Major and Minor Ports in India - studyiq.net

Major and Minor Ports in IndiaMajor and Minor Ports by Dr. Gaurav Garg
Port vs Dock vs Harbour : Port is the place used for loading and unloading of Cargo and a place to manage all the
imports, exports of goods between one country to another. ( figure 2 ) Harbours are just vast spacing places, where ships, cargo container loaders and vessels are anchored for
safety purposes from bad climate or weather conditions. Basically a parking place for ships. ( figure 1 ) Docks are places where ships, vessels are designed and repaired. Docks are two types : Dry Dock ( figure 3 ) and Wet Dock ( figure 4 ).
Importance of Ports : India is surrounded by sea from three sides and is bestowed with a long coastline (7,517 km). Gujarat has
the longest coastline and Andhra Pradesh has the 2nd longest coastline. According to the Ministry of Shipping, around 95 per cent of India's trading by volume and 70 per cent
by value is done through maritime transport. Water provides a smooth surface for very cheap transport provided there is no turbulence. The emergence of ports as gateways of international trade became important after the coming of the
European traders and colonisation of the country by the British.
Lothal Port – The oldest port in India. Lothal was an important port city of Indus valley civilization and is located in today’s Gujarat. It Existed about 4500 years ago, the remains of the port city of Lothal were discovered in 1954 by the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). The excavations led to the discovery of a mound, a township, a marketplace as well as the dock,
cementing the existence of the port in Lothal.
Muziris Port Muziris, the ancient port city located in today’s Indian state of Kerala, was one of the most important
trading ports in the world almost 2,000 years ago.
Poompuhar Port Poompuhar, also known as Puhar, is believed to be the Port town of Chola Empire. Located in the current Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu.
Regulatory Scenario of ports in India Major Ports: Major ports are under the jurisdiction of the Government of India and are governed by the
Major Port Trusts Act 1963, except Ennore port, which is administered under the Companies Act 1956. The ports act as semi-autonomous bodies under the administrative wing of the Ministry of Shipping.
In 2020, The Port Trusts Act is going to be Amended. Minor Ports: Non-major ports come under the jurisdiction of the respective state Governments’ Maritime
Boards (GMB). So, Basically Major Ports come under the Central Government and Minor Ports come under State
Government.
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National Waterways : The Government of India has declared 111 waterways as National Waterways through National
Waterways Act, 2016. Currently there are 5 only, and 106 will be built in upcoming years. Hooghly is the distributary of Ganga (river which adds water to another river is called tributary and the
one which takes out the water of another river is called distributary. Majority of trading inside India is still done through Malgadi and Truck, but now the Government is
making Dedicated Freight Corridor for Malgadi so that there will be separate Railway Line for only Malgadi and this will make trading through Malgadi cost effective.
Multimodal System :- India's first multimodal system is being built in Varanasi near Ganga river, inaugurated in 2018 by
PM Narendra Modi. India's 2nd multimodal network is being built in Sahebganj (Jharkhand), inaugurated in 2019 by PM
Narendra Modi. Sahebganj is the only city of Jharkhand where Ganga river flows. Multimodal system is a network of many facilities together (for e.g. extension of railway line or roads
or airports to ports).
MAJOR & MINOR PORTS ::
Kolkata port (West Bengal)
Completed 150 years in 2020. The Prime Minister renamed the Kolkata port after Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. It is located on the Hooghly river (Silt issue). It is the only major riverine port in India. (Riverine means it is not directly connected to sea, it is on river
and that river is connected to sea). It is connected to Diamond Harbour. Its hinterland covers U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Sikkim and the north-eastern states. (Hinterland
is that area from where cargo comes to port). Kolkata port handles goods coming from South-East Asian countries, Australia and New Zealand and
provides services to neighbouring land-locked countries such as Nepal and Bhutan. Kolkata is the earliest major port in the country. But the nucleus of the present-day Kolkata Port lies
much earlier – with the grant of trading rights to the British Settlement in Eastern India by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Kolkata port is called the "Gateway to Eastern India". Haldia Port (West Bengal)
Haldia port was built at the meeting place of the Haldi River and Hooghly river. It is also a riverine port. It is located 105 km downstream from Kolkata. It has been constructed to reduce the congestion at
Kolkata port. It is also a base for India’s Coast Guard. The port authority is Kolkata Port Trust.
Paradip Port (Odisha)
It is situated in the Mahanadi delta, about 100 km from Cuttack. It has very deep water (depth 12 metre) specially suited to handle very large vessels (ships). It has been
developed mainly to handle large-scale export of iron-ore, coal and crude oil. The Government of India declared Paradip Port as the 8th Major Port of India on 18 April 1966 making it
the 1st Major Port in the East Coast commissioned after independence. Export of iron and Aluminium to Japan & south-east Asian countries. Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the parts of its hinterland.
