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The HypothalamusThe Hypothalamus
Small structure at Small structure at the base of the the base of the brain brain
Regulates many Regulates many body functions, body functions, including appetite including appetite and body and body temperaturetemperature
Regulates the Regulates the pituitary glandpituitary gland
The Pituitary GlandThe Pituitary Gland
A sort of master A sort of master glandgland
It is a cherry-sized It is a cherry-sized endocrine glandendocrine gland
The hormones it The hormones it secretes affect the secretes affect the growth and growth and secretion of other secretion of other endocrine glandsendocrine glands
The real boss is the The real boss is the hypothalamushypothalamus
Embryologically distinct Embryologically distinct Release different hormonesRelease different hormones
– Anterior Pituitary releases Luteinizing Anterior Pituitary releases Luteinizing hormone and growth hormonehormone and growth hormone
– Posterior Pituitary releases OxytocinPosterior Pituitary releases Oxytocin
Anterior and Posterior PituitaryAnterior and Posterior Pituitary
PancreasPancreas Both endocrine (hormones) and exocrine Both endocrine (hormones) and exocrine
(enzymes) tissue(enzymes) tissue Releases the hormone insulinReleases the hormone insulin
The Adrenal GlandsThe Adrenal Glands
A pair of endocrine glands just above the A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneyskidneys
They secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine They secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine In common with the pituitary, adrenals are two In common with the pituitary, adrenals are two
glands with distinct embryological origins.glands with distinct embryological origins.– Adrenal medullaAdrenal medulla– Adrenal cortexAdrenal cortex
Both parts of the adrenals work Both parts of the adrenals work together to regulate metabolism together to regulate metabolism and cope with stress.and cope with stress.
Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Sex hormones are secreted by the Sex hormones are secreted by the gonads and by the adrenal glandsgonads and by the adrenal glands
AndrogensAndrogens
Masculinizing hormonesMasculinizing hormones
EstrogensEstrogens
Feminizing hormonesFeminizing hormones
Gonads: TestesGonads: Testes
Male gonadsMale gonads Two functionsTwo functions
– SteroidogenicSteroidogenic– GametogenicGametogenic
Primary Testicular HormonesPrimary Testicular Hormones
Steroid HormonesSteroid Hormones– AndrogensAndrogens
Testosterone (notes)Testosterone (notes)Source
synthesized & released by Leydig (interstitial) cells of testis
release stimulated by LH
Actions
inhibits release of GnRH & LH (not FSH)
stimulates spermatogenesis (in conjunction with FSH)
stimulates differentiation of male genitalia (in utero)
stimulates development of male 2nd sexual characteristics at pubertygrowth & development of internal/external genitaliabone growth and epiphyseal plate closure, muscle developmentaxillary, pubic, body hair, male pattern baldnessfat distribution, laryngeal growth, sebaceous glandsbehavioral effects, libido, aggression
Mechanism: steroid, androgen binding protein, transcription, translation
Glycolysis , fatty acid synthesis , mineral deposition and bone growth
In most mammals, males are more aggressive, and castration reduces aggressive behavior.
Inter-male and territorial aggression increase after puberty.
After a fight, the winner has higher, the looser lower levels of testosterone.
Criminals: Age at first violent offense correlates with testosterone levels.
Violent women prisoners have higher testosterone levels than non-violent ones.
TESTOSTERONE and TESTOSTERONE and AGGRESSIONAGGRESSION
600
650
700
750
Married Once Remarried
Never Married Married and divorced
Testosterone and MarriageTestosterone and Marriage
Gonads: OvariesGonads: Ovaries Female gonadsFemale gonads Two compartmentsTwo compartments
– SteroidogenicSteroidogenic– GametogenicGametogenic
Cyclic in functionCyclic in function Hormones associated with gamete Hormones associated with gamete
maturation were co-opted over maturation were co-opted over evolutionary time to regulate evolutionary time to regulate sexual behaviors.sexual behaviors.
Primary Ovarian HormonesPrimary Ovarian Hormones
Steroid HormonesSteroid Hormones– EstrogensEstrogens– ProgesteroneProgesterone
Follicular cells, corpus luteum, placenta, adrenal gland
Estrogens synthesis by granulosa & thecal cellsEstrogens synthesis by granulosa & thecal cells
Note: “estrogens” are a mixture of estradiol (most), estriol, & estrone
LH FSH
Note: LH & FSH are shown as acting on the wrong cells in your text book
Estrogen actionsEstrogen actions
moderate increase inhibits release of GnRH & LH (negative feedback)
large increase stimulates LH release (positive feedback)
differentiation of female genitalia in utero is due to the absence of testosterone, not any actions of estrogens
stimulates the changes seen at puberty
growth of external genitalia
growth of breasts (particularly fat deposition & duct growth)
bone growth & epiphyseal plate closure (pubertal spurt & female configuration)
fat distribution, reduces LDL & raises HDL (anti-atherogenic)
during menstrual cycle
Fallopian tube peristalsis & ciliary activity, growth of myometrium & endometrium, cervical mucus abundant & clear
Lipogenesis Lipogenesis , transcription and , transcription and translation translation , ,
Progesterone actionsProgesterone actions
high levels (in presence of estrogen) inhibit release of GnRH, hence LH & FSH (negative feedback)
stimulates the changes seen at puberty
growth of breasts (particularly glandular tissue)
during menstrual cycle
Fallopian tube peristalsis & myometrial contractions
endometrial blood flow, coiling of glands, glycogen content
thick sticky cervical secretion (mucus plug)
body temperature by ~0.5 C
Note: adrenal androgens stimulate axillary & pubic hair growth, libido
Essentially required for the implantation of fertilized ovum and maintenance of pregnancy
Follicular life cycle through menstrual cycleFollicular life cycle through menstrual cycle
fig 17-17
Estrogens synthesis by granulosa & thecal cellsEstrogens synthesis by granulosa & thecal cells
fig 17-19
Note: “estrogens” are a mixture of estradiol (most), estriol, & estrone
LH FSH
Note: LH & FSH are shown as acting on the wrong cells in your text book
Sequential hormonal changes during menstrual cycleSequential hormonal changes during menstrual cycle
1. degeneration of corpus luteum estrogen, progesterone, inhibin FSH & LH
2. antral follicles develop estrogen levels
3. plasma estrogen levels increase
4. ~day 7, dominant follicle secretes high levels of estrogen
5. plasma estrogen level increases sharply
6. high estrogen levels suppress FSH levels causing degeneration of non-dominant follicles
7/8. estrogen levels LH surge (positive feedback)
9. 1st meiotic division of 1 oocyte
10. ~day 14, ovulation occurs
11. the dominant follicle collapses, and reorgranizes as the corpus luteum
Sequential hormonal changes during menstrual cycleSequential hormonal changes during menstrual cycle
12. corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone
13. plasma levels of estrogen & progesterone increase, suppressing release of GnRH, LH, & FSH
14. ~day 25, corpus luteum spontaneously degenerates
15. secretion & plasma levels of estrogen & progesterone
16. estrogen & progesterone FSH & LH levels which begin follicular development of the next menstrual cycle