Making It Work: Tackling worklessness through innovation

7/30/2019 Making It Work: Tackling worklessness through innovation

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Making it

work:tackling

worklessnessthroughinnovation

J Csebe nc Cem

ocbe 2012


2/55

ab nes

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n op cmpy d y ed d w mpy mb 7706036 dy mb 1144091. rd y sd mb sc042833. rd : 1 P P,ld, ec4a 1De

.es..

nes 2012.


3/55

Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 3

ContEntS

aCknowlEdgEMEntS 4

ExECutivE SuMMary 5

1. introduCtion 10

2. worklESSnESS in thE uk 12

2.1 t uk b m 12

2.2 lm p 14

2.3 h xp ? 17

2.4 w pp uk? 19

2.5 Mpp b m ym 22

3. innovation in taCkling worklESSnESS 26

3.1 i mm ym 26

3.2 t mm ym 30

3.3 i m d mm ym 33

4. whErE nExt or innovation in taCkling worklESSnESS? 48

BiBliography 49

EndnotES 52


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4 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation

aCknowlEdgEMEntS

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5/55


ExECutivE SuMMary

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6/55


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7/55


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8/55


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9/55


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10/55


1. introduCtion

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ty m m

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11/55


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12/55


2. worklESSnESS in thE uk

2.1 te ce se e uk b me

P b 2008, mpym uk d

(oecDbd) mpym d 30 y, b 5 p

2005. h, emme s se sce e. t mpym

d 8 p , d m mpym d by,

mb m Jsa m. Y mpym (d d)

j d m.16

h, emme es e eme e d mpym

m b xpd xp p , d d

b gDP . i m, b mpym d gDP

y b d. t m my , b

mpym .

umpym d r gDP 20022012

Unemployment

Percentage

Source: UK Office of National Statistics

Real GDP

0

-2

2

4

6

8

10

-4

2002

5.9

3.8

2003

5.2

2.9

2004

5.3

2.7

2005

4.8

2.6

2006

5.4

2.6

2007

5.6

2.6

2008

5.4

-1.88

2009

7.3

-3.9

2010

8.1

1.8

2012

8.4

-0.97

2011

8.1

0.76

-6


13/55


a d pb b d y mpym

md xpd. t d: pby m

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ece s e be s.19

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mpym py d y

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mpym m dpd d d m dd b

py .21

1624 neet d mpyd

Not in education, employment or training

Unemployed

Source: ACEVO (2012) Youth Unemployment:

the crisis we can not afford. London: ACEVO.

800,000

600,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

400,000

0

200,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011


14/55


a m p pp d dy . D ,

b mb mpyd m, y dd

d dy xd. a m m, jb b qy

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m, b y m

p .23

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w m y d y ,

xm m d mp y dy

pd d mpm.

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m ( 2.1).

h, by y pd , bems e

uk b me. t my d pbm, b y

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15/55


oe s p . a tb

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Emme 28 (ecee s)

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16/55


Less then 2%

2.0 - 3.9%

4.0 - 5.9%

6.0 - 7.9%

8.0 - 9.9%

Source: Office for National Statistics September 2012

and BBC. See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10604117

Greater than 10%

Edinburgh

Manchester

Belfast

Birmingham

London

Glasgow

emy : umpym


17/55


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18/55


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19/55


o d d . t skill

shortages predominate, in terms o absolute numbers.54 a m m,

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dpm empym s. t y,

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tb 2 mm m xmp dd b. s 2.5 m

dd d b m.


20/55


demse meses m b dmd b. i

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b my bd x, f d . t uk

y d m m dmd

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b b 2002 d 2008 d mpym

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my, d m py m d

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dp .

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optimised value or money because a signifcant proportion o the 1.4 billion was allocatedto projects that oer relatively ew jobs or the money invested.59

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21/55


d pm, m m d m p

dpm. empym pp m ddd (m mpyd)

y d d dd by ppy p, pb d

y . t c gm fp w Pmmbd md ( 3.1).

a b m pmm d y m pp

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39 p .63

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m m mpy d d jb.

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( mpy pd m d ppd yy). a

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eyd m d m m pp

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appp d m , pp mb d

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a y m md eeees

seemme. c xmp d n ep a (

gm g B w m), d sp d

r l Fd sd.


22/55


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dd d y , d mb

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ddd d m mpyd pp d d d jb d.71 t d my f m pbm, m

b p by mpyd pp

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mpym d m mpyd pp d b y d

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mpym.73 t pp dd p pp m

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r mpym m gmy d m , b m

pp mb d mpym m.

74

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p pp , m p d m b

pp d b.75

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yy (dd).

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md m pp . ty y dd m

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dmd.

2.5 M e b me ssem

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ym d m my p . Mpp m py

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ym , d m f d

m .76 w dd b mp,77 mp

p 2425 b dd. i

m xmp dd p ( 3.3).

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d ) b m ym uk 5 b p y. t d pd

Jb P (d empym s n id), w Pmm,


23/55


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ppp, mpym pp, mpyby pp d d.

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pd d w Pmm, b y m

y byd . t p ym p m

mp md ppy d dmd d y

m dmd.


