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MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE
BRIGHT MAIZE
2 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
CONTENTS
3 Welcome
4 Silage Maize
5 FactorsaffectingMaize yield
6 What makes goodsowing
7 Earlyplanting
8 Fertilizerand weedcontrol
9 Soil structure anddrilling
10 Variety group choice
12 Temperatureneeds
14 Key stages of Maize
17 HighStayGreen
18 Harvesting
20 Maizesilageanalysis
22 Commonpests anddiseases
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 3
Tooffertheverybesttoourfarmers,andstillworkingalongsideBrightSeeds,wehaveintroducedBrightMaize,anewopportunitytofocusentirelyonMaize.
Theagriculturalworldisevolvingatanincrediblespeed.Facedwithsuchatransformation,weaimtounitewithfarmersmorethaneverbeforetosupportthemwithhighqualityseedsandexpertsupportandservices.
Weworkverycloselywithourseedbreedingpartnerstoensure,notonly,thatwearesupplyingthebestvarietiessuitedtoyourfarm,butalsothatwearebuyingassharplyaswecanandimplementingthebestsupplychain.
Inthenearfuturewewillbemakinguseofmoderntechnologybyintroducingfurtherservicesforfarmerstoaccess,thiswillnodoubtbringaddedvaluetoBrightMaizebyofferingtheseresourcestoourcustomers.
WehaveasuperteamofAdvisorsaroundthecountryreadytohelpwhenyouneedit,sopleasecallintotheofficesowecanputyouintouchwithyournearestmember.Ourintentionistogiveyouasmuchinformationasyourequiresoyoucanmakeyourowninformedchoicewithconfidence.
Laura DruryCommercial Manager
Rod CrossleySenior Advisor
Welcome
4 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
SILAGE MAIZEWhy use hybrids?Maizeisanexcellentbasicwinterforageusedasacomplementtograsssilage,itisanessentialpartofdairycowsfeedallyearround.Itisricherthanhay,easiertoconservethangrasssilage,andquicklyconvincesthefarmerswhotryit.
Foragemaizeisgrownlikegrainmaizeonlytheharvestingstageandmethodchange.Forforagemaizethewholeplantisharvested,choppedandusedforsilage.Harvestingtakesplacewhentheplantisaround32%drymatter.Itisagoodcompromisebetweenyield,conservationandfeedvalue.Silagemaizeiseasytoconserve,thefermentationprocessisfastandefficient.Oncestabilised,thesilagecanbekeptfor12to18months.
Silage maize can be given to animals in two forms: Whole plantItisrichinstarchandhasahighandstableenergyvalue,around0.91UFL(milkfeedunit)and0.81UFV(meatfeedunit)perkgofDM.
Agoodrationconsistsof70-75%foragemaizeandcontains22to28%starchformilkingcowsand10pointsmoreforfatteningcattle.Intherationthe forage maize is always associated withotherfeeds,mineralandnitrogenadditivesenabletheproductiontargetstobereached.
Grain harvestedGrainharvestedwet(28-35%MC)haslongbeenusedforpigfeed,andisalsosuitablefordairycowrationsorforfatteningcattle.Itseaseofuse,highnutritionalvalueanddryingsavingsmakecrimpedmaizeanidealfeedchoiceforcattleandpigs.
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 5
IMPORTANT FACTORS AFFECTING
MAIZE YIELDInfluences on consistent maize growth § Fertiliser:10% § WeedControl:10% § Variety:10% § Harvest:10% § SoilStructure&Drilling:55%
6 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
Maize is a short-cycle plant. Emergence and rooting problems are very difficult to overcome. From germination to the 4-leaf stage, the maize limiting factors are cold, excess water and pests (wireworms, slugs, cutworms, etc.). They can have a significant effect on population and yield.
