Making Modernity Tick Long Rhythms & Run Long Distances, Making Money Run the Medium Mile. Chap 4 excerpted from Rojas (2013) Timing Think, Thinking Time. A Beginner's Critical Historical

8/13/2019 Making Modernity Tick Long Rhythms & Run Long Distances, Making Money Run the Medium Mile. Chap 4 excerp

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:ZKGIBGIO ZG@D

ZG@GIO ZKGIB

@LBGIO @CJD^IGZW ZGAB MCIO ^KWZK@Q & ^TIMCIO JGQZLIADQ,

@LBGIO @CIDW ^TIZKD @DJGT@ @GMD

ZGMMWQ ZGZLIGA AC@XL^LZGUD KGQZC^GALM QCAGCMCOW

Ge ycurd mccbgio ecr tkd dpgtc`d ce rkytk`s prgzdj kypctkdsgs-tdstgio `larc-lilmytgakgstcrgalm scagcmcoy, tkdrd gs uijcuntdjmy ic ndttdr alijgjltd tkli Aklrmds Zgmmy(lmtkcuok kd kg`sdme wcumj skui suak dpgtkdt). Kgs sd`gilm Acdragci, Alpgtlm lijDurcpdli Qtltds(


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tkd elat (tkd qudstgci kdrd gs ict wklt `ljd ecr _dstdri `cjdrigty, nut rltkdrwkdtkdr gt kls gijddj ditdrdj li ditgrdmy idw drl) tc nd lnmd tc jc ctkdrwgsd.

Zgmmy tdmms tkd kgstcry ce Durcpdli `cjdrigty tkrcuok tkd dyds ce wklt kd almms gtsdpcaklm prcadssds2lij kd pdrecr`s tkgs tlsb, ls lroudj, ict gi l rdtrcspdatgvd`liidr ls tkd usulm alsd kls nddi, nut gi l prcspdatgvd cid, ny tlbgio l ncmj mcio-jgstliad tg`d-mdlp ce l `gmmdiigu` (778-) lij klme ce tklt (-) tc aklrtgi tkd rst gistliad kcw ùmtgpmd prd-`cjdri stltd ecr`s tkrcuok dxgodiagds ce wlrilmmy acivdrodj lmcio tkd `cjdri trlfdatcry ce iltgci-stltds, lij gi tkd sdacijgistliad, kcw tkdsd vdry sl`d prcadssds prcjuadj lm`cst gjditgalm plttdris gi tkdalrddr ce Durcpdli rdvcmutgcis. Gi skcrt, Zgmmy mgibs gi tkdsd wcrbs wklt rkytk` ciadlttd`ptdj tc dxpmcrd gi cid, g.d., Qtltds lij ^dvcmutgcis2 lij ny nrgiogio tkdsd nlabtc tkd ecrdercit ce lilmysgs, kd gi deedat argtgalmmy d`pklsgzds tkd tkdcrdtgalm prg`layce pcmgtgas lij lodiay gi tkd sklpgio ce `cjdri kgstcry. Mdts mccb tkdi lt kcw Zgmmy,wgtk kgs rdputdj kypctkdsgs-tdstgio ac`plrltgvd `dtkcj, lrouds tkd alsd ci tkdsd

purpcrtdj mgibs, acupmdj wgtk tkd acursd kd tlbds tc tdst lij prcvd tklt lrou`dit.

ACDÂGCI, ALXGZLM LIJ DT^CXDLI QZLZDQ

Gi tkgs rst alsd, Zgmmy pcsds tkd jcunmd-qudstgci6 _ky l prcicuiadj vlrgdty ce stltdecr`s prdvlgmdj gi Durcpd sgiad 778, lij wky tkdsd dvditulmmy acivdrodj ci jgeedrditvlrglits ce tkd odidrga iltgcilm stltd3 Zgmmy aciercits tkd prcnmd` wgtk l sdt ce twdmvdkypctkdtgalm stltd`dits, tkd dssdiad ce wkgak `ly nd rdjuadj tc l sgiomd stgiogiosmcoli6 Qtltds @ljd _lr, lij _lr @ljd Qtltds! Nut wkgmd wlr gi prgiagpmd sdt tkd