24/55

24 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 25

(low end of the)

WORK

JOBS

EMPLOYERS

LOCALLABOURMARKET

INDIVIDUALS

INTERMEDIARIESmatching supply and demand

employability

DEMAND THE LABOUR MARKET SYSTEM SUPPLY

Techplatforms

e.g.TaskRabbit

Revolving LoanFund (Scotland)Bridge toEmployment (NI)

NewEnterpriseAllowance

PersonalcarebudgetmanagementContract

requirements

Taxincentivese.g.Fixer-Sven

Healthsystem

Health/disability

Educationsystem

CollegesSchoo

ls

ILA(Scotland)

Criminalrecord

Funding/

businessmodels

Steps toWork (NI)

Want toWork(Wales)

Green jobsstimulus

Traditionalemploymentagencies

Localcurrencyschemes

Hometownplus

WomenLikeUs

LowCarbonSkillsFund(Scotland)

Debt

Peers

Family

ChildcareCaring

responsibilities

TrainingforSuccess(NI)

Characteristics-age

-gender-ethnicity

Transport

Skills inc.-basic skills-language

-employability-motivation/

attitude

Skillssystem

Qualifications

Taxandbenefitsy

stem

GetReadyforWork(Scotland)

MyWorldofWork

(Scotland)

Housing

BigPlus(Scotland)

Employabilityprojects

Trainingagencies

JobsGrowth

(Wales)

Careers

advice

Access

towork

Apprenticeships

ATA/TalentBankmodels

Workexperience

WorkProgramme

WTWproviders

JobCentrePlus

TrainingforWork(Scotland)

WorkChoice

PrincesTrust

Selfemploymentsupport

Service

vouchers

Accessto

capital

Sector

bodies/trade

associations

Pay

Rethink(Scotland)

Discrimination

Location

Hours

Fusion21

Skillsandexperiencerequirements

OccupationsSectorsFormal/informed economy

Taxsystem Regulation

Hubs

Supportforentrepreneurs

Economiccondition


25/55


3. innovation in taCkling

worklESSnESS

t p d by pp md jb d jb pp

d b jb. i

p d d p jb d , d b

b d p. i b pbm b

dd p, d m dd d mpy

mpx ym dbd py.

3.1 i e msem ssem

i m p b m. F xmp, m

jb m d b m, dp x

p m yd d ypd jb dd, d

pd md p. idd py ,

by d ddd . i dd,

mpy py d mpyby d

d pm ( dd m my

b m m m). t yp mdy y p

dmd; b md qy m,

pd fxb mpy d mpym, d y m ldi m

d d pd dd mpy. t d m

m y.

h, m d b m,

(d d b m

pp). empy , b, m

dd jb d dpm , ,

m y pb. idd b y

m y p m b

m mpyby . t m md ( y dmpym pd)

.

gm bm pmy p mp m

d b m p m y d .

i d by m b d by dy d

pmm y, d d y dpd x

d d, by p p p d dy

b , by m pmm, d by py m b

d b d. gm b d

p b d b pd p

m , d y, m b x d.


26/55


i e w pmme

t d x b m pmm p

c gm w Pmm. t lb m

b 13 y d xpm b m pmm d ne de mmes 1997, d p, y pp,

dbd pp d m mpyd pp. t d by p

p dp d d. t dd:

rd mpym dd (.. ne de i

s, onE, c Jbcee ps, c wcse iees,

Emme Zes, e sece ne des).

abd (.. ac tems Jbs, w neb ps, C

Se pes).

s (.. ne de Ss, ie Emme Ss s,

Ss Cc s).

i B d My e gp (.. Ces, Ec M

oec, pes oec Ec Mes, Secs Emme ases).

i p (.. i w Ce, ne de ps, Emme ree

aceme dems pjec).

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dsb Emme ases, wse/we, access w).

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l, Seup).

t d (d pbd DwP x r rp

s)78 d m dd mpym .

t pp dbd pym byd my

m dpm.

sm d fxby dd d b

mpd . F xmp, p b

ym Jb P m. t F c d fxby xp

d.79 t pp w neb ps

py d dy Jb P pd bd by

Jb Pd p dp pp, py fxb

p my dd b d y cmmy Fxb Dy

Fd. rd m m m p b b

p m d (d y pd), md b

fxby d .80

M y, dpd p

d lb m 2007,81 d bq dpm

DwP cmm sy 2008,82 b d m


27/55


bd mm d dpm Pymbyr (PBr) md

mm by mpym m , m

pd y d m.

