Computer

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Problem Background

Humans have two functions of the position in this life that is as individual

beings and social beings. As social beings, humans need to communicate among each

other and is an essential requirement in order to be able to interact properly. On the basis

that humans create systems and tools to be able to interact, starting from the image

(picture form), gesture (hand, smoke and noise), letters, words, words, writings, letters,

through phone and internet.

The development of information systems in human life as human civilization

itself until finally the term Information Technology (IT). Starting from the form of

meaningless pictures on the walls, inscriptions, until the information became known to

the internet. The information is managed and delivered and continue to be developed,

from simple information such as just described a situation, until the strategic information

warfare tactics. Current information and communication technology is developing very

rapidly and thus be utilized in a variety of activities as may facilitate our work, for

example, searching for information via computer.

The computer is a modern tool that can’t be separated from everyday life.

Ranging from office work, multimedia, and even entertainment. Today the development

of the computer is still growing and will continue to grow without limit. We as humans

would not want to keep abreast of technological advances, especially the field of

computing that we are not consumed by the tools of our own making. On that basis we

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try to discuss it in the form of papers in the hope it can be useful for others, especially

for us. Lots of discussion about computers, but we try to write a paper with the title of

the Computer System described in general outline only, or, if we discuss the overall time

it takes quite a bit and a lot of references. The paper is structured very simple so that

readers easily digest it and not get bored reading it, as the author of We apologize if

there is a lack of proper discussion and distorted, because we are still in the learning

process.

B. The focus of discussion

This paper will discuss the development of computers as information and

communication technology

C. Writing objectives

Preparation of this paper is aimed to complete the Applied Physics course and

add insight for writers and readers as well.

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CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION

1.Komputer

Nearly all aspects of human life can’t be separated from the technology,

especially computer technology. Now people tend to select information using a

computer and they can sort out which information they like. Computers are not only

used to find this information even when the computer is used everywhere such as

hospitals, supermarkets, offices, etc.

1.1 Definition of Computer

The term computer has a broad meaning and is different for everyone. The term

computer comes from the Latin meaning Computare count (to compute or to rckon).

According Blissmer (1985), the computer is an electronic device capable of performing

several tasks, which receives input, processes the input according to the instructions,

keep the command-processing orders and results, and provides output in the form of

information.

Meanwhile, according to Sanders (1985), the computer is an electronic system to

manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to

automatically receive and store input data, process it, and produce output based on the

instructions that have been stored in the memory. And many more experts who try to

define it differently on your computer. However, in essence it can be concluded that the

computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process input, provide

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information, using a program stored in computer memory, can store the program and

processing the results, and works automatically.

From the definition, there are three important terms, namely the input (data), data

processing, and information (output). Data processing using a computer known as

electronic data processing (EDP) or electronic data processing (EDP). Data is a

collection of events that removed from reality (facts), can be numbers, letters, special

symbols, or combination of all three. Data still can’t tell you much that needs to be

further processed.

Data processing is a process of manipulation of data into a form that is more

useful and more means, namely in the form of information. Thus, information is the

result of a data processing activities that provide a more meaningful form of a fact.

Therefore, the electronic data processing is the manipulation of data into a more

meaningful form of an information by using an electronic device, namely a computer.

1.2 The Development of Computer

Based on the development of computers can be made into four generations as

follows:

1. Generation I (1951 - 1958): characterized by a hollow tube (vacuum tubes),

Richard punched a user input device, as well as machine language or assembly

language as a base it program.

2. Generation II (1959 - 1963): The transistor is a hallmark of second-generation

computers. The raw material consists of three layers, namely: "basic", "collector"

and "emiter". Transistor stands for Transfer Resistor, which means to influence

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the resistance between two of the three layers, then the power (resistor) which is

in the next layer can also be affected. Thus, the transistor functions as a signal

amplifier. As a solid component, transistor has many advantages such as: not

easily broken, do not distribute the heat. and thus, there are computers become

smaller and cheaper.

