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annual report 2013 MAIZE CRP
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Contents Message from the Program Manager
AffordableandEffectiveCropStorageSolutionsforSmallholderFarmers
Community-LevelSeedProductioninNepal
PartnersLeadingtheFightAgainstMLN
MorewithLess:SustainableFarmingStrategiesinEasternandSouthernAfrica
Makingthe‘Right’FertilizerDecision
FarmMechanizationandConservationAgricultureforSustainableIntensification
PartnersDeliverDrought-TolerantMaizeforAfrica
TrajectoriesandTrade-OffsforIntensificationofCereal-BasedSystems
ChallengingOurBuilt-InGenderBias
IntegratedStrigaManagement
MaximizingMaizeinMexico
FinancialHighlights
Acronyms
ContactsandCredits
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222527303235383940
CGIAR is a global partnership that unites 15 research organizations dedicated to a food secure future. CGIAR research is reducing rural poverty, increasing food security, improving human health and nutrition and ensuring more sustainable management of natural resources. This effort is carried out in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations, national and regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia and the private sector.
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Message from the Program Manager
witnessedthestrengtheningofmanynewandexistingpartnercollaborations.Iwillnamebutafew.Buildingontherapidresponse
ofMAIZEandtheKenyaAgriculturalResearchInstitute(KARI)in2012totheoutbreakofthedeadlymaizelethalnecroticvirus(MLN)ineasternAfrica,thispartnershipbothexpandedandintensifiedin2013.InadditiontoCIMMYTandKARIworkinghand-in-handtocombatthismenace,theAssociationforStrengtheningAgriculturalResearchinEasternandCentralAfrica(ASARECA),theInternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(IITA),theInternationalCentreofInsectPhysiologyandEcology(ICIPE)andtheFederalUniversityofTechnology-Nigeria(FUT-Nigeria)joinedthefightagainstMLN.OnemajormilestoneinthisfightagainstMLNwastheestablishmentofacentralizedMLNscreeningfacilityatNaivasha,Kenya.
IncollaborationwiththeUniversityofHohenheim,theexpansionofdoubledhaploid(DH)breedingtechnologytoSub-SaharanAfrica(SSA)culminatedintheopeningofamaizeDHfacilityatKiboko,Kenya–thefirstDHbreedingfacilityinAfricaforthebenefitofbothnationalagricultural
researchsystems(NARS)andsmall-tomedium-sizedseedcompanies.
FundedthroughaMAIZEcompetitivegrant,collaborationbetweentheMAIZEandLivestockandFishCRPscontinuedtoflourishintheareaofdual-purposemaize.ThisworkbuildsonpromisingbilaterallyfundedcollaborativeworkbetweentheInternationalLivestockResearchInstitute(ILRI)andCIMMYTsincemid-2000.MaizeproductionisrapidlyincreasinginIndia,largelyduetothegrowingpoultryindustry,andisreplacingcropssuchasrice,sorghum,legumesandwheatinsomeareas.Dual-purposemaizeisneededtomeetboththepoultryindustrydemandforgrainandthedemandforgoodqualitystovertofeedcattle.
OurworkontheassessmentofdriversofchangeandsystemsmodelingforbettertargetingofprojectinterventionsfurtherexpandedwiththefarmingsystemsEcologyGroupofWageningenUniversity.
Intheareaofsustainableintensificationofmaize-basedfarmingsystems,2013wasanotherexcitingyearforMAIZE.Over1.1millionfarmersbenefiteddirectlyfromCIMMYTandIITAresearchoutputsgeneratedthroughourworkonsustainableintensificationofmaize-basedsystems.InMexico,the
expansionofthe“TakeItToTheFarmer”componentoftheMasAgroprojectreachedover200,000farmersdirectlyandincreasedtheprofitabilityofMexico’smaize-basedfarmingsystemsbyUS$105million.InAfrica,expansionoftheintegratedcontrolofStriga(witchweed)acrossareasinEastandWestAfricareachedatotalof65,000farmers,enhancingproductivityandfoodsecurity.
Intheareaofstress-resilientandnutritiousmaize,asmanyas3millionfarmersbenefitedfromatotalof63newmaizevarietiesreleasedinpartnershipwithcommercialseedcompaniesacrosstargetcountriesinSSA,SouthAsiaandLatinAmerica.Someofthecountriesbenefitingfromthemultiplereleaseofnewmaizevarieties,include:Bolivia,Colombia,Ethiopia,Malawi,Mexico,UgandaandZambia.InAfricaalone,over17,000tonsofnewdrought-tolerantmaizeseedwasproducedin13Africancountries(Angola,Benin,Ethiopia,Ghana,Kenya,Malawi,Mali,Mozambique,Nigeria,Tanzania,Uganda,ZambiaandZimbabwe)byanetworkinvolvingmorethan100small-andmedium-scaleseedproducersandcompanies.
Intheareaofintegratedpost-harvestmanagement,theuseofhermetic,low-costgrainstorageinmetalsiloscontinuestoexpandacrosseasternandsouthernAfrica.Atotalof247metalsilosweresoldtofarmers,schoolsandcollegesinoneofthefivepilotingdistrictsalone.Thesegrainsilosarehavingalargeimpactonthewelfareandfoodsecurityoffarmhouseholds.InKenya,savingsofUS$135annuallyarerealizedperhouseholdthroughreducedgrainloss,lessinsecticideuseandbysellingsurplusmaizeathigherpricesfivemonthsaftertheharvestglut.
ThenumberofMAIZEprojectswithgenderintegrationincreasedfromfourin2012to10in2013,reflectingtheprioritytointegrategenderinallareasofMAIZEresearchandCRPfunctions.Forexample,MAIZEinitiatedexcitingworktoreducedrudgery,increaseproductivityandwomen’sempowermentthroughsmall-scalemechanizationforsustainableintensificationinSSA,alignedwithsimilareffortsinSouthAsia.In2013,wewitnessedcompletionoftheMAIZEGenderAuditandmajorprogressongendermainstreaming.MAIZEalsoco-initiatedtheconceptualizationanddesignoftheglobal,comparative,qualitativestudyongendernormsandagencyinrelationtoagriculturalandnaturalresourcemanagementinnovation –ajointcross-CRPstudyundertheCGIARGenderandAgriculturalResearchNetwork.Resourceswerecommittedin2013toundertakeaminimumof10casestudies,withasimilaramountprovisionallyallocatedfor2014.
DaveWatson
MAIZE’s power lies in the strength of its partners. This annual report is a means to share their exciting and important work, but also to show how they combine for greater impact in key strategic areas.
2013
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Globally, around one-third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted. In developed countries, much of that loss is the result of consumers throwing away millions of tons of edible food each year. But in the developing world, farmers suffer heavy post-harvest losses estimated at 20 to 30 percent due to inadequate storage techniques.
In eastern and southern Africa, maize provides food and income to more than 300 million smallholder farmers. After harvest, farmers typically remove maize grains from the cobs by hand, dry them in the sun and then store them in sacks kept in their home, in a shed or a traditional store. A considerable proportion of the crop may have already been lost in the field due to pests and diseases. But once in storage, it is still vulnerable, particularly to insect pests such as the larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais). Some farmers are able to apply pesticides, such as actellic dust, to their stored grain but these are expensive and need to be reapplied every few months to be effective.
Pest-Proof StorageTointroduceaffordableandeffectivecropstoragesolutionsforsmallholderfarmers,CIMMYTlaunchedtheEffectiveGrainStorageProject(EGSP)withfundingfromtheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC)in2008.LedbyTadeleTefera,andworkingwithlocalpartners,theEGSPprojectisdevelopinghermetic(airtight)technologiessuchasmetalsilosandsupergrainbags.
TheEGSPprojectdrawsontheexperiencesofthePOSTCOSECHA*program,whichsawthewideadoptionofmetalsilosinCentralAmerica,traininglocalAfricanartisanstoconstructmetalgrainsilosfrom0.5mmthickgalvanizedmetalsheet.Thesesmallcylindricaldrums,withastorage
capacityof90kilograms(kg)to1.8tons,havesolderedseams,makingthemairtightandimpervioustopestssuchasweevils,largergrainborersandrats.
FirstpilotedinKenyaandMalawi,thesilos’effectivenesshasbeentestedalongsidetraditionalandalternativemodernstoragemethods.JoseContreras,aninstructorinsilo-makingfromElSalvador,wasinvitedtotrain41KenyanandMalawianartisansinaseriesofworkshops.
* ThePOST-HARVEST,orPOSTCOSECHAinSpanish,wasaprogramdevelopedbySDCinthe1980sinHondurasandscaledupacrossCentralAmerica.Theprogramendedin2003,butitspost-harveststrategycontinuestoflourishtoday.
A simple test using a glass bottle tells farmers if the grain is dry enough to store safely.
TrainingmaterialsandsiloinformationweretranslatedandadjustedtotheAfricancontext,andtwoAfricanpartnerorganizationsalreadyworkingincropstoragewereidentified–CatholicReliefServicesinKenyaandWorldVisionInternationalinMalawi.
Farmershavealsobeentrainedonhowtopreparegrainforstoragethenuseacandletodepleteoxygenwithinthesealeddrum.Asimpletestusingaglassbottletellsfarmersifthegrainisdryenoughtostoresafely.
Building on SuccessBy2011,150silosofvarioussizeshadbeenconstructedinKenyaandMalawi.Manyofthesewereboughtbysmallholderfarmers,andotherswereorderedbyschoolsandurbancommunities.
Notonlydothesilosliberatefarmersfromtheriskoflosingtheirharvest,theyalsohelpthemtogainsomecontroloverthemarket.RoseOwanda,apoultryfarmerfromHomaBay –oneoftheKenyanprojectsites–boughtsixsilos,eachcapableofstoring2.7tonsofgrain.“Iintendtobuy
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grainsfromthemarketduringtimesofglut,”shesaid.“ThiswillnotonlyensurethatIbuygrainatthelowestprices;Iamassuredofenoughgraintofeedthebirdsthroughouttheyear.”