odidrlm jgrdatgci lij plad ce stltd-`lbgio sgiad 778 LJ, gi prlatgad, tkd `cjd nywkgak stltds dxtrlatdj erc` gts tdrrgtcry lij sunfdat pcpumltgci tkd `dlis ce `lbgio gtlij tkd acrrdspcijgio ecr` ce rumd cr stltd tklt tccb sklpd, vlrgdj lt l ogvdi pcgit gitg`d lij splad laacrjgio tc tkd prdvlgmgio lmgoi`dits ce croligzdj `lfcr scaglmamlssds lij tkdgr rdmltgcis wgtk tkd stltd, tkd nlmliad ce odc-pcmgtgalm pcwdr rdmltgciswgtkgi tkd gitdriltgcilm systd` ce acitdijgio stltds, lij, amcsgio tkd mccp, tkd mdvdm cetdakicmcoy lij salmd ce wlr-`lbgio lt mlrod.

Zkrdd lmtdriltgvd `cjds cr pltks ce rdscurad dxtrlatgci `lrb tkd mcio `gmmdiiglmalrddr ce Durcpdli wlr lij stltd-`lbgio6 lmcio l `cjlm acitgiuu`, alpgtlm (d.o.,

Mcw Acuitrgds) lij acdragvd- gitdisgvd (d.o., Nrlijdinuro, ûssgl, Xcmlij Kuiolry)`cjds caaupy tkd cppcsgtd dxtrd`ds wgtk alpgtlmgzdj-acdragci (d.o., Diomlij lijErliad) sljjmgio tkd salmd lt `gj-pcgit. Lt wkgakdvdr pcgit ci tkgs typcmcogalm salmd,l plrtgaumlr stltd edmm, umtg`ltdmy rdstdj ci tkd gitdisgty-rltgc, g.d., tkd rdmltgvd mdvdm lijjdisgty, ce tkd twc strltdoga vlrglnmds ce alpgtlm lij acdragci prdvlgmgio wgtkgitdrrgtcrglm ncuijlrgds.

Ls l rumd, gi lrdls wkdrd agty dacic`gds wgtk tkdgr latgvd alpgtlmgsts prdjc`giltdj,alpgtlm-gitdisgvd `cjds ce dxtrlatgci ndal`d tkd `cst vglnmd rcutd. Acivdrsdmy,wkdrd tkd mlijsalpd wls alrvdj ny vlst edujlm dstltds wgtk tkdgr pcwdreum

lrgstcarlagds, tkd cjjs tgmtdj gi elvcr ce acdragvd-gitdisgvd `cjds. Mltdr ci, gi l edwlrdls wkdrd kgok aciaditrltgcis ce nctk vlrglnmds dvcmvdj, l alpgtlmgzdj acdragci`gjjmd-rclj cpdidj up lij dvditulmmy tccb tkd mdlj gi wlr lij stltd-`lbgio. Zkd


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twgi kgstcry ce stltds lij wlrs spliigio tkd prdsdit `gmmdiigu` uiecmjdj suaadssgvdmygi ecur pklsds, dlak `lrbdj ny uiprdadjditdj lmtdrltgcis gi tkd alpgtlm-acdragcidqultgci.

Zkus, ndtwddi 778-


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iltgcilm stltds, lij l`cio tkd`, tkcsd wkc suaaddjdj tc olgi tkd kgokdstaciaditrltgcis ce alpgtlm lij acdragci lmsc wgdmjdj ac`pdtgtgvd wlr-`lbgio djodcvdr ctkdr iltgcilm stltd rgvlms (cr ctkdr stltd typds ecr tklt `lttdr) gi li giardlsgiomyjdisd gitdriltgcilm stltd systd`. Mdljgio iltgcilm stltds lngmgty tc deedatgvdmy wlodlij wgi wlrs dxdragsdj l pcwdreum pusk-pumm deedat upci ctkdrs wkc scuokt tc`lgitlgi rdmltgvd pcsgtgcis ce pcwdr wgtkgi tkd Durcpdli stltd systd`. Gi tkgs wly, lmmrcljs dvditulmmy acivdrodj lmcio jgeedrdit vlrglits ce spdaglmgzdj, jgeedrditgltdj lij`umtg-euiatgcilm iltgcilm stltds.

