Major Perspectives of Major Perspectives of PsychologyPsychology

PerspectivesPerspectives

PsychodynamicPsychodynamic BehaviorismBehaviorism HumanismHumanism CognitiveCognitive EvolutionaryEvolutionary NeuroscienceNeuroscience

I. PsychodynamicI. Psychodynamic The psychodynamic The psychodynamic

perspective originated perspective originated with the work of with the work of Sigmund Freud. This Sigmund Freud. This perspective perspective emphasizes the role of emphasizes the role of the the unconsciousunconscious mind, mind, early childhood early childhood experiences, and experiences, and interpersonal interpersonal relationships to explain relationships to explain human behavior and to human behavior and to treat people suffering treat people suffering from psych disordersfrom psych disorders

Our personality is a Our personality is a conflict between our conflict between our unconscious id and our unconscious id and our superego (our moral superego (our moral sense) and our ego (our sense) and our ego (our sense of reality).sense of reality).

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is the form of treating Psychoanalysis is the form of treating psychological disorders, invented by Freud.psychological disorders, invented by Freud.

It is famous for the couch. It is famous for the couch.

Psychoanalysis summaryPsychoanalysis summary

All methods deal with accessing the All methods deal with accessing the unconscious mindunconscious mind

Psychoanalysis is therapist-centered, meaning Psychoanalysis is therapist-centered, meaning the therapist has all the answers, not the the therapist has all the answers, not the patient.patient.

Personality assessmentPersonality assessment

Psychoanalysts use projective tests like the Psychoanalysts use projective tests like the Rorschach Ink Blot test or the TAT testRorschach Ink Blot test or the TAT test

Criticisms of FreudCriticisms of Freud’’s theory:s theory:

1.1.Freud had no scientific data to support his Freud had no scientific data to support his theories.theories.

2. Freud2. Freud’’s theories (unconscious, libido, etc.)s theories (unconscious, libido, etc.) cannot be observed.cannot be observed.

3. Theory explains behavior after the fact.3. Theory explains behavior after the fact. (also known as (also known as post-hocpost-hoc) )

4. Observations not representative of population4. Observations not representative of population (very sexist and not multicultural).(very sexist and not multicultural).

Pros of FreudPros of Freud’’s theorys theory

1. Argued that 1. Argued that childhood experienceschildhood experiences are are important in personality development.important in personality development.

2. Information outside of awareness 2. Information outside of awareness does does influence usinfluence us..

3. Defense mechanisms—good descriptions of3. Defense mechanisms—good descriptions of some of our behaviors.some of our behaviors.

II. BehaviorismII. Behaviorism

BehaviorismBehaviorism

By the 1950s, most critics found By the 1950s, most critics found Psychoanalysis to be too unscientific. Psychoanalysis to be too unscientific.

Behaviorists will bring science back into Behaviorists will bring science back into psychology, even if they overdo it a little.psychology, even if they overdo it a little.

Behaviorism is NOT interested in the Behaviorism is NOT interested in the unconscious mind since it unconscious mind since it cannot be observed cannot be observed or measured in a laboratory.or measured in a laboratory.

A telling quote…A telling quote…

Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and my own specified world to bring them up in and Iin and I’’ll guarantee to take any one at ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.race of his ancestors.--John Watson, --John Watson, BehaviorismBehaviorism, 1930 , 1930

Thorndike Thorndike ““law of effectlaw of effect””

The law of effect principle developed by Thorndike suggested that responses closely followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated. Conversely, if the situation is followed by discomfort, the connections to the situation will become weaker and the behavior of response is less likely to occur when the situation is repeated.

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

He was not a psychologist but a Russian He was not a psychologist but a Russian physiologist. He discovered classical physiologist. He discovered classical conditioning. Clconditioning. Classassical conditioning is ical conditioning is assassociative learning. He trained a dog to drool ociative learning. He trained a dog to drool to a bell.to a bell.

Dog associates food with bell.Dog associates food with bell.

B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner

B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the Behaviorists. He is famous for Behaviorists. He is famous for operant operant conditioningconditioning. Operant conditioning (aka . Operant conditioning (aka shaping) is learning through reinforcements shaping) is learning through reinforcements (aka,rewards) and punishments.(aka,rewards) and punishments.

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Albert Bandura did a famous experiment that Albert Bandura did a famous experiment that found our found our behaviorbehavior does not have to be does not have to be classically conditioned or operant conditioned.classically conditioned or operant conditioned.

We can simply observe behavior and copy it.We can simply observe behavior and copy it.

BehaviorismBehaviorism

The behavioral perspective can explain why The behavioral perspective can explain why people get addicted to gambling (positive people get addicted to gambling (positive reinforcement)reinforcement)

……or why you come home before curfewor why you come home before curfew ……or why you don’t like grape jelly. (yuck.)or why you don’t like grape jelly. (yuck.)