Bd , ebe ne de (FnD) d p ap 2009

d ap 2010, p p p pmm d p

mbd pmm dd by d pd pd by

d d d b bx p dd

. a y pmm mpd p

b mpym (dd b 52 ),

p mpym m b dd 13 .

w FnD d pp mpym pmm d,

FnD d mmm pp/b bx pp dd y

d b mpym. F xmp, despite limitedprescription on what providers should deliver, little innovation was evident in the design

and content o services.83 i evidence to suggest that the choice o services

on oer was narrow and did not address the ull range o customer needs, contrary to what

might be expected rom a black box approach.

i e w pmme be

i J 2010, c gm d d

m mpym, d b ym. Fm J 2011, FnD

dd d pd by c gm fp w pmme

g B. t w Pmm d y mm d

, d b dd m ,

p pd d bbx pp (bd FnD), mbd d d m. h,

d y b pbd x y

p w Pmm, md

bd p m . F , w

Pmm d d pm my b d by

y d m d (py m, d

nao, pdd pd ).84 t b

bx pp my p b b by m p p.

i , m mb d b

p.85

a , pp, b pzd, d d m. cmp my d dp

d y d m d dp . h,

m y dpm, d d

p dm m. t pymby

d pm d d m, d

, pd b qzd dy ym. 86 t dd

M sdd87 b dd by DwP pd d

p bd y d bd ppy d p, ,

m b bd dy d

dy . t mp mp d

b m dyd b b. M mm

pp b , xmp d dp88 d

pm d.


28/55


ad mp DwP p y d w

Pmm, b mb by DwP y

m byd w Pmm. DwP m Jy 2012

200 m me b ess sceme e be mes d i . h, y y

b.

ad w Pmm, d ym b d x d

ues Ce b d 2013. u cd p p

m byd m dmd d

p. i y b dd m fxby mb p bym d b ym, b y py

dd mb , d pp m

mb d d m pp m . t d

m d dp d d m m

m. i p, dpd d mpm, m

b d .

i dd DwPd , C des90 d by cb o b

mb d md d b d

. t d:

E Bc g M pym by md

m x . ty p

1.2 b d y mxm pj. ty b b

b x pym by b d

db d pj. t md

my , db p d p

g M cmbd ay, bd ap 2011.

lc ss me sd cy r pp

bd y d b d.

C aeces hbs mb b ppp by

pp sMe pp ata md.

dwp innovation und89

o 12 My, gm d p m p dd y

mpym. t dd i Fd p 30 m

y m 2012 pp m pj. t pj pp

ddd y pp d dd. t i Fd(iF) b mmd d. t d iF d 1424

y d d p d y 2012. t d d,

ddd y pp, d dd, d 14 d 15 y

d pp m b bm m neet, d

20 Jy 2012.


29/55


l cb ee ces b m d

y b jb. P m d d

g D g ey p d by d d 91

.

t md d 175,000 jb d

27,000 ppp x 20 y. h, xpy d

b m.

w , , b d

pmm 1997, d ppyd b m pmm w

Pmm d y mm d , m

pmm, d dy, m b

p. i mpd ym ,

p. i pbm b m.

3.2 te c e msem ssem

The Open Book o Social Innovation92 db x d

m p mp.

t

6Systemic

change

5Scaling

4Sustaining

3Prototypes

2Proposals

1Prompts

Taken from p12-13 in Murray, R. Caulier-Grice, J. and Mulgan, G. (2010)

The Open Book of Social Innovation. London: NESTA and The Young Foundation.


30/55


w py , y, d

p md ( y

q, db p x b d b

pp p). t md m , d , md ; pmp (d pbm

d p), . t pp/d

( 2) pzd d y pp 36. g ,

m d bd p y b m d

b d d ym. t pp mp

p, by y y d ( 2 d 3.1), by dy

m d d pp ( 3.3) d by m y

( 4).

F md , d ym

.

i m d pbm b

pbm, d dd pbm . My mm

pbm y d m

y, pbm x ( 2).umpym bm md p d m d d

mp x mpym my y pm d

b p mpym. o p pbm b d

by d w Pmm d u cd ( 3.1). P

pp pp y dd m y pbm

x, d dy p.

i m d , m m

b d b. t d, d d md

b ppd xm ym . id

m x b dd d ,

y, d b d by m, py

md mp m. a dd b ( 3.1), b md

mb m b d d md.

1) pms, p d d. t d d p p . t d pbm d m q y pbm, j ympm, b d.

2) pss, d d. t d . t mmd d y md d m p

b. My md p d d xp m d .


31/55


t d b pp b bx p w Pmm.

h, md m m y

dy d, d d d md b d . Pb

y d b m yp ( b

d pp). Pyp d p my b pp, b

py d p (cPa) w Pmm

m x ( 3.1). Pyp d p

pp d b m ym ( 3.3) b ymd b y m d m b d mpym

pmm.

t pm pd w Pmm p dy

dy d ppy b pd, bd

xp d b jb m. t

mm b dp xpm. t ppy

pm pd d xpm b bx

m . t ppy d m d b

d y d .

i m , d d, mb b . B d b pp d bm ydyp, d . a d 3.3, x p d md dy d b dpdm dy. t m pp m, m pp d dp dd d . s q d d, y, d q d . s m d m mm s imp Bd(siB) xmp, q d m d d m bbd .

t by pdy d b d by mm b d , m mp d mp d pb d y

3) p d p. t d d p. t b d

mpy y , m m p, pyp d

dmd d . i p m m b d p.

4) Ss. t d bm ydy p. i

p d (d m m), d dy m m

m by, y d.

5) Sc d d. a

d pd m , d

d d d. em d p py

pd d p d dmd m m ppy.