Qc kcw jcds Zgmmy diolod tkgs prcvcaltgvd wlr-stltd `cjdm3 Kgs rst stdp gs tc dstlnmgskny swddpgio ac`plrltgvd laacuit (plrtglmmy suppcrtdj ny qulitgtltgvd jltl) ce`gmmdiiglm akliods gi tkd rltgc lij rdmltgciskgp ce Durcpdli stltds lij agtgdstkdaciardtd rdprdsditltgcis ce acitlgidrs ce kgs twc bdy vlrglnmds. Alpgtlm lij acdragci tklt tkdrd gijddj gs dicuok g`pmgaltgio d`pgrgalm dvgjdiad tc nugmj l alsd ecr tkd`cjdm lt mlrod lij gts ac`pcidit kypctkdtgalm stltd`dits. Kgs ijgios lppdlr tc mdij

scmgj suppcrt tc tkcsd prd`gsds6 gi ls `uak ls mcio-tdr` jltl trdijs gijgaltd tklt d.o.,tkd kypctkdsgzdj odidrlm upwlrj `cvd`dit lij dqulmgzltgci ce alpgtlm-acdragcirltgcs jgj latulmmy klppdi larcss Durcpd /ls `ligedstdj ny mcio-rui agty-stltd rltgcs),>tkdsd rdmltgciskgps jgj syiakrcigzd wgtk dqug-kgstcrgalm `cvd`dits gi tkd erdqudiay(lij prdagpgtcus pcst-sgxtdditk aditury rgsd ce) mlrod-salmd wlrs (skgetgio erc` sdl tcmlij-ncri wlrelrd), cetdi rdsumtgio gi aciadssgcilry pdlad sdttmd`dits lij tkdsgoigalit rdjrlwgio ce stltd tdrrgtcrglm ncuijlrgds wgtkgi li giardlsgiomy amcsd-bigttdj Durcpdli gitdr-stltd systd` (rdgiecragio tkus kgs odc-pcmgtgalm kypctkdsgs).

_gtk tkd prdagsgci ce kgs `cjdm vlmgjltdj, Zgmmy tkdi `crd laaurltdmy dxklusts tkd

aditrlm wlr-`ljd-stltd lrou`dit wgtk l mdiotky laacuit ce tkd `dakligs`s ny wkgakstltd rumdrs dxtrlatdj tkd `lfcr `dlis ce wlr, lij rdagprcalmmy, tkd g`pmgaltgcis cewlr tc stltd struaturds. Kdrd, kd skcws kcw stltds plrsg`cigcusmy laqugrdj dxamusgvdacitrcm cvdr tkd `dlis ce acdragci erc` ciad pcwdreum agvgmgli lr`dj ecrads. Kcwdsalmltgio gitdr-stltd `gmgtlry acigat, plrtgaumlrmy letdr tkd etdditk aditury ciwlrjswkdi wlr tdakicmcoy skgetdj erc` sdl tc mlij-ncri, erc` sun-acitrlatdj `dradilrylr`gds lij ilvgds tc iltgcilmmy gitdorltdj lr`dj ecrads, rlgsdj tkd litd gi elvcr cejgrdatmy rumgio iltgcilm stltds. Kcw stltds `dt tkd jd`lijs ce wlr tkrcuok jgeedrditsalm strltdogds (lij kcw tkd akcgads tkdy `ljd wdrd jdmg`gtdj ny tkd dxtdit tcwkgak tkdgr dacic`gds wdrd `cidtgzdj).

>Zgmmys rltgc acuit skcws g.l. laadmdrltgio nut uatultgvd urnli orcwtk rltd wkgak ny tkd 88 stltdsny liy stlijlrj). Nut wkgmd agty-stltd rltgc wls lt tkgs fuiaturd rdmltgvdmy stmm s`lmm (


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Ls dxpdatdj, Zgmmy stlrts ny pcsgio l sdt ce strltdoga qudstgcis. Zc wklt dxtdit lij giwklt wlys jc ordlt rdvcmutgcis aciecr` tc tkd rdoumlrgtgds ce ici-rdvcmutgcilrypcmgtgas (g.d., tc rcutgid pcmgtgalm acitditgci)3 Xlrtgaumlrmy, kcw jc nrclj akliods gitkd croligzltgci ce stltds g`pgiod ci rdvcmutgcis ndtwddi -3 @lgimy, kdlrouds tklt rdoumlrgtgds gi rdvcmutgcilry kgstcry jc jdrgvd erc` cpdrltgcilm edlturds cestltds gijdpdijdit ce tkd ecr`dr. Zkdi, mgbd amcabwcrb, aciadptulm prdagsgci-`lbgioecmmcws.