Whileinmanyplacesmencontrolstoredgrain,womenfarmershavealsobenefited.GladysNthiga,afarmerineasternKenya’sEmbuCountywhohasstruggledtocopewithstoragepests,boughttwosiloswithacapacityof450kgeach.“Despitetreatingmygrainswithpesticides,Iwasstilllosingnearlyhalfatonofmaizeeveryyear,”saidNthiga,whoseannualmaizeharvestaverages1.8tons.“IfwhatIhavebeentoldaboutthetechnologyistrue,thenmyproblemwiththesepestsisover,”sheadded.
AsecondphaseofEGSPwaslaunchedin2012,focusedonbuildingcapacityforimprovedtechnologydevelopment,testing,promotion,dissemination,policyandgender.Bymid-July2013,atotalof230metalsiloshadbeensoldtofarmersinHomaBaydistrictalone.Afurther47hadbeenboughtbylocalinstitutions,mostlyschoolsandcolleges.
Thisscaling-upoftheprojectwasachievedduetoanawarenesscampaign,includingdemonstrations,videosandinvolvementofthelocalmedia,withmuchofthisworkcarriedoutbynationalpartners.Scientists,incollaboration
Gender StudyInlinewithSDC’scommitmenttogenderequality,EGSPseekstobenefitmen,womenandyoungfarmers.Inordertoachievethis,genderspecialistVongaiKandiwaiscurrentlycarryingoutagenderanalysisstudyinallEGSPcountriesthatwillleadtoanevidence-basedstrategyforgender-responsivepost-harvestresearchandtechnologydissemination.
Whiletheeconomicbenefitsofimprovedtechnologiesareencouraging,theEGSPteamaimsalsotofosterothersocialoutcomessuchasgenderequalityinimprovedpost-harvesttechnologyaccessandadoption.
Questions to be Answered:• Wholosesandwhobenefitsfromimproved
technologies?
• Dothetechnologiesmeetthecomplexstorageneedsandpreferencesofmen,womenandtheyouth?
• Howdothetechnologiesreduceorexacerbatedrudgeryinpost-harvestmanagement?
• Inwhatwaysdotechnologieschangeindividual’saccesstoandcontroloverothergrain?
Food spoilage and waste account for annual losses of US $330 billion in developing countries.
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013
withnationalpartners,areconductingon-stationandon-farmtrialsthattesttheeffectivenessoftheimprovedgrainstoragetechnologiesacrossdifferentenvironments,includinginZambiaandZimbabwe.
Sustaining an IndustryDespitethesuccesses,however,highinitialcostsforthesilosareasignificantchallengetowidespreadadoption.Costsvary,butinKenya,asilocapableofholding1.8tonsofgrain(themostpopularsize)costsUS$336.Whilethesiloswilllastforover10years(makingthemmuchcheaperinthelongrunthanconventionalstoragetechnologies),theinitialoutlayisprohibitiveformanyfarmersunlesstheycanobtainaffordablecredit.
AccordingtoCIMMYTeconomistHugoDeGroote,metalsilosstoringlessthanatonarenotcost-effective.Astheaverageamountofmaizestoredperfamilyis500kg,hearguesthatfarmerswhogrowlessgrainshouldbeencouragedtoconsiderotherformsofhermeticstorage,suchasthesupergrainbag,whichiscapableofholding90kgofgrainandismuchcheaperthanametalsilo.Onthedownside,thebagscanbeperforatedbythelargergrainboreranddonotofferprotectionagainstrats.
Toprovideinitialcapital,DeGrooterecommendsthatcreditfacilitiesandcollectiveaction(e.g.loanassociations)shouldbeconsidered.Onecommercialbankhasalreadyshowninterest.Significantscalingup,DeGrootebelieves,willdependontheinvolvementoftheprivatesector,aswellasgovernment.
Meanwhile,CIMMYTpolicyeconomist,JonesGovereh,hascalledongovernmentstoincludegalvanizedmetalsheetsusedforsiloconstructionunderthetaxexemptionsinplaceforotheragriculturalimports.
Ultimately,thegoalofEGSPistoestablishawell-functioning,sustainablesiloproductionindustry.ToaddressthechallengeofachievingfoodsecurityforAfrica’sexpandingpopulation,reducingthesignificantlossofgraintostoragepestsisacost-effectivestrategythatdeservesmuchgreaterrecognitionthanitcurrentlyreceives.
Artisan Benjamin Njue from Embue, Kenya teaches other artisans how to make metal silos.
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Changing Mentalities:The Hill Maize Research ProjectCapableofbeinggrownonslopingfields,withoutneedforterracingorirrigation,maizeisavitalcroponthemid-hillsofNepal,particularlyamongpoorerfamiliesanddisadvantagedgroups.Maizeaccountsfor20percentofcalorieintakeinthecountry,andistypicallygrownonsmallfields(averagelandholdinginthehillsishalfahectare)byfamilieswhospend75percentoftheirincomeonfood.Harshclimate,poorinfrastructureandmarketaccessandworseningshortagesoflaborarejustsomeofthechallengestheyface,withcropyieldsalsoconstrainedbyqualityseedsupplyproblems.Inrecentyears,however,workbytheHillMaizeResearchProject(HMRP)ishelpingtoaddresstheseconstraintsandhavingapositiveimpactonfarmproductivity.
Since1999,theprojecthasbeenworkingwithnationalresearchandextensionpartners,non-governmentalorganizations,privateseedcompaniesandfarmerstodevelop,testanddisseminatehigh-yieldingmaizevarieties,supportseedproductionandmarketing,andtestandpromoteresource-conservingfarmingpractices.“Todate,we’vereachednearly50,000householdsin20hilldistricts,”saysGuillermoOrtiz-Ferrara,CIMMYTcerealsbreederandHMRPleader,“and226community-basedseedproductiongroupsparticipatedintheproject.”ResultsofthatworkhaveincludedthedevelopmentandreleasebytheNationalSeedBoardofsevenhigh-yielding,disease-anddrought-tolerantmaizevarieties,includingonequalityproteinmaizetype,‘PoshiloMakai1’developedbytheNationalMaizeResearchProgramoftheNepalAgriculturalResearchCouncil.
HMRPhasalsointroducedanumberoffarmingsystemsandtechnologiestoreducewomen’sdrudgery,suchasgradingandseedshellingmachines,powertillersandintercroppingofmaizewithginger,tomatoesandsoybeans.“Becausewetargetwomenanddisadvantagedgroups,morefarmershaveadoptedimprovedvarietiesandpractices,andbenefitted,”saidOrtiz-Ferrara.
The GESI ApproachThroughitsGenderEquityandSocialInclusion(GESI)approach,theprojecttargetsfarmfamiliessufferingfromcaste-,gender-andethnicity-baseddiscriminationsandhavefoodself-sufficiencyforlessthansixmonths.Thus,women,DalitsandJanajatisarethemainbeneficiariesoftheproject.
Womenanddisadvantagedgroupsparticipatecloselyinallactivities,suchasresearchanddevelopment,community-basedseedproduction(CBSP)andtechnicaltraining.InDailekh,womenwithHIV/AIDSwereinvitedtotakepartin
intercroppingtrials;forthesewomen,increasingtheoutputfromtheirfieldsisessentialtotheirfuture.ManaSaraSijapatifromRakamvillage,whois30andwasinvolvedinthetrials,commented:“Ourmainresourceisland.Wemustincreaseourproductionfromthislandtohavefoodsecurityinourhouseholdsduringtheentireyear.”
Innegotiationswithseedcompanies,theprojecthasadvocatedgivingthefirstpriorityforcontractstowomen’sgroupsandgroupswithasignificantnumberofmembersfromdisadvantagedgroups.ThepositivebenefitsofthisapproachwereconfirmedinFebruary2013,throughagenderauditoftheCRPprojectsconductedbytheDutchRoyalTropicalInstitute(KIT)andcommissionedbyMAIZE.
CGIARRESEARCHPROGRAMONMAIZE
Gender audit of the project by the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT).
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Theauditfoundpositiveevidenceforbotharedistributionofagriculturaltechnologies,resourcesandbenefitsinfavorofwomen,andgreaterrecognitionofwomenasfarmersandlocalleadersintheprojectareas.WomenCBSPgroupmembersspokeofhavinggreateraccesstoresourcessuchasimprovedmaizeseeds,information(throughvariousindividualandgrouptrainings)andextensionservices.
Somealsoreportedincreasedyieldandincome,leadingtogreaterfinancialindependenceanddecision-makingpowerinthehousehold.Womenalsoreportedfeelingempoweredbytheirnewcapacitiesandknowledge,whichtheyhadbeenabletosharewiththeirhusbandsandtherebygaingreaterrecognition.
Pre-Sowing Seed ContractsAtthe2013annualmeetingoftheGlobalMaizeProgram,heldinNepal,CBSPcoordinatorsfrom10hilldistrictsstatedtheirinterestin‘graduating’fromcommunitygroupstohavingformalstatusasseedcompanies.However,marketingandtransportremainkeyconstraints.Priorto2012,CBSPgroupswerenotencouragedtoconsidermarketdemandandsupply,resultinginsurplusseedinsomeareasanddeficitsinothers.Therefore,the2013projectphaseinitiatedpre-sowingseedcontractsforimprovedmaizevarieties,assistingandguidingCBSPgroupsandseedbuyers(seedcompanies,agrovetsandcommunityseedbankcooperatives)tosignformalagreements.
“Income doubled by selling maize seed and membership in the cooperative; women farmers are not only able to send their children to school but also feel more safe in their family and society. HMRP has brought new hope to the lives of women farmers.” –Mrs.NanuMayaGhatani
ChairofJanaChetanaWomen’sCBSPCooperativeFulbari-8,Kavre
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013
Becauseestablishedseedcompaniesgenerallydonotmarketseedinhillareas,HMRPhassupportedseedproductionandsaleby226CBSPgroups,mostofwhosemembersarewomen.In2013thosegroupsproduced
over1,000tonsofhigh-quality,improvedmaizeseed,whichwassubsequentlymarketedacrossthehillsofthecountry.Startingin2000withjustsevengroups,theCBSPshavebecomeasuccessfulmodelinNepal,contributingtothe
increasedadoptionofimprovedmaizevarietiesandtechnologiesandhelpingtoensuretheavailabilityofseedinremoteareas,ontimeandatlowerprices.