32/55


m d. t mm x d d d d p b bd m b m. w mb m x d x ( xmp ww c uk,93 w rm e c94 us, d n

empym s a (nesa) 95 a) m x d d .

a mb xmp x pd md db d. F xmp, cmm P d d dp y d, , d . t g F a pmm b p dxp d xp p d d d p my. a mb p m x, ds B wd; md d dp dd b; d ub ep n, pm , d m dpm , db d d.

g p d pbm d b, y

p d y m ym

.

3.3 i m se e msem ssem

w pp p dd pbm ?

t m p pp p m d .

t d b b m d

my; mpym; d y dd m

m ppy d dmd d mpym. w

r g Fd , p xp d yp

pp b y xp d mm md mp. a ,

p m d dd m d.

i p mp y b m. Dp

Jb P jbm, d p my md,

d m p pp bd p b ppy d

dmd. t d p jbm p p,

dd pb (.. dm pb mpy)

, b p p . t

y py y .

w dd xmp p p m,

pp mpym, p mp y b m. i d

, d byd mm m ,

d p m d uk. t xmp , d pd

b dd .

6) Ssemc ce. t m . sym mmy pb , p , my dd , y pd m.


33/55


i xmp, mp y mjy

m d b m

d. M xmp , d y m p .

e m bd, , d y b b dd pbm

dd. a , m p

, y dpd d d .

Bdy p, d yp :

c d p m.

spp mpym.

imd mp y b m.

Ce s e mes

t xmp m pp xp

m, by f b (.. ).

ne mes secs

P d , d d

my ( 2). h md

pp m .

w c dpd pj p n c c pmm,96

. t m w pj m md

y m p bd. t pj p

hm P pp (dbd b), dp

m.

wigan CounCil97

desc

am pd d bd by dd dppd mmy d

dpm mp.

Ses

h p b mm. i/py

md p d bd d y

m p bd.

Eece sccess

Pj y y / d .

tseb

c b ppd/dpd .


34/55


i us, Pcg Pb Pp (PPl) mm m

pd pp pb . a p , PPl dpd

md m p bd, PPl pb

d, mpm d m ppdd pmm .PPl pd mm d d b , pd d

pb , m d m pd p bd.98

t md d dp pp m p

bd (d bd dd dbd pp d r c)99

uk. w xp pd d p

dp m md. t pd PPl md us

my b b dp

md uk m dy, d b d p md.

h, d d d ( m y) d p PPl pp.

a ee ecm. a p y d cy

D, mb ppd pmm m

d y, b jb (l cb

P c).100 i dd, m

mpym my.

F xmp, nc ces e eee es e ssems s

ces (D rym, n r, rp d Pp). a p

m ym uk d b 3,000 d 4,300 Fte

jb b m b. t d b jb, m

d p p, d m

d jb d dm p. t p

pCg puBliC partnErShipS (ppl)

desc

Ppdd pm , PPl pb

pmm dbd pp m dd

b p bd. op 21 us (p D cmb).

Ses

o mb md m p . t md d

mp jb , b m pp/dp .

Eece sccess

cmpy b y .

tseb

cd b ppd uk; p

/w pp, by pd pp by d pd / m.


35/55


d b d y uk d d b d d

mpym.101

i us, gee a102 p g B dm. tm pd pp p d m b , py

m m m . t dm m b

d mmy d y p m

p. t pj d mp

p b, d d .

t xmp m y d x m b pd.

t c c cmp P d em (cccPe) Q uy

pz c. t mpy

3,000 dbd pp pmm bd sz.103

us cmeme ceces ces mbse c

t xmp ybd m y

mm m dmd d jb. exmp d ,

l Pd,104 d yy md m, hm P.105

t pp yp m , by p

my, b p m d b. i

fxb pp b pd y , d b xdd

d . hm P md py fxb

b dpd md (.. m p) d b ppd

m b d pd p ( w, dbd

py).

hoMEtown pluS

desc

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, p d . Md b ppd

, m b d pd p. Bd

m b my d mp p/

.

Ses

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b mm. h, d mp mpym

p.

Eece sccess

h b ppd dd , b d d .

tseb

ey b d d .


36/55


a y b dd F y n b d by b

b d dd. o m ym d

b mp. Mmb n ze b b m

, by d f pbm d m x . t pppd pmy d m d mdmzd b ,

. t y d p pb p mp, p

d pmm p. n d dd

ym, d dd m d b n.

t pp p b mm. h, md

d d mp mpym yp pp,

mp. F xmp, y md m b

d m by, d ypy d

y b y ym y. a ,

d d m x xmp yp m, d pd d jy d.

Sece ce scemes bd m md, b p yp

. t pp m dy md mpym.

t B m106 m bdy dd d

dmd dm d pxmy , jb

, d b m d (py m) ()

b m.

t m dd , m pp jb

py mpyd, m mpyd d d. t b dm m d m jb 25,000 jb.

a , d md b

p b m, dd py bj (.. d

dd ). t y b m

bdy d d m. v d

, mm m d bd, y

. t d d b b d

m.


37/55


BElgian SErviCE vouChEr SChEME

desccm bdy dd d dmd dm

, jb ( b m mpyd d

xdd p), pd dd

mpym, d b m yd (py m) ()

b m. o m md /

bdd.

