MAIZE PROGRAM IN COLOMBIA Alejandro Navas ISU Agronomy March 2/99

MAIZE PROGRAMMAIZE PROGRAMININ

COLOMBIACOLOMBIA

Alejandro NavasAlejandro Navas

ISU AgronomyISU Agronomy

March 2/99March 2/99

OUTLINEOUTLINE

1. Geographical location1. Geographical location

2. General information2. General information

3. Brief historical review3. Brief historical review

4. Production4. Production

4.1 Area, production and yield4.1 Area, production and yield

4.2 Systems4.2 Systems

4.3 Producing Regions4.3 Producing Regions

OUTLINEOUTLINE

5. Limitations of Production 5. Limitations of Production

6. Strategies of Research 6. Strategies of Research

7. Results and Discussion7. Results and Discussion

8. Future Research 8. Future Research

1. Geographical location1. Geographical location

1.1. Geographical locationGeographical location

2. General information2. General information

Coordinates: Lat. 4Coordinates: Lat. 4oo 35’ 56” North 35’ 56” North

Long. 74Long. 74o o 04’ 51” West04’ 51” West Area: 1’141.748 sq. kms (Iowa =145,754)Area: 1’141.748 sq. kms (Iowa =145,754) Population: 35,8 millionPopulation: 35,8 million Capital: Santafé de Bogotá Capital: Santafé de Bogotá Urban population: 70%Urban population: 70% Natural regions: The Atlantic Coast, The Pacific Natural regions: The Atlantic Coast, The Pacific

Coast, The Orinoco River Basin, The Amazon River Coast, The Orinoco River Basin, The Amazon River Basin and The Andean Basin and The Andean

3. Historical Review3. Historical Review 1914 : The first agricultural college was founded in Medellin: “ Goal: To 1914 : The first agricultural college was founded in Medellin: “ Goal: To

improve seed and agronomy practices in maize”.improve seed and agronomy practices in maize”. 1927 : The first experimental station was founded in Bogotá “La Picota”.1927 : The first experimental station was founded in Bogotá “La Picota”. 1934 : The Agricultural School of the Cauca Valley and Agricultural 1934 : The Agricultural School of the Cauca Valley and Agricultural

Experimental Station - Palmira.Experimental Station - Palmira. 1945 : First commercial variety was released in Tulio Ospina (Venezuela 1945 : First commercial variety was released in Tulio Ospina (Venezuela

1)1)

3. Historical Review3. Historical Review Until 1950 only National ResearchersUntil 1950 only National Researchers

ETO = Estacion Tulio Ospina. ETO = Estacion Tulio Ospina. 1950 : Colombian government and Rockefeller 1950 : Colombian government and Rockefeller

Foundation created OIE Foundation created OIE

( Special Research Office ).( Special Research Office ). 1951 : ROCOL cultivars were released1951 : ROCOL cultivars were released 1952 : Germplasm Bank was created. To1952 : Germplasm Bank was created. To

conserve the germplasm of the Andean Region.conserve the germplasm of the Andean Region. 1953 : ROCOL H- 202 and 203 first double 1953 : ROCOL H- 202 and 203 first double

hybrids were released.hybrids were released.

3. Historical Review3. Historical Review

1955 : The DIA was created (Agricultural 1955 : The DIA was created (Agricultural Research Department).Research Department).

1956 - 1961 : The books about Races of 1956 - 1961 : The books about Races of maize in Colombia, Bolivia, Chile were maize in Colombia, Bolivia, Chile were publishedpublished

1962 : The ICA was created1962 : The ICA was created

(Colombian Agricultural Institute)(Colombian Agricultural Institute) 1965 : First two Ph.D in the maize program1965 : First two Ph.D in the maize program


1969 : Two hybrids with O1969 : Two hybrids with O2 2 gene were released gene were released

(ICA H-208 and ICA H-255)(ICA H-208 and ICA H-255) 1971: The first single hybrid was released ( ICA 1971: The first single hybrid was released ( ICA

H.S. 209)H.S. 209) 1973 : ICA H-210 br1973 : ICA H-210 br22 double hybrid double hybrid

1978 : ICA H-211 yielded 10.9 t ha1978 : ICA H-211 yielded 10.9 t ha-1-1

1981 : PLANIA MAIZ-11981 : PLANIA MAIZ-1 1983 : ICA- CIMMYT and ICA-FENALCE 1983 : ICA- CIMMYT and ICA-FENALCE

Collaborative projects for research were signed.Collaborative projects for research were signed.


1984 : Regeneration of 2,097 entries ( 23 1984 : Regeneration of 2,097 entries ( 23 Colombian races) ICA-NC-ARSColombian races) ICA-NC-ARS

1985 : Latin American Maize Project 1985 : Latin American Maize Project 1993 : CORPOICA was created, Colombian 1993 : CORPOICA was created, Colombian

Corporation of Agricultural Research: Non-profit Corporation of Agricultural Research: Non-profit private institutionprivate institution

Objective : “ to develop and transfer sustainable, Objective : “ to develop and transfer sustainable, competitive and equitable agricultural technologies competitive and equitable agricultural technologies that increase efficiency of agricultural production”.that increase efficiency of agricultural production”.

