Maintaining FocusMaintaining Focus

ReadabilityReadability

The sentences are hard to readThe sentences are hard to read• Individual sentencesIndividual sentences are hard to are hard to

understandunderstand• A series of sentences does not seem to A series of sentences does not seem to

have have clear connectionsclear connections

The greater readability depends on The greater readability depends on • CohesionCohesion• Sentence structureSentence structure

Concept of the noun phraseConcept of the noun phrase

One of the most important part of One of the most important part of speech in writingspeech in writing• Any noun, any noun + modifier, any Any noun, any noun + modifier, any

pronounpronoun

You can You can determinedetermine whether a unit is whether a unit is a nouna noun• If it can If it can serve as the complete subjectserve as the complete subject of of

a sentencea sentence

the growing demand for energy

A A singular countable nounsingular countable noun is not a is not a noun phasenoun phase• Ex: Ex: TableTable usually have four legs. usually have four legs.

• Fixed:Fixed: A tableA table usually have four legs. usually have four legs.

Cannot function as the subject of a sentence

句子中的其他 object 都是用來描述主題 (Subject),單單只有 table 無法成為主題

造句練習造句練習 When (Subject) say(s) that When (Subject) say(s) that 子句子句 , (Pronoun) mean that , (Pronoun) mean that 子句子句 .. Ex:Ex:

• When readers say that When readers say that the sentences are not easy to readthe sentences are not easy to read, they mean that , they mean that the individual the individual sentences are hard to read.sentences are hard to read.

當要表達更多的意思時當要表達更多的意思時 , , 如何加入更多的子句 如何加入更多的子句 ??• 在子句前面加入在子句前面加入 , , one or more following: (1) one or more following: (1) thatthat 子句 子句 and/or and/or (2) (2) thatthat 子句子句

• Ex: When readers say that the sentences are not easy to read, they means Ex: When readers say that the sentences are not easy to read, they means one or both foone or both following:llowing: (1) that(1) that the sentences are hard to understand the sentences are hard to understand and/or (2) thatand/or (2) that the sentences are the sentences are not clear connections.not clear connections.

• 修飾一下 修飾一下 (( 加入更多的 加入更多的 noun phrasenoun phrase 描述情況描述情況 , , 加入發生地點 加入發生地點 from)from) When readers say that the sentences are not easy to read or “not readable” or not “flow,” theWhen readers say that the sentences are not easy to read or “not readable” or not “flow,” the

y usually means one or both following: (1) that the sentences are hard to understand and/or (2) thy usually means one or both following: (1) that the sentences are hard to understand and/or (2) that the serial of sentences at the serial of sentences do not have clear connectionsdo not have clear connections from sentence to sentence. from sentence to sentence.

Optimal Ordering of Noun PhrasesOptimal Ordering of Noun Phrases

Put Given Information before New Put Given Information before New InformationInformation

How to recognize given informationHow to recognize given information• repeating the repeating the full formfull form of a noun phrase of a noun phrase• repeating a repeating a shortenedshortened form form• repeating with repeating with a pronouna pronoun• repeating with a repeating with a synonymous nounsynonymous noun phrase phrase• repeating with anrepeating with an associated associated noun phrase noun phrase

造句練習造句練習 If you are going to put given information in a sIf you are going to put given information in a s

entence, then you need to recognize given infoentence, then you need to recognize given information when it occurs.rmation when it occurs.

如何加入更多的資訊 如何加入更多的資訊 If you are going to put given information in a sentencIf you are going to put given information in a sentenc

e, then you need e, then you need be able tobe able to recognize given inform recognize given information when it occursation when it occurs, that is,, that is, to recognize many diffto recognize many different ways that given information can appearerent ways that given information can appear, , to to recognize many different ways that information carecognize many different ways that information can be repeated.n be repeated.

利用 利用 that isthat is 加入 同義的資訊加入 同義的資訊

1

2

造句練習造句練習 There are three ways: noun phrase; There are three ways: noun phrase;

noun phrase (such as …); and noun noun phrase (such as …); and noun phrase.phrase.

of noun phraseof noun phrase

Full-Form Noun Phrase RepetitionFull-Form Noun Phrase Repetition

When a referred confusion occurs, When a referred confusion occurs, writer need be able to writer need be able to clarify clarify meaningmeaning or to establish or to establish special special emphasisemphasis

The flue damper should be tired with the inlet damper. The flue damper will open automatically in the event of any failure.

知識庫 替換 名詞 should be tired with 名詞

在什麼情況下會自動開啟

of the fans located at the exit side of the electrostatic precipitators.

補充說明關鍵性的規格補充說明關鍵性的規格 (( 讓 讓 readerreader 瞭解為何要換瞭解為何要換 ))

in the electrostatic precipitator system.

補充說明 補充說明 failure failure 的發生地點的發生地點

Short-Form RepetitionShort-Form Repetition

Using an Using an AcronymAcronym• is a word form from the first letter(s) of each is a word form from the first letter(s) of each

word in a nameword in a name

Using Increasing Using Increasing CompressionCompressionSuch as COMP for Such as COMP for CCommittee ommittee oon n MManagement anagement PPracticesractices

Word 是由 letter 所組成的

the increased radiation dosage that would be experienced at sea levelthe radiation dosage experienced at sea levelthe radiation dose at sea levelSea-level radiation

這個子句 introduce 前面的 phrase noun

只留下 compound noun 中 , 最右邊重要的 main noun

It versus ThisIt versus This

The repeated unit is the The repeated unit is the whole ideawhole idea of a sentence or clause of a sentence or clause thisthis

On the other hand, On the other hand, itit is used to is used to repeat repeat a single nouna single noun or or noun noun phrasephrase

Computers can solve problems at the rate of 100,000,000 steps per second. This is one reason why they have so popular.

the whole idea

I was assigned to evaluate the proposed analysis techniques and to compare it to Other potential techniques.