What makes good sowing?A regular sowing depth § Planttheseedsatthesamedepth,4cm,incoolsoil
§ Seedbedswithfinesoil-becarefuloftheriskofcappinginsiltysoil
§ Some small surface clods § Agoodmoisturelevelaroundtheseed
A seed drill in very good condition § Tyrepressures:2kg/cm2
§ Coultersinverygoodconditionfor a V furrow
§ Goodpickupofsowingelements § Adequatecoulterpressureandclodclearersetting
Controlled distribution of seeds on the line § Verifiedandcontrolleddensity:adjustthesowingratetoadaptittoeachfield.Takeintoaccounteachfield’syieldpotential
§ Nodoublesormisses
For good sowing § Regularlycheckthesettingsanddistribution
§ Respectthesowingdensitiesanddepths adapted to the soil
§ Sowingspeedbetween7–10km/h
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 7
Two advantages of early plantingThe best yields are regularly to be obtained with early planting.Anticipatemanuringandworking thesoiltobereadyformidApril.
Early crops also have the advantage of dryer harvesting and therefore bring savings in drying.Butplantingtooearlycanalsoreduceyields.
The maize germinates and develops when the soil temperature reaches 10°C.At lower temperatures the seed remainsdormantandwillbecomemorevulnerabletodisease,insectsandanimalpredators.Itisthereforerecommendedtotakethesoiltemperatureeverydayforaweek.
8 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
FERTILISER
WEED CONTROL
Nutrient Requirements § 180kg/Hapotash 80kg/Haphosphate 150kg/Hanitrogen
§ 25t/Haapplicationfym 212kgpotash 47kgphosphate 150kgnitrogen(notallavailableinfirstyear)
§ 35%ofNrequiredaftertasselling
Seedbed fertiliser § Isitbeneficial? § SomeNandPclosetotheseedcanbeimportantforgoodestablishment
§ AnyblendofN:P:Kwilldothejob
Pre-Em Herbicides § Shouldweapply? § Applyingwillbuyyourselftime § Attheveryleasttheywillsensitiseweeds § Sometimesafollowupsprayisnotneeded
Post-Em § Applybeforeweedsbecomecompetitive § Manydifferentproductsavailable § SomejustdoBLW § Othersgrassweeds § Widechoiceoftankmixes
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 9
SOIL STRUCTURE AND DRILLING
Seedbeds § Deeplooseseedbed § Noneedtooverwork;maizeisa large seed
§ Seedbedscanslumporcapifoverworked
Drilling § Maizedoesnotreactwelltocompetition
§ Needsevenspacing,13cmspacing@75cmrow(100k/ha)
§ Goodseedselection(veryfewdoublesormisses)
§ Nounitbounce–10kphoptimumspeed
§ Directionofdrillingcanbeimportant-N/Sideally
Rolling § Neversaynever § Drycloddyseedbedcanbebeneficial § Rollacrossrowsifindoubt § Makesuresoilisnotwetunderneath-asitcancompact
Sub- soiling § ThisisbestdoneintheAutumn ifpossible
Seed Numbers § Bagsize50,000seeds=0.5Ha § Idealseedrateis100k-110k/Ha § Reduceto93k/Haforlatesowingorgrainmaize
§ Inacres,38-44.5k/acre
10 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE10 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
VARIETY GROUP CHOICEVarietiesareoftenputintomaturity groups with the mostusefulingroup12-6
§ Joy 12 § Scandinav 10 § Mas06T 10 § Mas09P 9 § Arcade 9 § Madonias 9 § Mas08F 8 § Belami 8 § Mas10A 8 § Mas11F 8 § Barman 8 § Mas17E 8 § Mas12H 7 § Mas13M 7 § Mas20S 6 § Mas28A 5
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 11BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 11
§ Heightabovesealevelveryimportant § Soiltypealsoabigfactor § Groupchoicedependsondesireddrilling/harvestdate
§ Lightersoilsdryoutandwarmupquicker
§ Heavysoilstendtoneedearlierharvest § Usedifferentvarietygroupstomanipulateharvestdate
§ Earlyvarietiessuithighground,latervarietiesmoresuitedtolowground
§ Thesefactorscanalsobecombinedwithsowingdate
§ Locationmostsignificant § Maizegrowthisgovernedbyaccumulated temperature
12 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