Zc tkd nlsd-mgid jdigtgci lncvd, l tgokt sdt ce argtdrgl gs tkus lttlakdj tc sget tkdwkdlt ce trud erc` tkd aklee ce elmsd cr psdujc- rdvcmutgcilry prcadssds (^X)6 gi tkdacursd ce ecragnmd trlisedrs ce pcwdr cvdr l stltd, tkdrd skcumj nd l) lt mdlst twcjgstgiat acitdijgio nmcas wgtk giac`pltgnmd amlg`s tc acitrcm tkd stltd2 n) sc`dsgoigalit sdo`dit ce tkd sunfdat pcpumltgci dijcrsds tkd amlg`s ce dlak nmca (dgtkdrsgiomd latcrs cr aclmgtgcis). Lij tc eurtkdr `lbd tkd aciadpt tg`d lij vlrgdty sdisgtgvd

Zgmmy ljjs tklt a) tkd idw rdog`d ùst kcmj pcwdr ecr lt mdlst l `citk lij j) tkds`lmmdr nmca ùst acitrcm lt mdlst cid `lfcr sunjgvgsgci, odcorlpkga crlj`gigstrltgvd, ce tkd stltd. _gtk suak nrcljdr `dligio, cid acumj tkdi d`pgrgalmmyalpturd l wgjdr rliod ce dvdits tkli cur lrakdtyplm ordlt rdvcmutgcis, nut stgmm l ùakilrrcwdr rliod tkli agvgm vgcmdiad, prctdst, rdndmmgci cr dpkd`drlm trlisedrs ce pcwdr.

@crdcvdr, ls Zgmmy pdradptgvdmy lrouds, rdvcmutgcilry prcadssds jc ict lmwlys kgtkc`d-ruis erc` ùmtgpmd scvdrdgoitgds cr cpdi spmgts gi pcmgtgds tc idw stltd pcwdr, sccid kls tc jgstgiougsk ndtwddi twc bdy ac`pcidits6 rdvcmutgcilry sgtultgcis (^Q) lijrdvcmutgcilry cutac`ds (^C). Xrcxg`ltd alusds ecr Q lrd tkd lppdlrliad ce l) lij n)

lncvd pmus stltd gialplagty cr uiwgmmgioidss (ce tkd mlttdr3). ^Cs dqultd ce acursd tcdeedatgvd stltd pcwdr orlns, wkgak laacrjgio tc Zgmmy wdrd `cst mgbdmy ge tkdrd wlssunstlitglm ce l) lij n) pmus ge aklmmdiodrs `lilod tc acitrcm dxtdisgvd lr`dj ecrad.Ls prcxg`ltd acijgtgcis `ly vlry lt liy ogvdi pcgit gi tg`d gi tkd spli ce l ^X, tkd^Q lij ^C acitdit gi dlak alsd `ly vlry lij skget erc` cid tc tkd ctkdr. Jdpmcygiotkdsd twc `lgi vlrglnmds ls trladrs dilnmds Zgmmy ict uimgbd kgs dlrmgdr lttd`pts wgtkalpgtlm-acdragci rltgcs tc acistruat l typcmcogalm jglorl` ce rdvcmutgcis, rliogio erc`tkcsd wgtk zdrc ^Q-^C (0 rcutgid pcmgtgas) tc ac`pmdtd (ordlt rdvcmutgcis) wgtkgitdr`djgltd vlrglits lij cvdrmlps l`cio tkd` (tcp-jcwi sdgzurd, acups, agvgm wlr,rdvcmts).

Kgstcrgalmmy, kcwdvdr, ^Q rltkdr tkli ^C kls nddi tkd rumd, lij wkdi pcwdr trlisedrsjc rlrdmy caaur, tkdy tdij tc tlbd jgeedrdit, usulmmy acitrljgatcry jgrdatgcis, erc`scaglmmy rljgalm tc acisdrvltgvd `cjlmgtgds. _ky tkd pmurlmgty nut erdqudiay ce ^Q lijtkd rlrgty nut vlrgdty ce ^C3 Zkdsd d`pgrgalm gssuds sc`drslumts tc wklt latulmmy ljdecr tkd kypctkdsgzdj ^Q-^C prcxg`ltd alusds, nrgiogio us nlab tc tkd rst squlrdqudstgcis lij lrou`dit pcsdj lt tkd cutsdt. Lij tkgs stujy, fust ls gt jgj gi tkdprdvgcus pgdad lpprclakds tkdsd prcnmd`s prcspdatgvdmy ny mccbgio lt ^X ls l wkcmdwgtk tkd laadit `crd ci ^Q lij mdss ci tkd ctkdrwgsd lmrdljy wdmm-d`pklsgzdj ^C.

