MAINSTREAMING

Discourse CommunitiesEven though each DC has its own entity, they

interact together for multiple issue

Some DC share same factors from the six characteristics discussed by Swale

• Law (Labor)• Law (Family)• Sociology • Public Relations

Law (Labor)

Where To Look?• Law books• Old court cases• Legal documentations

Administrations• Board members– Teachers– Principles

• What would benefit all students?

• What about the new rules and regulations?

• What would we have to do?• Will it fit in our budgets?

Handicapped Children Act• November 29 1975• Signed by President Ford• Beginning of

mainstreaming• Required the government

to provide ample funding for all handicapped children from age 3 to 21 in order for them to receive a free education

No Child Left Behind Act• Need to maintain a

certain standard – Lose jobs– Close schools

• Special qualification– Six year undergraduate

program– Income

IDEA 2004- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act- all children ages 3-21 regardless of severity of

disabilities must be given free and appropriate education.

The act states this includes “nondiscriminatory evaluation; appropriate individualized programs that meet specific needs; least restrictive environment;

due process; and parent participation and collaboration.”

This is where the lexis aspect comes into play. what exactly do these terms mean? Interpretation is key.

What is a non-restrictive environment? One of other special needs students or one with all students? How

do we meet special needs without discriminating?

• IDEA mandates that rights for special needs students and allows attorney fees for families who claim these rights.

• Child Find obligates schools to indentify students with special needs and with permission of parents provide them with special treatments.

Some Parents argue for inclusion of special needs students in common classrooms with other students. Lawyers pro mainstream champion the the positive effects on students learning as well-as self esteem. Those who are critical of the idea cite problems arising when disabled students create behavior problems and become a burden on teachers without special training.

• Hartmann and Hartmann vs. Loudoun County Board of Education.– This case found that inclusion would not be required

if…• “a student with disabilities will not receive educational

benefit from the placement in the general education classroom”

• “any marginal benefit from mainstreaming would be significantly outweighed by benefits that could feasibly be obtained only in a separate instructional setting”

• “the child is a disruptive force in the general education classroom.”

Sociologist and MainstreamNormal Children

• Have no physical disability• Develop a the right stage:

Setting up by 6month

Walking by 1 years old

Potted trained by 3 years

Starting school by 5 years

Children with Disability

• Have physical disability• Can’t set up because of physical

disability• Can’t walk because no legs to walk

or have muscle disorder• Can’t start tradition school because

this disability

Sociologist and Mainstream

• “Sociologist fill he children are worthy of study because the in the own rights, independent of the perspective.”

• “Children are and must bee seen as active in the construction and determination of their own social lives, the lives of those around them and societies in they live.

• Children are not just the passive subjects social structures and processes

Sociologist and Mainstream

• “ Childhood has for a long time be consider as stage of development on the way to adulthood . (Corsaro (2005, p.23) calls this the “ Linear view it is assumed the child must pass trough a preparatory period in childhood before he or she can develop into a socially competent adult.

Sociologist and Mainstream

• “This perspective turn out to be even more interpellant once we are focusing on the sector of special education and children who haves special needs. As these children are already considered to be below normal development mental or physical term, their achievement of “normal adulthood” is very unlikely. Ti seems as I their silence is even “louder” than those children not have special needs.

Public Relations

•Ethics•Research •and Tactics

Ethics

Many PR practitioners follow the Public Relations Society of America's code of ethics.

Advocacy Honesty Independence

Research

Secondary versus primary Journal of Intellectual Disability Research:

Effects of inclusion on the academic achievement and adaptive behavior of children with intellectual disabilities

Tactics

Controlled versus uncontrolled media

Uncontrolled - Los Angeles Times: Mainstreaming Disabled Kids Isn't Cheap

Controlled – Sponsored advertisements