Main Steam at SHO Hot Reheat Steam at RHO Tehsil of Raigarh district in the North of Jharadih Railway station. Land from the villages Sarwani, Suti, Ulda, Patrapali & Tiur, without

Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed 1320 MW Super Critical Coal Based Thermal Power Plant at Kukurda in Raigarh Tehsil and District in Chhattisgarh State

Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives for Technology and Project Site

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-1

5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES FOR TECHNOLOGY AND PROJECT SITE

5.1 Analysis of Alternative Technology

The selection of the proper steam generator technology is a critical step in the

basic design of a new power project. The fuel to be fired and the steam cycle to

be adopted dictates the type of steam generator needed to satisfy the

requirements of the project.

5.1.1 Alternatives for Boiler Technology

In India, most large coal fired Power Plants up to unit sizes of 500 MW are so far

designed with sub critical steam parameters. Considering the increasing costs of

equipment, fuel and stringent environmental regulations, higher unit sizes with

super critical steam parameters were under consideration for upcoming power

projects. Currently, a few projects of unit size 600 / 660 MW with super critical

steam parameters are already under execution. Unit sizes of 600/660 MW

upwards are under consideration for the new projects, including the Ultra Mega

Power Projects by Government of India. Keeping this trend in view, the proposed

power plant will be based on Super Critical Once Though Technology and have

super critical steam parameters to achieve higher efficiency and less pollution,

compared to conventional sub-critical systems. The unit size will be 660 MW.

The expected boiler steam parameters are given in Table-5.1.

TABLE-5.1

BOILER STEAM PARAMETERS

Parameters Value

Main Steam at SHO

Pressure, bar 250

Temperature, °C 567

Hot Reheat Steam at RHO

Temperature, °C 594

With higher steam parameters, although the investment cost goes up on account

of increase in the cost of power equipment, the incremental investment cost is

recovered fairly quickly on account of higher plant efficiency. Secondary benefits

of higher steam cycle parameters are reduction in the capacities of auxiliary

systems such as water system, coal and ash handling, thus etc. The other major

advantage is reduction in emissions (PM, C02, SO2, NOx) from Boilers on account

of burning of less quantity of coal.

Further, with once through technology envisaged for the boilers, there will be no

boiler blow down and hence make up DM water requirement will be less. Thus

consumptive raw water requirement for the plant will be comparatively lower.

For easy to burn fuels, such as bituminous coals - Suspension firing of the

pulverized fuel in horizontal, wall-mounted burners is the configuration of choice.

For low volatile, low reactivity fuels, such as anthracite and petroleum cokes, the

down-fired arch furnace is the choice adopted world-wide.




Another option for difficult fuels, as well as for waste fuels, which cannot be

properly burned with suspension firing, is the circulating fluidized bed (CFB)

boiler. Also the flywheel of circulating solids in the CFB boiler allows a wide range

of fuels to be fired in the same unit.

In the proposed project, coal will be the main fuel. Hence, pulverized super

critical boilers are considered.

5.1.2 Alternatives for Boiler Parameters

Two options, sub-critical and supercritical parameters were examined related to

power generation of thermal power plants.

Super critical Boilers have high steam parameters and higher efficiency. The

major benefit of adopting higher steam cycle is reduction in emissions of SPM,

CO2, SO2, and NOx.

Hence, super critical parameters are considered for the proposed boiler

configuration.

5.2 Analysis of Alternative Sites for Location of Power Plant

The present scenario regarding the two major inputs viz. Coal & Water and

regarding power evacuation is elaborated hereunder:

Coal

Coal is available in plenty (almost one fifth of the nation’s deposits) in the state of

Chhattisgarh and also in Ib Valley areas of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. (MCL) in

Orissa (bordering Chhattisgarh State) where huge reserves are also available.

The major and most important input for the operation of a thermal power plant is

coal. Its assured & continuous supply is very essential for smooth operation of the

Power Plant. The requirement of coal with average GCV of 3500 kcal/Kg (which is

amply available in the state & in the neighboring state of Orissa), comes to about

6.94 million Tonnes per Year i.e. about 19200 Tonnes per day for the proposed

1320 MW Power Plant. Keeping in view this aspect, obviously setting up of such a

large sized (1320 MW) Power Plant nearest to the coal block will be the most

economical provided we are able to meet the other essential requirements of

water, power evacuation, availability of sufficient suitable land and environmental

issues

In Chhattisgarh, the main coal reserves are in Hasdeo-Arand and Mand-Raigarh

coalfields, both in and around Raigarh district of the State. The company has

applied for Long Term Coal Linkage (LTCL) for this project with the Ministry of

Coal, Government of India but no indication about the location of the possible

linked mine has so far been available. Considering above, it was felt imperative

that the project be located near the main rail system passing through the Raigarh

district.




Water

Sufficient and continuous availability of water is necessary for the smooth

operation of a thermal power plant. There have been a few instances of improper

planning in this regard, which have resulted in keeping the installed plants under

partial shutdown due to insufficient availability of water during the lean periods.

It is, therefore, of utmost importance that the water be sourced from a perennial

river with sufficient discharge, along with sufficient storage at site for the plant.

At present Mahanadi is the only river in the state from which sufficient water

could be available to meet the requirement of about 35 MCM per annum, hence

while comparing the shortlisted sites, only Mahanadi has been considered as a

source of water for the power plant.

For ensuring continuous supply of water during lean period, the State

Government has proposed to construct a number of anicuts along the Mahanadi

river to create sufficient storage of water for about 2-3 months’ requirement for

the various projects from their respective anicuts. This project has been allocated

water from the Kalma anicut (being upgraded to a barrage) proposed near just

downstream of confluence of Mand river, district Janjgir-Champa. This has to be

kept in mind while selecting the site for the project.

Power connectivity and its evaluation

Chhattisgarh would be surplus power state within 2-3 years, keeping in view of

the State’s own upcoming power projects being more than 3000 MW capacity.

Hence, it is expected that for the new private projects coming up in the State,

end-users would be other states, where prolonged and huge shortage of power is

anticipated, like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab etc. Therefore,

power evacuation through only PGCIL grid (instead of state’s grid) is considered

for its connectivity to avoid any charges against wheeling, losses etc for using the

state grid. State’s share of power (as per MOU) could also be wheeled through

PGCIL’s grid.

Therefore, while identifying the sites, this aspect has also been taken care of to

see that power evacuation should as far as possible be economical as well as with

minimum hurdles.

PGCIL has conducted studies taking into consideration various IPPs coming up in

the state of Chhattisgarh, particularly in the area, covering Raigarh, Janjgir-

Champa and Korba districts. Accordingly, PGCIL proposed 3 Nos. 1200/765/400

kV pooling stations in the area of Dharamjaigarh, Raigarh & Champa. But

afterwards looking to the Right of Way problems, especially in the aforesaid area,

PGCIL has revised the earlier proposal and now proposed a master plan having

total 6 Nos. pooling stations of 765/400 kV vide their circular dated 15th May

2009 are presented in Table-5.2.




TABLE-5.2

DETAILS OF TRANSMISSION LINES

Sr. No. District Transmission Lines Capacity

1 Dharamjaigarh Area No. 765/400 kV

2 Raigarh District near Terrum

near Tamnar

near Kotra

3 Janjgir Champa Dist near Janjgir

near Korba

In the present master plan, PGCIL has grouped number of IPPs together, based

on their locations and capacity; so that erection of EHV lines are minimised. The

aforesaid Sub pooling stations are indicative and the exact locations shall be

firmed-up by PGCIL depending upon number of IPPs materialise in the Phase-I ,

which are expected to come-up at early stage.

In case of JSWEL the plan site has been identified, keeping in view also the

tentative location of pooling station of PGCIL at Raigarh (Kotra), so that EHV line

may not be required to lay for the longer distance; though laying of EHV line for

evacuation of power is one time expenditure on account of negligible operational

cost towards maintenance & transmission losses, but the practical problems which

are usually faced for ‘right of way’ for laying EHV tower cannot be ignored,

particularly when a lot of EHV networks are required to be laid for evacuation of

the power from various up-coming power projects (including state owned

companies) having a total capacity of minimum 10000 – 12000 MW in Raigarh

district only.

Selection of site for any large Coal Based Thermal Power Project is the most

important aspect for its successful operation and economic viability.

Following Criteria in order of importance have to be kept in mind while selecting

the site:

• That no existing or proposed National Park, wildlife sanctuaries animal

migration routes / corridors, tiger or elephant reserves lie within 10 Km of the

selected site.

• Terrain of the selected land should be as far as possible, flat so that

involvement of land cutting and filling is minimum possible.

• Barren land, land with minimum trees, land without any irrigation facility is

preferable.

• That the selected site is at least 500 M. (0.5 Km) away from railway lines,

national / state highways, highest level of nearby rivers, etc.

• That there is no other major industry in the immediate vicinity, the permitted

minimum pollution levels of which could add up with those of the proposed

power plant.

• For the major inputs of coal, water and for evacuation of power, it is required

to




The details of alternative sites assessed for consideration of proposed power plant

is presented in Table-5.3.

TABLE-5.3

DETAILS OF ALTERNATIVE SITES

Sr.

No

Parameters Location-1

(Near Village

Sarvani)

Locatation-2

(Near village

Kukurda)

Location-3

(Near Devgarh)

1 Location and Land

availability:

This site is

located around

coordinates 220

03’ 00” N and

83 0 03’ 09” E in

Kharsia Tehsil

of Raigarh

district in the

North of

Jharadih

Railway station.

Land from the

villages

Sarwani, Suti,

Ulda, Patrapali

& Tiur, without

touching any of

the residential

areas is

sufficient

(around 1000

acres) for the

requirement of

the Power Plant

This site is

located around

coordinates 210

50.5’ N and 830

31.5’ E in

Raigarh Tehsil

of Raigarh

district to the

east of Raigarh

town near the

Orissa border.

Sufficient land

of 792 acres is

available as per

the

requirement,

but in patches.

This village is

situated on tarred

road from

Gharghoda to

Tamnar. The site

is located about 4

kms south-east

of Ghargoda town

around

coordinates 22o

09’ N & 83o23’ E.

Sufficient land

(about 1200

acres) is available

as per the

requirement.

2 Accessibility by Road

and Rail:

This area is

connected to

Sakti and

Kharsia towns

by a well

maintained tar

road (under

P.M.G.S.Y.). It

is also

accessible from

the National

Highway (NH

200) linking

Raigarh with

Sakti / Champa

from the north

through a 1 km

long metalled

village road.

The Jharadih

Railway Station,

which is about

3.5 km from the

It is about 15

km by road

from Raigarh.

Road from

Raigarh is being

newly

constructed as a

wide tarred

major district

road. Nearest

railway station

is Jamga about

5 km away

It is about 35 km

by road from

Raigarh. Road

from Raigarh is

tarred and well

maintained.

Nearest Railway

Station is also

Raigarh




Sr.

No


(Near Village

Sarvani)

Locatation-2

(Near village

Kukurda)

Location-3

(Near Devgarh)

site is about 14

km from Sakti

railway station

and 10 km from

Kharsia.

3 Availability of Coal and

its Transportation

Logistics

For bringing

Coal, a private

siding

emanating from

the Jharadih

Railway station

is proposed.

Therefore, for

having railway

connectivity a

dedicated

railway line will

have to be laid

for about 4.0

km only.

For bringing

Coal, a siding

emanating from

Jamga Railway

station will be

required. This is

the nearest

railway station

which is at a

distance of

about 5 km

from the site.

Therefore, for

having railway

connectivity a

dedicated

railway line will

have to be laid

for about 5 km.

For transportation

of coal from

Mahanadi

coalfields linkage,

a dedicated

Railway line will

have to be laid

for about 40 km

availing of a

siding emanating

from Kotarlia

Railway Station,

east of Raigarh.

And in case

linkage is

allocated from

Mand-Raigarh

coalfields, a 25

km line may be

required for

establishing an

MGR. The route

from Kotarlia to

the proposed site

has to pass

through hilly

terrain, reserve

forest having

possible animal

trails, rivulets,

etc. Completion

of this rail track

in time with the

commissioning

schedule of the

power plant can

not, therefore, be

assured

4 Availability of water and

its conveyance

Mahanadi is

about 50 km

south-east of

this site and a

single pipe line

of ~1100 mm

dia is proposed

to be laid for

drawing of

water from the

river. Provision

The water take-

off point on the

river Mahanadi

is about 48 km

south-west of

this site and a

single pipe line

of ~1000mm

dia will be

required to be

laid for drawing

This site is about

65 km from

Mahanadi river.

As such water will

be pumped by an

underground

pipeline of 1100

mm dia




Sr.

No


(Near Village

Sarvani)

Locatation-2

(Near village

Kukurda)

Location-3

(Near Devgarh)

of constructing

an anicut for

storage of water

for use during

lean period will

be made at a

suitable location

on Mahanadi by

the Water

Resources

Department.

of water from

the river

5 Land type and

Rehabilitation Issues:

Most of the land

is single crop

agricultural with

some barren

lands in

between. There

are only 5 nos.

hutments, that

too on the

revenue land in

the selected

area and hence

minimum

resettlement

will be needed

The land is

almost fully a

single crop

area. There is

hardly any

habitation in the

selected area

and as such

only 3-4

families may

have to be

resettled.