Ny ecrad ce klngt, Zgmmy, ndecrd d`pgrgalmmy ruiigio tkd `cjdm lolgist l iu`ndr cesdmdatgvd ac`plrltgvd alsds, rst rdturis tc tkd nlsga uijdrmygio lrou`dit, tkgs tg`d gieumm-mdiotk lij wgtk lmm tkd rdmdvlit rl`galtgcis. Gt gs lt tkgs pcgit wd ij tkd nrgjod


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tklt tdakigalmmy aciidats tkd twc wcrbs2 wkdrd Zgmmy pgabs up lij austc`-nugmjs tkdaurrdit stltd-rdvcmutgci lrou`dit erc` wkdrd gt dijdj gi stltd lij agtgzdiskgp gi tkdprdvgcus pgdad. Zkus, kd acitdijs tklt tkd plst klme-`gmmdiiglm kgstcry ce stltd-`lbgio(lij ny dxtdisgci, wlr-`lbgio) lij alpgtlmgst jdvdmcp`dit wls jdagsgvd tc Durcpdli^Xs giscelr ls gt sklpdj tkd plrl`dtdrs gi wkgak strltdoga ^Q-^C vlrglnmds caaurrdjlij jdvdmcpdj. Zklt gs, tkd plrl`dtdrs ce nlrolgigio cr amlg`-`lbgio ndtwddi stltdlij agtgzdiry.

Zkd jdvdmcp`dit ce alpgtlmgs` lij trlisecr`ltgci ce stltds gitdrtwgidj tc lmtdrprdvlgmgio rdpdrtcgrds ce amlg`-`lbgio, tkd ilturd ce amlg`s ndgio ljd, tkd amlg`litslij cnfdats ce amlg`s. Odidrlmmy, ls dlrmgdr ictdj, ls wlr-`lbgio kgok-salmdj lijrumdrs acisdquditmy wdit erc` gijgrdat tc jgrdat rdscurad `lilod`dit vgl iltgcilmstltds, tkdrd caaurrdj li grciga trljd-cee ndtwddi kgokdr stltd alpgtlm-acdragcialplngmgtgds lij ordltdr agvgmgli nlrolgigio rgokts, aciaurrditmy `cvgio erc` mcalm tciltgcilm amlg`s ci tkd stltd.

Kcwdvdr, lmtdriltgvd pltks, jdpdijgio ci latulm alpgtlm-acdragci gitdisgty rltgcs gidlak alsd, prcjuadj jgeedrdit vlrglits ce iltgcilm stltds lij gijustrglm alpgtlmgs`,wkgak gi turi leedatdj tkd tg`gio, aklrlatdr, scaglm nlsd lij cutac`ds ce acmmdatgvdamlg`-`lbgio. Idvdrtkdmdss, cvdr tkd mcio klum ce


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jyilstga


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acdragci (A-A) rltgcs. Cnsdrvlnmd gi G lij N, ge ict gi MA, wls lmsc tkd dxtdisgvdgivcmvd`dit ce tkd `gmgtlry. Zkd rdsumts lppdlr tc jcvdtlgm wgtk Zgmmys kypctkdsgs6 g.d.,cnsdrvdj ^X rdoumlrgtgds lij rdogcilm vlrgltgcis ecmmcwdj tkcsd ce stltd ecr`ltgci lijA-A rltgcs, rdspdatgvdmy. ^Xs lij ici-^Xs (rcutgid pcmgtgalm acitditgci) vlrgdj giplrlmmdm erc` rdogci tc rdogci lij pdrgcj tc pdrgcj. Zkd tkrdd alsds eurtkdr rdvdlm tkdleigty ce wlr lij rdvcmutgci, wkdrd cid ict cimy stg`umltdj nut `drodj, geg`pdredatmy, wgtk tkd ctkdr.

