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Making Markets Work and Work for the Poor. Eleni Gabre-Madhin IFPRI May 23, 2006. Agenda. Market impacts on the poor: the jury is out Making markets work: Challenges and directions Making markets work for the poor: addressing the needs of the poor Promising new directions. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1
Making Markets Work and Work for the Poor
Eleni Gabre-Madhin
IFPRI
May 23, 2006
2
Agenda
Market impacts on the poor: the jury is out Making markets work: Challenges and
directions Making markets work for the poor:
addressing the needs of the poor Promising new directions
3
The core challenge: achieving a market-led agricultural transformation Historically unique: “In Asia, we simply did not
have to worry about the market.” Dr. Norman Borlaug
In addition to market liberalization, the forces of “globalization” have led to dramatic changes in the global agro-food system key challenges faced:
the role of the smallholder the fate of traditional agriculture the evolution of traditional markets the dynamics between private and public sector the balance of power in the global market arena
4
How Markets Matter
TRANSACTION COSTS
INFRASTRUCTURERoad networkTelecommunicationsMarket facilitiesStorage and processingLogistics/handling
INSTITUTIONSInformationCoordinationContractsRulesEnforcement
INCENTIVESPolicy reformTax and tariffsInvestment climate
SMALLHOLDER PRODUCER
INPUTS/FINANCE/SERVICES
DELIVERY
MARKET ACCESS
COORDINATION
ENFORCEMENT
INFORMATION
Increased Technological Intensity Increased Commercialization of Output
Modernization of Agriculture; Improved Producer Livelihood
5
The Market Problem
Market liberalization and the unleashing of market forces has not lead to expected outcomes.
Why? Because getting prices right, while necessary, is not enough.
Why? Markets are embedded in human interactionHumans are boundedly rational, complex, and shaped
by culture, history, and social forcesInteraction is costly to coordinate Interaction requires enforcement
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Elements of market failure
Transaction costs are high: Little market information No product standards Limited market coordination
Contract risk is high and trade is largely personalized
Market finance is lacking Weak private sector Markets are thin and weakly integrated Markets are risky
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Transaction costs are high
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
US
$ /
to
n
Addis Ababa US (CIF Djibouti) Import parity (Addis) Export parity (CIF regional port)
Source: Puetz, 2003
Maize import-export parity band
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Price volatility is high
c) Addis Ababa and Dessie
0
10
20
30
40
50
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year
Bir
r/ 1
00 K
g
TCSPD
d) Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa
0102030405060708090
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
YearB
irr/
100
Kg
TCSPD
Negassa, 2003
Parity price analysis - wheat
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Markets are weakly integrated
Wholesale Maize Prices
0
50
100
150
200
250
Birr
per
qui
ntal
(nom
inal
)
DireDawa Addis Ababa AVERAGE Producing areas
29% May 00-01
62% May 00-01
Maize
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Getting Markets Right: The New Agenda Reduce marketing costs (transport; handling)
Reduce transaction costs (search, information,
enforcement, ..)
Increase finance
Increase market integration (responsiveness)
Increase competition
Increase participation
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The 3 I’s of Market DevelopmentINCENTIVES
INFRASTRUCTURE INSTITUTIONS
Policy reformTax and Investment climateTrade PolicyMacro-Economy
Coordination mechanisms: exchanges value chains contracts Regulations and LawsDispute settlement Grades and standards Industry AssociationsFarmer Associations
TelecomsRoads/TransportStorageLogistics/HandlingResearchExtensionInformation systems
PRIVATESECTOR
FARMERSTRADING FIRMSPROCESSORSTRANSPORTERSSTORERS
PUBLIC SECTOR
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Pro-poor markets? Specific challenges
DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY
Spatial dispersion Asset poverty: financial, physical,
human, social, natural capital Small scale Vulnerability Weak social participation and lack of
power/voice
Market development goes beyond improved market access
Higher transaction costs
Higher risk
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Challenges of Market Development A holistic approach that addresses “3 I’s of
market development”: Incentives, Infrastructure, Institutions
A concerted focus on specific challenges of poverty space, assets, scale, resources, power
Making markets work and work for the poor
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Making markets work for the poor Size and scale matters Location is crucial Land quality and resource base is important Public good investments in asset creation are
essential Vulnerability matters Social capital is key: both bridging and bonding
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Overcoming household level transaction costs
Vertical coordination (bridging) contract farming improves chain-efficiency depends on characteristics of actors
Horizontal coordination (bonding) cooperatives/ass’ns decreases search, negotiating and monitoring costs although coordination in itself can be costly
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HouseholdVulnerabilityto Risk
House-hold
Assets
INSTITUTIONSINFRASTRUCTUREPOLICYNATURAL DEMOGRAPHIC
HHD TRANSCOSTS
Farming systemDiversificationIntensificationResource use
Wage employmentNon-farm activityMigrationTransfers
MARKET PARTICIPATIONmi > 0 : sellermi < 0 : buyermi = 0 : autarky
Food securityIncome
Well beingCons’n smoothing
HHD TRANSCOSTS
Household Conditions
Contextual Factors Livelihood Strategies
Smallholder Market Participation in LFA
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Household market participation regimes
Autarky: S = 0, P=0 Seller only: m>0: S>0, P=0 Buyer only: m>0: S=0, P>0 Net seller: m>0: S-P>0 Net buyer: m>0: S-P <0
Explaining paradoxes:Why do producers undertake “inverse arbitrage”? ie. Sell low and buy high?
Is this due to missing credit market? High storage costs? Weak assets?
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Smallholder Households’ Position in the Maize Market
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mozambique Zambia Kenya
sell onlybuy onlybothneither
perc
en
t
Jayne et al, 2005
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Impact of assets and size on market participation
2913603732.8762,566Households not selling maize
514135745413.9234,988Rest of maize sellers
2,2828236901,5586.023,680Top 50% of maize sales
Total hh income (US$)
Gr. Rev., crop sales
(US$)
Gr. Rev., maize sales
(US$)
Asset values
(US$)
Farm size (ha)
N=
Jayne et al, 2005
20
The second revolution? Promising directions in market development Commodity exchanges have recently emerged
throughout the developing world, particularly Asia the share of Western exchanges has dropped to half its market share since 1990, especially post 2000
New commodity exchanges are driven by information technology and promise to revolutionize agriculture in the same way that the Green Revolution did
Based on a new partnership between the private and the public in the new arena created by market liberalization.
21
Emerging exchanges growth
Dalian Commodity Exchange now 2nd in the world (overtaken Chicago B of Trade) Indian exchanges growing by 250% annually since 2003
22
Explosive growth and reach to the poor in India
23
Technology driven approach in India Vast commodities market: 7500 small localized markets (known as
‘Mandies') In 2002, the Government of India identified the agricultural sector as a
thrust area for modernization and began an initiative to commission an effective nationwide commodity trading infrastructure envisioned a state-of-the-art nationwide commodities exchange
3 new exchanges started Nov 2003: Multi Commodity Exchange, National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange, and National Multi-commodities Exchange
System of linking rural markets using low-cost VSAT technology over 4800 trading terminals in the rural market towns, enabling wide access to the national exchange
24
Impact on smallholder livelihoods Risk management: Farmers can lock in a
price before sowing Information: Farmers are better able to
negotiate prices given market transparency Transaction costs: Farmers are not restricted
or captive to local market Space no longer matters with technology
25
In sum To make markets work for the poor, market
development efforts must go beyond the 3 I’s of market devt
Interventions must address assets, vulnerability, location, size and collective action
Market development efforts must be integrated and holistic
Promising new directions: commodity exchanges