Major Themes in Western Major Themes in Western Europe – 1500-1700Europe – 1500-1700

• Break-up of Christian unity Break-up of Christian unity (Protestant Reformation)(Protestant Reformation)

• Consolidation of centralized states Consolidation of centralized states (Absolute Monarchs)(Absolute Monarchs)

• Development of modern CapitalismDevelopment of modern Capitalism

• Development of modern ScienceDevelopment of modern Science

Steps to ReformationSteps to Reformation

• Catholic Church wanted to raise $$ to Catholic Church wanted to raise $$ to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedralrebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral

• Sold Indulgences to raise $$Sold Indulgences to raise $$– Pardons that released sinner from saying Pardons that released sinner from saying

certain prayers or performing penance for certain prayers or performing penance for sins. But most believed it was purchasing sins. But most believed it was purchasing way into heavenway into heaven

– Luther’s 95 ThesesLuther’s 95 Theses– Impact of Gutenberg's Printing PressImpact of Gutenberg's Printing Press

Luther’s Teachings of Luther’s Teachings of ReformReform• 1. People get 1. People get

salvation through salvation through faith alonefaith alone

• 2. Church teaching 2. Church teaching should be clearly should be clearly based on the Bible – based on the Bible – not on the Pope or not on the Pope or the Churchthe Church

• 3. All people of faith 3. All people of faith are equal – don’t are equal – don’t need Priests to need Priests to serve as serve as “interpreters”“interpreters”

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent• Catholics held Catholics held

council following council following Reformation in order Reformation in order to:to:– Define differences Define differences

between them and between them and ProtestantsProtestants

– Persuade some to Persuade some to returnreturn

– Address Church Address Church doctrinedoctrine

– Acknowledged abusesAcknowledged abuses– Called for Catholic Called for Catholic

ReformReform

JesuitsJesuits

• Founded by St. Founded by St. Ignatius LoyolaIgnatius Loyola

• Spread the newly Spread the newly reformed Catholic reformed Catholic Church to converts Church to converts around the globearound the globe

• Advanced Advanced Education (founding Education (founding of universities)of universities)

English Civil War & Glorious English Civil War & Glorious RevolutionRevolution• England broke into 2 factions (King – who was England broke into 2 factions (King – who was

Anglican; and Parliament – which was made up Anglican; and Parliament – which was made up mostly of Calvinists, or Puritans)mostly of Calvinists, or Puritans)

• King Charles I was captured by Parliament’s King Charles I was captured by Parliament’s forces and beheaded in 1649forces and beheaded in 1649

• Leads to period of chaos with no monarchLeads to period of chaos with no monarch• Parliament restores monarchy in 1660Parliament restores monarchy in 1660• 1688: Glorious Revolution: James II’s daughter 1688: Glorious Revolution: James II’s daughter

Mary and Dutch husband William of Orange are Mary and Dutch husband William of Orange are placed on the throneplaced on the throne

• **Now Kings are ruling in a co-op fashion with **Now Kings are ruling in a co-op fashion with Parliament in Great BritainParliament in Great Britain

Absolute MonarchsAbsolute Monarchs

• Divine Right of Kings: King’s Divine Right of Kings: King’s authority came from God & served as authority came from God & served as God’s lieutenants on earth (if you God’s lieutenants on earth (if you didn’t obey, it was anti-religious)didn’t obey, it was anti-religious)

• Power for absolute monarchs was Power for absolute monarchs was heavily dependent on limiting the heavily dependent on limiting the power of the power of the nobilitynobility..

Louis XIV and the Palace of Louis XIV and the Palace of VersaillesVersailles

• Louis XIV: “I am the state”; best Louis XIV: “I am the state”; best example of an absolute monarchexample of an absolute monarch

• His home: The palace of VersaillesHis home: The palace of Versailles

Peter the Great – Czar of Peter the Great – Czar of RussiaRussia

• Problems with Russia?Problems with Russia?• The “Great The “Great

Transformation” of Transformation” of RussiaRussia

• Modeled Russia after Modeled Russia after Western EuropeWestern Europe

• Envied W. Europe’s Envied W. Europe’s administration, administration, economy, militaryeconomy, military

• Changed Russia with Changed Russia with following reforms…following reforms…– New modern armyNew modern army– Modern weaponsModern weapons– Overhauled gov’tOverhauled gov’t– Modern economyModern economy– Western clothes/dressWestern clothes/dress– St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg

CapitalismCapitalism

• Economic system where Economic system where private partiesprivate parties buy and sell goods on the free marketbuy and sell goods on the free market– Private businesses own tools, machinery, Private businesses own tools, machinery,

buildings, raw materialsbuildings, raw materials– Private businesses hire workers, set Private businesses hire workers, set

wages, and decide what, when, and how wages, and decide what, when, and how to produceto produce

– Prices determined by supply/demandPrices determined by supply/demand– Businesses take advantage of market Businesses take advantage of market

conditions to make moneyconditions to make money

Government & CapitalismGovernment & Capitalism

• Governments in Europe saw capitalism Governments in Europe saw capitalism as the best way to achieve personal as the best way to achieve personal and communal interests of peopleand communal interests of people

• SO…Government would get involved SO…Government would get involved by…by…– Recognizing people’s rights to propertyRecognizing people’s rights to property– Settling disputesSettling disputes– Chartering Joint Stock CompaniesChartering Joint Stock Companies– Church and capitalism? - loans, interest, Church and capitalism? - loans, interest,

dangerous?dangerous?