Ses

e , mpy xp, md

b p b m, dd py bj

(.. d dd ). h, mpx ym dbdm. a pb b m d,

d yp (ddd jb).

Eece sccess

a . h m jb 25,000 jb d

d; md pp jb py mpyd,

m mpyd d d.

tseb

v d b d , mm m d

bd.

c y b p d p pp m d

d p jb d b xpd.

t cees s mes

a md dbd b x

dmd .

i sd, m x b p

mpy dm p (household services such as cleaning, cooking, lawnmowing,snowshovelling and babysitting). t is said to have created more than

5,000 jobs, b by m m , d by m

dm p .

h, pp d m, m y m

p y sd m y m bdd

pd d. i dd, m mpym dm

b y d mm b.107

t xmp d x b f m dmd

b mpym, b y my y p pp,

my b pmy . a m b d

mp dp p d yp .


38/55


S seemme

a dd , m pmm dd m md

mpym. cy, ne Eese ace108 m mpym mpym, sup l sm109 d

r l Fd ( sd)110 d pp p

b.

t ep pp b d d

. t eQual pmm111 ( m 2002 2007) d d

yp , , mpy d d

b d b b m pp

mpym. t y pp pmm :

d d mpym; d p pp d ; pp

d d ; d ppp . t pp pmm mp m p, d

b m d , d y.

t pmm dd m pdy b p,

b p m m y mpym d .

i F, Bsess emme cees (Bec)112 pp pp bm

mpyd (m y, d ,

d m, jy, d b d).

t pp:

F, pp m y mpyd b dp b d d Bec. t Bec dm d, m

d;

nx, b , y bm d p

y pm mpym ;

Fy y bm b, p d

mm p.


39/55


BuSinESS and EMployMEnt CoopErativES (BECS)

descspp b d d . e

mpym; m dpm ; m

; b m pp. id pp.

Ses

a y pp pd d md

mpym d p pp.

Eece sccess

n dd pj b. n .

tseb

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d .

adult EntErpriSE partnErShip114

desc

t ad ep Pp dpd bd m

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m d pmm pd

pd qy pp b dd ,

d b b.

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pp. t dy p m vy, Fe c, ad l

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qd d bm p.

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d xp y mpym. Fw

p m p

dd . s d d, m m B sy im Fd, d

mpyd dd d x pp.

t a Eese pes dp m b dd

d d pp d bm

mpyd. t n Q Fm md p ad l 2

d md p ad ep

sp Jy.


40/55


w re bd m pmm, pp d 1619 pd p x m dd d d dy

dm. ed d pmm d m p

pp m d ; xmp 2004, 83 p pp d

pd y ppp m mpym.115 sm

d d xpd b by y p.

working ritE

desc

imdy mpy d ; bd m pmm, pp d 1619 pd p x m dd d

d dy dm y , d dp m

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p m mpym pp.

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Eece sccess

s 2004, 800 young people have been on training placements; 90 per cent o our

trainees complete their placement; 83 per cent o our trainees progress into a ouryear apprenticeship or other ulltime employment, approximately double the success

rate o other training programmes. h, dd mp m

mpym, d , .

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b md by d 25 y d p p q m d bdd

m 20122013.

tseb

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dy pp, p b d y.


41/55


iemees me e ecec e b me

iemees be e eme emee

w b m pp mp y jb m d p m

Jb P ( 2.4), p md py m

p mpym pp, byd d jb m .

t xmp mp b m p m dd d

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imd p bd p b mpy d mpy. F

xmp, md my p dd p m p

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dd b , mb , mpy(). i md y

pb mpy d my p p dd mp d . ad md

dd mpy b md

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t aeces t aec (ata)116 md m xd

appp pmm mpy d pp. t ata

mpy pp, d pp

mpy ( pd pd mpym), dd by sFa

d pd. t pp m d dm bd

dy mpy pp m mpy.

apprEntiCEShip training agEnCiES (ataS)

desc

Md dd pp dy qy ppp pmm

mpy b b dy mpy

pp. a ata b mpym d

dpm pp. ud md, pp d

mpy pd pd mpym y ppp.

t dd by sFa d pd.

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n b.

tseb

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my b xdd m p m.


42/55


smy, p g d i Fd, te B117

pd d , m d m

; mm d m p; d dy mpy

pp d .

t p md xpd d ppp, b

bd b d d , d mxmm b d

m pb pd; ppp y d d

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F xmp, s21118

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pmm pp d by mb . F21

p d dy dpd 2002 Mydbd

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jb, d . i dmd

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talEnt Bank

desc

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a d: d m d m ;

p dmd, mm d dy m p

b mpy p; dy mpy pp d ,

qd.

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i , p, p. h, mp m

d dy dd jb p .

Eece sccess

t y. t t B pp 400 ppp

p d 400 yd by 2014.

tseb

Pp md b.


43/55


uSion21

desct F21 md pm b jb

d p d y pj.

Ses

F21 ppy p d p d y pmm,

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mpm.

Eece sccess

Dd 45 m b y , bb d Pm ym.

cd 961 pm jb dy F21

.

