mother hollered upstairs, “What’s
all that commotion?”
Directive contexts
gamorion
Vocabulary building
• Tier 1 – high frequency in spoken language
• Tier 2 – high frequency in written texts
• Tier 3 – subject specific, academic language
Tier 2 Vocabulary
Johnny Harrington was a kind master who treated his servants fairly. He was also a successful wool merchant, and his business required that he travel often. In his absence, his servants would tend to the fields and cattle and maintain the upkeep of his mansion. They performed their duties happily, for they felt fortunate to have such a benevolent and trusting master.
Tier 2 Vocabulary
Johnny Harrington was a kind master who treated his servants fairly. He was also a successful wool merchant, and his business required that he travel often. In his absence, his servants would tend to the fields and cattle and maintain the upkeep of his mansion. They performed their duties happily, for they felt fortunate to have such a benevolent and trusting master.
Tier 2 Vocabulary
Merchant shop keeperRequired have toTend look afterMaintain keep goingPerformed did Fortunate lucky Benevolent kind
Reco
gnitio
n
Pro
nunci
ati
on
Definition
Vocabulary building
Bringing Words to Life: Robust Vocabulary Instruction, Isabelle Beck
Explicit vocabulary instruction
• Use texts rich in Tier 2 vocabulary
• Give synonyms & examples of specific circumstances in which words might be used
• Teach roots, prefixes & suffixes
Reading for pleasure
Reading for pleasure
• How can we get students to value reading?
• Establishing social norms– It’s cool to be smart– Every book will teach you something– Books allow us to have experiences
beyond our lives
Reading makes you smarterBelow
expected level %
At expected level
%
Above expected level
%Very much 2.4 63.5 34.2Quite a lot 4.2 83.5 12.3A bit 17.4 75.8 6.8Not at all 37 54.9 8.1
Enjoyment of reading and reading attainment in 2012 (n=13,710)
Reading makes you smarterBelow
expected level %
At expected level
%
Above expected level
%Every day 3.7 68.3 26.1A few times a week 7.1 81.7 11.2About once a week 13.6 78.4 8A few times a month 14.1 78.8 7.1About once a month 18.9 72.2 8.9Rarely 25.1 67 7.9Never 36.2 58.3 5.4
Reading frequency and reading attainment in 2012 (n=13,710
Read often + enjoy reading + read good books =
smarter, happier, more successful
Every hour spent reading is an hour spent learning to write.
Robert MacFarlane