Most of the land

(90%) is single

crop and the

balance is barren

in patches. There

is a hamlet of

about 12 families

which will be

required to be

rehabilitated

6 Power Evacuation: Proposed EHV

pool sub –

station of PGCIL

at Kotra near

Raigarh would

be about 35 km

away. One

DCDS 400kv

line is proposed

to be laid for

Power

evacuation

Suggested EHV

pool sub –

station at Kotra

near Raigarh

would be about

24 km away

The suggested

location near

Dharamjaygarh,

for a pooled

substation would

be about 45 km

from the site.

Other details are

given under the

item headed

Major Inputs and

Power Evacuation

7 Environmental

Considerations:

- There are no

wildlife

sanctuaries,

National Parks,

Tiger / Elephant

reserves /

corridors etc

within 10 km

radius of the

site. The site is

also free from

reserved /

protected

forest.

The proposed

routes for the

This site is short

listed due to its

being nearest to

the Orissa

border from

where part of

the coal for the

power project

would be

sourced. The

selected site is

fairly plain

terrain and has

single crop

cultivation. It is

devoid of any

This site being

very near to

Mand-Raigarh

coalfield area is

also short listed.

This also fulfills

the essential

criteria in respect

of environmental

issues like being

located beyond

10 km from

wildlife

sanctuaries,

National Parks,

Tiger / Elephant




Sr.

No


(Near Village

Sarvani)

Locatation-2

(Near village

Kukurda)

Location-3

(Near Devgarh)

dedicated

railway line,

underground

pipeline and the

transmission

line will also not

pass through

any wildlife

sanctuaries,

National Parks,

Tiger / Elephant

corridors etc

reserved or

protected forest

and away from

wildlife

sanctuaries,

National Parks

and Tiger /

Elephant

reserves /

corridors, etc

corridors etc

Though there is

no reserve /

protected forest

nearby the site,

the routes

required for the

connectivity for

laying dedicated

railway line, U/G

water pipe line

and also EHT

power line would

involve the forest

area substantially

• Selection of the Site

After evaluation, site at Kukurda, Tehsil & Disrict Raigarh, having major

favorable features along with good environmental features has been identified for

the proposed project.

The Kukurda site has the following advantages:

• The land is away from reserve forests, wildlife sanctuary, elephant corridor,

river or major water bodies, highways, etc, as per required norms.

• Majority of the land is single crop non-irrigated and mostly devoid of large

trees.

• No large scale displacement of people involved.

• The proposed site is only 4 km from the main BG rail system, Transportation

of coal by rail would involve laying of only 5.0 km of rail siding on level land.

• The proposed site is easily accessible through a motorable road and is very

near to National Highway (NH 200).

• The Power evacuation at 400 kV level to nearby sub-station at about 24km

away.

The alternative sites considered for the proposed power plant are shown in

Figure-5.1.




FIGURE-5.1

ALTERNATIVE SITES CONSIDERED FOR THE PROPOSED POWER PLANT

Site-I

Sarwani

Site-III Devgarh

Site-II

Kukurda


Chapter-6 Environmental Monitoring Program


6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

6.1 Introduction

Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to

assess the status of environment during project operation. With the knowledge of

baseline conditions, the monitoring programme will serve as an indicator for any

deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the project, to enable

taking up suitable mitigatory steps in time to safeguard the environment.

Monitoring is as important as that of control of pollution since the efficiency of

control measures can only be determined by monitoring.

Usually, as in the case of the study, an Impact Assessment study is carried over

short period of time and the data cannot bring out all variations induced by the

natural or human activities. Therefore, regular monitoring programme of the

environmental parameters is essential to take into account the changes in the

environmental quality.

6.2 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure

Monitoring shall confirm that commitments are being met. This may take the

form of direct measurement and recording of quantitative information, such as

amounts and concentrations of discharges, emissions and wastes, for

measurement against corporate or statutory standards, consent limits or targets.

It may also require measurement of ambient environmental quality in the vicinity

of a site using ecological/biological, physical and chemical indicators. Monitoring

may include socio-economic interaction, through local liaison activities or even

assessment of complaints.

6.2.1 Objectives of Monitoring

The objectives of environmental post-project monitoring are to:

• Verify effectiveness of planning decisions;

• Measure effectiveness of operational procedures;

• Confirm statutory and corporate compliance; and

• Identify unexpected changes.

6.3 Monitoring Schedule

Environmental monitoring schedules are prepared covering various phases of

project advancement, such as constructional phase and regular operational phase.

6.3.1 Monitoring Schedule during Constructional Phase

The proposed power project envisages setting up of boilers, turbines and cooling

towers, establishment of storage facilities for coal and ash. The construction

activities require clearing of vegetation, mobilisation of construction material and

equipment. The construction activities are expected to last for over three years.




The generic environmental measures that need to be undertaken during project

construction stage are given in Table-6.1.

TABLE-6.1

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING PROJECT CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Sr.

No.

Potential

Impact

Action to be Followed Parameters for

Monitoring

Frequency of

Monitoring

1 Air Emissions All equipments are operated within specified design parameters.

Random checks of equipment logs/ manuals

Periodic

Vehicle trips to be minimized to the extent possible

Vehicle logs Periodic during site clearance & construction activities

Maintenance of DG set emissions to meet stipulated standards

Gaseous emissions (SO2, HC, CO, NOx)

Periodic emission monitoring

Ambient air quality within the premises of the proposed unit to be monitored.

The ambient air quality will conform to the standards for SPM, RPM,SO2, NOx,

and CO

As per CPCB/ SPCB requirement or on monthly

basis whichever is earlier

2 Noise List of all noise generating machinery onsite along with age to be prepared. Equipment to be maintained in good working order.

Equipment logs, noise reading

Regular during construction activities

Night working is to be minimized.

Working hour records Daily records

Generation of vehicular noise

Maintenance of records of vehicles

Daily records

Noise to be monitored in ambient air within the

plant premises.

Spot Noise recording As per CPCB/SPCB

requirement or on quarterly basis whichever is earlier

3 Wastewater Discharge

No untreated discharge to be made to surface water, groundwater or soil.

No discharge hoses shall be in vicinity of watercourses.

Periodic during construction activities

4 Soil Erosion Protect topsoil stockpile where possible at edge of site.

Effective cover in place.


5 Drainage and effluent Management

Ensure drainage system and specific design measures are working effectively. The design to incorporate

existing drainage pattern and avoid disturbing the same.

Visual inspection of drainage and records thereof


6 Waste Implement waste Comprehensive Waste Periodic check




Sr. No.

Potential Impact

Action to be Followed Parameters for Monitoring

Frequency of Monitoring

Management management plan that identifies and characterizes every waste arising associated with proposed activities and which identifies the procedures for collection, handling & disposal of

each waste arising.

Management Plan should be in place and available for inspection on-site. Compliance with MSW Rules, 1998 and Hazardous Wastes

(Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008

during construction activities

7 Non-routine events and accidental releases

Plan to be drawn up, considering likely emergencies and steps required to prevent/limit

consequences.

Mock drills and records of the same


8 Health Employees and migrant labour health check ups

All relevant parameters including HIV

Regular check ups

9 Environmental Management Cell/ Unit

The Environmental Management Cell/Unit is to be set up to ensure implementation and

monitoring of environmental safeguards.

Responsibilities and roles will be decided before the commencement of

work.

During construction phase

10 Loss of flora and fauna

Re-vegetation as per Forest guidelines

No. of plants, species During site clearance phase

6.3.2 Monitoring Schedule during Operational Phase

During operational stage, continuous air emissions from power boilers,

wastewater, non-hazardous waste such as ash, and hazardous used oily wastes

are expected.

The following attributes which merit regular monitoring based on the

environmental setting and nature of project activities are listed below:

• Source emissions and ambient air quality;

• Groundwater Levels and ground water quality;

• Water and wastewater quality (water quality, effluent & sewage quality etc);

• Solid and hazardous waste characterisation (fly ash, bottom ash, oily wastes,

ETP sludge, used and waste oil);

• Soil quality;

• Noise levels (equipment and machinery noise levels, occupational exposures

and ambient noise levels); and

• Ecological preservation and afforestation.

The following routine monitoring programme as detailed in Table-6.2 shall be

implemented at site. Besides to this monitoring, the compliances to all

environmental clearance conditions and regular permits from SPCB/MoEF shall be

monitored and reported periodically.




TABLE-6.2

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE

Sr. No.

Potential Impact



1 Air Emissions Stack emissions from power boilers to be optimized and monitored

Gaseous emissions (SPM, SO2, CO, NOx and Hg)

Continuous monitoring using on-line equipment during operation phase

Stack emissions from DG set to be optimized and

monitored

Gaseous emissions (SO2, HC, CO,

NOx)

Periodic during operation phase

Ambient air quality within the premises of the proposed unit and nearby habitations to be monitored. Exhaust from vehicles to be minimized by use of fuel efficient vehicles and well

maintained vehicles having PUC certificate.

SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx, CO and HC. Vehicle logs to be maintained

As per CPCB/ SPCB requirement or on weakly basis whichever is earlier

Measuring onsite data of Meteorology

Wind speed, direction, temp., relative humidity and rainfall.

Continuous monitoring using on-line weather station during operation phase

Vehicle trips to be

minimized to the extent possible

Vehicle logs Daily records

2 Noise Noise generated from operation of power boilers/cooing towers to be optimized and monitored Noise generated from operation of DG set to be optimized and monitored

DG sets to generate less than 75 dB(A) Leq at 1-m from the source DG sets are to be provided at basement with acoustic enclosures

Spot Noise Level recording; Leq(night), Leq(day), Leq(dn)


Generation of vehicular noise

Maintain records of vehicles


3 Wastewater Discharge

No untreated discharge to be made to surface water, groundwater or soil.

Regular check ups Periodic during operation phase

Take care in disposal of wastewater generated such that soil and groundwater resources are protected

Discharge norms for effluents


Compliance of wastewater discharge to standards

pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD & Temperature

Once in a week during operation phase




Sr. No.

Potential Impact



Compliance of treated sewage to standards

Comprehensive as per GSR 422(E)

Once in a season

4 Drainage and effluent Management

Ensure drainage system and specific design measures are working effectively.

Design to incorporate existing drainage pattern and avoid disturbing the same.

Visual inspection of drainage and records thereof


5 Water Quality and Water Levels

Monitoring used water quality, groundwater quality around ash pond and ground water levels

Comprehensive monitoring as per IS:10500 Groundwater level

in meters bgl


River water quality downstream to discharge

As per IS:2296

Once in a week

6 Work zone air contamination

Contaminants such as VOCs to be reduced by providing adequate ventilation

Monitoring of indoor air contaminants such as CO, CO2 and VOCs.

As per CPCB/ SPCB requirement

7 Emergency preparedness, such as fire fighting

Fire protection and safety measures to take care of fire and explosion hazards, to be assessed and steps taken for their prevention.

Mock drill records, on site emergency plan, evacuation plan


8 Maintenance of flora and fauna

Vegetation, greenbelt / green cover development

No. of plants, species


9 Waste Management

Implement waste management plan that identifies and characterizes every waste arising associated with proposed activities and which identifies the procedures for collection, handling & disposal of each waste arising.

Records of solid waste generation, treatment and disposal


10 Soil quality Maintenance of good soil quality

Physico-chemical parameters and metals.

Periodical monitoring at ash pond site

11 Health Employees and migrant labour health check ups

All relevant parameters including HIV

Regular check ups

6.4 Monitoring Methods and Data Analysis of Environmental Monitoring

All environmental monitoring and relevant operational data will be stored in a

relational database and should be able to link to GIS system. This will enable

efficient retrieval and storage and interpretation of the data. Regular data

extracts and interpretive reports will be sent to the regulator.




6.4.1 Air Quality Monitoring and Data Analysis

6.4.1.1 Stack Monitoring

The emissions from all the stacks shall be monitored regularly. The exit gas

temperature, velocity and pollutant concentrations shall be measured. Any

unacceptable deviation from the design values shall be thoroughly examined and

appropriate action shall be taken. Air blowers shall be checked for any drop in exit

gas velocity.

6.4.1.2 Workspace Monitoring

The concentration of air borne pollutants in the workspace/work zone environment

shall be monitored periodically. If concentrations higher than threshold limit values

are observed, the source of fugitive emissions shall be identified and necessary

measures taken. Methane and non-methane hydrocarbons shall be monitored in

oil storage area once in a season. If the levels are high suitable measures as

detailed in EMP shall be initiated.

6.4.1.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

The ground level concentrations of SPM, SO2 and NOX in the ambient air shall be

monitored at regular intervals. Any abnormal rise shall be investigated to identify

the causes and appropriate action shall be initiated. Greenbelt shall be developed

for minimising dust propagation. The ambient air quality data should be transferred

and processed in a centralised computer facility equipped with required software.