Behaviorism SummaryBehaviorism Summary

Behaviorism says we do what we do because Behaviorism says we do what we do because of classical conditioning, operant conditioning of classical conditioning, operant conditioning or we simply learn the behavior from watching or we simply learn the behavior from watching or copying it. or copying it.

In its extreme, they think we are simply rats in In its extreme, they think we are simply rats in a cage pressing buttons. a cage pressing buttons.

WE ESSENTIALLY HAVE NO FREE WE ESSENTIALLY HAVE NO FREE WILL!WILL!

III. HumanismIII. Humanism

HumanisticHumanistic Humanism came about in the 1960s in

reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individual’s potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good.

We are not rats in a cage! We are not id-driven animals! We are humans with free will.

HumanismHumanism

Abraham Maslow said we have a Abraham Maslow said we have a hierarchy of hierarchy of needsneeds

HumanismHumanism

Carl Rogers Carl Rogers revolutionized talk therapy. His therapy revolutionized talk therapy. His therapy is client-centered, where the client has all the answers is client-centered, where the client has all the answers instead of the therapist. Therapists treat the client instead of the therapist. Therapists treat the client with unconditional positive regard (no judgments). with unconditional positive regard (no judgments). Group therapy comes from Humanism.Group therapy comes from Humanism.

Humanism summaryHumanism summary

Humanists are really touchy-feely, but without Humanists are really touchy-feely, but without them we are just rats in a cage.them we are just rats in a cage.

Rogers and Maslow put the Rogers and Maslow put the ““humanhuman”” element element back into psychology and therapy.back into psychology and therapy.

Their philosophy: We are all humans striving Their philosophy: We are all humans striving to maximize our potential. A therapistto maximize our potential. A therapist’’s job is s job is to remove obstacles to to remove obstacles to self actualizationself actualization..

IV. Cognitive PerspectiveIV. Cognitive Perspective

What does the word cognitive mean? How What does the word cognitive mean? How about cognition? Or Reabout cognition? Or Recognitioncognition??

It is the study of how people perceive, It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.remember, think, speak, and solve problems.

Cognitive therapy is about changing the Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive maladaptive thoughtsthoughts of a person. of a person.

Cognitive PsychologistsCognitive Psychologists Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in

children.children.

Cognitive perspective on Cognitive perspective on depressiondepression

We are depressed because we are irrational. We are depressed because we are irrational. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want every thing to go our way. We stay We want every thing to go our way. We stay angry about issues or events that happened a angry about issues or events that happened a long time ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE long time ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL.SUCCESSFUL.

Cognitive TherapyCognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy is about changing the Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive (bad) thoughts. Albert Ellis, maladaptive (bad) thoughts. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck and William Glasser are famous Aaron Beck and William Glasser are famous for reality therapy. They challenged their for reality therapy. They challenged their patients to ask, patients to ask, ““Are my thoughts realistic or Are my thoughts realistic or rational?rational?”” Cognitive therapy also Cognitive therapy also ““educateseducates”” the client, teaches him/her proper the client, teaches him/her proper behaviors/thoughtsbehaviors/thoughts

V. Evolutionary PsychologyV. Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychologyEvolutionary psychology examines examines

psychological traits — such as memory, psychological traits — such as memory, perception, or language — from a modern perception, or language — from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, the functional products of adaptations, that is, the functional products of natural selection.natural selection.

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

This branch explains why humans do what This branch explains why humans do what they do in terms of they do in terms of adaptive value adaptive value (survival of (survival of the species). the species).

Examples? Why do we do that?Examples? Why do we do that?

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

Why do the spending patterns of modern American Why do the spending patterns of modern American ment and women differ so greatly?ment and women differ so greatly?

Evolutionary psychologists try to explain this Evolutionary psychologists try to explain this behavior with comparisons to hunter-gather cultures.behavior with comparisons to hunter-gather cultures.

VI. Neuroscience PerspectiveVI. Neuroscience Perspective

This perspective is among This perspective is among the most respected right the most respected right now. Here, there is a now. Here, there is a focus on our brain, focus on our brain, nervous system, nervous system, neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters and hormones to explain our hormones to explain our behaviors.behaviors.

Neuroscience PerspectiveNeuroscience Perspective

““I donI don’’t know the cause of your depression or t know the cause of your depression or your anxiety. But this medicine may help.your anxiety. But this medicine may help.””

Abnormalities in brain function directly affect Abnormalities in brain function directly affect your behavior.your behavior.

Dr. Ramachandran,Dr. Ramachandran,

leading researcher*leading researcher*

SurgerySurgery

Cut the corpus callosum to keep seizures from Cut the corpus callosum to keep seizures from spreading to other side of brain.spreading to other side of brain.

Common medicinesCommon medicines

Prozac – antidepressant – blocks reuptake of Prozac – antidepressant – blocks reuptake of serotonin.serotonin.

Xanax – anti-anxietyXanax – anti-anxiety