3. Generation III (1964 - 1963): The concept of the smaller and more affordable

than transistors, eventually spurring people to continue to conduct various

studies. Thousands of transistors finally combined in a form that is very small.

Yag silicium piece the size of several millimeters have been made, and this is

called as Integrated Circuit or IC-chip that is the hallmark of the computer.

4. Generation IV (1979 - present): In this generation is characterized by the

emergence of: LSI (Large Scale Integration) which is the solidification of

thousands into an IC chip. The term chip is used to indicate a rectangular plate

containing integrated circuits. LSI then be developed in VLSI (Very Large Scale

Integration).

1.3 Computer System

Computer systems are the elements related to running an activity using the

computer. Elements of a computer system composed of human (brainware), software,

set of instructions (instruction set), hardware and hardware). Thus the component is an

element that is involved in a computer system. Of course, the hardware does not mean

anything if no one from the other two (software and brainware). A simple example, who

would turn on the computer if there are no humans. Or what the computer will execute

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the command if there is no software. Von Neumann architecture describes a computer

with four main sections: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), control unit, memory, and

input and output devices (collectively termed I / O). This section is connected by a wire

beam, "bus".

1.4 Components of Computers

A. Hardware (Hardware)

Devices that can take a look and we can physically touch, such as device

input devices, processing devices, as well as the output device. Physically, the

computer consists of a couple of system components. If one component does not

work, will result in a computer is not functioning properly. Included in the

category Computer hardware elements. 

The hardwere devices include:

1. Input Device

Input equipment serves as a medium for loading data from external systems

into a memory and a processor for processing to produce the required

information.

a. Keyboard

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Figure A.1.a. Keyboard input is the most important equipment in a data

processing with computers. The keyboard works include letters, numbers,

special characters as well as a medium for the users to perform other

commands are required, such as saving a file and open the file.

b. Mouse

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Figure A.1.b Mouse image input device is one that serves to move the

pointer or cursor quickly. In addition, orders can be as practical and faster

than the keyboard.

c. Toucpad

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Figure A.1c is used instead of a touchpad mouse on a laptop or notebook.

d. Microphon

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Figure 1.1d Microphon serves to insert a voice recording or to be stored in

computer memory and to talk when you're chatting

e. Webcame

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Figure A.1e Function to take pictures or video to be transferred to the

internet.

f. Scanner

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Figure A.1f Scanner used to copy or take pictures outside of the computer

file of the results will be displayed on the comput er.

2. Processing Equipment (Process Device)

Process equipment is the main and most important unit processes in a

computer that controls the entire process of processing data from the read

data from input devices, processing or process until the release of

information to the output device.

a. Motherboard

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Figure A.2a The motherboard is one of the devices in a computer used

as a place to put up or put some other equipment such as: processor,

memory, the data cables (connecting) the hard disk, floppy disk, Card a

crate: VGA Card, NIC (network card) and so forth.

b. Processor

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Figure A.2b Processor is a chip that is the brain processing and

central control various other devices so that the computer can work

with each other.

c. Ram

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Figure A.2c RAM stands for Random Access Memory, a computer

component that serves to store data from a program which we run and

the data can be accessed randomly or random.

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d. Video Card

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Figture A.2d Video card is a computer component that serves to

generate the output image to be displayed on the monitor.

e. Sound Card

Figure A.2e Sound Card has a function as a data processor in the form of

audio or a sound and a connector device input or output sound to the

computer.

3. Equipment Output (Output Device)

Output equipment is equipment which is used to display data, instructions

and information in the form of text and graphics or pictures.

a. Monitor

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Figure A.3a Monitor function to display the data, instructions and

information in the form of text and graphics or pictures on the screen.

b. Speaker

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Figure A.3b Speaker has a function to generate or remove the sound

effects of a computer.

c. Printer

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Figur A.3c Printer output is the equipment used to print the data or

information from the computer to paper.