Trend and statistical analysis should be done. Ambient air quality monitoring

studies will be carried out as per recent amendment of November-2009 on NAAQM

and will be strictly followed.

6.4.2 Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring and Data Analysis

To ensure a strict control over the water consumption, flow meters shall be

installed for all major inlets. All leakages and excess shall be identified and

rectified. In addition, periodic water audits shall be conducted to explore further

possibilities for water conservation.

Methods prescribed in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and

Wastewater" prepared and published jointly by American Public Health

Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) is recommended.

6.4.2.1 Monitoring of Wastewater Streams

All the wastewater streams in the project area shall be regularly analysed for flow

rate and physical and chemical characteristics. Such analysis is carried out for

wastewater at the source of generation, at the point of entry into the wastewater

treatment plant and at the point of final discharge. These data shall be properly

documented and compared against the design values for any necessary corrective

action.




6.4.2.2 Monitoring of Groundwater

The monitoring of groundwater is the most important tool to test the efficiency of

ash pond performance. This is indispensable as it provides detection of the

presence of waste constituents in groundwater in case of leachate migration. In

this programme, water samples are taken at a predetermined interval and analysed

for specific pollutant expected to be in the leachate. For early detection of leachate

migration, if any, it is suggested to construct piezometers around the ash pond

site.

In addition to piezometers, monitoring wells should be installed to a depth of at

least 3-m below the maximum historic groundwater depth. Based on assumptions

and data about the characteristics of leachate to be generated, approximate

permeability of soils in the zone of aeration and direction and velocities of

groundwater flow, the maximum probable aerial extent of contaminant migration

can be estimated as a basis for establishing the position of monitoring wells.

A minimum of two ground monitoring wells should be typically installed at ash

disposal facility: one up-gradient well and one down-gradient well. It is suggested

to collect water samples and analyse. Records of analysis should be maintained.

6.4.3 Noise Levels

Noise levels in the work zone environment such as boiler house, cooling tower

area, DG house shall be monitored. The frequency shall be once in three months in

the work zone. Similarly, ambient noise levels near habitations shall also be

monitored once in three months. Audiometric tests should be conducted

periodically for the employees working close to the high noise sources.

6.5 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data

It is proposed that voluntary reporting of environmental performance with

reference to the EMP should be undertaken.

The environmental monitoring cell shall co-ordinate all monitoring programmes at

site and data thus generated shall be regularly furnished to the state regulatory

agencies.

The frequency of reporting shall be on six monthly basis to the local state pollution

control board officials and to Regional office of MoEF. The Environmental Audit

reports shall be prepared for the entire year of operations and shall be regularly

submitted to regulatory authorities.

6.6 Infrastructure for Monitoring of Environmental Protection Measures

A well-equipped laboratory with consumable items shall be provided for monitoring

of environmental parameters in the site. Alternatively, monitoring can be

outsourced to a recognized reputed laboratory.

The following equipment and consumable items shall be made available in the site

for environmental monitoring or alternatively the monitoring can be outsourced by

engaging a reputed authorised environmental laboratory.




Air Quality and Meteorology

High volume samplers, stack monitoring kit, personal dust sampler, central

weather monitoring station, spectrophotometer (visible range), single pan

balance, flame photometer, relevant chemicals as per IS:5182.

Water and Wastewater Quality

The sampling shall be done as per the standard procedures laid down by IS: 2488.

The equipments and consumables required are:

BOD incubator, COD reflex set-up, refrigerator, oven, stop watch, thermometer,

pH meter, distilled water plant, pipette box, titration set, dissolved oxygen

analyser, relevant chemicals.

Noise Levels

Noise monitoring shall be done utilising an integrating sound level meter to record

noise levels in different scales like A-weighting with slow and fast response options.


Chapter-7 Additional Studies


7.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 Public Consultation

JSWEL proposes to conduct public hearing through the Chhattisgarh Environment

conservation Board, Raipur. The public hearing notice will be published in 2

leading news papers one in English and one in vernacular language. The public

hearing will be conducted in line with the EIA notification dated 14th September

2006, as amended vide S.O. 3067 (E) dt. Dec 1, 2009.

7.1.1 Risk Assessment Studies

� Introduction

Hazard analysis involves the identification and quantification of the various

hazards (unsafe conditions) that exist in the proposed power plant operations. On

the other hand, risk analysis deals with the recognition and computation of risks,

the equipment in the plant and personnel are prone to, due to accidents resulting

from the hazards present in the plant.

Risk analysis follows an extensive hazard analysis. It involves the identification and

assessment of risks the neighboring populations are exposed to as a result of

hazards present. This requires a thorough knowledge of failure probability, credible

accident scenario, vulnerability of population etc. Much of this information is difficult

to get or generate. Consequently, the risk analysis is often confined to maximum

credible accident studies.

In the sections below, the identification of various hazards, probable risks in the

proposed power plant, maximum credible accident analysis, consequence analysis

are addressed which gives a broad identification of risks involved in the plant. The

Disaster Management Plan (DMP) has been presented.

7.2 Approach to the Study

Risk involves the occurrence or potential occurrence of some accidents consisting of

an event or sequence of events. The risk assessment study covers the following:

• Identification of potential hazard areas;

• Identification of representative failure cases;

• Visualization of the resulting scenarios in terms of fire (thermal radiation) and

explosion;

• Assess the overall damage potential of the identified hazardous events and the

impact zones from the accidental scenarios;

• Assess the overall suitability of the site from hazard minimization and disaster

mitigation point of view;

• Furnish specific recommendations on the minimization of the worst accident

possibilities; and

• Preparation of broad Disaster Management Plan (DMP), On-site and Off-site

Emergency Plan, which includes Occupational and Health Safety Plan.




7.3 Hazard Identification

Identification of hazards in the proposed power plant is of primary significance in the

analysis, quantification and cost effective control of accidents involving chemicals

and process. A classical definition of hazard states that hazard is in fact the

characteristic of system/plant/process that presents potential for an accident.

Hence, all the components of a system/plant/process need to be thoroughly

examined to assess their potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned

event/sequence of events, which can be termed as accident. The following two

methods for hazard identification have been employed in the study:

• Identification of major hazardous units based on Manufacture, Storage and

Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 of Government of India (GOI Rules,

1989); and

• Identification of hazardous units and segments of plants and storage units based

on relative ranking technique, viz. Fire-Explosion and Toxicity Index (FE&TI).

7.3.1 Classification of Major Hazardous Units

Hazardous substances may be classified into three main classes; namely flammable

substances, unstable substances and toxic substances. The ratings for a large

number of chemicals based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given

in NFPA Codes 49 and 345 M. The major hazardous materials to be stored,

transported, handled and utilized within the facility have been summarized in the

Table-7.1. The fuel storage details and properties are given in Table-7.2 and

Table-7.3 respectively.

TABLE-7.1

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PROPOSED TO BE STORED/TRANSPORTED

Materials Hazardous Properties

LDO UN 1203. Dangerous Goods class 3 – Flammable Liquid

HFO Dangerous Goods class 3 - Flammable Liquid

TABLE-7.2

CATEGORY WISE SCHEDULE OF STORAGE TANKS

Sr. No. Material No. of

Tanks

Design Capacity

(KL)

Classification

1 LDO 1 650 Non-dangerous Petroleum

2 HFO 2 1200 (each) Non-dangerous Petroleum

TABLE-7.3

PROPERTIES OF FUELS USED IN THE PLANT

Chemical Codes/Label TLV FBP MP FP UEL LEL

°c %

HFO Flammable 5 mg/m3 350 -26 66 6.0 0.5

LDO Flammable 5 mg/m3 400 - 98 7.5 0.6

TLV : Threshold Limit Value FBP : Final Boiling Point




MP : Melting Point FP : Flash Point

UEL : Upper Explosive Limit LEL : Lower Explosive Limit

7.3.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based on GOI Rules, 1989

Following accidents in the chemical industry in India over a few decades, a specific

legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Govt. of India in

1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred here as

GOI Rules 1989. For the purpose of identifying major hazard installations the rules

employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and explosive properties of

chemicals.

A systematic analysis of the fuels/chemicals and their quantities of storage has been

carried out, to determine threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules, 1989 and

the applicable rules are identified. Applicability of storage rules are summarized in

Table-7.4.

TABLE-7.4

APPLICABILITY OF GOI RULES TO FUEL/CHEMICAL STORAGE

Sr. No.

Chemical/ Fuel

Listed in Schedule

Total Quantity (KL)

Threshold Quantity (T) for Application of Rules

5,7-9,13-15 10-12

1 LDO 3(1) 1X650 25 MT 200 MT

2 HFO 3 (1) 2X1200 25 MT 200 MT

7.4 Hazard Assessment and Evaluation

7.4.1 Methodology

An assessment of the conceptual design is conducted for the purpose of identifying

and examining hazards related to feed stock materials, major process components,

utility and support systems, environmental factors, proposed operations, facilities,

and safeguards.

7.4.2 Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

A preliminary hazard analysis is carried out initially to identify the major hazards

associated with storages and the processes of the plant. This is followed by

consequence analysis to quantify these hazards. Finally, the vulnerable zones are

plotted for which risk reducing measures are deduced and implemented. Preliminary

hazard analysis for fuel storage area and whole plant is given in Table-7.5 and

Table-7.6.

TABLE-7.5

PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR STORAGE AREAS

Unit Capacity (KL) Hazard Identified

LDO 1X650 Fire/Explosion

HFO 2X1200 Fire/Explosion

TABLE-7.6

PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR THE WHOLE PLANT IN GENERAL




PHA

Category Description of

Plausible Hazard

Recommendation Provision

Environ-

mental

factors

If there is any

leakage and

eventuality of

source of

ignition.

-- All electrical fittings and

cables are provided as per

the specified standards.

All motor starters are

flame proof.

Environ-

mental

factors

Highly

inflammable

nature of the

liquid fuels may

cause fire hazard

in the storage

facility.

A well designed fire

protection including

foam, dry powder, and

CO2 extinguisher should

be provided.

Fire extinguisher of small

size and big size are

provided at all potential

fire hazard places. In

addition to the above, fire

hydrant network is also

provided.

7.4.3 Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index (FE&TI) Approach

Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Indexing (FE & TI) is a rapid ranking method for

identifying the degree of hazard. The application of FE & TI would help to make a

quick assessment of the nature and quantification of the hazard in these areas.

However, this does not provide precise information.

The degree of hazard potential is identified based on the numerical value of F&EI as

per the criteria given below:

Sr. No. F&EI Range Degree of Hazard

1 0-60 Light

2 61-96 Moderate

3 97-127 Intermediate

4 128-158 Heavy

5 159 and above Severe

By comparing the indices F&EI and TI, the unit in question is classified into one of

the following three categories established for the purpose (Table-7.7).

TABLE-7.7

FIRE EXPLOSION AND TOXICITY INDEX

Category Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) Toxicity Index (TI)

I F&EI < 65 TI < 6

II 65 < or = F&EI < 95 6 < or = TI < 10

III F&EI > or = 95 TI > or = 10

Certain basic minimum preventive and protective measures are recommended for

the three hazard categories.

7.4.3.1 Results of FE and TI for Storage/Process Units




Based on the GOI Rules 1989, the hazardous fuels used by the proposed power

plant were identified. Fire and Explosion are the likely hazards, which may occur due

to the fuel storage. Hence, Fire and Explosion index has been calculated for in plant

storage. Estimates of FE&TI are given in Table-7.8.

TABLE-7.8

FIRE EXPLOSION AND TOXICITY INDEX

Sr. No. Chemical/

Fuel Total Capacity

(KL) F&EI Category TI Category

1 LDO 1X650 2.6 Light Nil -

2 HFO 2X1200 4.1 Light Nil -

7.4.4 Conclusion

Results of FE&TI analysis show that the storage of LDO and HFO falls into Light

category of fire and explosion index with a Nil toxicity index.

7.4.5 Maximum Credible Accident Analysis (MCAA)

Hazardous substances may be released as a result of failures or catastrophes,

causing possible damage to the surrounding area. This section deals with the

question of how the consequences of the release of such substances and the

damage to the surrounding area can be determined by means of models. Major

hazards posed by flammable storage can be identified taking recourse to MCA

analysis. MCA analysis encompasses certain techniques to identify the hazards and

calculate the consequent effects in terms of damage distances of heat radiation,

toxic releases, vapour cloud explosion etc. A host of probable or potential accidents

of the major units in the complex arising due to use, storage and handling of the

hazardous materials are examined to establish their credibility. Depending upon the

effective hazardous attributes and their impact on the event, the maximum effect

on the surrounding environment and the respective damage caused can be

assessed. The reason and purpose of consequence analysis are many folds like:

• Part of Risk Assessment;

• Plant Layout/Code Requirements;

• Protection of other plants;

• Protection of the public;

• Emergency Planning; and

• Design Criteria.

The results of consequence analysis are useful for getting information about all

known and unknown effects that are of importance when some failure scenario

occurs in the plant and also to get information as how to deal with the possible

catastrophic events. It also gives the workers in the plant and people living in the

vicinity of the area, an understanding of their personal situation.