SerfdomSerfdom• Russian labor system Russian labor system

where nobles had where nobles had serfs tied to the land serfs tied to the land they workedthey worked

• Russian serfdom Russian serfdom leads to more leads to more European capitalismEuropean capitalism

• Inexpensive labor Inexpensive labor force in Russia force in Russia produced grains / produced grains / raw materials raw materials cheaplycheaply

Adam SmithAdam Smith

• Scottish philosopherScottish philosopher• Sought to convince Sought to convince

people that capitalism people that capitalism was socially beneficialwas socially beneficial

• Society prospers when Society prospers when people pursue their people pursue their own own economic self interestseconomic self interests (greed is good)(greed is good)

• The “Invisible Hand” The “Invisible Hand” TheoryTheory– The self regulating The self regulating

nature of the nature of the marketplacemarketplace

– Self interest, Self interest, supply/demand, & supply/demand, & competitioncompetition

The Invisible HandThe Invisible Hand“Free Market” Capitalism – “Free Market” Capitalism – popularized by Adam Smithpopularized by Adam Smith

• If the consumer is allowed to choose freely what to buy and If the consumer is allowed to choose freely what to buy and each producer is allowed to choose freely what to sell and each producer is allowed to choose freely what to sell and how to produce it, the market will settle on a product how to produce it, the market will settle on a product distribution and prices that are beneficial to all the distribution and prices that are beneficial to all the individual members of a community, and hence to the individual members of a community, and hence to the community as a whole. The reason for this is that self-community as a whole. The reason for this is that self-interest drives actors to beneficial behavior. Efficient interest drives actors to beneficial behavior. Efficient methods of production are adopted to maximize profits. methods of production are adopted to maximize profits. Low prices are charged to maximize revenue through gain Low prices are charged to maximize revenue through gain in market share by undercutting competitors. Investors in market share by undercutting competitors. Investors invest in those industries most urgently needed to invest in those industries most urgently needed to maximize returns, and withdraw capital from those less maximize returns, and withdraw capital from those less efficient in creating value. Students prepare for the most efficient in creating value. Students prepare for the most needed (and therefore most remunerative) careers. All needed (and therefore most remunerative) careers. All these effects take place dynamically and automatically. these effects take place dynamically and automatically.

The Age of Reason – or The Age of Reason – or The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment

• Intellectual, cultural, and scientific movement in Intellectual, cultural, and scientific movement in the 18the 18thth century – largely based on century – largely based on reasonreason..

• The "Enlightenment" at its core was a critical The "Enlightenment" at its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in rationality and morals, and a strong belief in rationality and science.science.

• Can we use reason and the scientific method in Can we use reason and the scientific method in all all aspects of lifeaspects of life – including government, religion, – including government, religion, economics, and education?economics, and education?

• Are there laws governing human behavior as well?Are there laws governing human behavior as well?

• New Way of ThinkingNew Way of Thinking (Scientific (Scientific Revolution)Revolution)– Based on observations and a Based on observations and a

willingness to question old beliefswillingness to question old beliefs– New truths to be found (new New truths to be found (new

discoveries)discoveries) Maybe we don’t know everything about the world Maybe we don’t know everything about the world

(didn’t know there were extra continents out (didn’t know there were extra continents out there)there)

Process to navigate required research in Process to navigate required research in science/math/astronomy (new knowledge doesn’t science/math/astronomy (new knowledge doesn’t mesh with ancient beliefs)mesh with ancient beliefs)

Views of the UniverseViews of the Universe

The Medieval ViewThe Medieval View• Earth is unmoving – center of universe Earth is unmoving – center of universe

(Geocentric theory)(Geocentric theory)

• Sun, moon, planets move around earthSun, moon, planets move around earth

• Based on common sense and AristotleBased on common sense and Aristotle

Nicolaus Copernicus – Nicolaus Copernicus – Heliocentric TheoryHeliocentric Theory

Studied sun/planets Studied sun/planets for 25 years – for 25 years – found the Earth found the Earth revolves around revolves around the Sun the Sun (Heliocentric (Heliocentric Theory)Theory)

• Didn’t publish works Didn’t publish works until right before he until right before he died (feared Church died (feared Church reaction) Why?reaction) Why?

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei

• Objects of different Objects of different weights fall at weights fall at same rate same rate

• Supported Supported Heliocentric ViewHeliocentric View

• Church is angry (if Church is angry (if we’re wrong about we’re wrong about this, then people this, then people will doubt us in will doubt us in other areas as well)other areas as well)

• Sent before a Sent before a Church court and Church court and forced to renounce forced to renounce his views (still put his views (still put into House-Arrest into House-Arrest for rest of life)for rest of life)

John LockeJohn Locke• More positive view More positive view

on human natureon human nature• People could People could

govern themselvesgovern themselves• All people born All people born

free w/3 natural free w/3 natural rights (LIFE, rights (LIFE, LIBERTY, LIBERTY, PROPERTY) – gov’t PROPERTY) – gov’t is supposed to is supposed to protect these protect these rights – or be rights – or be overthrown by overthrown by citizenscitizens

• Ideas became Ideas became basis for modern basis for modern democracy democracy (consent of the (consent of the governed) governed)

MontesquieuMontesquieu

• Studied political Studied political libertyliberty

• Admired Britain’s Admired Britain’s 3-branch system 3-branch system of governmentof government

• Came up with Came up with Separation of Separation of PowersPowers: liked how : liked how it prevented one it prevented one branch from branch from becoming too becoming too powerful (power powerful (power should be should be checked) – basis checked) – basis for U.S.A.’s for U.S.A.’s checks/balanceschecks/balances