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B. Software

The series of procedures and documentation program that serves the

desired resolve. Electronic data is stored as such by the computer itself, the data

stored may include programs or instructions to be executed by the command, and

the records required by the computer to run the executable commands. The

software, namely:

• Operating System

• Application Program

• Language Program

C. Brainware

Brainware is a person who operates a computer

1.5 Principles of Computer

A computer can work with the involvement of three important elements. In

everyday computer use, these elements consist of:

1. Hardware, is the physical equipment of the computer that can be seen

and felt.

2. Software, a computer program that allows you to perform a job

according to the desired.

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3. Brainware (people who operate the computer), personnel directly

involved in the use of computer, operator, user, and others.

1.6 How to Work Computer

Each time the computer in turn, will experience the process of booting. At initial

boot, the BIOS will take over to initiate the beginning of all the components onto the

motherboard. There are three stages of the process of work boots, the CPU reset, Power-

On-Self-Test (POST), and the boot disk.

1.7 Making Up a Series of Computers in Physics

a. Capacitor (condenser)

Capacitors can store electric charge, may continue the alternating voltage

(AC) but hold DC voltage, power sizing is expressed in farads (F). In radio, a

capacitor is used for: A. Storing electric charge 2. Set the frequency 3. as the

filter 4. As a means of coupling (linking)

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Figure 1.7a Syimbol of Capasitor

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b. Diodes

Diodes are the simplest semiconductor components, it consists of two (2)

the cathode and anode electrodes. End of the body diode is usually given the

undersigned, a bracelet or a point, which indicates the location of the cathode.

Diodes can only be energized in the direction DC, the DC current in the opposite

direction will not flow. If the silicon diode is energized AC currents of

electricity, so that flow only in one direction only so that the flow of DC current

output diode. When given the potential positive anode and negative cathode, said

diode is forward biased and when given the other hand, is said to be reverse

biased diode. At forward bias, the difference between the cathode and the anode

voltage is called threshold voltage or knee voltage. Large voltage depends on the

type of diode, can be 0.2V, 0.6V, and so forth.

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Figure 1.7b Syimbol of Diode

c. Transistor

Transistor, this component includes a component that virtually simple

composition when compared with the Integrated Circuit. In principle, a transistor

diode consists of two pieces joined together. Transistor in order to work, to the

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foot of his legs have given voltage, this voltage is called the bias voltage. Given

base emitter forward voltage, while the base collector reverse voltage is given.

Nature of the transistor is that between the collector and emitter will be no

current (transistor will deliver) when the base current. The bigger the base the

greater the flow of delivery. Various forms of transistors that were sold in the

market, the packaging casing material also exists a wide range of metal sheath

for example, there is a sheathed ceramic and polyester. Transistors generally

have three legs, feet first is called the base, called the collector and the next leg

of the third leg is called the emitter.

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Figure 1.7c Syimbol transistor NPN and PNP

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CHAPTER IIICONCLUSION

The computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process input, and can

provide information, using a program stored in computer memory, can store the program

of the processing. And works automatically.

Computer systems are the elements related to running an activity using the

computer. Elements of computer system consisting of human (brainware), software

(software), set of instructions (instruction set) and hardware (hardware). Component -

component in the computer system is divided into three, which are not inherent bias that

is:

1. Hardware (Hardware) • Processing Device • Input Device • Output Device •

Storage Device

2. Software (Software) • Operating System • Application Program • Language

Program

3. Brainware (People Who Operate the Computer) The existence of multiple

hardware can cause synchronization problems. Therefore, the operation of

computer systems to prevent a memory controller is added to the synchronization

of memory access. To improve performance, use multiple buses. Each bus is a

data path between several different devices. If the computer is turned on

Bootstrap program will check the hardware main-main hardware. On modern

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computers are usually characterized by the emergence of software or hardware

interrupt, so the operating system is called Interrupt-driven.

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