• Selected Failure Cases




The purpose of this listing (refer Table 7.11) is to examine consequences of such

failure individually or in combination. It will be seen from the list that a vast range

of failure cases have been identified. The frequency of occurrence of failure also

varies widely.

7.4.5.1 Damage Criteria

The fuel storage and unloading at the storage facility may lead to fire and explosion

hazards. The damage criteria due to an accidental release of any hydrocarbon arise

from fire and explosion. The vapors of these fuels are not toxic and hence no effects

of toxicity are expected.

Tank fire would occur if the radiation intensity is high on the peripheral surface of

the tank leading to increase in internal tank pressure. Pool fire would occur when

fuels collected in the dyke due to leakage gets ignited.

• Fire Damage

A flammable liquid in a pool will burn with a large turbulent diffusion flame. This

releases heat based on the heat of combustion and the burning rate of the liquid. A

part of the heat is radiated while the rest is convected away by rising hot air and

combustion products. The radiations can heat the contents of a nearby storage or

process unit to above its ignition temperature and thus result in a spread of fire.

The radiations can also cause severe burns or fatalities of workers or fire fighters

located within a certain distance. Hence, it will be important to know beforehand the

damage potential of a flammable liquid pool likely to be created due to leakage or

catastrophic failure of a storage or process vessel. This will help to decide the

location of other storage/process vessels, decide the type of protective clothing the

workers/fire fighters, the duration of time for which they can be in the zone, the fire

extinguishing measures needed and the protection methods needed for the nearby

storage/process vessels. The damage effect on equipment and people due to

thermal radiation intensity is given in Table-7.9. Similarly, the effect of incident

radiation intensity and exposure time on lethality is given in Table-7.10.

TABLE-7.9

DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION INTENSITIES

Sr. No.

Incident Radiation (kW/m2)

Type of Damage Intensity

Damage to Equipment Damage to People

1 37.5 Damage to process equipment 100% lethality in 1 min.,

1% lethality in 10 sec.

2 25.0 Minimum energy required to ignite wood at indefinitely long exposure without a flame

100% Lethality in 1 min., Significant injury in 10 sec.

3 12.5 Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood, melting plastic tubing

1% lethality in 1 min. First degree burns in 10 sec

4 4.0 -- Causes pain if duration is longer than 20 sec, however blistering is un-likely (First degree burns)

5 1.6 -- Causes no discomfort on long exposures




Source: Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards by World Bank.

TABLE-7.10

RADIATION EXPOSURE AND LETHALITY

All values are given in KW/m2

Radiation Intensity

(KW/m2) Exposure Time (seconds)

Lethality (%) Degree of Burns

1.6 -- 0 No Discomfort even

after long exposure

4.5 20 0 1st

4.5 50 0 1st

8.0 20 0 1st

8.0 50 <1 3rd

8.0 60 <1 3rd

12.0 20 <1 2nd

12.0 50 8 3rd

12.5 Inst 10 --

25.0 Inst 50 --

37.5 Inst 100 --

7.4.6 Scenarios Considered for MCA Analysis

7.4.6.1 Fuel Storage

The details of storages in the proposed power plant are given Table-7.2 above. In

case of fuel released in the area catching fire, a steady state fire will occur. Failures

in pipeline may occur due to corrosion and mechanical defect. Failure of pipeline due

to external interference is not considered as this area is licensed area and all the

work within this area is closely supervised with trained personnel.

7.4.6.2 Modeling Scenarios

Based on the storage and consumption of various fuels the following failure

scenarios for the proposed power plant have been identified for MCA analysis and

the scenarios are discussed in Table-7.11. The fuel properties considered in

modeling are given in Table-7.12.

TABLE-7.11

SCENARIOS CONSIDERED FOR MCA ANALYSIS

Sr. No.

Fuel/Chemical Total Quantity Scenarios considered

1 Failure of LDO tanks 1X650 Pool fire

2 Failure of two HFO tanks 2X1200 Pool fire

TABLE-7.12

PROPERTIES OF FUELS CONSIDERED FOR MODELING

Sr.

No.

Fuel Molecular weight

(kg/kg mol)

Boiling Point

(°°°°C)

Density

(kg/m3)




1 LDO 114.24 400 880

2 HFO 135.0 350 900

7.4.7 Pool Fire Models used for MCA Analysis

Heat Radiation program ‘RADN’ has been used to estimate the steady state

radiation effect from storage of fuel at different distances. The model is based on

the equations compiled from various literatures by Prof.J.P.Gupta, Department of

Chemical Engineering, IIT Kanpur.

7.4.8 Results and Discussion

The results of MCA analysis are tabulated indicating the distances for various

damages identified by the damage criteria, as explained earlier. Calculations are

done for radiation intensities levels of 37.5, 25, 12.5, 4.5 and 1.6-kW/m2, which are

presented in Table-7.13 for different scenarios. The distances computed for various

scenarios are from the center of the pool fire.

TABLE-7.13

OCCURRENCE OF VARIOUS RADIATION INTENSITIES- POOL FIRE

Radiation and Effect Radiation Intensities (kW/m2)/

Distances (m)

37.5 25.0 19.0 12.5 4.5 1.6

Failure of one LDO tanks of 650 KL 13.3 16.7 19.5 24.8 44.4 80.1

Failure of two HFO tanks of 1200 KL

each

50.9 64.1 74.9 95.2 170.4 307.2

• Pool Fire Due to Failure of LDO Storage Tanks (Figure-7.1)

The maximum capacity of storage of LDO in each tank will be 500 KL. The most

credible failure is the rupture of the largest pipe connecting to the storage tank.

As the worst case, it is assumed that the entire contents leak out into the dyke

forming a pool, which may catch fire on finding a source of ignition.

A perusal of the above table clearly indicates that 37.5 kW/m2 (100% lethality)

occurs within the radius of the pool which is computed at 15.4-m tank on pool

fire. This vulnerable zone will damage all fuel storage equipment falling within the

pool radius.

Similarly, the threshold limit for first degree burns is 1.6 kW/m2, this vulnerable

zone in which the thermal fluxes above the threshold limit for first degree is

restricted to 93.7-m in case tank on pool fire.

• Pool Fire Due to Failure of HFO Storage Tanks

The maximum capacity of storage of HFO in each tank will be 2000 KL. The most

credible failure is the rupture of the largest pipe connecting to the storage tank.

As the worst case, it is assumed that the entire contents leak out into the dyke

forming a pool, which may catch fire on finding a source of ignition.




A perusal of the above table clearly indicates that 37.5 kW/m2 (100% lethality)

occurs within the radius of the pool which is computed at 61.9-m tank on pool

fire. This vulnerable zone will damage all fuel storage equipment falling within the

pool radius. Similarly, the threshold limit for first degree burns is 1.6 kW/m2, this

vulnerable zone in which the thermal fluxes above the threshold limit for first degree

is restricted to 373.8-m in case tank on pool fire.

7.4.9 Conclusions on MCA analysis

• LDO Tank Farm

There will be two LDO storage tanks each of 500 KL capacity will be provided in

the LDO tank farm. The results of MCA analysis indicate that the maximum

damage distances for 12.5-Kw/m2 thermal radiations extends upto 29.0-m in the

case of two full tanks of 500-KL on fire during worst meteorological conditions. As

the fire resistant dyke walls will be created, no cumulative effect of one tank form

on fire to create fire on other tank farm is envisaged. The damage contours for

tank on fire of two LDO tanks is shown in Figure-7.1.

• HFO Tank Farm

The results of MCA analysis indicate that the maximum damage distances for

12.5-Kw/m2 thermal radiations extends upto 115.8-m in the case of two full tanks

on fire during worst meteorological conditions. As the fire resistant dyke walls will

be created, no cumulative effect of one tank farm on fire to create fire on other

tank farm is envisaged. The damage contours for tank on fire of two HFO tanks is

shown in Figure-7.2.

7.4.10 Coal Handling Plant - Dust Explosion

Coal dust when dispersed in air and ignited would explode. Crusher house and

conveyor systems are most susceptible to this hazard. To be explosive, the dust

mixture should have:

• Particles dispersed in the air with minimum size (typical figure is 400

microns);

• Dust concentrations must be reasonably uniform; and

• Minimum explosive concentration for coal dust (33% volatiles) is 50 gm/m3.

Failure of dust extraction and suppression systems may lead to abnormal

conditions and may increase the concentration of coal dust to the explosive limits.

Sources of ignition present are incandescent bulbs with the glasses of bulkhead

fittings missing, electric equipment and cables, friction, spontaneous combustion

in accumulated dust.




FIGURE-7.1

DAMAGE CONTOUR FOR ONE LDO TANK (1X650 KL) ON FIRE




FIGURE-7.2

DAMAGE CONTOUR FOR TWO HFO TANKS (2X1200 KL) ON FIRE

Dust explosions may occur without any warnings with Maximum Explosion

Pressure upto 6.4 bar. Another dangerous characteristic of dust explosions is that

it sets off secondary explosions after the occurrence of the initial dust explosion.

Many a times the secondary explosions are more damaging than primary ones.

The dust explosions are powerful enough to destroy structures, kill or injure

people and set dangerous fires likely to damage a large portion of the Coal




Handling Plant including collapse of its steel structure which may cripple the

lifeline of the power plant.

Stockpile areas shall be provided with automatic garden type sprinklers for dust

suppression as well as to reduce spontaneous ignition of the coal stockpiles.

Necessary water distribution network for drinking and service water with pumps,

piping, tanks, valves etc will be provided for distributing water at all transfer

points, crusher house, control rooms etc.

A centralized control room with microprocessor based control system (PLC) has

been envisaged for operation of the coal handling plant. Except for locally

controlled equipment like traveling tripper, dust extraction/ dust suppression /

ventilation equipment, sump pumps, water distribution system etc, all other in-

line equipment will be controlled from the central control room but will have

provision for local control as well. All necessary interlocks, control panels, MCC’s,

mimic diagrams etc will be provided for safe and reliable operation of the coal

handling plant.

7.4.10.1 Control Measures for Coal Yards

The total quantity of coal shall be stored in separate stockpiles, with proper drains

around to collect washouts during monsoon season.

Water sprinkling system shall be installed on stocks of coal in required scales to

prevent spontaneous combustion and consequent fire hazards. The stock

geometry shall be adopted to maintain minimum exposure of stock pile areas

towards predominant wind direction.

7.4.11 Identification of Hazards

The various hazards associated, with the plant process apart from fuel storage have

been identified and are outlined in Table-7.14.

TABLE-7.14

HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR PROCESS IN POWER PLANT

Sr. No. Blocks/Areas Hazards Identified

1 Coal storage in open yard Fire, Spontaneous Combustion

2 Coal Handling Plant including Bunker area

Fire and/or Dust Explosions

3 Boilers

Fire (mainly near oil burners), Steam Explosions, Fuel Explosions

4 Steam Turbine Generator Buildings

Fires in –

a) Lube oil system b) Cable galleries c) Short circuits in: i)Control rooms ii) Switch-gears Explosion due to leakage of Hydrogen and fire following it.

5 Switch-yard Control Room Fire in cable galleries and Switch-gear/Control Room

6 LDO Tank Farms Fire




Sr. No. Blocks/Areas Hazards Identified

HFO Tank Farm

7.4.12 Hazardous Events with Greatest Contribution to Fatality Risk

The hazardous event scenarios likely to make the greatest contribution to the risk

of potential fatalities are summarized in Table-7.15. ‘Onsite facility’ refers to the

operating site at plant site, whereas ‘offsite facility’ refers to transport and

handling systems, which are away from the operating site.

TABLE-7.15

HAZARDOUS EVENTS CONTRIBUTING TO RISK AT ON-SITE FACILITY

Hazardous Event Risk Rank Consequences of Interest

Onsite vehicle impact on

personnel

3 Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact

only

Entrapment/struck by

Machinery

3 Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact

only

Fall from heights 3 Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact

only

Electrocution 3 Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact

only

Storage tank rupture and

fire

3 Potential for multiple fatalities, onsite

impact only

7.4.13 Risk Assessment Summary

The preliminary risk assessment has been completed for the proposed power

plant and associated facilities and the broad conclusions are as follows:

• There will be no significant community impacts or environmental damage

consequences; and

• The hazardous event scenarios and risks in general at this facility can be

adequately managed to acceptable levels by performing the recommended

safety studies as part of detailed design, applying recommended control

strategies and implementing a Safety Management System.

7.4.14 Risk Reduction Opportunities

The following opportunities shall be considered as a potential means of reducing

identified risks during the detailed design phase:

• Buildings and plant structures shall be designed for cyclone floods and seismic

events to prevent structural collapse and integrity of weather (water) proofing

for storage of dangerous goods;

• Provision for adequate water capacity to supply fire protection systems and

critical process water;

• Isolate people from load carrying/mechanical handling systems, vehicle traffic

and storage and stacking locations;




• Installation of fit-for-purpose access ways and fall protection systems to

facilitate safe access to fixed and mobile plant;

• Provision and integrity of process tanks, waste holding tanks and bunded

areas as per relevant standards;

• Containment of hazardous materials;

• Security of facility to prevent unauthorized access to plant, introduction of

prohibited items and control of onsite traffic; and

• Development of emergency response management systems commensurate

with site specific hazards and risks (fire, explosion, rescue and first aid).