Visakhapatnam Port (Andhra Pradesh) Deepest port of India, Located on the east coast in Andhra Pradesh. It also has the ship-building and ship-repair industry. The primary export items are iron ore (especially from Bailadila mines in Chhattisgarh to Japan),
manganese ore, spices and wood. The imports comprise mainly of mineral oil, coal, luxury items and other industrial products. The hinterland of Visakhapatnam port commands an approximate area of 3.4 lakh sq. km which is
constituted by Andhra Pradesh and the contiguous parts of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Visakhapatnam is the HQ of Eastern Naval Command. Kandla Port / Maharao Khengarji Port (Gujarat)
Tidal Port, Named after Deendayal Upadhyaya. Tidal ports are the ports in which the water level within the port are subject to change with the ocean
tides. Situated at the head of Gulf of Kutch in Kutch district. Deendayal Port created history by handling 100 MMT cargos in a year - the first Major Port to achieve
the milestone. The port is specially designed to receive large quantities of petroleum and petroleum products and
fertilizer. The offshore terminal at Vadinar has been developed to reduce the pressure at Kandla port. This port has a vast hinterland covering large parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Delhi,
Himachal Pradesh, J&K and Uttaranchal. Mumbai port (Maharashtra)
It is a natural harbour and the biggest port of the country. It handles approximately 1/5 th of India’s foreign trade. The port is situated closer to the general routes from the Middle East Countries, Mediterranean countries,
North Africa, North America and Europe where the major share of the country's overseas trade is carried out.
The port is 20 km long and 6-10 km wide and has the country’s largest oil terminal. M.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat, U.P. and parts of Rajasthan constitute the main hinterlands of Mumbai ports.
Jawaharlal Nehru port (Maharashtra)
Formerly known as Nhava Sheva port, this port was opened in 1989. This new port has been built at an island named "Nhava Sheva" across the famous Elephanta caves,
about 10 km from Mumbai. The main purpose of this port is to release pressure on the Mumbai port.
Mormugao Port (Goa)
Situated at the entrance of the Zuari estuary, is a natural harbour in Goa. Construction of Konkan railway has considerably extended the hinterland of this port. Karnataka, Goa,
Southern Maharashtra constitute its hinterland. It handles the export of iron-ore from Goa. With the opening of the Konkan railway, the importance of this port increased significantly and it is fast
emerging as a multi-commodity port. New Mangalore Port (Karnataka)
This is an important port located at the southern tip of the Karnataka coast north of Gurupura River. It is to the needs of the export of iron-ore and iron-concentrates. It also handles fertilizers, petroleum products, edible oils, coffee, wood pulp, yarn, granite stone, molasses, etc. Karnataka is the major hinterland for this port. Its main importance lies in export of iron ore from the Kudremukh mines.
Kochi Port It is situated at the head of Vembanad Kol lake. Kochi is popularly known as the “Queen of the Arabian Sea”. It is also a natural harbour. This port has an advantageous location being close to the Suez-Colombo route. It handles the export of tea, coffee and spices and imports of mineral oil and chemical fertilizers. The Kochi Oil Refinery receives crude oil through this port. Its hinterland lies mainly in Kerala and Tamil
Nadu. Recently, India's largest dry dock has been built at Kochi Port.
Chennai Port (Tamil Nadu)
It is one of the oldest ports on the eastern coast. It is an artificial harbour built in 1859. It is not suitable for large ships because of the shallow waters near the coast. Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry are its hinterland. In 1983, the port heralded India’s first dedicated container terminal facility commissioned by the then
Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi. Ennore / Kamarajar Port (Tamil Nadu)
A newly developed port in Tamil Nadu, has been constructed 25 km north of Chennai to relieve the pressure at Chennai port. 12.
Tuticorin Port was also developed to relieve the pressure of Chennai port. It is the 12th major port of India, and the first port in India which is a public company. It was incorporated
as Ennore Port Limited under the Companies Act, 1956 in October 1999. The Kamarajar Port is the only corporatized major port and is registered as a company.
Tuticorin Port (Tamil Nadu)
It has an artificial deep sea harbor. The port handles the trac of coal, salt, food grains, edible oils, sugar and petroleum products. Its main purpose is to carry on trade with Sri Lanka as it is very near to that country. Its hinterland is formed mainly by southern Tamil Nadu comprising districts of Madurai, Kanyakumari,
Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli and Tiruchchirappalli. 13 th Major Port
Union Cabinet has given its 'in-principle' approval for setting up a major port at Vadhavan near Dahanu in Maharashtra.
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) is the lead partner to implement the project. The port will be developed on ‘ land lord model ’. In the landlord port model, the publicly governed port authority acts as a regulatory body and as
landlord while private companies carry out port operations—mainly cargo-handling activities. Here, the port authority maintains ownership of the port while the infrastructure is leased to private firms
that provide and maintain their own superstructure and install their own equipment to handle cargo. In return, the landlord port gets a share of the revenue from the private entity.

by Dr. Gaurav Garg
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Some Important Minor Ports :-

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Major and Minor Ports in India - studyiq.net