Pdd d m mp 500 m p

mpm F21 p d .

Pdd d d, my m

d nvQ y .

gd md b Myd b x 32m, pd d d b m.

tseb

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b p .

wme le us119 b md m

y d d. t pp pd pbm ppy d dmd

m ,120 d d d . sm xmp x

(.. Pjfx.p Pd), d d b dpd

p.


44/55


woMEn likE uS

descs b md m y y d

d; m m b qy . a d: pp

p; b m m pp; tm

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m y d tm rm; mpy p m

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my jb p.

tseb

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webbse emees e febe b me

n y m m dd d y d b d my d b d

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m y d b m.

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b .

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ydy d.

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dpp pm m.


45/55


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BiBliography

acevo cmm Y umpym (2012) Y umpym: t c c

ad. acevo. s: p://.b../mp/pb//ympym.pd

a, J., D, s., F, h., P, r., P, r. d ty, n. (2008) e F

c P 2007. DwP r rp nmb 495. s: p://.dp../d/d5/

p20072008/p495.pd

B, r. (2010) Ddd p b m. em d b m .

v. 4, nmb 6, J 2010. np: ons.

Bm, h. d cd, M. (2008) t umpym sempym:

e t sup Pmm. oxd B em d s. 70(3),

347373.

Bm, r. d r, r. (2010) w M i Y: t r cb cmp.

hp B

Byj, e. d Ma, a. (2011) r a M. D F P.

cb o (2012) u g : y d 1. s: p://.dpm.

b..//d/_dpm//gdcyD1.pd

D, B., g, k., sy, J., v, D. d wbm, M. (2012) uk cmm empy

s sy 2011: uk r. ed p 45. ld: ukces. s: p://.../

//d/pb/mpyy11.pd

Dpm w d P (2008) DwP cmm sy. s: p://.dp..

/d/p08.pd

D, s., cb, J., D, a. d B, t. (2007) e w

nbd P. DwP r rp nmb 411. s: p://.dp../d/d5/

p_b/_b/_411.p

D, k. (2009) n cpm: t tm . oxd: Py P

ed (2011) Jb , d mpym m m? Fd F. i 10,

nmb 2011. B: ed.

e, M., h, s. d oz, r.a. (2004) l p y b d b.

Dpm w d P r rp n. 217, cp Dm s. s: p://

.dp../d/d5/p20032004/p217.pd

F, t., l, P. d gd, l. (2012) F Jb Fd: a dpd .

ld: i. s: p://...//d//pb/cesi__jb_

d_.pd


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Fd, D. (2007) rd dpdy, ppy: p

. a dpd p Dpm w d P. ld: DwP. s: p://m.

d../y/P/dm/2007/03/05/p.pd

g, M. d M, a. (2003) MJb d MJb: p jb uk. i:

D, r. d g, P. d wd, J. (d.) t b m d b. B:

P Mm.

g, l. (2011) t s: t dy . c.

g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B.

oxd: oxd uy P.

h, D., F, D., ey, M., My, k. d e, t. (2011) Fm : p

dp d ym jb uk. ld: cmp P r ed.

hy, t., D, D., w, a., h, J. d M, J. (2012) t mpym,

pp b d dp . ld: ukces. s: p://...//

/d/pb/mpympp p 20bddp

.pd

iFF r (2012) w mpym. ld: Bis. s: p://.b..//

b/p/d//12511mpym

kp, e. (2012) Y t, lb M d ey empym: sm rf

d Q. skoPe r Pp n. 108, My 2012. cd: uy cd. s: p://

.p.x..//d//wP108.pd

k, J. d Pp, J. (2011) up Jb. ld: Dm. s: p://.dm..//

up___jb__b.pd?1323282632

M, n. (2009) t d dpm b m p.

i J t d Dpm. 13(1):118.

M, n., M, r. d c, e. (2011) s smpym. ed rp 31. ld:

ukces. s: p://...///d/pb/dp31

mpym.pd

M, a. (2012) t r g Fd, n ad o. s: p://.../

pb/1213/__d.px

M, g. (2012) sym : d b fd? D Pp. ld:

n. s: p://.../by/dm/symigMJy2012.pd

My, r. cg, J. d M, g. (2010) t op B s i. ld:

nesta d t Y Fd. s: p://.../by/dm/s_

i_020310.pd

nao (2012) t d w Pmm. ld: n ad o. s: p://

.../pb/1012/dp__pmm.px


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ncvo (2012) t w Pmm: pp d xp y . ld:

ncvo. s: p://...//d//_y_j_2012_p_17.9.12.pd

nesta (2009) t 6 p : b ppy djb. ld: nesta. s: p://.../by/dm/vxpn2010

3.pd

nesta (2011) v g: t mp b y. ld:

nesta. s: p://.../by/dm/v_g_19.pd

n (2012) P i: d . ld: n. s: p://...

/by/dm/Pib3.pd

n (2012) F d ? ld: n.