Letdr qulmgty-akdabgio kgs `lgi kypctkdsgs ecr pctditglm id-tuigio gi tkgs `liidr,Zgmmy icw lppmgds gt lij rdmltdj erl`dwcrb `crd gitdisgvdmy tc tkd ac`plrltgvd alsdsce tkd Nrgtgsk Gsmds (alpgtlmgst acdragci stltd trlfdatcry), Erliad (alpgtlmgzdj acdragci cralpgtlm-acdragci gitdisgvd3 Zgmmy sdd`s tc nd lby ci mlndmgio kdrd) lij ^ussgl(acdragci-gitdisgvd). Kd usds tkd sl`d pdrgcjgzltgci, nut `loigds tkd lilmysgs cidaditury gi dlak lrdl (


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tkd` mdlj sgxtdditk aditury tzlrs giljvdrtditmy tc acistruat l `lssgvd, dxplisgnmdsystd` ce pltrg`ciglmgs` lt tkd tcp, gijgrdat rumd gi tkd `gjjmd, l orcwgio amlss cesdres uijdr tkd acitrcm ce stltd-nlabdj mlijmcrjs lt tkd ncttc`. Qunsdqudit wlrstrlisecr`dj tklt struaturd akgdy ny tkgabdigio gt , sdttgio tkd plad lij rkytk` cecpdi ^Q (jyilstga, pltrci-amgdit lij ac``uilm pdlslit struoomds) tklt ci tkd lvdrlodnrcbd cut ciad dvdry jdaljd ndtwddi


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L`cio ctkdrs, pdcpmd klvd rdsklpdj tkdgr ac``draglm trlislatgcis, gitrcjuadj idwjgstgiatgcis, givditdj tkdgr cwi spdaglm ecr`s ce aurrdiay, dlr`lrbdj `cidy gi wlystklt nled `lrbdt tkdcrgsts, giacrpcrltdj `cidy gitc pdrscilmgzdj wdns ce ergdijskgp,el`gmy rdmltgcis, gitdrlatgcis wgtk lutkcrgtgds, lij ecrlys tkrcuok skcps lijnusgidssds.

Gi deedat, Vdmgzdr rdecrùmltds tkd `cidy-prcnmd` gitc sc`dtkgio mgbd6 fust ls `cidyac``draglmgzds, lij tc tklt dxtdit, jd-scaglmgzds, tkd `dligio ce gitdrpdrscilmrdmltgcis sc jc pdcpmd rd-scaglmgzd tkd `dligio ce `dligio lt dvdry turi.

Lsgjd erc` tkd `crd cnvgcus acuitdrwdgokt tkgs `liidr ce rd-prcnmd`ltgzgio tkd`dligio ce `cidy pcsds tc _dndrs aciadpt ce gistru`ditlm rltgcilmgty, kdr kgstcrgalmscagcmcoy prcvgjds li gitdrdstgio acitrlst tc Zgmmys lodijl. _kdrdls nctk sklrd tkdnlsga giordjgdits ce rkytk`s kypctkdsgs-tdstgio KQ ecr`lts, Vdmgzdr ruis kdr lrou`ditlij lilmysgs lt mcwdr lmtgtujd tkli Zgmmys. Timgbd kg`, giamgiltgcis tc `lstdr

prcadssds, `lssgvd ùmtgpmd alsd ac`plrgscis larcss tg`d lij splad, skd ecausds ciict sc ùak `lstdr prcadssds ls tkdgr sun-prcadssds (vgz., tkd g`plat ce `cidtgzltgcici sdmdatdj spkdrds cr idtwcrbs ce scaglm rdmltgcis lij vgad vdrsl), sgiomd alsd ydtùmtgpmd sun-uigt ac`plrgscis (tkrdd typds ce scaglm spkdrds cr idtwcrbs gi tkd sgiomdalsd ce tkd TQ) wgtkgi l `crd djgu`-tdr` tg`d erl`d (sgxty ydlr spli). Mdts icw ocstrlgokt tc kcw skd edrrgds ecrtk tkd `lgi tkdsgs lmcio tkdsd mgids.

Ls ictdj, Vdmgzdr sdts cut tc jgsardjgt tkd wgjdmy kdmj utgmgtlrgli rdjuatgcigst `cjdm ce`lrbdt `cidy tc wkgak skd acuitdrpcgsds l vd-pcgit lmtdriltgvd jgeedrditgltdj`cjdm ce `cidy. Zkgs `cjdm lssu`ds6 l) tkd ac-dxgstdiad ce `lrbdt lij dxtrl-`lrbdt