TEMPERATURE NEEDS TO FLOWERING & HARVESTMaturity class
9-11
9
8
7
6
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Mas 06.T Flower 760°C 32%DM 1230°C
SCANDINAV Flower 750°C 32%DM 1240°C
DM 0005 Flower 750°C 32%DM 1250°C
MADONIAS Flower 770°C 32%DM 1250°C
Mas 08.F Flower 770°C 32%DM 1280°C
Mas 09.P Flower 780°C 32%DM 1280°C
BARMAN Flower 785°C 32%DM 1330°C
Mas 11.F Flower 795°C 32%DM 1340°C
Mas 10.A Flower 800°C 32%DM 1340°C
Mas 17.E Flower 795°C 32%DM 1350°C
Mas 13.M Flower 825°C 32%DM 1360°C
Mas 12.H Flower 810°C 32%DM 1370°C
DM 1416 Flower 830°C 32%DM 1370°C
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 13
TEMPERATURE NEEDS TO FLOWERING & HARVEST
Slow dry down to 32% DM
Slow dry down to 32% DM
Very fast dry down to 32% DM
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Mas 06.T Flower 760°C 32%DM 1230°C
SCANDINAV Flower 750°C 32%DM 1240°C
DM 0005 Flower 750°C 32%DM 1250°C
MADONIAS Flower 770°C 32%DM 1250°C
Mas 08.F Flower 770°C 32%DM 1280°C
Mas 09.P Flower 780°C 32%DM 1280°C
BARMAN Flower 785°C 32%DM 1330°C
Mas 11.F Flower 795°C 32%DM 1340°C
Mas 10.A Flower 800°C 32%DM 1340°C
Mas 17.E Flower 795°C 32%DM 1350°C
Mas 13.M Flower 825°C 32%DM 1360°C
Mas 12.H Flower 810°C 32%DM 1370°C
DM 1416 Flower 830°C 32%DM 1370°C
14 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
KEY STAGES OF MAIZE
Emergence § 10Csoiltemperaturerequiredforgermination § 12-17daysrequiredtoreachemergence
4-5 leaf stage § Weaning–theplantisnolongerdependantontheseedsreserves § Sensitivitytodeficiencies
8-10 leaf stage § Initiationofears–(numberofrows) § Needforwaterandnutrients § Sensitivitytocold,lowsunlightandapplicationofweedkillers
Tassel visible § Stageofwhichdeterminesnumberofearsperplant § Numberofovulesis90%determined § Greatsensitivitytolackofwaterandnitrogen
Silking § Fertilizationofovulesbythepollen § Sensitivitytolackofwater
Grain abortion limit stage – 3 weeks after fertilization § Finalnumberofgrains § Endofmaximumsensitivitytowaterstress
32%-34% DM § Grainmature/endofgrainfill § Formationofblacklayer § Closingofvesselsbetweengrainsandcob
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 15
16 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 17
MAIZE SILAGE VARIETIES WITH
HIGH STAY GREEN3 reasons to choose maize silage varieties with High Stay Green:
More flexibility to harvest at the right stageWithHighStayGreenthevarietyremainsgreenupuntilthesilageharveststage.
TheslowerDMevolutionatsilagestageallowsalargerflexibilityforsilageharvestbetween32%and35%ofdrymatter,evenifthemaizeisgrownindryconditions.
Dependingonweatherconditions,theharvestwindowcanbeextendedfor5to10days.
A better conservation of the clampClamps are easier to pack with High StayGreensilage.Asleavesarestillalive,breathingismoreintense.Withinafewhours,oxygenisremoved,andtheanaerobicfermentationbegins.Usuallythesameprocesstakes3to6days.Duringthistimebacteriaandyeastscandegradethequalityofthesilageanditsfeedvalue.Moreover,HighStayGreenvarietieshaveahigherlevelofsoluble
sugarsavailablewhichimpactonthedevelopmentoflacticacidatthefirststageoffermentation.
Highstaygreenvarietieshaveadirectimpactinmaintainingthemaximumqualityandfeedvalueoftheclamp.
An energetic and more digestible basic dietAvarietyharvestedattherightstage,32-35%DM,providesafeedthatisrichinstarchcomingfromgrainsandindigestiblefibrecomingfromtheleavesandstem.Comparedtoanon-staygreenvariety,aHighStayGreenvarietyhasaslowerevolutionofstarchmigrationingrains,andalsobehavesbetterindroughtconditions.
StarchfromHighStayGreenvarietiesaresofter(lessrichinprolamine)thereforemoredigestibleintherumenofthecow.
18 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
HARVESTINGThebeststagetoharvestsilagemaizeisbetween32and35%drymatter.