Community-Based Seed Production
Beyondthehousehold,membersofwomen-onlyCBSPgroups,inparticular,reportedhavinggreaterbargainingpowerwithseed-traders.Somewomen’sgroupssuccessfullydemandedspecificservices(suchastraininginvegetableproduction),fromthedistrictagricultureofficeandfinancialsupportfortheirseedstoragefromthedistrictdevelopmentcommittee.Therearealsoexamplesofwomen’sgroupmembersbeinginvitedtojoindecision-makingfora,suchastheDistrictSeedCoordinationCommittee(DSSC),inrecognitionoftheirachievements.
“The Hill Maize Research Project has completely changed our mentality, from seeing maize only as a food crop to viewing it as something we can sell.”
–Mr.GundaBahadurThamiChair,Sindhu-TukiSeedProducers’Cooperative
Sindupalchowk
OnFebruary5,2013,theTillottamaAgricultureCooperative –oneoftheCBSPgroups–signedapre-sowingseedcontractfor2tonsofimprovedmaizeseed,withalocalfarmingproductsretailer,BhandariAgrovet.ThiscontractisbelievedtobethefirstinthehistoryofimprovedmaizeseedproductioninNepal.Followingthis,theproject,incoordinationwiththeDistrictAgricultureDevelopmentOfficesandtheSeedEntrepreneurs’AssociationofNepal,facilitatedthesigningofcontractsamountingto207tonsofimprovedmaizeseedbetween52otherCBSPgroupsand25privatebuyersintheprojectarea.
According to USDA Production, Supply and Distribution by Market Year statistics (bit.ly/1rlvWvS),maizeproductioninNepalincreasedby400,000tons,or20percent,from2004to2013.RecentresearchshowsthatHMRPincreasednationalmaizeproductivityby37percentsince2010(www.usaid.gov/nepal/fact-sheets/hill-maize-research-program-hmrp).Charttakenfrom“ImprovingMaizeFoodSecurityintheHillsofNepalThroughParticipatoryVarietySelectionandCommunityBasedSeedProduction,”11thAsianMaizeConference,Bejing,China,Nov.7-11,2011.
*InpartnershipwithNMRP,DoA,NGOs,PS,FarmersSource:MoAC2009/10
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Area, ha Production, Mt
Area and Production
2210 2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1,4211,625 1,681
1,8001,906
Yield (kg/ha)HMRP *22.7%
Maize Yield Increase (1985-2010)
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Leading the Fight Against Maize Lethal NecrosisOver3.6milliontonsofmaizearerequiredannuallytofeedKenya.Withmorethan2millionhectares(ha)ofKenya’slandundersmall-andlarge-scalemaizecultivation,amajorityofKenyansdependonmaizeasanincome-generatingcrop.
Firstidentifiedinfarmers’fieldsineasternAfricain2011,MLNresultsfromthecombinedinfectionoftwoplantvirusesandcancausenearly100percentcroploss.ItisnowdevastatingfieldsinKenya,Rwanda,TanzaniaandUganda.InKenyaalone,thegovernmenthasestimatedthat18,500haofmaizefieldswereaffectedbythediseasein2013,impactinghundredsofthousandsofsmallholderfarmers.CIMMYTGlobalMaizeProgramDirector,B.M.Prasanna,statedthattheresultis“themaizeseedindustryineasternAfricaisundersignificantpressuretoquicklyreplacetheexistingMLN-vulnerablecommercialvarietieswithresistantproductsandreachtheaffectedandvulnerablecommunities.”
CIMMYTisleadingcollaborativeresearcheffortstocontrolthedeadlydiseaseandresearchwithKARI.MostcommercialmaizevarietiesgrownineasternAfricaarehighlyvulnerabletothedisease.Testsin2012-2013foundthat117of119varietiesartificiallyexposedtoMLNweresusceptible.However,theyalsoidentifiedsomepromisinginbredlinesandpre-commercialhybridswithresistancetoMLN.TheprioritynowisforthesetobefurtherdevelopedintovarietiesthatcanbemultipliedandcommercializedbytheeastAfricanseedindustry.
MLN Facility OpensInSeptember2013,theCIMMYT-KARIpartnershipopenedadedicatedMLNscreeningfacilityinNaivasha,inordertosupporttheidentificationofmaizelinesandbreedingmaterialswithresistancetoMLN.Thefacility,whichwasestablishedaspartofaCIMMYT-ledprojectfundedbytheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationandtheSyngentaFoundationforSustainableAgriculture,willenablescientiststoscreenmaizegermplasmundercontrolledandreliableconditions.MaizevirologistsfromCIMMYT,KARI,IITAandinstitutionsintheUSAwillworktooptimizediseasescreeningproceduresandcharacterizationofmaizevirusescausingMLNineasternAfrica.
ThenewfacilitywillhelptoensureacontinuousflowofMLN-resistantbreedingmaterialandvarieties,andwillservenotonlyCIMMYTandKARI,butothernationalagriculturalresearchinstitutionsineasternAfrica,andsmall-tomedium-sizedseedcompanies.ItwillalsoserveasahubfortrainingyoungAfricanresearchersandstudentsontechnologiestotackleMLN.
Already,thefacilityhasbegunofferingMLNphenotypingservicestobothpublicandprivatesectorinstitutionsinthe
region.AnumberofimprovedvarietieswithreasonablelevelsoftolerancetoMLNhavebeenreleasedinKenya,andmanymoreresistantvarietiesarecurrentlyundergoingnationalperformancestrials.
Progress Through PartnershipDuringthe2012-1013croppingseason,aCIMMYT-KARIteamevaluatedabroadrangeofmaizegermplasmforresistancetothedisease.“Weevaluatedover2,000CIMMYTinbredlinesandover2,000experimentalhybrids,”
Will and UnityMaize-freeseasonswereadoptedbyfarmingcommunitiesnearKARI’sKibokoCropsResearchStation,beginninginApril2014.Atameetingattendedbymorethan100peopleinearlyOctober2013,thefarmersagreedtoharvesttheirmaizecropbythelastdayofFebruary.Addressingthosepresent,includingtheMakueniCountyadministration,localcommunityleaders,countryagriculturalstaff,KibokofarmersandCIMMYTandKARIscientists,districtagriculturalextensionofficerMichaelKitenjecalledforwillingnessandunityamongfarmersandotherstakeholderstoadheretothemaize-freewindow.Heurgedthemtospreadthemessagetootherswhodidnotattendthemeeting:“Incaseyoumeetresistance,useyourpersuasiveskillstomakethemunderstandtheneedforacommunityapproachtocontrollingMLNinKiboko,”hesaid.
Artificial inoculation with the viruses that cause MLN at Naivasha, Kenya.
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explainedCIMMYTpathologistGeorgeMahuku.“Wearealsoevaluatingover3,000inbredlinesandhybridsfromseedcompaniesandnationalagricultureresearchinstitutesattheMLNscreeningsiteinNaivasha,”headded.Keentoturnachallengeintoanopportunity,theteamislookingforwardtothemarketingofMLN-resistantvarietiesoncetheresearchiscomplete.
Fourtrialswereconductedunderartificialinoculationandnaturaldiseasepressure,atNarokandNaivasha.Whileover95percentofcommercialmaizevarietiesreleasedinKenyawerefoundtobesusceptibletoMLN,somepromisingpre-commercialhybridswereidentified,togetherwithsomeCIMMYTbreedinglinesthatshowedeitherhigh
ormoderateresistancetothedisease.TheMLN-resistantlinesarenowbeingusedasbreedingsourcestoimproveMLNresistanceinfuturegermplasm,aswellastoconvertcurrentlysusceptiblebutwidelyusedCIMMYTmaizelinesintoresistantversions.
BroadcollaborationisneededifMLNistobecontrolled.Tothisend,CIMMYTandKARIorganizedaregionalworkshopfor70scientists,seedcompanybreedersandmanagers,agriculturalministryrepresentativesandregulatoryauthoritiesfromKenya,Tanzania,UgandaandtheUSAinFebruary2013.Severalimportantactionswereidentified,includingsurveillance,preventingmovementofseedsfromdisease-proneareasandtheuseofmaize-freeseasonstoreducethepopulationofinsectvectors.
Raising Awareness is KeyInJuneandJuly2013,CIMMYTandKARIorganizedan‘IdentificationandmanagementofMLN’workshopfor80scientists,techniciansandskilledfieldstaff,bothfromtheirownstaffandfromNARSpartnersinRwanda,Tanzania,UgandaandZimbabwe.Theylearnedaboutfield-basedMLNdiagnosis,severityscoringforscreeningtrialsandMLNmanagement.“Itisimportantthatallthepeopleontheground,particularlythetechnicianswhointeractdailywiththeplantsandsuperviseresearchactivitiesatthestations,understandthedisease,areabletosystematicallyscoutforit,andhavetheabilitytodistinguishitfromsimilarsymptomaticdiseasesandconditionslikenutrientdeficiency,”saidPrasanna.
Later,inNovember2013,participantsataSeedTradeAssociationofKenya(STAK)congress–includingseedsectorrepresentativesfromBurundi,India,Kenya,Malawi,Rwanda,SouthAfrica,SouthSudanandZimbabwe–touredthenewMLNscreeningfacilityinNaivasha,and wereinvitedtosubmitseedtothefacilityforscreening.
“WewilluselessonslearnedonthistriptostrengthensurveillanceofthediseaseinSouthSudan,”saidCirinoOketayot,headoftheresearchunitinSouthSudan’sagriculturalministry.Speakingatthecongress,MahukuurgedseedcompaniestorecognizeMLNsymptomsandnotifyscientistsshouldtheybespotted.