7.5 Disaster Management Plan

7.5.1 Disasters

A disaster is a catastrophic situation in which suddenly, people are plunged into

helplessness and suffering and, as a result, need protection, clothing, shelter,

medical and social care and other necessities of life.

Disasters can be divided into two main groups. In the first, are disasters resulting

from natural phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storm surges,

cyclones, tropical storms, floods, avalanches, landslides, forest fires. The second

group includes disastrous events occasioned by man, or by man's impact upon the

environment. Examples are armed conflict, industrial accidents, radiation accidents,

factory fires, explosions and escape of toxic gases or chemical substances, river

pollution, mining or other structural collapses, air, sea, rail and road transport

accidents which can reach catastrophic dimensions in terms of human loss.

There can be no set criteria for assessing the gravity of a disaster in the abstract

since this depends to a large extent on the physical, economic and social

environment in which it occurs. What would be consider a major disaster in a

developing country, ill equipped to cope with the problems involved, may not mean

more than a temporary emergency elsewhere. However, all disasters bring in their

wake similar consequences that call for immediate action, whether at the local,

national or international level, for the rescue and relief of the victims. This includes

the search for the dead and injured, medical and social care, removal of the debris,

the provision of temporary shelter for the homeless, food, clothing and medical

supplies, and the rapid re-establishment of essential services.

7.5.2 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan [DMP]

The Disaster Management Plan is aimed to ensure safety of life, protection of

environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage

operations in this same order of priorities. For effective implementation of the

Disaster Management Plan, it should be widely circulated and personnel trained

through rehearsals/drills.

The Disaster Management Plan should reflect the probable consequential severalties

of the undesired event due to deteriorating conditions or through 'Knock on' effects.

Further the management should be able to demonstrate that their assessment of

the consequences uses good supporting evidence and is based on currently




available and reliable information, incident data from internal and external sources

and if necessary the reports of out side agencies.

To tackle the consequences of a major emergency inside the plant or in the

immediate vicinity of the plant, a Disaster Management Plan has to be formulated.

The objective of the Industrial Disaster Management Plan is to make use of the

combined resources of the plant and the outside services to achieve the following:

• Effect the rescue and medical treatment of casualties;

• Safeguard other people;

• Minimize damage to property and the environment;

• Initially contain and ultimately bring the incident under control;

• Identify any dead;

• Provide for the needs of relatives;

• Provide authoritative information to the news media;

• Secure the safe rehabilitation of affected area; and

• Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent inquiry into the

cause and circumstances of the Emergency.

In effect, it is to optimize operational efficiency to rescue, rehabilitate and render

medical help and to restore normalcy.

7.5.3 Emergencies

7.5.3.1 General Industrial Emergencies

The emergencies that could be envisaged in the plant and fuel storage are as

follows:

• A situation of fire at the Hydrogen Plant;

• A situation of fire at the tank farm of all storages;

• Slow isolated fires;

• Fast spreading fires;

• Structural failures;

• Contamination of food/water; and

• Sabotage/Social disorder.

7.5.3.2 Specific Emergencies Anticipated

• Fire and Explosion

Fire consequences can be disastrous, since they involve huge quantities of fuel

either stored or in dynamic inventory in pipelines or in nearby areas. Preliminary

hazard analysis has provided a basis for consequence estimation. Estimation can be

made by using various pool fire, tank fire consequence calculations. During the

study of Risk Assessment, the nature of damages is worked out and probability of

occurrence of such hazards is also drawn up.

7.5.4 Emergency Organization




It is recommended to setup an Emergency Organization. A senior executive who has

control over the affairs of the plant should lead the Emergency Organization. He

shall be designated as Site Controller. General Manager [O & M] can be designated

as the Incident Controller. In the case of stores, utilities, open areas, which are not

under the control of the Production Heads, Senior Executive responsible for

maintenance of utilities would be designated as Incident Controller. All the Incident

Controllers would be reporting to the Site Controller.

Each Incident Controller, for himself, organizes a team responsible for controlling

the incidence with the personnel under his control. Shift-in-charge would be the

reporting officer, who would bring the incidence to the notice of the Incidence

Controller and Site Controller.

Emergency Co-ordinators would be appointed who would undertake the

responsibilities like firefighting, rescue, rehabilitation, transport and provide

essential and support services. For this purposes, Security In-charge, Personnel

Department, Essential services personnel should be engaged. All these personnel

would be designated as Key personnel.

In each shift, electrical supervisor, electrical fitters, pump house in-charge, and

other maintenance staff would be drafted for emergency operations. In the event of

power or communication system failure, some of staff members in the office/plant

offices would be drafted and their services would be utilized as messengers for quick

passing of communications. All these personnel would be declared as essential

personnel.

7.5.4.1 Emergency Communication

Whoever notices an emergency situation such as fire, growth of fire, leakage etc

should inform his immediate superior and Emergency Control Center. A place nearer

to the Gate House Complex shall be identified as Emergency Control Center. The

person on-duty in the Emergency Control Center should appraise the Site Controller.

Site Controller verifies the situation from the Incident Controller of that area or the

Shift In-charge and takes a decision about an impending On Site Emergency. This

would be communicated to all the Incident Controllers, Emergency Co-ordinators.

Simultaneously, the emergency warning system would be activated on the

instructions of the Site Controller.

7.5.5 Emergency Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the key personnel are appended below:

7.5.5.1 Site Controller

On receiving information about emergency would rush to Emergency Control Center

(ECC) and take charge of ECC and the situation. His responsibilities would be as

indicated below:




• Assesses the magnitude of the situation on the advice of Incident Controller and

decides;

� Whether the effected area needs to be evacuated;

� Whether personnel who are at assembly points need to be evacuated;

• Declares Emergency and orders for operation of emergency siren;

• Organizes announcement by public address system about location of

emergency;

• Assesses which areas are likely to be affected, or need to be evacuated or are to

be alerted;

• Maintains a continuous review of possible development and assesses the

situation in consultation with Incident Controller and other Key Personnel as to

whether shutting down the plant or any section of the plant is required and if

evacuation of persons is required;

• Directs personnel for rescue, rehabilitation, transport, fire, brigade, medical and

other designated mutual support systems locally available, for meeting

emergencies;

• Controls evacuation of affected areas, if the situation is likely to go out of control

or effects are likely to go beyond the premises of the factory, informs the District

Emergency Authority, Police, Hospital and seeks their intervention and help;

• Informs Inspector of Factories, Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories, MSPCB and

other statutory authorities;

• Gives a public statement, if necessary;

• Keeps record of chronological events and prepares an investigation report and

preserves evidence; and

• On completion of On Site Emergency and restoration of normalcy, declares all

clear and orders for all clear warning.

7.5.5.2 Incident Controller

• Assembles the incident control team;

• Directs operations within the affected areas with the priorities for safety to

personnel minimize damage to the plant, property and environment and

minimize the loss of materials;

• Directs the shutting down and evacuation of plant and areas likely to be

adversely affected by the emergency;

• Ensures that key personnel help is sought;

• Provides advice and information to the Fire and Security Officer and the Local

Fire Services as and when they arrive;

• Ensures that all non-essential workers/staff of the affected areas are evacuated

to the appropriate assembly points, and the areas are searched for casualties;

• Has regard to the need for preservation of evidence so as to facilitate any

inquiry into the causes and circumstances, which caused or escalated the

emergency;

• Co-ordinates with emergency services at the site;

• Provides tools and safety equipment to the team members;

• Keeps in touch with the team and advices them regarding the method of control

to be used; and

• Keeps the Site Controller of Emergency informed of the progress being made.

7.5.5.3 Emergency Coordinator - Rescue, Fire Fighting




• On knowing about emergency, rushes to ECC;

• Helps the Incident Controller in containment of the emergency;

• Ensure fire pumps are in operating condition and instructs pump house operator

to ready for any emergency with standby arrangement;

• Guides the fire fighting crew i.e. firemen, trained plant personnel and security

staff;

• Organizes shifting the fire fighting facilities to the emergency site, if required;

• Takes guidance of the Incident Controller for fire fighting as well as assesses the

requirements of outside help;

• Arranges to control the traffic at the gate and the incident area;

• Directs the security staff to the incident site to take part in the emergency

operations under his guidance and supervision;

• Evacuates the people in the plant or in the nearby areas as advised by Site

Controller;

• Searches for casualties and arranges proper aid for them;

• Assembles search and evacuation team;

• Arranges for safety equipment for the members of this team;

• Decides which paths the evacuated workers should follow; and

• Maintains law and order in the area, and if necessary seeks the help of police.

7.5.5.4 Emergency Coordinator-Medical, Mutual Aid, Rehabilitation, Transport and

Communication

• In the event of failure of electric supply and thereby internal telephone, sets up

communication point and establishes contact with the ECC;

• Organizes medical treatment to the injured and if necessary will shift the injured

to near by hospitals;

• Mobilizes extra medical help from outside, if necessary;

• Keeps a list of qualified first aid providers for the plant and seeks their

assistance;

• Maintains first aid and medical emergency requirements;

• Makes sure that all safety equipment is made available to the emergency team;

• Assists Site Controller with necessary data to coordinate the emergency

activities;

• Assists Site Controller in updating emergency plan, organizing mock drills,

verification of inventory of emergency facilities and furnishing report to Site

Controller;

• Maintains liaison with Civil Administration;

• Ensures availability of canteen facilities and maintenance of rehabilitation center.

• Liaises with Site Controller/Incident Controller;

• Ensures transportation facility;

• Ensures availability of necessary cash for rescue/rehabilitation and emergency

expenditure;

• Controls rehabilitation of affected areas on discontinuation of emergency; and

• Makes available diesel/petrol for transport vehicles engaged in emergency

operation.

7.5.5.5 Emergency Coordinator - Essential Services

• Assists Site Controller and Incident Controller;




• Maintains essential services like Diesel Generator, Water, Fire Water,

Compressed Air/Instrument Air, power supply for lighting;

• Plans alternate facilities in the event of power failure, to maintain essential

services such as lighting, etc;

• Organizes separate electrical connections for all utilities and emergency services

so that in the event of emergency or fires, essential services and utilities are not

affected;

• Gives necessary instructions regarding emergency electrical supply, isolation of

certain sections etc. to shift in-charge and electricians; and

• Ensures availability of adequate quantities of protective equipment and other

emergency materials, spares etc.

7.5.5.6 General Responsibilities of Employees during an Emergency

During an emergency, which becomes more enhanced and pronounced when an

emergency warning is raised, the workers who are in-charge of process equipment

should adopt safe and emergency shut down and attend to any prescribed duty as

essential employee. If no such responsibility is assigned, he should adopt a safe

course to assembly point and await instructions. He should not resort to spreading

panic. On the other hand, he must assist emergency personnel towards meeting the

objectives of DMP.

7.5.6 Emergency Facilities

7.5.6.1 Emergency Control Center (ECC)

The following information and equipment are to be provided at the Emergency

Control Center (ECC).

• Intercom, telephone;

• P and T telephone;

• Self contained breathing apparatus;

• Fire suit/gas tight goggles/gloves/helmets;

• Hand tools, wind direction/velocities indications;

• Public address megaphone, hand bell, telephone directories (internal, P and T)

• Plant layout, site plan;

• Emergency lamp/torch light/batteries;

• Plan indicating locations of hazard inventories, plant control room, sources of

safety equipment, work road plan, assembly points, rescue location vulnerable

zones, escape routes;

• Hazard chart;

• Emergency shut-down procedures;

• Nominal roll of employees;

• List of key personnel, list of essential employees, list of Emergency

Coordinators;

• Duties of key personnel;

• Address with telephone numbers and key personnel, emergency coordinator,

essential employees; and

• Important address and telephone numbers including Government agencies,

neighboring industries and sources of help, outside experts, fuel fact sheets and

population details around the factory.




7.5.6.2 Assembly Point

Number of assembly points, depending upon the plant location, would be identified

wherein employees who are not directly connected with the disaster management

would be assembled for safety and rescue. Emergency breathing apparatus,

minimum facilities like water etc would be organized.

In view of the size of plant, different locations would be ear marked as assembly

points. Depending upon the location of hazard, the assembly points are to be used.

7.5.6.3 Fire Fighting Facilities

First Aid and Fire fighting equipment suitable for emergency should be maintained in

each section in the plant. This would be as per statutory requirements. However,

fire hydrant line covering major areas would be laid. It would be maintained as 6-

kg/cm2 pressure. Fire alarms should be located in the bulk storage areas. Fire officer

will be the commanding officer of fire fighting services.

7.5.6.4 Location of Wind Sock

Wind socks shall be installed at appropriate places in the plant to indicate direction

of wind for emergency escape.

7.5.6.5 Emergency Medical Facilities

Stretchers, gas masks and general first-aid materials for dealing with chemical

burns, fire burns etc would be maintained in the medical center as well as in the

emergency control room. Medical superintendent of the medical center will be the

head of the casualty services ward. Private medical practitioners help would be also

be sought. Government hospital would be approached for emergency help.