Pd, c. (2012) oecD lb M g r. t em Pp l, 9

Fby 2012. ld: ld s em.

r, J. (2005) lb m dd m dbd pp: d pp.

casepp 103. ld: c ay s ex, ld s em d

P s.

r, h., cb, J. d r, J. (2005) udd pp d mm:

. DwP r rp nmb 255. ld: Dpm w d P.

s: p://.dp../d/d5/p20052006/p255.pd

s, P. d J, k. (2012) l ? t b m d y pp

mpym, d . ld: t w Fd. s: p://.

d.m/DdPb/rp/310___ p 20(2).pd

tp, D. d wm, a. (2008) wm. ld: a B.

ukces (2010) s Jb: tdy d tm. t n s s ad ed

2010. vm 1: ky Fd. ld: ukces. s: p://...///d/

pb/dd2010m2dp.pd

v, s., adm, l., odd, k., Bm, c., Dd, r., D, l., ry, c. d vd,

k. (2011) Fxb n D : cm y d q d. DwPr rp nmb 758. ld: Dpm w d P. s: p://.dp.

./d/d5/p20112012/p758.pd

w, r. d hmd, k. (2011) w F 20102020. ed p 41, Dmb

2011. ld: ukces. s: p://...///d/pb/d

p4120102020.pd

w, a. (2011) r d t w rp. ld: Dpm

ed. s: p://.d../pb/odDd/t p 20w

p 20rp.pd


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EndnotES

1. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.

2. acevo cmm Y umpym (2012) Y umpym: t c c ad. ld: acevo.

3. g d wd, p. .

4. r, J. (2005) lb m dd m dbd pp: d pp. casepp 103. ld:c ay s ex, ld s em d P s.

5. e, M., h, s. d oz, r.a. (2004) l p y b d b. Dpm w dP r rp n. 217, cp Dm s.

6. g d wd, p. .

7. t d pd Jb P (d empym s n id), w Pmm, wc d p dby p, p, ppp, mpym pp,mpyby pp d d.


9. acevo cmm Y umpym (2012) Y umpym: t c c ad. ld: acevo.

10. g d wd, op. .

11. r, J. (2005) lb m dd m dbd pp: d pp. casepp 103. ld:c ay s ex, ld s em d P s.

12. e, M., h, s. d oz, r.a. (2004) l p y b d b. Dpm w dP r rp n 217, cp Dm s. ld: Dpm w d P.

13. g d wd, p. .

14. p19, n (2012) P i: -d . ld: n. s: p://.../by/dm/Pib3.pd

15. r, h., cb, J. d r, J. (2005) udd pp d mm: . DwPr rp nmb 255. ld: Dpm w d P.

16. ons lb M s, ob 2012.


18. p://...//b_/mp_pd

19. s, xmp w, r. d hmd, k. (2011) w F 2010-2020. ed p 41, Dmb 2011.ld: ukces.

20. acevo cmm Y umpym (2012) Y umpym: t d. ld: acevo.


22. ibd.

23. Pd, c. (2012) oecD lb M g r. t em Pp l, 9 Fby 2012.ld: ld s em.


25. s, P. d J, k. (2012) l ? t b m d y pp mpym,d . ld: t w Fd.


27. D m B, r. (2010) Ddd p b m. em d b m . v. 4,nmb 6, J 2010. np: ons.

28. t mpym p d b p p mpyd, mpd p pp mpyd. F xmp, 2009, 47 p dbdpp mpym, mpd 78 p -dbd pp ( mpym p 31 pp).


30. cmm s cmm, p 2010/11.

31. r, J. (2005) lb m dd m dbd pp: d pp. casepp 103. ld:

c ay s ex, ld s em d P s.

32. e, M., h, s. d oz, r. (2004) l p y b d b. DwP r rp n. 217.ld: Dpm w d P.

33. g, M. d M, a. (2003) MJb d MJb: p jb uk. i: D, r. d g,P. d wd, J. (d.) t b m d b. B: P Mm.

34. k, J. d Pp, J. (2011) up Jb. ld: Dm.



37. t p b dd ukces s sy . l p: D, B., g, k., sy, J. v, D. dwbm, M. (2012) uk cmm empy s sy 2011: uk r. ed p 45. ld: ukces.


39. kp, e. (2012) Y t, lb M d ey empym: sm rf d Q. skoPer Pp n. 108, My 2012. cd: uy cd.

40.D, k. (2009) n cpm: t tm . oxd: Py P.

41. Byj, e. d Ma, a. (2011) r a M. D F P.

42. s, xmp, g, l. (2011) t s: t dy . c.

43. D, k. (2009) n cpm: t tm . oxd: Py P.

44. t by d: d by m b m.



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46. n (2012) F d ? ld: n.

47. ukces (2010) s Jb: tdy d tm. t n s s ad ed 2010. vm 1: kyFd. ld: ukces.

48. w, r. d hmd, k. (2011) w F 2010-2020. ed p 41, Dmb 2011. ld: ukces.

49. s xmp ec ep b: p://.p.//m.jp?id=&id=89&id=1270&n=y


51. w, r. d hmd, k. (2011) w F 2010-2020. ed p 41, Dmb 2011. ld: ukces.


53. s: p://.dpj./ d p://.d.p./ db d jb

54. ibd.

55. ed (2011) Jb , d mpym m m? Fd F. i 10, nmb 2011. B:ed.