Lookingforward,stepstotacklethediseaseincludecontinuingthesearchfornewandbettersourcesofMLNresistance,andrapidproductionanddisseminationofthemostpromisingresistantmaterial.Changesneedtobemadeincurrentmaizebreeding‘pipelines’inordertoremoveMLN-susceptiblemaizetypes.Maizebreedingpopulationsneedtobeaggressivelyscreened,andadvancedtestingofMLN-resistantmaterialsisrequired.“BesidesaccelerateddevelopmentanddeliveryofeliteMLN-resistantproductstofarmers,ouraimisalsotobuildthecapacityofregionalinstitutionstodeveloprobustbreedingpipelinestoincorporateMLN-resistantgermplasm,andensurethatfarmershaveaccesstosuchproductsattheearliestopportunity,”saidPrasanna.
TheNaivashaMLNscreeningfacilitywillbeaidedbyasecondfacility,alsoestablishedin2013.Thestate-of-the-artmaizeDHfacilityatKARI’sKibokoresearchstationwillenablebreederstodevelopparentallinesofmaizehybridsinjusttwotothreecropseasons,comparedtoseventoeightseasonswithconventionalbreeding.WhileDHtechnologyisusedroutinelybymultinationalcompanies,thenewCIMMYT-KARIfacilitywillmakethetechnologyavailabletopublicsector
maizebreedingprograms,aswellassmall-tomedium-sizedAfricanseedcompanies.
EstablishmentofthenewfacilityfollowsthedevelopmentandreleaseofthefirsttropicallyadaptedDHinducer,jointlydevelopedbyCIMMYTandtheUniversityofHohenheim.ThedevelopmentoftheseinducersrepresentstheremovalofanimportantbottlenecktotheeffectiveintegrationofDHtechnologyindevelopingworld
maizebreeding.Inthelastquarterof2013,thenewfacilitylauncheditsDHproductionservicetopublic(NARS)andprivate(small-tomedium-sizedseedcompanies)intheregion.2013alsosawthediscoveryofkeygenomicregionsandpromisinggroupsofgenesthatconferresistancetoMLN.Tosavetime,validationandlarge-scalemarkerapplicationforMLNresistanceisnowsimultaneouslytakingplacein22widelyusedandhighimpact,Africa-adaptedCIMMYTmaizelines.
“Besides accelerated development and delivery of elite MLN-resistant products to farmers, our aim is also to build the capacity of regional institutions to develop robust breeding pipelines to incorporate MLN-resistant germplasm, and ensure that farmers have access to such products at the earliest opportunity.”
–B.M.Prasanna
MLN technician Janet Kimunye and maize pathologist George Mahuku examine plants for infection.
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013
Doubled Haploid Facility: Cutting Breeding Times by Half
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Getting ‘More with Less’ AcrosseasternandsouthernAfrica,good-qualityarablelandandwaterarerunningout.This,combinedwithclimatechange,whichcouldleaveanother50millionhungryby2050,requiresintensifyingfoodproduction–getting‘morewithless.’Butithastobesustainable,withmoreprudentuseofinputs,lowergreenhousegasemissionsandwithpositivegrowthinnaturalcapitalandresilience.Smallholderfarmersareimportanttoagricultureindevelopingcountriesandsowillberesponsibleformuchofthistask,butiftheyaretomeettheseambitioustargets,improvingtheiraccesstomodernfarminginformationandtechnologywillbevital.Indeed,trulysustainableintensificationwillrequiremorethanjustinputsandtechnology.AccordingtoSirGordonConway,acontributortothe2013MontpellierReport,sustainableintensificationshouldnowbethebasisforallinvestmentsinfarming,bothbigandsmall.
Tofindinnovative,sustainablefarmingstrategiesthataddressthechallengeofgetting‘morewithless,’andtakeabroaderapproachtosystemintensification(includingconservationagricultureelements,soilfertility,pestmanagementanddiversification),MAIZEisworkingthroughacompetitivegrantwithDavidMariote,maizebreederattheAgriculturalResearchInstituteofMozambique(IIAM)onpromotingconservationagriculturetechnologiesincereal-legumebasedsystemsinMozambique,andalsowiththeAustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch(ACIAR)-funded*SustainableIntensificationofMaize-LegumeSystemsforFoodSecurityinEasternandSouthernAfrica(SIMLESA)project,partneringwithnationalagriculturalresearchinstitutesfromEthiopia,Kenya,Malawi,MozambiqueandTanzania.Asimilarinitiative,SIMLEZA,isfundedbyUSAIDandhasbeenoperationalintheeasternprovinceofZambia,incollaborationwiththenationalprogramandIITA.
* AdditionalpartnersincludetheAssociationforStrengtheningAgriculturalResearchinEastandCentralAfrica(ASARECA),theInternationalCenterforResearchfortheSemi-AridTropics(ICRISAT),theAgriculturalResearchCouncilofSouthAfrica(ARCRSA),theDepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,Queensland,andMurdochUniversityinWesternAustralia.
Adoption of TechnologiesInthesesixSSAcountries,maizeisthemainstapleandlegumesareanimportantsourceofproteinfortheruralpoor.Legumesarewidelyusedasanintercropand/orrotationcropinmaizesystems,andarealsoasignificantsourceofincomeforwomen.Inaddition,theintensificationandstabilizationofrain-fedmaize-legumecroppingsystemsoffersconsiderablepromiseforboostingproductivity,improvingfood,feedandnutritionsecurityandhelpingreversethedeclineinsoilfertility.
Throughparticipatoryresearchwithfarmers,extensionagencies,non-governmentalorganizations,universitiesandagribusiness,theinitiativeaimstoimprovemaizeandlegumeproductivityby30percentandtoreducetheexpectedyieldriskby30percentonapproximately650,000ruralhouseholdswithin10years.
SIMLESA focuses on five countries in Africa – Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania (with spillovers anticipated in neighboring countries).
CGIARRESEARCHPROGRAMONMAIZE
N
S
WE
Target and spillover countries
SpilloverTarget
Botswana
South Sudan
Ethiopia
Kenya
AngolaZambia
Tanzania
Malawi
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
RwandaBurundi
Uganda
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Buttoreachthisambitiousgoal,amorerapidadoptionoftechnologiesamongfarmingcommunitiesisessential.“Therearesomanydifferenttechnologiesbombardingfarmers.Therealworkthereforeliesindealingwiththepsychological,social,culturalandenvironmentalfactorsofthefarmerthatwilldeterminetheadoptabilityandadoptionofintroducedtechnologies,”saidDerekByerlee,co-chairoftheSIMLESASteeringCommittee,duringtheproject’sannualregionalplanningandreviewmeeting,whichtookplaceinMozambiqueinearly2013.
InKenya,localinnovationplatformswhichhaveemergedfromtheprojecthavebeguntohavethedesiredimpactonfarmerpractices.InOctober2013,scientistsfromCIMMYT,KARI,SIMLESAandICRISATvisitedfarmersinwesternKenyawhoaremembersoftheBoroandBungomaSouthfarmerinnovationplatforms.Duringthevisit,farmersdescribedhowtheyhadadoptedconservationagricultureandintercropping,andswitchedtousingherbicidestocontrolweeds.FarmerFerdinandMakhanureportedhowhismaizeharvesthadrisenfrom10to15bags.“IattributethisyieldincreasetoutilizingtherichinformationIgotduringinnovationplatformmeetings,”hesaid.
Duringthevisit,SIMLESAprojectleaderMulugettaMekuriaspokewiththefarmersaboutnewmaizevarieties,including
drought-tolerantonesdevelopedincollaborationwithCIMMYTandreleasedbyKARI.Heobservedthat,attheendoftheday,farmersareeconomistsandwillbalancebetweenrisksandpossiblebenefits.“Werealizefarmersprefertousethevarietiestheyknowandhaveusedformanyyears,”Mekuriasaid.“However,wehavefarm-levelevidencethatthenewvarietiesgrownundersustainableintensificationpracticescontributetoincreasedyield,decreasedroughtrisks,reduceproductioncostsandimprovesoilfertilityovertime.”
‘A Steady Flight Path’Agreatdealofprogressoccurredin2013.“SIMLESAhasattaineda‘steadyflightpath’andisontracktodeliversignificantimpacts,”Byerleestated.InTanzania,SIMLESAsignedamemorandumofunderstandingwiththreepartnersforproductionandscalingoutoftwonewlyreleasedmaizevarieties,bredbyalocalseedcompany.ThenumberofinnovationplatformsalsoincreasedinTanzania,inordertopromotetheadoptionofsustainablecroppingsystemsandimprovedcropvarieties.
InMozambique,representativesofthepublicextensionservicesanddevelopmentagencieshavedevisedactionplanstoimplementgender-sensitiveapproachesintheirwork,withspecifictargetsforthe2013-2014croppingseason.Thiswasoneoutcomeofatwo-daygender-mainstreamingworkshopinAugust,whichrevealedawidespreadpoorunderstandingofgenderconcepts,including,forinstance,theinequalityinhowfarmersareselectedtotakepartindemonstrationtrials.The
workshopintroducedarangeoftoolsforintegratinggenderinextensionactivitiesinordertoreachvulnerablegroups.
LookingaheadtoaPhaseIIforSIMLESAin2014,InacioMaposse,directorgeneralofIIAMsaid,“Wewanttoaddanotherdimensiontotheproject,andperhapsadifferentphilosophy,onethatwillleadustogreatersuccess.”Butwhatmightthissuccesslooklike?“Forme,”hecontinued,“successmeanstogetfarmerssmilingsustainably–smilingbecausetheyarebetteroff.Forthistohappen,wehavetodesignPhaseIIwithheartandwisdom.”ACIAR’sJohnDixonagreed:“Whereresourcesarelimited,sustainableintensificationistheonlyoptiontofeedtheextratwobillionpeopleby2050.”
“New varieties grown under sustainable intensification practices contribute to increased yield, decreased drought risks, reduced production costs and improved soil fertility over time.” –MulugettaMekuria
SIMLESAprojectleader
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013
A demonstration plot in Malawi shows conservation agriculture practices.
Farmers participating in pigeonpea variety selection at Nsingisi village, Tanzania.