Apart from plant first aid facilities, external facilities would be augmented. Names of

Medical Personnel, Medical facilities in the area would be prepared and updated.

Necessary specific medicines for emergency treatment of Patient’s Burns would be

maintained.

Breathing apparatus and other emergency medical equipment would be provided

and maintained. Also, the help of nearby industries would be taken on mutual

support basis.

7.5.6.6 Ambulance

Availability of an ambulance with driver in all the shifts would be ensured to

transport injured or affected persons. Number of persons would be trained in first

aid so that, in every shift first aid personnel would be available.

7.5.7 Emergency Actions

7.5.7.1 Emergency Warning




The emergency would be communicated both to the personnel inside the plant and

the people outside. An emergency warning system shall be established for this

purpose.

7.5.7.2 Emergency Shutdown

There are number of facilities, which can be provided to help deal with hazardous

conditions, when a tank is on fire. The suggested arrangements are:

1. Stop feed;

2. Dilute contents;

3. Remove heat;

4. Deluge with water; and

5. Transfer contents.

Whether a given method is appropriate depends on the particular case.

7.5.7.3 Evacuation of Personnel

There could be a number of persons in the storage area and other areas in the

vicinity. The area would have adequate number of exits, staircases. In the event of

an emergency, unconnected personnel have to escape to assembly point. Operators

have to take emergency shutdown procedure and escape. Time Office shall maintain

a copy of deployment of employees in each shift at ECC. If necessary, persons can

be evacuated by rescue teams.

7.5.7.4 All Clear Signal

Also, at the end of an emergency, after discussing with Incident Controllers and

Emergency Co-ordinators, the Site Controller orders an all clear signal. When it

becomes essential, the Site Controller communicates to the District Emergency

Authority, Police, Fire Service personnel regarding help required or development of

the situation into an Off-Site Emergency. The on-site emergency organization chart

for various emergencies is shown in Figure-7.3.

7.5.8 General

7.5.8.1 Employee Information

During an emergency, employees would be warned by raising siren in specific

pattern. Employees would be given training of escape routes and taking shelter.

Employees would be provided with information related to fire hazards, antidotes and

first aid measures. Those who would be designated as key personnel and essential

employees should be given training for emergency response.

7.5.8.2 Public Information and Warning

The industrial disaster effects related to this plant may mostly be confined to the

plant area. The detailed risk analysis has indicated that the pool fire effects would

not be felt outside. However, as an abundant precaution, the information related to

fuels in use would be furnished to District Emergency Authority for necessary

dissemination to general public and for any use during an off site emergency. Plants

of this size and nature have been in existence in our country for a long time.




7.5.8.3 Co-ordination with Local Authorities

Keeping in view of the nature of emergency, two levels of coordination are

proposed. In the case of an On Site Emergency, resources within the organization

would be mobilized and in the event extreme emergency local authorities help

would be sought.

In the event of an emergency developing into an off site emergency, local authority

and District Emergency Authority (normally the Collector) would be appraised and

under his supervision, the Off Site Disaster Management Plan would be exercised.

For this purpose, the facilities that are available locally, i.e. medical, transport,

personnel, rescue accommodation, voluntary organizations etc would be mustered.

Necessary rehearsals and training in the form of mock drills would be organized.

7.5.8.4 Mutual Aid

Mutual aid in the form of technical personnel, runners, helpers, special protective

equipment, transport vehicles, communication facility etc would be sought from the

neighboring industries.

7.5.8.5 Mock Drills

Emergency preparedness is an important part of planning in Industrial Disaster

Management. Personnel would be trained suitably and prepared mentally and

physically in emergency response through carefully planned, simulated procedures.

Similarly, the key personnel and essential personnel would be trained in the

operations.

7.5.8.6 Important Information

Once the Plant goes on stream, important information such names and addresses of

key personnel, essential employees, medical personnel outside the plant,

transporters address, address of those connected with Off Site Emergency such as

Police, Local Authorities, Fire Services, District Emergency Authority would be

prepared and maintained.

Site ControllerEmergency Control




FIGURE-7.3

ON-SITE EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION CHART

7.6 Off-site Emergency Preparedness Plan




The task of preparing the Off-Site Emergency Plan lies with the District Collector;

however the off-site plan will be prepared with the help of the local district

authorities. The proposed plan will be based on the following guidelines.

7.6.1 Introduction

Off-site emergency plan would follow the on-site emergency plan. When the

consequences of an emergency situation go beyond the plant boundaries, it

becomes an off-site emergency. Off-site emergency is essentially the responsibility

of the public administration. However, the plant management will provide the public

administration with the technical information relating to the nature, quantum and

probable consequences on the neighboring population.

The off-site plan in detail will be based on those events, which are most likely to

occur, but other less likely events, which have severe consequence, will also be

considered. Incidents which have very severe consequences yet have a small

probability of occurrence would also be considered during the preparation of the

plan. However, the key feature of a good off-site emergency plan is flexibility in its

application to emergencies other than those specifically included in the formation of

the plan.

The roles of the various parties who will be involved in the implementation of an off-

site plan are described below. Depending on local arrangements, the responsibility

for the off-site plan would either rest with the plant management or with the local

authority. Either way, the plan would identify an emergency coordinating officer,

who would take the overall command of the off-site activities. As with the on-site

plan, an emergency control center would be setup within which the emergency

coordinating officer can operate.

An early decision will be required in many cases on the advice to be given to

people living "within range" of the accident - in particular whether they should be

evacuated or told to go indoors. In the latter case, the decision can regularly be

reviewed in the event of an escalation of the incident. Consideration of evacuation

may include the following factors:

• In the case of a major fire but without explosion risk (e.g. an oil storage tank),

only houses close to the fire are likely to need evacuation, although a severe

smoke hazard may require this to be reviewed periodically; and

• If a fire is escalating and in turn threatening a store of hazardous material, it

might be necessary to evacuate people nearby, but only if there is time; if

insufficient time exists, people should be advised to stay indoors and shield

themselves from the fire. This later case particularly applies if the installation at

risk could produce a fireball with very severe thermal radiation effects.

Although the plan will have sufficient flexibility built in to cover the consequences of

the range of accidents identified for the on-site plan, it will cover in some detail the

handling of the emergency to a particular distance from each major hazard works.

7.6.2 Aspects Proposed to be considered in the Off-Site Emergency Plan




The main aspects, which should be included in the emergency plan are:

• Organization

Detail of command structure, warning systems, implementation procedures,

emergency control centers.

Names and appointments of incident controller, site main controller, their deputies

and other key personnel.

• Communications

Identification of personnel involved, communication center, call signs, network, list

of telephone numbers.

• Specialized Knowledge

Details of specialist bodies, firms and people upon whom it may be necessary to call

e.g. those with specialized fuel knowledge, laboratories etc.

• Voluntary Organizations

Details of organizers, telephone numbers, resources etc

• Fuel Information

Details of the hazardous substances stored and a summary of the risk associated

with them.

• Meteorological Information

Arrangements for obtaining details of weather forecasts and weather conditions

prevailing at that time

• Humanitarian Arrangements

Transport, evacuation centers, emergency feeding, treatment of injured, first aid,

ambulances and temporary mortuaries.

• Public Information

Arrangements for (a) Dealing with the media press office; (b) Informing relatives,

etc

• Assessment of Emergency Plan

Arrangements for:

(a) Collecting information on the causes of the emergency; and

(b) Reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of all aspects of the emergency plan.

7.6.3 Role of the Emergency Co-ordinating Officer




The various emergency services would be co-ordinated by an Emergency

Coordinating Officer (ECO), who will be designated by the district collector. The ECO

would liaison closely with the site main controller. Again depending on local

arrangements, for very severe incidents with major or prolonged off-site

consequences, the external control would be passed to a senior local authority

administrator or even an administrator appointed by the central or state

government. The ECO will be equipped with address and phone numbers of

important agencies.

7.6.4 Role of the Local Authority

The duty to prepare the off-site plan lies with the local authorities. The emergency

planning officer (EPO) appointed should carry out his duty in preparing for a whole

range of different emergencies within the local authority area. The EPO should

liaison with the plant, to obtain the information to provide the basis for the plan.

This liaison should ensure that the plan is continually kept upto date.

It will be the responsibility of the EPO to ensure that all those organizations which

will be involved off site in handling the emergency, know of their role and are able

to accept it by having for example, sufficient staff and appropriate equipment to

cover their particular responsibilities. Rehearsals for off-site plans should be

organized by the EPO.

7.6.5 Role of Police

Formal duties of the police during an emergency include protecting life and property

and controlling traffic movements.

Their functions should include controlling bystanders, evacuating the public,

identifying the dead and dealing with casualties, and informing relatives of death or

injury.

7.6.6 Role of Fire Authorities

The control of a fire should be normally the responsibility of the senior fire brigade

officer who would take over the handling of the fire from the site incident controller

on arrival at the site. The senior fire brigade officer should also have a similar

responsibility for other events, such as explosions. Fire authorities in the region

should be apprised about the location of all stores of flammable materials, water

and foam supply points, and fire-fighting equipment. They should be involved in on-

site emergency rehearsals both as participants and, on occasion, as observers of

exercises involving only site personnel.

7.6.7 Role of Health Authorities

Health authorities, including doctors, surgeons, hospitals, ambulances and so on,

should have a vital part to play following a major accident, and they should form an

integral part of the emergency plan.

For major fires, injuries should be the result of the effects of thermal radiation to a

varying degree, and the knowledge and experience to handle this in all but extreme

cases may be generally available in most hospitals.




Major off-site incidents are likely to require medical equipment and facilities

additional to those available locally, and a medical "mutual aid” scheme should exist

to enable the assistance of neighboring authorities to be obtained in the event of an

emergency.

7.6.8 Role of Government Safety Authority

This will be the factory inspectorate available in the region. Inspectors are likely to

satisfy themselves that the organization responsible for producing the off-site plan

has made adequate arrangements for handling emergencies of all types including

major emergencies. They may wish to see well-documented procedures and

evidence of exercise undertaken to test the plan.

In the event of an accident, local arrangements regarding the role of the factory

inspector will apply. These may vary from keeping a watching brief to a close

involvement in advising on operations.

The action plan suggested for control of the off-site emergencies is given in Table-

7.16.

TABLE-7.16

OFF-SITE ACTION PLAN

Sr. No.

Action Required to be taken to Mitigate Disaster by Aid giving

agency

Responsible Agencies for taking action

Equipments/Material facilities required at site to mitigate Emergency

A 1 Arrangements for evacuation/ rescue of persons from zone of influence to predetermined camps

Police Department

Self Breathing apparatus with spare cylinder Chemical gas mask with spare canister Vehicle with PA system Transportation for evacuation of people

2 Caution to public by announcement

3 Traffic and Mob control by cordoning of the area

4 Law & order

5 Request to railway authority for keeping the nearest by railway gate open & to

stop the up & down trains at the nearest railway station

B Control of fire District Fire Brigade

Self breathing apparatus with spare cylinders Foam/water fire tenders Gas mask with spare canisters Lime water Neck to toe complete asbestos suit, PVC hand gloves, gumboots, safety goggles Mobile scrubbing system along with suction arrangement.

1 Scrubbing of the flashed off gas cloud with water curtain

2 To rescue trapped persons

3 If fire is big, keep surrounding area cool by spraying water

4 Communication to State Electricity Board to continue or cut off electric supply

5 Communication to water supply department for supplying water

C Medical facilities for affected persons (first aid and treatment)

Hospital and public health

Ambulance with onboard resuscitation unit, first aid, stretchers

D Identification of concentration of gas in zone of influence

Pollution Control Board

Gas detector

E Removal of debris and damaged structures

Municipal corporation

Provide bulldozers Provide cranes

F 1 Monitor the incoming and out going Transport Provide traffic police at site




Sr. No.

Action Required to be taken to Mitigate Disaster by Aid giving

agency

Responsible Agencies for taking action

Equipments/Material facilities required at site to mitigate Emergency

transports department Provide emergency shifting vehicles at site Provide stock of fuel for vehicles

2 Arrange emergency shifting of affected persons and non affected person to specified area

3 Arrange diesel/petrol for needed vehicles

G 1 Give all information related to meteorological aspects for safe handling of affected area for living beings

Meteorological Department

Provide wind direction and velocity instruments with temperature measurements Mobile van for meteorological parameter measurements

2 Forecast important weather changes, if any

H1 Representatives of all departments are in the local crisis group; therefore they are expected to render services available with them. Since it is a group of experts with authority, the mitigating measures can be implemented speedily. The

representatives from locals are also there so that communication with local people is easy and quick.