56. nesta (2009) t 6%: - b ppy d jb. ld: nesta. p://.../by/dm/v-x-p--n2010-3.pd

57. nesta (2011) v g: t mp - b y. ld: nesta. p://.../by/dm/v_g_19.pd

58. n (2012) P i: -d . ld: n. p://.../by/dm/Pib3.pd

59. M, a. (2012) t r g Fd. ld: n ad o.

60. M, n. (2009) t d dpm b m p. i J t d Dpm. 13(1):1-18.

61. hy, t., D, D., w, a., h, J. d M, J. (2012) t mpym, pp b ddp . ld: ukces.


63. ons lb M s, pbd J 2012.

64. p://.d../m-mp-/2012/b/08/dp-jb-p-m-dd

65. p://../

66. p://.fpy../

67. p://b./b.m.

68. F, t., l, P. d gd, l. (2012) F Jb Fd: a dpd . ld: i.

69. DwP (2012) ey mp xp. ld: Dpm w d P.

70. w, a. (2011) r d - t w p. Dpm ed.

71. M, n., M, r. d c, e. (2011) s s-mpym. ed rp 31. ld: ukces.

72. ibd

73. iFF r (2012) w -mpym. ld: Dpm B, i d s.

74. Bm, h. d cd, M. (2008) t umpym s-empym: e t s-upPmm. oxd B em d s. 70(3), 347-373.

75. M, n., M, r. d c, e. (2011) s s-mpym. ed rp 31. ld: ukces.

76. M, g. (2012) sym : d b fd? D Pp. ld: n. p://.../by/dm/symigMJy2012.pd

77. t y xmp pj d my dd by by eps Fd. My xmp d by pbm/dby, mpym .

78. p://.dp../d/d5/-dx.p

79. a, J., D, s., F, h., P, r., P, r. d ty, n. (2008) e F c P 2007. rrp n. 495. Dpm w d P.

80. D s., cb J., D a. d B t. (2007) e w nbd P. DwPr rp nmb 411. ld: Dpm w d P.

81. Fd, D. (2007) rd dpdy, ppy: p . a dpdp Dpm w d P.

82. DwP (2008) DwP cmm sy. ld: Dpm w d P. s: p://.dp../d/-p-08.pd

83. v, s., adm, l., odd, k., Bm, c., Dd, r., D, l., ry, c. d vd, k. (2011) Fxb n D: cm y d q d. DwP r rp n. 758. ld: Dpm wd P.

84. nao (2012) t d w Pmm. ld: nao. s: p://.../pb/1012/dp__pmm.px

85. c em d s i. B. i mpym . s: p://.../b/2012/j/-mpym-

86. ncvo (2012) t w Pmm: pp d xp y . s: p://.-..//d//_y_j_2012_p_17.9.12.pd

87. DwP (2012) t M dd: pm ppy x. s: p://.mdd../b-m.pp

88. t mb mm y dd . t i empyby P 20,000 pp uk . (p://.mpyby./)

89. p://.dp../ppy-dp/--by/---/-d/

90. cb o (2012) u g : y d 1. s: p://.dpm.b..//

d/_dpm//gd--cy-D--1.pd91. a ym db d d d d mm qm.

92. My, r., c-g, J. d M, g. (2010) t op B s i. ld: n d YFd.

93. p://.../


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94. p://../

95. p://..m./-.px

96. p://.../__/pb__b/_

97. p://.mp./w-c

98. p://.pbpp.m//dx.p

99. p://d.dp../d///-p.pd

100. p://.dpm.b..//d/_dpm//gd--cy-D--1.pd

101. h, D., F, D., ey, M., My, k. d e, t. (2011) Fm : p dp dym jb uk. ld: cmp P r ed.

102. p://./

103. p://.../m1//b_/my____d_

104. p://pd./

105. hmP (2012) Fm lyy cmmy: eb Pm.

106. t s v: smmy P r, B, 26-27 ob 2006, B Fd Pb s,empym, lb d s D (FPs)

107. p://.d../d/2012/b/09/bdm-bm-dd-m-m

108. p://.dp../d/pd/-p-/

109. p://.mb10..//d-y-p-p/

110. p://.d../n/r/2012/06/y-p

111. p://pp./dx.pp5?=eQual_mpdm

112. p://pp./dx.pp5?=cmpdm_2.1.1_w_bd

113. p://../

114. p://.dp.m/

115. p://.../

116. p://.ppp../empy/sp--m--pp/gta-ata/~/md/Dm/nas-ataFm-Jy2011.x

117. p://..///ir9_14-15.pd

118. .21../

119. p://.m../m.px

120. a p d d -pd p-m d mb m b pd :s, e., c, D., g, P., ly, l. d B, r. (2012) Bd b qy p-m mm. Y: Jp r Fd.

121. s xmp tp, D. d wm, a. (2008) wm. ld: a B.

122. Bm, r. d r, r. (2010) w M i Y: t r cb cmp. hpB.

123. p://..m/

124. p://.m/125. p://.my../

126. p://.bb.m/

127. p://yjbd.m/

128. p://.yjbd../

129. p://.../d_

130. p://...///___jb_m_m


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