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Nutrient Expert®
InSouthAsia,90percentofsmallholderfarmersusingfertilizerdonotachieveoptimumcropyieldsduetoalackofaccesstosoiltestingservices.Inresponsetothisinformationgap,theInternationalPlantNutritionInstitute(IPNI)SouthAsiaProgramdevelopedtheNutrientExpert® decisionsupporttoolsinpartnershipwithMAIZEtoprovidelocation-specificfertilizerrecommendationsforfarmersgrowingmaizeandwheat.
ThedecisionsupporttoolreceivedtheawardforBestInnovationattheBiharInnovationForum,whichrecognizesinnovationstoimproverurallivelihoodsinIndia.NutrientExpert®istheproductofclosecollaborationwithkeypartnerssuchasnationalagriculturalresearchandextensionsystems(NARES),seedandfertilizerindustries,NGOs,farmers’andwomen’sself-helpclubsinIndia.
“TheadvantageofdevelopingtheNutrientExpert®inaparticipatorymodewasthatthepartnerswereon-board
undertheCGIARresearchprogramonClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)inIndia.OtherIPNIprogramsinChina,SSAandNorthAfricaarealsoadaptingthetoolstotheirlocalsituations.
AstudyfundedbyaMAIZECompetitiveGrantInitiative(CGI)in2012and2013contributedanunderstandingofthetypesoffarmsystemsinuseineasternIndiaandthepositiveimpactofNutrientExpert®recommendations.Newmaterialsandtrainingstospreadawarenessofthetoolswerealsocommissioned.
“Onceweknewtheresourceclassesoffarmersthroughthetypologysurvey,itwaseasierforustodecidethetargetyields,”saidMajumdar.“FarmerswouldultimatelybethebeneficiariesiftheworkfundedbyMAIZEcouldstarttheprocessofmakingfertilizerrecommendationsmoreflexibleaswellasscience-andresource-driven.”
Researchers have found that crops make use of fertilizers applied according to Nutrient Expert® recommendations more efficiently than fertilizers applied according to farmers’ normal practices.
CGIARRESEARCHPROGRAMONMAIZE
Nutrient Expert® for hybrid maize helps to:• Developanoptimalplantingdensityforyourlocation
• Evaluatecurrentnutrientmanagementpractices
• Determineameaningfulyieldgoalbasedonattainableyield
• Estimatefertilizernitrogen,phosphorusandpotassium (NPK)ratesrequiredfortheselectedyieldgoal
• TranslatefertilizerNPKratesintofertilizersources
• Developanapplicationstrategyforfertilizers(rightrate, rightsource,rightlocation,righttime),andcomparetheexpectedoractualbenefitofcurrentandimprovedpractices.
Fertilizer recommendations are generated by providing inputs to the computer program.
fromdayoneandultimately‘owned’theinnovation,”saidDr.KaushikMajumdar,DirectorofIPNISouthAsia.
Bycanvassingthe450researchersandextensionworkersinEastIndiawhoreceivedtraininginthecomputer-basedtools,IPNIestimatesthattheirpotentialoutreachwasover60,000farmers.TheaimistoembedtheNutrientExpert® approachinuniversityandstateagriculturedepartmentextensionsystemsevenfurtherandreachmorecerealfarmersthroughmultiplechannels.
No ‘One Size Fits All’ SolutionDr. Majumdar believes that farmers’ perceptions of fertilizerusewillimproveasaresultofbetteradvice.“Aresource-drivenfertilizerrecommendationstrategywouldbemoreacceptabletofarmersinsteadof‘onesizefitsall’recommendations.”
TheNutrientExpert®toolisalsooneoftheimportantflagshipinterventionsfortheClimateSmartVillages(CSVs)
AversionofNutrientExpert®forSSAhasnowbeendevelopedandvalidated,inpartnershipwithMAIZE.NutrientExpert®integratesdatafrommulti-locationnutrientomissiontrialstodeterminefarmspecificfertilizerrequirements,andtakesaccountofthemostimportantfactorsaffectingnutrientmanagementrecommendations,includingsitecharacteristics,climate,inputprices,andcropproduceprices.ResearchershavefoundthatcropsmakeuseoffertilizersappliedaccordingtoNutrientExpert® recommendationsmoreefficientlythanfertilizersappliedaccordingtofarmers’normalpractices.
TheNutrientExpert®toolhasalsobeendevelopedforChina,andisunderdevelopmentinNorthAfricabytherespectiveIPNIPrograms.
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Whilesmallholdersinmostdevelopingcountriesareincreasinglyusingmechanizedequipmentfortaskssuchaslandpreparation,weedingandthreshing,inAfricathenumberoftractorsanddraftanimalsisstagnatingorevenindecline.Asaresult,back-breakingphysicallaborcontinuestobeamarkedfeatureofAfricanagriculture,withmuchofthisdrudgeryfallingtowomenandchildren.Female-headedhouseholdshaveparticularchallenges,astheyoftendon’townorarenotpermittedtousedraftanimalsandareamongthelasttoaccesslandpreparationservices,withsevereimpactsontheiryield.
DrawingonatechnologythathastransformedBangladeshiagriculture,theFarmMechanizationandConservationAgricultureforSustainableIntensification(FACASI)projectisinvestigatingthepotentialoftwo-wheeledtractorsforsmallholderfarminginEthiopia,Kenya,TanzaniaandZimbabwe*.Whilenotpowerfulenoughtoplow,thetractorscanbeusedfordirectseeding–whichrequiresfarlessenergy–andarethuswell-suitedtoconservationagriculturesystems.Inaddition,theyarelightweight,easytooperateandmaintainandrelativelyinexpensive.
Moreimportantthantestingandadaptingmachinery,however,istheneedtodevelopcommercialmodelstoprovidefarmerswithaccesstotwo-wheeledtractors.InspiredbyBangladesh,whereonlyoneoutofevery30tractorusersactuallyownsamachine,theprojectwillstimulatethedevelopmentoftractor-hiringservicesbasedonlocalentrepreneurs.
Agribusinesseswillbeencouragedtoinvesttimeandresourcesinpromotingthemachines,trainingfarmersintheiruseanddevelopingadequatecreditfacilitiesinordertobuyandmaintainthem.
FACASIwillalsocreatejobsforaround360ruralserviceproviders,forexampleinfuelsupplyandtractorrepairs.ActivitiesinEthiopiaandZimbabwearescheduledtobegininFebruary2014.
* FACASIisledbyCIMMYTwithmultiplepartnersandfundedbytheAustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch(ACIAR).
CGIARRESEARCHPROGRAMONMAIZE
Demonstrations of how easy it is to operate a two-wheel tractor.
Is the Two-Wheeled Tractor the Mechanization Africa Needs?
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Finally,aMAIZEcompetitivegrantwillbuildonthe2013testsbyinvolvingKITtoinvestigategenderrelationsandmechanization,startinginKenyaandTanzaniain2014.Socialscientistswillexplorethepotentialconsequencesofadoptionfromagenderperspective,includingconsequencesformarginalgroups.“ThisstudyiskeyforFACASI,”saysBaudron,“andhopefullywillhelpusunderstandbetterhowmuchofthegender-gapisexplainedbydifferencesinaccesstofarmpower.”Agenderspecialistwillalsojointheteamin2014,toassessthelikelydemandforsmallmechanizationamongmenandwomen.
Testing and Adaptation:OperatingsinceMarch2013inKenyaandTanzania,theprojecthasbeenchieflyinvolvedinmappingthetasksthatarecharacterizedbylowlaborproductivityanddrudgery,inordertounderstandfarmers’needsandtoidentifytechnologiesinuseregionallyandgloballythatcouldmeettheirlikelydemand.SomemachineshavealreadybeenimportedfortestingandadaptationinAfricanconditions,includingalight,single-rowseederdesignedbyJohnMorrison,aconsultantfromtheUniversityofTennessee.InSeptember2013,theseederwas‘pre-tested’inNjoro,Kenya,bywomen,FACASIscientistsandMorrison,andfoundtoworkwell.FullfieldtestingofthisandothermachinestookplacelaterintheyearinKenyaandTanzania.
According to CIMMYT agronomist Frédéric Baudron, more than 35,000 farmers will benefit from the project, with conservation agriculture farmers expected to increase incomes by 50 percent.
FACASI is investigating the potential of two-wheeled tractors for smallholder farming.
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013
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Sowing Drought-Tolerant Maize in Africa ThevastmajorityofmaizeproducedinSSAisrainfed,makingithighlyvulnerabletodrought.Currentestimatessuggestthat25percentofmaizeproductioninAfricaisthreatenedbyfrequentdrought,and40percentaffectedbyoccasionaldrought.Butwithrisingtemperaturesandmoreseveredroughtsasaresultofclimatechange,thatsituationisworsening.
Thedrought-tolerantvarietiesbredthroughtheDrought-TolerantMaizeforAfrica(DTMA)projectprovideatleastpartoftheanswer.Capableofoutperformingmanyexistingvarietiesundergoodrainfallconditionsaswellasdrought,severalalsohaveresistancetomajordiseasessuchasmaizestreakvirusandgrayleafspot.Butbreedingagoodvarietyisnoguaranteeofadoption,andsignificantchallengestocommercializationexist,includingproductionofbreederandfoundationseed,achievinghighseedquality,effectivebrandingandpackagingandadequatepromotionofnewvarietiesbyseedcompaniesthroughdemonstrations.
In2013DTMAstrengtheneditsconnectionswithseedproducersbyestablishingajointworkinggroupwiththeProgramforAfrica’sSeedSystems(PASS),aninitiativeoftheAllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA).PASSalreadyworkswithseedcompaniesandagro-dealers,helpingtoensurethattheystockenoughseedandhavegooddistributionnetworkstoreachfarmersacrossthecontinent.Manyfacechallengesinseedproduction,suchasinadequateirrigationfacilitiesandlackofpersonneltomanagethecroplines.