Local Crises Group

Must have all resources at hand, specially disaster management plan and its implementation method. All relevant information related to hazardous industry

shall available with crisis group Newspaper editor shall be a part of the group so that right and timely media release can be done

2 The district emergency or disaster control officer / collector shall be the president and he shall do mock drill etc so that action can be taken in right direction in time

I 1 Collector shall be the President of District Crisis Group therefore all district infrastructure facilities are diverted to affected zone

District Crisis Group

All necessary facilities available at district can be made available at affected zone Control of law and order situation

2 All other functions as mentioned for local crisis group

7.7 Occupational Health and Safety

For large industries, where multifarious activities are involved during construction,

erection, testing, commissioning, operation and maintenance; the men, materials

and machines are the basic inputs. Along with the boons, industrialization generally

brings several problems like occupational health and safety.

The industrial planner, therefore, has to properly plan and take steps to minimize

the impacts of industrialization and to ensure appropriate occupational health and

safety including fire plans. All these activities again may be classified under

construction and erection, and operation and maintenance.

7.7.1 Occupational Health

Occupational health needs attention both during construction and erection and

operation and maintenance phases. However, the problem varies both in magnitude

and variety in the above phases.

• Construction and Erection

The occupational health problems envisaged at this stage can mainly be due to

constructional accident and noise. To overcome these hazards, in addition to




arrangements to reduce it within TLV's, necessary protective equipments shall be

supplied to workers.

• Operation and Maintenance

The problem of occupational health, in the operation and maintenance phase is

primarily due to noise which could affect hearing. The necessary personal protective

equipments will be given to all the workers. The working personnel shall be given

the following appropriate personnel protective equipments.

� Industrial Safety Helmet;

� Crash Helmets;

� Face shield with replacement acrylic vision;

� Zero power plain goggles with cut type filters on both ends;

� Zero power goggles with cut type filters on both sides and blue color glasses;

� Welders equipment for eye and face protection;

� Cylindrical type earplug;

� Ear muffs;

� Canister Gas mask;

� Self contained breathing apparatus;

� Leather apron;

� Aluminized fiber glass fix proximity suit with hood and gloves;

� Boiler suit;

� Safety belt/line man's safety belt;

� Leather hand gloves;

� Asbestos hand gloves;

� Acid/Alkali proof rubberized hand gloves;

� Canvas cum leather hand gloves with leather palm;

� Lead hand glove;

� Electrically tested electrical resistance hand gloves; and

� Industrial safety shoes with steel toe.

Full-fledged hospital facilities shall be available round the clock for attending

emergency arising out of accidents, if any. All working personnel shall be medically

examined at least once in every year and at the end of his term of employment.

This is in addition to the pre-employment medical examination.

7.7.2 Safety Plan

Safety of both men and materials during construction and operation phases is of

concern. Safety plan shall be prepared and implemented in the proposed power

plant. The preparedness of an industry for the occurrence of possible disasters is

known as emergency plan. The disaster in the plant is possible due to collapse of

structures and fire/explosion etc.

Keeping in view the safety requirement during construction, operation and

maintenance phases, the power plant would formulate safety policy with the

following regulations:

• To allocate sufficient resources to maintain safe and healthy conditions of work;

• To take steps to ensure that all known safety factors are taken into account in




the design, construction, operation and maintenance of plants, machinery and

equipment;

• To ensure that adequate safety instructions are given to all employees;

• To provide wherever necessary protective equipment, safety appliances and

clothing and to ensure their proper use;

• To inform employees about materials, equipment or processes used in their

work which are known to be potentially hazardous to health or safety;

• To keep all operations and methods of work under regular review for making

necessary changes from the point of view of safety in the light of experience and

upto date knowledge;

• To provide appropriate facilities for first aid and prompt treatment of injuries and

illness at work;

• To provide appropriate instruction, training, retraining and supervision to

employees in health and safety, first aid and to ensure that adequate publicity is

given to these matters;

• To ensure proper implementation of fire prevention methods and an appropriate

fire fighting service together with training facilities for personnel involved in this

service;

• To organize collection, analysis and presentation of data on accident, sickness

and incident involving people injury or injury to health with a view to taking

corrective, remedial and preventive action;

• To promote through the established machinery, joint consultation in health and

safety matters to ensure effective participation by all employees;

• To publish/notify regulations, instructions and notices in the common language

of employees;

• To prepare separate safety rules for each type of occupation/processes involved

in a plant; and

• To ensure regular safety inspection by a competent person at suitable intervals

of all buildings, equipments, work places and operations.

7.7.3 Safety Organization

• Construction and Erection Phase

A qualified and experienced safety officer shall be appointed. The responsibilities of

the safety officer include identification of the hazardous conditions and unsafe acts

of workers and advise on corrective actions, conduct safety audit, organize training

programs and provide professional expert advice on various issues related to

occupational safety and health. He is also responsible to ensure compliance of

Safety Rules/ Statutory Provisions. In addition to employment of safety officer by

industry, every contractor, who employs more than 250 workers, shall also employ

one safety officer to ensure safety of the worker, in accordance with the conditions

of contract.

• Operation and Maintenance Phase

When the construction is completed the posting of safety officers shall be in

accordance with the requirement of Factories Act and their duties and

responsibilities shall be as defined there of.




7.7.4 Safety Circle

In order to fully develop the capabilities of the employees in identification of

hazardous processes and improving safety and health, safety circles would be

constituted in each area of work. The circle would consist of 5-6 employees from

that area. The circle normally shall meet for about an hour every week.

7.7.5 Safety Training

A full-fledged training center shall be set up at the plant. Safety training shall be

provided by the Safety Officers with the assistance of faculty members called from

Professional Safety Institutions and Universities. In addition to regular employees,

limited contractor labors shall also be provided safety training. To create safety

awareness safety films shall be shown to workers and leaflets shall be distributed.

Some precautions and remedial measures proposed to be adopted to prevent fires

are:

• Compartmentation of cable galleries, use of proper sealing techniques of cable

passages and crevices in all directions would help in localizing and identifying the

area of occurrence of fire as well as ensure effective automatic and manual fire

fighting operations;

• Spread of fire in horizontal direction would be checked by providing fire stops for

cable shafts;

• Reliable and dependable type of fire detection system with proper zoning and

interlocks for alarms are effective protection methods for conveyor galleries;

• Housekeeping of high standard helps in eliminating the causes of fire and

regular fire watching system strengthens fire prevention and fire fighting; and

• Proper fire watching by all concerned would be ensured.

7.7.6 Health and Safety Monitoring Plan

The health of all employees shall be monitored once in a year for early detection of

any ailment due to exposure to heat and noise.

7.8 Socio-economic studies

� Details of Landowners

JSWEL is planning to acquire about 321 ha of land which mainly comprised of

unirrigated single crop agricultural land, culturable land, partly waste land and

government land in Kukurda, Nawapara, Dumarpali and Chhuhipali villages of Tehsil

Raigarh, district Raigarh in Chhattigarh state. Private land will be purchased

through direct negotiations with landowners at mutually acceptable price

considering market conditions. Proceeding of sale of land is being paid to the land

owners direct through bank cheques. Compensation also be paid for trees,

standing crops, borewells, permanent structures in the land. Government land is

being acquired as per prevailing state government norms. The details land and

land oustees are presented in Table-7.17.




TABLE-7.17

DETAILS OF LAND AND LANDOUTSEES IN STUDY AREA

Sr.No Details Particulars

1 Total area to be acquired 321

2 Details of villages Kukurda, Nawapara, Dumarpali and

Chhuhipali & Salheona

3 Break up of land use Agricultural land

1. Single crop land 274.263 ha 2. Double crop land 16.811 ha 3. Waste land 13.349 ha

Government land

1. Single cropland 3.666 ha 2. Double cropland Nil 3. Waste land 3.996 ha

4. Others land 9.045 ha

Details of landownership

1. Total SC and ST land = 98.114 ha 2. Other than SC and ST= 206.309 ha

4 Total land sellers 352 Nos

5 Total house-oustees 3 Nos

7.9 Corporate Social Responsibility

� CSR for JSW Group

JSW cherishes people and believes in inclusive growth to facilitate creation of a

value- based and empowered society through continuous and purposeful

engagement of all partners in the development process.

JSW strives to achieve sustainable development in all spheres of life including

education, health and livelihood, promotion of arts & culture, environment

protection and sports.

The JSW group fulfils its social development responsibilities through activities that

are undertaken through four public charitable trusts, viz. Jindal South West

Foundation, Hampi Foundation, Heal Foundation and Friends of the Sir J J School

of Arts Trust. These trusts annually consult with the management and other

company’s personnel to identify the list of activities that are subsequently

incorporated into the JSW Group’s business plans.

The corporate social initiatives undertaken are in the areas of community

development, environment, sports and arts & culture. The CSR initiatives of the

group are led by Mrs. Sangita Jindal. In 2007-2008, the JSW Corporate Office at

Mumbai was strengthened with the appointment of full time staff to oversee the

CSR activities of the Group. An Advisory Board has also been created to suggest

programmes and strategies to mainstream the CSR initiatives.




JSW allocates 1.5% of its profit after tax for CSR operational expenses for all

operating units.

� CSR for Kukurda Project

During construction phase, it is proposed to support in a phased manner, the

eligible persons among the project affected families in learning relevant skills so

that they can be gainfully employed either by the project proponent or its

outsourced agencies or can be self-employed. Besides, it is proposed to

undertake various CSR initiatives in the fields of drinking water supply, sanitation,

public health, basic education etc. in the surrounding villages in co-ordination

with the district administration and local bodies.

During the operation phase, JSW would follow the norms set by the State

Government in this respect, broadly within the thrust areas being followed by the

Group.

7.10 Clean Development Mechanism

The estimated project cost is Rs. 7300.00 Cr including IDC. The additionality

issue is addressed by establishing the fact that the Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

of the advanced technology is lower than that of conventional technology, and

may be a deterrent to investors. Hence, the project may not happen under

normal circumstances. With an additional investment in super critical technology,

a considerable reduction of CO2 is possible.

The benefit envisaged from the CDM project considers the present parameters of

Carbon emission reduction units as indicated by the CDM Executive Board and the

Designated National Authority (DNA). The project is more viable after considering

the benefit of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) on the following aspects:

� Sustainable Development

Super critical technology project was taken up with consideration to achieve the

objective of reduction of Green House Gases (GHG), in present case the reduction

of Carbon Dioxide, thereby contributing to mitigation of global warming. This

amounts to a sustainable development of the region and in total for the

sustainable development of the public in India.

� Additionality

The Super critical technology envisaged in the project, is an asset to the

environment in mitigating emission of carbon dioxide and this capacity addition

contributes to environmental, financial, and social additionality. Technological

addition by introducing the means of super critical boilers will pave road for

energy conservation, when compared to units with sub-critical technology. The

base line scenario consists of a similar sized sub-critical power plant, as it

represents the cheapest available option to JSW. The base line therefore is the

performance parameters of the recent built/under development sub critical

plants. The lower emissions that can be achieved from the proposed project will

be on account of higher efficiencies.




� Displacement of the project in lieu of proposed Kukurda

The proposed project is displacing the construction of 200 / 210/ 250 / 500 MW

sub-critical units that would have otherwise come up. JSWEL had considered

several options including sub-critical units and ultimately decided to go for a

supercritical 660 MW configuration in view of cleaner and more efficient

technology.

� Necessity of CDM revenues of the Project:

The proposed project faces several barriers to investment. These include

� Investment Barrier

Tariffs of sub critical coal fired power projects based on cost plus tariffs are lower

than that of the proposed project.

� Technological Barrier

500 MW Sub-critical coal fired units now have established history of operations

and the indigenous supplier Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited is able to supply

them at competitive costs. Supercritical technology has not been tested in India

so far, which is relevant, particularly in the context of high ash Indian coal. The

proposed Kukurda project with proposed capacity addition of 2x660 MW,

represents one of the applicants of supercritical technology in the country, even

though such technology is already adopted in OECD countries.

� Barrier due to Prevailing Practice

Given the lower costs reliable operation of 200/210/250/500 MW sub critical

units, the prevailing practice would normally lead to implementation of sub critical

technology. There are no super critical units in operation in India and apart from

NTPC, quite a few IPP’s are planning to implement supercritical units in the

coming years.

Competitiveness among generating companies has come sharply into focus,

particularly with the introduction of open Access allowed by the Electricity Act

2003 and the Tariff Policy notified by Ministry of Power, Government of India. As

per the Tariff policy, all future procurement of power by distribution companies

should be done through competitive bidding. The efficiency gains made using

supercritical technology are not expected to fully offset the increased capital cost

of the proposed project. Thus JSW will find it difficult to contract at rates that

fully compensate the higher capital cost. CDM revenues will allow it to provide at

more competitive rates to utility buyers.

� Power Evaluation

Evacuation of power from the proposed power plant will be done at 400 kV level.

The following 400 kV double circuit transmission lines from the proposed power

plant have been envisaged for this purpose.




To proposed 400 kV pooling Substation of PGCIL, located at Kotra, which is about

24 km north of the proposed site. The said line will have LILO arrangement.

Load flow studies conducted by PRDC was based on 1200 MW (2 x 600 MW)

installed capacity for the proposed plant and according to the PRDC study report

a 400 kV D / C line with Twin Moose AAAC conductor is adequate for complete

evacuation of power from the proposed power plant . However a separate study

for adequacy of the above 400 kV D / C line for complete evacuation of power,

considering 1320 MW (2 x 660 MW) installed capacity for the proposed plant will

have to be carried out.