4. Production4. Production4.1 Area, production and yields4.1 Area, production and yields

Year Area1000 ha

Prod.1000 t

Yieldt ha-1

Import.1000 t

1985 559 789 1.41 60

1990 787 1135 1.47 20

1994 650 1091 1.68 900

1995 657 1132 1.72 1153

1996 666 1254 1.88 1150

Source : Corpoica - Colombia , 1998Source : Corpoica - Colombia , 1998

4. Production4. Production4.2 Systems4.2 Systems

System1000 t % 1000 ha % t ha-1

Traditional 807 73 635 85 1.3

Mechanical 303 27 112 15 2.7

Total 1100 100 747 100 2.0

ProductionProduction AreaArea YieldYield


4.3 Producing Regions4.3 Producing Regions

Region Area1000 ha

% Yield Tt ha-1

Yield Mt ha-1

Andean 300 49 1.3 4.7

Atlantic 125 20 1.6 5.0

Orinoco 64 11 0.9 4.6

Valleys 61 10 2.2 5.3

Amazon 45 8 1.0 3.2

Pacific 12 2 0.7 1.6

Total 607 100 1.37 4.1


5.5. Limitations of productionLimitations of production

Andean: Inter and association cropping Andean: Inter and association cropping systems, agronomy practices. systems, agronomy practices.

Atlantic: Ear and foliar diseases, drought, low Atlantic: Ear and foliar diseases, drought, low N, earliness, lodging, pest, yield. N, earliness, lodging, pest, yield.

Orinoco: Aluminum toxicity, lodging, stalk Orinoco: Aluminum toxicity, lodging, stalk

pest, yield.pest, yield. Valleys: foliar and stalk pest, drought, Valleys: foliar and stalk pest, drought,

salinity, weeds, erosion, earliness. salinity, weeds, erosion, earliness. Amazon and Pacific: Amazon and Pacific:

6. Strategies of research6. Strategies of researchTo increase production and productivityTo increase production and productivity to characterizeto characterize system of production:system of production:

Atlantic and Orinoco natural regions.Atlantic and Orinoco natural regions. to remove limitations of the systems:to remove limitations of the systems:

genetic improvement for tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. genetic improvement for tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress.

“ “ to develop and transfer sustainable, competitive and equitable to develop and transfer sustainable, competitive and equitable agricultural technologies that increase efficiency of agricultural technologies that increase efficiency of agricultural production”.agricultural production”.

Research Stations of CORPOICAResearch Stations of CORPOICA


Germplasm bank: 5,227 collections are conserved: Germplasm bank: 5,227 collections are conserved: 137 races from 31 countries including Colombia 137 races from 31 countries including Colombia ( 2,589 ).( 2,589 ).

Regeneration and evaluation of 2097 Colombian Regeneration and evaluation of 2097 Colombian collections: ICA-NCARS-LAMP-CIMMYT-collections: ICA-NCARS-LAMP-CIMMYT-CORPOICACORPOICA

Some special traits: Tolerance to drought, low N, Some special traits: Tolerance to drought, low N, flooding, and diseases. Morphological traits such flooding, and diseases. Morphological traits such as: big ears, short stalks, angle leaves.as: big ears, short stalks, angle leaves.


51 open-pollinated varieties and 36 hybrids have 51 open-pollinated varieties and 36 hybrids have been released. Eleven OPV and one hybrid from been released. Eleven OPV and one hybrid from ICA-CIMMYT project.ICA-CIMMYT project.

~ 380 publications ( scientific and technical ~ 380 publications ( scientific and technical papers, thesis, etc). Thesis Bs: 65; Ms:15 and PhD: papers, thesis, etc). Thesis Bs: 65; Ms:15 and PhD: 5 .5 .

Scientific capacity and trained human resources Scientific capacity and trained human resources for the countryfor the country

8. Future research8. Future research

Focus on Atlantic and Orinoco natural regions.Focus on Atlantic and Orinoco natural regions. Atlantic region: to rotate maize / cotton, mechanical Atlantic region: to rotate maize / cotton, mechanical

system, early hybrids, drought and low N tolerance.system, early hybrids, drought and low N tolerance. Orinoco region: Al toxicity tolerance, inter-Orinoco region: Al toxicity tolerance, inter-

cropping maize//forages systems => livestock cropping maize//forages systems => livestock Improve and increase hybrids maize projects.Improve and increase hybrids maize projects. Marker Assisted Selection: Selection under stress Marker Assisted Selection: Selection under stress

conditions. conditions.

National Maize Plan: CORPOICA-National Maize Plan: CORPOICA-CIMMYT-FENALCECIMMYT-FENALCE

budget : special tax over importation's maize budget : special tax over importation's maize

~ U$ 2 million/ year ~ U$ 2 million/ year Consortium on Developing Maize Cultivars Consortium on Developing Maize Cultivars

for Sustainable Production System in Acid for Sustainable Production System in Acid Soils: 5 years and ~ 4 U$ millionSoils: 5 years and ~ 4 U$ million

8. Future research8. Future research

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CIMMYT

Dr. Shivaji Pandey

Dr. Carlos De Leon

Dr. Luis Narro

Ing. Juan C Perez

ISU

Dr. Arnel R. Hallauer

CORPOICA

V Md. Sony Reza

Ing. Sergio Mejia K

Ing. Jose G. Ospina

Ing. Ramiro Urrea

Documents

MAIZE PROGRAM IN COLOMBIA Alejandro Navas ISU Agronomy March 2/99