Thegrainitselfneedstobedry.
Itisacompromisebetweenyield,plantcomposition,easeofsilageproduction,silageconservationabilityanddesiredintakelevelbytheanimal.
The poorest part of the crop is the lowerstem;stubbleheightcanbemanipulated.
At harvest § Surveygrainmaturityandwatercontentasharvesttimeapproaches(ideal:32-35%drymatter)
§ Harvestwhenthereisstillsomegreenmaterialintheleavesirrespectiveofcobmaturity
§ Cleanharvestingequipmentandstoragelocation
§ Adjustchoppinglengthtosuitenduse–shortforAD–longerforcattle
§ Fillclamprapidly(limittheaerobicphase)butmakesurethatthesilagearrivesattheclampataworkablerate
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 19
§ Ifweedcontrolisaproblem,raisethecuttolimitcontamination
§ Laysilagesheetsalongthewallstoprevententryofwaterandair
At storage § Ensurethatthereisarapidandstablefermentation(noairentry):goodsealingandgoodconsolidation
§ Fordifficultconsolidation(over35%drymatter),takethetimeto consolidate (particularly at the edges)andsufficientlyfilltheclamp
§ ForgoodconsolidationonveryhighDMconsiderashorterchoplengthandoverinflate the tractor wheels
§ Avoidwidetyresandlowpressures § Avoidincorporatingearthordustintotheforage,whichfavoursthedevelopmentofbutyricspores
When the clamp is opened § Adaptthewidthofthefrontopeningtobeabletogetacrossthefaceinlessthanaweek
§ Donotgivevisiblymouldysilage to cattle
20 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
MAIZE SILAGE ANALYSISFrom one year to the next, maize silage is completely different because the growing conditions are different.
Tobetteradjusttherationoftheanimals,asampleshouldbetakenatharvestingtoanalysethesilagequality.Theseanalysissheetsgivethechemicalcompositionofsilagemaizeandthecalculatedcriteria,toassessthequalityofthemaizetobeharvestedandgivethefarmeranindicationoftherationtobegiventohisanimals.
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 21
Criteria Gives an indication of
Lower values Target Higher values
% Dry matter §Harvest storage stage § Conservation § Intake
Intakeadverselyaffected
30-37% Conservationmoredifficult
% Crude fibre § Ear/plantratio § Ruminalfermentationstability § Energy value(-)
Digestibilityimprovedbutriskof acidosis
18-21% Digestibilityadversely affected
Mineral matter § Pollutionbyearth § Butyricrisk
Vigilanceformineraladditives
3-4% Probablecontaminationbythesoil,bewareofbutyricrisk
% Starch § Intakepalatability § Energy value(+) § Risk of acidosis
Duetobadgrowingconditionsearlyharvest
27-35% Risk of acidosis
Cell wall digestibility
§Digestibilityofthenonstarchpart
Digestibilityandbulkadverselyaffected
50-54 Increaseddigestibility
Total nitrogenous matter %
§ Energy value(PDI) §Digestibility
PDINvaluelow,complementedwith other sources of proteins
7-7.5% HighPDINvalue
Digestibility of organic matter
§Digestibility ofwholeplant § Energyvalue
Energyvaluesuffers
70-72% Energyvalueincreased
Milk forage unit/kg
§ Energyvalueofwholeplant
Energyvaluelow,findsugar-richconcentratestocomplementtheration
0.88-0.92%
Energyvaluehigh to very high.Above0.98,becareful of the complements
22 • MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE BRIGHT MAIZE
COMMON PESTS AND DISEASES
WirewormHelminthosporium Turcicum
European Corn Borer
Common Smut Eye SpotHead Smut
Foradviceonhowtocontrolandeliminatetheseissuespleasecontacttheoffice.
BRIGHT MAIZE MAIZE GROWERS GUIDE • 23
Knowledge speaks… wisdom listens
BRIGHT MAIZE
BRIGHT MAIZE 2-4 Manor Farm Barns, Burcombe Lane, Burcombe, Salisbury, Wiltshire. SP2 0EJ
Telephone: 01722 744494 Email: [email protected] • [email protected] Website: www.brightmaize.com
@BrightMaize @BrightMaize