DTMAThegoalistoreachover30millionfarmersbytheendof2016.• 2007-2013:140 new maize varieties released,
including81hybridsand59openpollinatedvarieties,with20-30percentgreateryieldthantraditionalvarieties
• Adopted by 110 African seed companies for productionandsaletofarmers
• 2013:20,000 tons of drought-tolerant maize seedproducedin13Africancountries
• 1 million hectares of land plantedwithdrought-tolerantvarietiesby3millionhouseholds
A Tanzanian farmer stands in front of her maize plot, where she grows DTMA variety TAN250.
Partners to Scale UpTheworkofnationalpartners,suchastheNARS,isalsovitalinscalinguptheuseofdrought-tolerantmaize.SupportingthosepartnersthroughcapacitybuildingisthereforeacentralfeatureoftheDTMAproject.Inthe2012-13croppingseason,DTMAtrainedmaizebreedersandtechnicians,rehabilitatedseedstoragefacilitiesandsupportedresearchinstitutestoreleasevarieties,producebreederseedandbeginhybridseedproductioninplaceswhereprivateseedcompaniesarenotoperating.
Onepartner,KARI,isheavilyinvolvedindroughtscreeningactivitiesandisalsoconductinghouseholdsurveysacrossthecountry,incollaborationwithDTMA,togatherevidence-basedresearchfindingsforpolicyadvocacy.In2013,inpartnershipwithCIMMYT,KARIopenedtwoimportantnewresearchfacilitiestospeedupmaizebreedingandscreeningforresistancetoMLN.Thesefacilitieswillbeavaluableresourceforthosedevelopingnewdrought-tolerantvarietiesforpartners,includingNARSandsmall-tomedium-sizedseedcompanies.
Movingforward,DTMAprojectleaderTsedekeAbatesaidthattheprojectwillcontinuetoworktowardsanumberofkeyobjectives:mainstreamingdrought-tolerantvarieties;enhancingseedsystempartnershipsincollaborationwithAGRA-PASS;buildingthecapacityofNARStoproducebreederseed;mainstreaminggenderwithintheproject;andsupportingfurthersocio-economicresearchtoprovideevidenceforpolicymakers.
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013
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Understanding Past and Present to Create a Better FutureAgriculturalresearchhasdevelopedcountlessnewtechnologiestosupportmoreintensivefarming,butadoptionratesonthepromiseofimprovementaloneareoftendisappointing.Farminghouseholdsmakedecisionsbasedonamorecomplexsetoffactors,suchascash
cropsandfoodproduction,varyingratesofreturnoninvestmentorlaborandbalancinghigherproductivitywithminimumriskoflosingcropsorinvestments.
TheTrajectoriesandTrade-OffsforIntensificationofCereal-BasedSystems(ATTIC)project,acollaborationbetweenMAIZEandWageningenUniversityintheNetherlands,isstudyinghowandwhyfarmingsystemsinEthiopia,MexicoandNepalhavechangedovertimetoshowhowresearchintonewtechnologies,practicesandpoliciescanhaveagreaterimpactinthefuture.Akeydimensionoftheprojectistostudytheinteractionsbetweenfarmingsystemsandthelandscape,withfarmsbothcontributingtoandbenefitingfromthefeaturesofthelandscapeandtheservicesitprovides,includingwaterflows,soilsandbiodiversity.
FundedinpartthroughtheMAIZECompetitiveGrantInitiative,ATTICresearchisbeingcarriedoutthroughthreePhDprojects.Thethreestudiesareusingsimilarresearchprocessesinverydifferentlocations;allinvolvefield-basedstudiesandlinkparticipatoryresearch,fieldmeasurements
andexperimentsandsystemsmodelsatdifferentscales.OperationalfundsareprovidedbythreeotherMAIZEkeypartnerprojects–CCAFS,CSISAandSIMLESA.
Competitivegrantsawardedin2012and2013willalsofundtrainingoflocalstaff(CIMMYTandcloseregionalpartners)inuseofthesystemsanalysistoolsdevelopedduringthestudyperiod.ThefirsttrainingprogramwillbegininZambiainMarch2014.
Case StudiesInEthiopia,YoditKebedeisstudyingthesocialandecologicalprocessesthathaveshapedthelandscapeinordertounderstandsomeoftheecosystemservicesthatagricultureisproviding,particularlypestcontrol.Byanalyzingthefrequencyofmaizefieldsandhowthisaffectstheincidenceofthemaizestemborer,Kebedeaimstofindouthowfarmerscanreducepestpressureevenwhentheycannotaffordtobuypesticides.Herworkisalsoassessingpush-pulloptionsforpestmanagementinconservationagriculturesystems,andinformingthedesignofnew,diversecroppingsystemsthathaveapestcontroladvantage.
InNepal,VictoriaAlomia’sPhDthesisexaminesalternativeformsofcrop-livestockintegration,throughintensificationofmaizeandwheatproductioninassociationwithfoddercrops,inordertodiversifydietsandincomes.Studyingresourcemanagementanddecision-makinginzonespronetoclimatechangerisks,andwheremigrationishighandlaborisscarce,herresearchcombinessystemmodels,fieldexperimentsandparticipatoryresearch,andfocusesparticularlyonnutrientcycling.
LeendertvanWolfswinkelisworkinginthecentralhighlandsofMexico,whereheisstudyinghowthelandscapehasevolvedinresponsetochangesinlanduse,migrationandurbanization.Heisparticularlyfocusedonhydrologicalserviceslinkedtoagriculture,suchasincreasedrechargeofgroundwateraquifersandreductionofdownstreamfloodrisk.
Hisworkaimstoquantifythewaterregulationservicesprovidedbyagriculture(particularlymaizefarming,butalsowheatandoats),incomparisontootherlandusessuchasurbanareasorforests.
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013
Heisalsocomparinghowdifferentcroppingsystems –conventional,conservationagriculture,fruit-maizeagroforestryandmaize-legumeintercropping–performindeliveringtheseservicesatthemicro-watershedlevel.
“Effectsatfield-scalemaybedifferentfromeffectsatthewatershedscale,”saysvanWolfswinkel.“Iworktobridgethegapbetweenthesescales,lookingatsuchquestionsas:ifthiscroppingsystemisbeneficial,whichlocationonthelandscapewouldbethemostfavorable?Andifthelocationofdifferentlandusesandcroppingsystemswithinawatershedmatters,whichexternaldrivershaveinfluencedtheconfigurationsofdifferentlandscapeswithinthecentralMexicanhighlands?”
“Rural communities shape their landscapes in response to resource-use priorities, but also due to demographic changes throughout
their history. The resulting landscape patterns and organization have a strong influence on the functioning of the agro-ecosystem.”–PabloTitonell
ProfessorofFarmingSystemsWageningenUnivesity
A pig roots among maize ears on a farm in the Dalit community of Belhara village, Dhankuta district, in the mid-hills of Nepal.
(Above): Leendert van Wolfswinkel (right) is working in the central highlands of Mexico.
(Left): Farmers in Ethiopia plow in a maize-livestock system.
CGIARRESEARCHPROGRAMONMAIZE
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In order to understand gender-based dimensions and differences in MAIZE and to leverage this knowledge so that interventions can better address gender-specific needs, MAIZE undertook a gender audit of its activities in 2013.CarriedoutbyresearchersfromKIT(aDutchknowledgeinstitute),theauditcomprisedsurveys,documentationanalysis,focusgroupdiscussionsandmorethan100individualinterviewsinvolvingavarietyoforganizationsandprogrampartners(includingwomenandmenfarmers).TheGenderAuditwasbasedaroundfourkeyquestions:howisgendercurrentlyaddressedandhowcanthisbestrengthened;thecapacityofprojectteamstoconductgender-awareresearch;howdifferentprogramfunctionsaffectgenderintegration;andhowtheCRP’sapproachtogenderisinfluencedbyitsunderstandingofwhatcountsas‘knowledge.’
Gender Realities in MAIZE ProjectsTheGenderAuditfoundthatMAIZEprojects’effortstointegrategenderconcernsweretoalargedegreeinformedbytheindividualunderstandingsofstaffmembers,ratherthanaCRP-wideapproach;thissometimeslimitedthescopeofgenderintegrationinspecificresearch.However,wefoundseveralexamplesofpositiveresultsfrompersonalinitiativestointegrategenderconcerns.Forinstance,inBangladesh,KITmettwohubmanagerscommittedtopromotinggenderequality,whohadcontextualunderstandingsofhowgenderrelationsoperateinagricultureandinthewidersociety.Theywerealsoabletogobeyondthebio-physicalunderstandingoftheirdisciplineandgainanappreciationofthesocialanalysisneededtointegrategenderintheworkofMAIZE.
Forexample,theKhulnahubinvestsinwomenfarmersasastrategy.Therationaleisthatwomenaremoreinvolvedthanmeninbothagricultureandinthemaintenanceofagriculturalhouseholds.Still,women’srolesinagriculturearenotinvestedinandoftenremaininvisibletoagriculturalscientistsbecausetheytendtolookatthecropratherthanthepeopleandsocietalrelationsthroughwhichthecropisproduced.Also,themigrationofmeniscausinglaborshortagesandwomenaresteppingintofillthegapbymanagingandprovidingon-fieldlabor.Investmentinwomenisthusseenasstrategictopreparingforthefuture,meetingprojectobjectivesandhighlightingtheimportanceoftheirroles.
Theprojectdoesthisthroughacombinationofinitiatives.Ontheonehand,newtechnologiesarebeingprovidedfortaskscommonlyperformedbywomensuchaskitchengardens.Ontheotherhand,notonlyarewomen’srolesbeingsupportedandgenderedconstraintstopoverty
addressed,womenarealsobeingsupportedtobeleadersofthenewtechnologiesformaize.Wherepossible,technologiesareintroducedthroughwomen’sgroupsformedforthepurposeofgrowingmaize.Whilewomenmaynotowntheland,theycanownthetechnology.
The Benefits of OwnershipInterviewswithwomenparticipantsinNepalrevealthatHMRPhasaneffectontheredistributionofbenefitsbyallowingwomengreateraccesstoagriculturalinputs.Somewomenidentifyresultsintermsofgreatercontroloverbothinputsandtheresultingbenefitsaccruedfromtheuseoftheseresources,suchasincome.AsoneHMRPcommunity-basedseedproductiongroupleadersaid:“Womenhavebecomeindependent”bydependinglessontheirhusbandsformoney.Thiscantranslateintoagreatersenseofdignityandself-value,asamemberfromanothergroupsaidthat,ifnotfortheCBSPgroup,“thatwouldbelikethe19thcentury…Wehavecomefar.”