`cidy, nctk prcecuijmy giudiadj ny aumturlm lij scaglm struaturds2 n) tkd ici-dxgstdiad ce liy sgiomd uigecr` odidrlmgzdj `cidy, nut rltkdr tkd dxgstdiad ceùmtgpmd `cigds, wkdrdny pdcpmd dlr`lrb jgeedrdit aurrdiagds ecr `liy lij lmm typdsce gitdrlatgcis2 a) tklt adrtlgi `cigds ali nd gijgvgsgnmd, ici-euiognmd, ici-pcrtlnmd,jddpmy sunfdatgvd lij tkus qulmgtltgvdmy kdtdrcodicus2 j) tklt tkd strgat jgakctc`yndtwddi utgmgtlrgli `cidy lij ici-pdauiglry vlmuds gs elmsd2 d) tklt tkd lmmdodjerddjc` lij uiakdabdj pcwdr ce `cidy lrd g`prcnlnmd giscelr ls aumturlm lijscaglm struaturds sdt mg`gts tc tkd `cidtgzltgci prcadss tkrcuok prcecuij acitrcms lijrdstrgatgcis ci tkd cw lij mgqugjgty ce `cigds.

Vdmgzdr tkdi giacrpcrltds lncvd prd`gsds gitc l rdsklpdj aciadpt ce scaglm `cigdsjdidj ls cnfdats klvgio ic ac``ci pkysgalm aklrlatdrgstgas tklt ny vgrtud ce tkdusds lij `dligios pdcpmd lssgoi tc tkd` klvd rdacoigzdj, rdoumlrgzdj dxakliodvlmud gi cid sdttgio cr lictkdr. Gi ctkdr wcrjs, skd lrouds tklt tc l sgoigalit dxtdit,`cigds lrd gijddj scaglmmy acistruatdj. Xdcpmd ljcpt dmlncrltd acitrcms cvdr `cidylij dstlnmgsk jgeedrditglm dlr`lrbs wkdi lij wkdrd tkdy lrd diolodj gi jdmgaltd crjgeaumt scaglm gitdrlatgcis lij dxakliods. Quak alsd gs icwkdrd `crd grcigalmmystltdj tkli gi tkd TQ, tkd d`drogio nlstgci ce alpgtlmgs`, wkdrd ecr`s ce `cidydlr`lrbgio ùmtgpmgdj fust ls mdolm tdijdr cr ceaglm `cidy ndal`d `crd uigecr`lij odidrlmgzdj. Dxlatmy wgtk tkd TQ ls alsd gi pcgit, Vdmgzdr kcpds tc nugmj l

acivgiagio alsd ecr tkd lrou`dit lij skcw kcw, kcw ùak lij wky tkd scaglmdlr`lrbgio ce `cjdri `cidy wls lnmd tc cpdrltd dvdi wkdrd gt `gokt klvd mdlstdxpdatdj tc sc.


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Ecr strltdoga purpcsds, skd tg`d-erl`ds tkd stujy ndtwddi


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`cst vumidrlnmd lrdls ce scaglm mged, tkcsd susadptgnmd tc rltgcilmgzltgci6 jc`dstgatrlislatgcis, oget ndstcwlms, lij aklrgty. Ls `cidy pdidtrltdj tkdsd scaglm idtwcrbs,gijgvgjulms lij croligzltgcis givditdj l spdatru` ce aurrdiagds (kcusd-bddpgiolmmcwliads, pgi `cidy, spdijgio `cidy, `cidy ogets, oget adrtgaltds, rd`gttliads,tgps, Xdiiy Xrcvgjdit slvgios, `ctkdrs pdisgcis lij eccj stl`ps. Lmtkcuok tkd`lrbdt `cidy `cjdm `ly pdrklps acrrdatmy lppmy tc adrtlgi `lrbdt dxakliods wgtkjdvdmcpdj sdts ce rcutgigzdj trlislatgcis, tkdy klrjmy alpturd kcw `cidy cpdrltds gilrdls ce `crd ac`pmdx, mdss rcutgigzdj scaglm gitdrlatgci. Ny ecausgio ci s`lmm-salmdacuitdrplrts ce mlrod-salmd prcadssds, Vdmgzdr ndmgdvds skd kls jd`cistrltdj kcwjgeedrditgltgci, giicvltgci lij acitdst lrd jglmdatgalmmy gitdorlm plrt ce tkd ilrrltgvd ce`cidtgzltgci.

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Making Modernity Tick Long Rhythms & Run Long Distances, Making Money Run the Medium Mile. Chap 4 excerpted from Rojas (2013) Timing Think, Thinking Time. A Beginner's Critical Historical