Receivingtrainingcancontributetotherecognitionofwomenasbothknowledgebearersandbrokers.Encouragementfromhusbandstoparticipateinthetrainingispartofthisrecognition.WomentrainedbyHMRPfoundthattheywereabletoconveywhattheylearnedtotheirhusbands,whothenaffordedthemmorerecognition.Withinternalandexternalrecognitioncomesincreasedself-confidence.OnememberofaCBSPgroupsays:“Before,wewereshy.Wecouldnotevenintroduceourselves.Nowwecananswerbacktoourhusbands–evenwithaloudvoice.”
Gender and ‘Knowledge’TheAuditfoundthattheintegrationofgenderintoMAIZEactivitiesisaffectedbythewayknowledgeisconstructedandrealityisunderstoodandapproachedinthedifferentdisciplines.Oneexampleisthebeliefthatgender-sensitiveresearchmerelyinvolvescountingthenumberofmenandwomenparticipatinginprojectactivities.Anotherexamplecanbefoundinthetendencytoclassifyhouseholdsasasimplebinary–male-orfemale-headed.Thisrisksreinforcingtheunderstandingthatmaleheadsarethenormandfemaletheanomaly,withtheassociatedideathatmenarethefarmersandthereforethe‘knowers,’whilewomenandwomen’sknowledgearerelegatedtothesphereofthehousehold.Theseunderstandingsareoftenbasedonassumptionsratherthanempiricalevidence.
“The gender audit is a stock-taking exercise. In other words, it is not an evaluation but rather a constructive, reflective and interactive exercise for the CRP to identify how gender issues are addressed in its programming and processes and how to strengthen this further. The Gender Audit process in itself helped build awareness of gender in the CRP and with collaborators. It very much fostered openness and curiosity which has subsequently led to more demand from scientists. And that in itself is an important move forward.”
–LoneBadstueMAIZEGenderSpecialist
Challenging Our Built-In Gender BiasbyKatrineDanielsenandFranzF.Wong,GenderAdvisorswiththeRoyalTropicalInstitute
Thereisaneedtostrengthentheintegrationofresearchmethodsofboththesocialandthebio-physicalsciencesintheCRPandtodevelopalternativepathsinagriculturalresearchfordevelopment(AR4D)toadvancewomen’srightsandgenderequality.
Thisisnottosaythatinter-disciplinaryworkisstraightforward,andtherearenoeasyanswerswhenitcomestogettingteamstoworkbothcollaborativelyandefficiently.However,wehaveencounteredsomegoodexamplesofattemptstoformulateintegratedresearchquestionsthroughouttheMAIZEprojectsvisited.Wheretherearelinkagesbetweendifferentdisciplinesand/orinterdisciplinarywork,itseemstohappenwhentheworkingenvironmentisconducivetocollaboration,withindividualstakingtheinitiativethemselves.
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CGIARRESEARCHPROGRAMONMAIZE
Amazing Maize: International Crop Research Benefits SSAResearchonmaizeimprovementbyinternationalagriculturalresearchcentersandpartnersinSSAisincreasingharvestsintheregionandenhancingfarmers’lives.
InNigeria,farmerssaythatimprovedvarietiesareaddressingconstraintssuchastheparasiticweedStriga,drought,poorsoilfertilityandpestsanddiseasesthatlimitproductivity,reduceyieldandmakefarmingunattractive.ForfarmerHajiyaHafsatuRiruwaitheencounterwithimprovedmaizetechnologieslastyearbroughtaprofoundchangetoherlife.
“Ihavebeenfarmingforthepast30yearsbutthisismybestyearsofar,”shesaid.Mrs.RiruwaiisoneamongthousandsoffarmersbenefitingfromtheimprovedfarmingpracticesbeingpromotedbytheIntegratedStrigaManagementinAfrica(ISMA)projectinthemaize-producingbelt.Asaseedproducerusingimprovedvarietiesandbettermanagementtechnologies,sheharvested1.3tonsofmaizefrom0.25haincontrastto0.2tonsfromthesamepieceoflandusinglocalvarieties.“Manyfarmersnowcometomyhousetobuymymaizeseedsbecauseoftheirperformance,”shesaid.
MilkaWilson,anotherfarmer,hasasimilarstory.“Withthenewvarietiesandnewknowledgeonmaizecultivation,Iwasabletogetabumperharvest.Otherfarmersarenowbuyingseedsfromme.”IncomefromsalesishelpingMrs.Wilsontosendherchildrentoschool,somethingshehadnotbeenabletodobefore.“Before,mykidscouldnotgotoschool,”shesaid.“MythanksgotoISMAanditspartners.”
InwesternKenya,GeorgeMartinMitende,aleadfarmerinBondavillageinMigoriCounty,alsogetsmoremaizebyusingacombinationofnew,improvedfarmpractices.In2011,hedonatedpartofhislandwhichwasbadlyaffectedbyStrigatotheISMAprojecttosetupademonstrationfieldtrial.
Since2011,Strigahadbeendramaticallyreducedonthispieceofland.Heharvested360kgofmaizefromone-tenthofahectareinthelasttwogrowingseasons.Inthepast,
heusuallyharvested90kgor180kgfromthewholefarm.“MyfavoriteStrigacontroltechnologyisintercroppingDesmodiumwithWS303–anImazapyrherbicide-resistantmaizevarietybeingmarketedbytheWesternSeedCompany.Iwillextendthistechnologytomywholefarm,”hesaid.
Desmodiumisalegumethatisalsofedtolivestock.ItisintercroppedwithmaizetosuppressthegrowthofStriga as partofthepush-pullmanagementtechnologydevelopedbyICIPEandpartners.ISMA,launchedin2011,iscapitalizingonexistingtechnologiesdevelopedbyIITAand
CIMMYTandotherpartnerstoincreasetheproductivityofmaizewithparticularfocusonaddressingStriga–amajorconstrainttoproductioninSSA.
Combined ManagementISMAseekstoimprovethelivelihoodsofover15millionsmallholderfarmersinnorthernNigeriaand10millioninwesternKenyabypromotinganddeployingavarietyoftechnologiesthatreducetheweed’semergence,improvesoilfertilityandincreasecropyields.
InKenya,ISMAworkswithnationalpartners,extensionworkers,policymakers,community-basedseedproducers
A farmer in Kenya counting his losses due to Striga infestation of his maize fields.
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andfarmers.ExtensivedemonstrationtrialsinvolvingdifferentmanagementoptionshaveshownthatbothImazapyr-resistantmaize(IR-maize)andStriga-resistanthybridsreducedStrigaemergencebymorethan60percentandincreasedyieldsbyupto70percentcomparedwithcommercialhybrids.DemonstrationtrialsshowedthatintercroppingthelegumesDesmodiumandgroundnutswithIR-maizeandStriga-resistanthybridsisthebestmanagementoption,increasinggrainyieldandsignificantlyreducingStrigaemergence.FarmerswhointercroppedmaizewithDesmodium(push-pulltechnology)achievedreductionsof60-100percentininfestationandthree-foldincreasesingrainyields.
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013
TheprojecthadalsoengagedcompaniesinKenyatoproduce370tonsofseedsoftheIR-maizehybridsandopen-pollinatedvarieties(OPV).Over256tonsweredirectlydistributedthroughagro-dealers,providingover72,000farmerswithIRmaizewithinthreeyears.Inaddition,community-basedproducersandselectedcompaniesproduced4tonsofDesmodiumseeds.Over111,000farmersnowhaveaccesstonewStriga management technologiesinKenyathroughfielddays,agriculturalshowsandseedsales.Amongthese,24,183farmershaveadoptedthepush-pulltechnology.
InNigeria,theprojectestablishedbroad-basedpartnershipstotestanddelivertechnologiestosmallholderfarmersinBauchiandKanostates.ThesetechnologiesincludedtheuseofStriga-resistantOPVandStriga-resistantandherbicide-resistantmaizehybrids.Alsorecommendedweretherotationofmaizewithsoybeansor Striga-resistantcowpeasandbiocontroloftheweedwithafungus(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.strigae)thatisspecifictoStriga.Researchers,seedcompanies,NGOs,CBSPs,stateextensionservices,dealersinagro-chemicalsandpolicy-makerscametogetherandcreatedinnovationplatformstohelpscaleoutprojectoutputsanddelivertechnologiestocontrolStrigainfarmers’fields.Inthreeyears,theprojecthasdirectlyreached264,370farmers.Over1,285tonsofseedsofStriga-resistantmaizeand346tonsofseedsofStriga-resistantcowpeashavebeenproducedbycompaniesandcommunity-basedproducersanddisseminatedtofarmersinnorthernNigeria.
Maize(maincrop)
Repellentcrop(Desmodium):•Attractsnaturalenemies•Repelsstemborers
Trapcrop(Napiergrass):•Attractsstemborers
The push-pull technology is an innovation from ICIPE. It is a pest management approach that uses repellent intercrops in combination with an attractive trap plant. Pests are repelled from the food crop while being simultaneously attracted to the trap crop. It is mostly used to control stem borers and Striga.
Farmers read a Striga management handbook.
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Maximizing Maize in MexicoWhileMexicoisthefourth-largestproducerofmaizeintheworld,yieldsarelowandverylittleseedplantedbyMexicanmaizefarmersisproducedbydomesticseedcompanies.Respondingtotheseissues,theMexicangovernmentandCIMMYTlaunchedMasAgro*in2010,whichisincreasingtheproductionofseasonalmaizevarietiesinMexicobydevelopingmorerobustandproductiveseeds,andbypromotingsustainableagriculturalpractices.
Acentralcomponentoftheprojecthasbeenthecreationofaninternationalconsortiumfortheimprovementofmaize(IMIC),inordertoincreasemaizeproductivityand
strengthenthecompetitivenessofthemaizeseedsector,bothinMexicoandmorewidelyintheLatinAmericanregion.Nowinitsthirdyearofoperation,theconsortium–whichincludestheregionalmaizeseedindustry,publicsectorresearchersandCIMMYT–deliverselitegermplasm,softwaretoolsandmolecularbreedingtechnologiestosmall-andmedium-sizedbreedingprogramsinMexico.Intime,thesamesupportwillbeextendedmorewidelyintheregion.
Results in 2013TheMasAgrobreedingprogramdelivered6.6tonsofbasicseedto19small-tomedium-sizedcompaniesandtoMexicanresearchinstitutionsin2013.CompaniesthatparticipateinMasAgro’snetworkhavereceived8tonsofseedof16maizehybridsadaptedtoMexico’srainfedgrowingregions.
* TheSustainableModernizationofTraditionalAgriculture(MasAgro)projectpromotestheworkofMexicangrowersthroughthesupportoforganizationsdedicatedtoimproveagricultureinMexico.
MAIZEANNUALREPORT2013 CGIARRESEARCHPROGRAMONMAIZE
• To have the technology and genetic materials needed to raise average rainfed maize production in Mexico from 2.2 to 3.7 tons per hectare over a 10-year period.
• To increase the use of high-yielding, improved maize seed in Mexico over an area of between 1.5 and 3 million hectares.
• To raise Mexico’s production of rainfed maize between 5 and 9 million tons in 10 years.
• To promote the development of the maize seed industry in Mexico.
• To strengthen food security in Mexico and in the rest of the world.
Asaresult,thecompanieswillbeabletomultiplyandtocommercializeenoughhybridseedtosow1millionhectaresin2014(one-eighthofthetotallandusedtogrowmaizeinMexico).Thesehybridshavethepotentialtoyield60percentmorethanMexicanfarmers’averageyield.
Inareasservedbylocalseedcompaniesandwithhigherproductivitypotential,MasAgrowillhelpincreasetheuseofimprovedseedbyalmost50percent.Althoughitnormallytakesfiveyearstodeveloponeortwocommercialhybridsfrommorethan10,000crossesperyear,MasAgrobenefitedfromtheadvancedhybridsthatCIMMYTbegantodevelopin2011.Asaresult,smallholderfarmerswillhaveaccesstomaizehybridsspecificallyadaptedtotheirfields.
IMICalsodistributed27.7tonsofpre-commercialseedof16maizehybridsto18companiesandtwopublicresearchcentersin2013.Insum,MasAgrohasdistributed31tonsofpre-commercialseedtothecompaniesthatparticipateinitsgermplasmevaluationandexchangenetworks.Toassistthedistributionofseedfortrialsinthenetworks,IMICdevelopedanonlineseedrequestandmanagementsystemin2013.
Identifying Priority ZonesBreedersandmanagersofparticipatingseedcompaniesalsoreceivedtraininginseedimprovementandmultiplicationtechniques,managementandmarketingpractices.MasAgroofferedfourworkshopsonthesesubjects,includingseedcertificationtrainingfor22techniciansofMexico’sSeedInspectionandCertificationService,andaworkshoponDHtechnologyforseedimprovementfortechniciansfrom19companies.Inthreeyears,MasAgrohasoffered23workshopstoIMICpartners.
Finally,theMasAgrosocioeconomicsteamconcludedfivestudiesthatappliedsurveystoseedproducersandtogrowerstoidentifypriorityinterventionzones,andtoestimatethepotentialgrowthofimprovedseedmarketsinMexico.Thefindingsshowthat740,000hectaresinsoutheastMexicoand372,000hectaresintheHighValleyshavethehighestproductivitypotential.Bothzonescombinehighyieldgapswithhighpotentialuseofimprovedseed.SeedcompaniesinMasAgronetworkscouldseetheirsalesdoubleby2018ifthesemarketsreachtheirfullpotential.AnotherfindingfromastudyconductedbyINIFAPconfirmedthat54,68andover90percentofsmallholderfarmersinthestatesofMexico,OaxacaandVeracruz,respectively,wanttousehybridseeds.ThestudiesalsoclassifiedcurrentmaizeproductivityinthedifferentregionsofMexico.EvidenceshowedthatthemostproductivemaizegrowingzoneiswesternMexico,followedbyBajío,theHighValleys,southeast,northeastandthelandlockednorthernstates.
Seed company representatives active in the MasAgro project select competitive maize hybrids.
International Maize Improvement Consortium for Latin America (IMIC)
Objectives:
38 39
AcronymsACIAR AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearchAfDB AfricanDevelopmentBankGroupAGRA AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfricaASARECA AssociationforStrengtheningAgriculturalResearchinEastandCentral
AfricaATTIC TrajectoriesandTrade-OffsforIntensificationofCereal-BasedSystemsBMGF Bill&MelindaGatesFoundationCBSP Community-basedseedproductionCCAFS CGIARResearchProgramonClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurityCIMMYT InternationalMaizeandWheatImprovementCenterDTMA Drought-TolerantMaizeforAfricaprojectEGSP EffectiveGrainStorageProjectGRiSP GlobalRice&SciencePartnershipha hectareHMRP HillMaizeResearchProjectICIPE InternationalCentreofInsectPhysiologyandEcologyICRISAT InternationalCenterforResearchfortheSemi-AridTropicsIFAD InternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopmentIIAM AgriculturalResearchInstituteofMozambiqueIITA InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgricultureIMIC InternationalMaizeImprovementConsortiumforLatinAmericaINIFAP InstitutoNacionaldeInvestigacionesForestalesAgrícolasyPecuariasIPNI InternationalPlantNutritionInstituteISMA IntegratedStrigaManagementinAfricaprojectKARI KenyaAgriculturalResearchInstitutekg kilogramKIT RoyalTropicalInstituteMasAgro SustainableModernizationofTraditionalAgricultureprojectMLN MaizelethalnecrosisOPV open-pollinatedvarietyPASS ProgramforAfrica’sSeedSystemsSAGARPA SecretariatofAgriculture,Livestock,RuralDevelopment,FisheriesandFood
inMexicoSDC SwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperationSFSA SyngentaFoundationforSustainableAgricultureSIMLESA SustainableIntensificationofMaize-LegumeSystemsforFoodSecurityin
EasternandSouthernAfricaSIMLEZA SustainableIntensificationofMaize-LegumeSystemsfortheEastern
ProvinceofZambiaUSAID UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment
2013 Budget/Expenditure per Theme (US$ millions)
SI 1 Socio-economics SI 2 Systems intensificationSI 3 Smallholder precision agriculture SI 4 Stress-tolerant maize SI 5 Doubling maize productivitySI 6 Integrated post-harvest managementSI 7 Nutritious maize SI 8 Seeds of Discovery SI 9 New tools and methods for NARS and SMEs
SI 1
SI 2
SI 3
SI 4
SI 5
SI 6
SI 7
SI 8
SI 9
Gender Strategies
CRP Mgmt
W1 & 2 W3 Bilateral Total Funding
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Budgeted
Spent
Total Budget
Total Expenditure
2013 Funding Sources (Top10Donors)
2013 Budget/Expenditure per Funding Source (US$millions)
MAIZE 2013 Financial Highlights
BMGF25%
CGIAR Fund22%
SAGARPA22%
USAID5%
SDC4%
ACIAR4%
AFDB3%
SFSA3%
CIMMYT3%
IFAD3%
Others (< 1K)6%
MAIZE Editorial Team:DaveWatsonScottMall
Writers:GenevièveRenard,SamStorr,WRENmedia
Contributors:TsedekeAbate,LoneBadstue,FrédéricBaudron,KatrineDanielsen,HugoDeGroote,KCDilli,NirmalGadal,BrunoGérard,AndreaGros,MikeListman,KathyLopez,KaushikMajumdar,MulugetaMekuria,GuillermoOrtiz-Ferrara,B.M.Prasanna,ArturoSilva,FlorenceSipalla,TeferaTadele,PabloTitonell,LeendertvanWolfswinkel,FranzWong
Graphic Design and Layout:MiguelMelladoClydeR.BeaverIII
Infographics:FilippoMantione/LaiMomowww.laimomo.it
Photo Credits (top-bottom/left-right):Frontcover:X.Fonseca/CIMMYT;p.2:IPNI;p.4:W.Ojanji/CIMMYT;p.5:CIMMYT;p.7:A.Wamalwa/CIMMYT;p.8:D.Mowbray/CIMMYT;pp.9-11:M.Listman/CIMMYT;pp.12-14G.Mahuku/CIMMYT;p.15:F.Sipalla/CIMMYT;p.16:T.Samson/CIMMYT;p.17:SIMLESA;p.18:T.Samson/CIMMYT;p.19:ICRISAT;p.20:IPNI;p.22:L.Ogutu/ACIAR;p.23:F.Baudron/CIMMYT,L.Ogutu/ACIAR;p.24L.Ogutu/ACIAR;pp.25-26:A.Wangalachi/CIMMYT;p.27:S.MacMillan/ILRI;p.28:M.Listman/CIMMYT;p.29:WageningenUR,L.vanWolfswinkel,M.Herrero;p.20:KIT;p.32:H.Rose(titleadded;license:http://bit.ly/1ryPA8o);p.33:IITA;p.34:ICIPE,AATF;p.35:X.Fonseca/CIMMYT;p.36:X.Zhang.
Articles appearing in this publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. Available online at: www.maize.org.
Email Inquiries:[email protected]
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Apdo.Postal6-641
MexicoD.F.,Mexico06600Tel:+52(55)58042004Email:[email protected]
www.cimmyt.org
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)IITA-NigeriaIbadan,PMB5320,IbadanOyoState,NigeriaTel:+23427517472Email:[email protected]
www.iita.org
©InternationalMaizeandWheatImprovementCenter(CIMMYT)andInternationalInstituteforTropicalAgriculture(IITA)2014.Allrightsreserved.CGIARResearchProgramonMAIZE2014.AnnualReport2013.Mexico,D.F.:CIMMYT-IITA.