Chapter-8

Project Benefits


8.0 PROJECT BENEFITS

Proposed power plant will result in considerable growth of stimulating the

industrial and commercial activities in the state. Small and medium scale

industries may be further developed as a consequence.

Proposed power plant would be beneficial in reducing the existing and ever

escalating demand of electricity in eastern part of the country.

In operation phase, the proposed plant would require significant workforce of

non-technical and technical persons. Migration of persons with better education

and professional experience will result in increase of population and literacy in the

surrounding villages.

8.1 Availability of Quality Power

The proposed power plant would be generating about 1320-MW of energy and

will contribute to Govt of India’s target of adding 100,000-MW power generation

capacity by 2012. The project will be beneficial in govt’s target of providing power

access to all people.

8.2 Improvements in the Physical Infrastructure

The beneficial impact of proposed power plant on the civic amenities will be

substantial after the commencement of project activities. The basic requirement

of the community needs will be strengthened by extending healthcare,

educational facilities to the community, building/strengthening of existing roads in

the area. JSWEL will initiate the above amenities either by providing or by

improving the facilities in the area, which will help in uplifting the living standards

of local communities.

The construction of new roads /strengthening of roads in the project area will

enhance the transportation facilities. Arial roads will be laid to facilitate the

movement of materials and equipment during construction and operation of the

units. However, temporary roads would be built on the basis of plant layout

during construction period, which will be subsequently converted to permanent

roads. With improved transportation facilities there is always a scope for

development.

8.3 Improvement in the Social Infrastructure

• Generation of employment: The project will create opportunities for direct and

indirect employment;

• Increase in purchasing power and improved standard of living of the area;

• Further development of small and medium scale industries may be developed

as consequence;

• Increased revenue to the state by way of royalty, taxes and duties;


Chapter-8

Project Benefits


• Overall growth of the neighboring area viz.:

° Agriculture and animal husbandry;

° Health and family welfare;

° Watershed development;

° Sustainable livelihood and strengthening of village Self Help Groups; and

° Infrastructure development.

In addition to above, due to increase in purchasing power of local habitants:

• There shall be significant change in the socio-economic scenario of the area;

• The proposed project shall enhance the prospects of employment;

• Recruitment for the unskilled and semiskilled workers for the proposed project

will be from the nearby villages;

• The basic amenities viz. roads, transportation, electricity, proper sanitation,

educational institutions, medical facilities, entertainment etc will be developed

as far as possible; and

• Overall the proposed project will change living standards of the people and

improve the socio-economic conditions of the area.

8.4 Employment Potential

The impact of the project on the economic aspects can be clearly observed. The

proposed project activities will provide employment to persons of different skills

and trades. The local population will be given preference to employment. The

employment potential will ameliorate economic conditions of these families

directly and provide employment to many other families indirectly who are

involved in business and service oriented activities.

The employment of local people in primary and secondary sectors of project shall

upgrade the prosperity of the region. This in-turn will improve the socio-economic

conditions of the area.

• During construction phase of the project, this project will provide temporary

employment to many unskilled and semi-skilled laborers in nearby villages.

This project will also help in generation of indirect employment to those

people who render their services for the personnel directly working in the

project; and

• During operational phase, considerable number of people will be benefited by

provision of services to the residents. Thus, the direct and indirect

employment generation by this project.

The trend of out migration for employment, if any, is likely to be reduced due to

better economic opportunities available in the area.

During the construction phase about 2000 people on average per day will be

employed for a period of about three years. The manpower of power plant during

operational period (both direct and indirect) is estimated to be about 600

persons.


Chapter-9 Administrative Aspects


9.0 ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS

9.1 Institutional Arrangements for Environment Protection and Conservation

Environment Management Cell will be headed by a senior manager and will

constitute environmental engineer, scientists, chemists and supervisors. The

Organizational Structure of Environment Management Cell is presented in

Figure-9.1.

The Manager (Env) will be responsible for Environment management activities in

the proposed project. Basically, this department will supervise the monitoring of

environmental pollution levels viz. source emission monitoring, ambient air

quality, water and effluent quality, noise level either departmentally or by

appointing external agencies wherever necessary.

In case the monitored results of environmental pollution found to exceed the

allowable limits, the Environmental Management Cell will suggest remedial action

and get these suggestions implemented through the concerned authorities.

The Environmental Management Cell also co-ordinates all the related activities

such as collection of statistics of health of workers and population of the region,

afforestation and greenbelt development.


Chapter-9 Administrative Aspects


FIGURE-9.1

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

GENERAL MANAGER

(SERVICES)

DY. GENERAL MANAGER

(SERVICES)

MANAGER

(ENVIRONMENT)

SAFETY OFFICERENVIRONMENT

ENGINEER

ECOLOGIST/

HORTICULTURIST

CHEMISTS SUPPORT STAFF


Chapter-10

Summary and Conclusions


10.0 INTRODUCTION

M/s. JSW Energy Limited (JSWEL) is a part of JSW Group of Industries and proposes to set up a 1320 MW coal based power plant on super critical technology at Kukurda, Nawapara, Dumarpalli, Chhuhipali and Salheona villages of Raigarh Tehsil, Raigarh District, Chhattisgarh State.

10.1.1 Purpose of the Report As per Environment Impact Assessment Notification dated 14th September, 2006, construction and operation of power plants requires Environmental Clearance (EC) to be obtained from MoEF (Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi) as category A- 1(D) before the commencement of ground activity. As per scoping of EIA in accordance with MoEF guide lines, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report is prepared in order to assess the environmental impacts due to the proposed power plant.

10.1.2 Project Cost

The cost of the total project is about Rs. 7300 Cr., which includes Rs.391Cr. towards environmental protection measures. The project will be commissioned in 42 months from zero date.

10.1.3 Description of the Site

The land identified for the proposed project 321-ha (792 acres) is mostly unirrigated single crop agricultural land and barren land. There are no streams or nallas in the project site. The land in the plant site is plain land with a general elevation of about 208-m aMSL.

10.1.4 Environmental Setting of the Site The environmental setting of the proposed plant site is given in Table-10.1. The location map of the project and study area map of 10-km radius around the proposed site are given in Figure-10.1.

10.2 Details of power plant

Layout of the power plant has been optimised considering the space requirements for all the equipment, systems, buildings, structures, coal storage area including railway and marshalling yard, ash silos, raw water storage tank, water treatment plant, cooling water pump house etc. Necessary plant drainage system would be provided at the proposed power plant site. In laying out various facilities, following general aspects have been taken into consideration:

• Provision to install 2X660 MW; • Coal storage yard for 20 days requirement at site for 1320 MW; • Ash silos for fly ash; • Predominant wind directions as shown in the wind rose to minimise pollution,

fire risk etc; • Raw water supply and storage facilities; and • Availability of adequate space for fabrication / construction equipment.


Chapter-10



The layout facilitates movement of men and materials between the various facilities both during construction and operation. The project layout is presented in Figure-10.2.

TABLE-10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE SITE(15-KM RADIUS)

Sr. No. Particulars Details

1 Plant Location Kukurda, Nawapara, Dumarpali, Chhuhipali and Salheona

2 Plant site coordinates Coordinates for Plant Site:

Corner Point

Latitude Longitude

A 210 50’51” N 830 30’ 24” E

B 210 51’16” N 830 32’ 24” E

C 210 50’29” N 830 32’ 22” E

D 210 50’09” N 830 31’ 24” E

E 210 50’09” N 830 31’ 24” E

3 Ash pond coordinates Coordinates for Ash Pond Site:

Corner Point

Latitude Longitude

W 210 51’04.42” N 830 32’ 25.24” E

X 210 51’06.72” N 830 32’ 45.62” E

Y 210 50’49.06” N 830 32’ 48.67” E

Z 210 50’49.76” N 830 32’ 24.55” E

4 Colony coordinates Coordinates for Township:

Corner Point

Latitude Longitude

1 210 50’42” N 830 30’ 42” E

2 210 50’42” N 830 30’ 58” E

3 210 50’34” N 830 30’ 58” E

4 210 50’34” N 830 30’ 42” E

5 Climatic Conditions (IMD, Raigarh)

a) Temperature Mean maximum Mean minimum

42.60C (May) 13.2 oC (January)

b) Mean Annual Rainfall 1602.3 mm

c) Relative Humidity Maximum-41.0 minimum-20.0%

d) Predominant wind directions Post-monsoon: NE and SE Winter: NE and NW Annual: NE and SW

6 a) b) c)

Climatic conditions at Site Temperature Relative humidity Predominant wind directions

From 1st October- 31 Dcember 2009 Temperature Maximum 32.5oC Minimum 7.4 oC Relative Humidity Max:85% and Min: 50% NE, NW and SE

7 Plant site Elevation above MSL 208-m above MSL

8 Plant site Topography Generally plain

9 Present land use at the site Unirrigated Single crop agricultural and barren land

10 Nearest highway NH-200 (5.6km,NE)

11 Nearest railway station Jamga(5.0Km,N)

12 Nearest Airport Raipur (200-km, SW)

13 Nearest major water bodies River Chote Kelo (2.5 km, S ) River Kelo (8.5 km, SW ) Back waters of Hirakud reservoir(9.5 SE)

14 Water source for the project Mahanadi river (48-km, SE)

15 Nearest town/City Raigarh ( 14.2km, W)

16 Hills/valleys One-Two small hills exist within the 10 km radius.


Chapter-10



Sr. No. Particulars Details

17 Archaeologically important places

None in 15-km radius as per Archaeological survey of India records

18 Protected areas as per Wildlife Protection Act,1972 (Tiger reserve, Elephant reserve, Biospheres, National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, community reserves and conservation reserves)

None in 15-km radius as per Wildlife Protection act,1972 and records of Forest department of Chhattisgarh

19 Reserved Forests 12 forest blocks

20 Seismicity Seismic Zone-III as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002

21 Defence Installations None in 10-km radius area

22 Major industries in 10-km radius

MSP sponge iron plant, Jamgaon, Ind Synergy sponge iron plant, Mahapalli, Shiva Shakthi sponge Iron Industries, Shalkambari Industries, Mamangala industries

Note: All distances mentioned are aerial distances,

10.2.1 Project Size or Magnitude of Operation including Resources

The details of proposed power plant are presented in Table-10.2.

TABLE-10.2 DETAILS OF PROPOSED POWER PLANT

Sr. No. Features Description

1 Capacity 1320MW

2 Configuration 2X660

3 Type of boilers Pulverized coal fired super critical boilers

4 Power evacuation Power will be evacuated into PGCIL’s grid and CSEB’s

grid through 400KV level at village Kotra

5 Fuel Coal

6 Source of Coal Through linkage from SECL / MCL mine nearby: part

of the coal may be sourced from JSW share of coal

from Utkal ‘A’ block near Angul, Orissa.

7 Coal Requirement 6.94 MTPA

8 Sulphur content Design: 0.4%

Worst : 0.5%

9 Ash Content in Coal Design 41%

Worst: 45%

10

A

B

Ash generation

Bottom Ash

Fly Ash

3.123 MTPA

0.625 MTPA

2.498 MTPA

11 ESP efficiency 99.9%

12 Stack One 275-m height bi-flue

13 Water Requirement 2403 m3/hr


Chapter-10



FIGURE-10.1 LOCATION MAP OF THE PROJECT


Chapter-10



FIGURE-10.2 POWER PLANT LAYOUT

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Chapter-10



10.2.2 Technology

� Steam Generator Units

State-of-the-art technology has been considered for design of the proposed station. To achieve efficiency without sacrificing availability, the choice of Steam parameters has considered for super-critical technology. The parameters of the main plant and equipment are presented in Table-10.3.

TABLE-10.3

MAIN PARAMETERS FOR THE STEAM GENERATOR

Sr. No Parameter Unit Value

1 Main Steam Flow at BMCR Tons/ hour 2100 (at VWO

condition)(min)

2 Main Steam Flow at TMCR Tons/ hour 1970

3 Main Steam at SH Outlet

Pressure Kg/cm2 250

Temperature ºC 567

4 Main Steam at Turbine Inlet

Pressure Kg/cm2(g) 247

Temperature ºC 565

5 RH Outlet

Pressure Kg/cm2(g) 51

Temperature ºC 565±5 or higher

Reheat steam temperature at IP

turbine inlet

ºC 593

10.2.3 Land Requirement

The total land required for the proposed power plant is 321.0-ha which comprises of government waste land and single crop agricultural private lands.

10.2.4 Fuel Requirement, Source, Quality and Transportation

Coal is proposed to be sourced from Mand -Raigarh coal fields of South Eastern Coalfields Ltd. or North Ib Valley fields of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. both located within 60 km from the project site. Part of the coal may be sourced from the Utkal ‘A’ Gopalprasada West coal block (Angul area) allocated to the JSW Group jointly with Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. 278 km away from power project.The coal grade from the prospective mines is expected to be of grade F or G with a calorific value approximately 3500 Kcal / Kg. Estimated annual consumption of coal would be approximately 6.94 Million tons / annum at 85% PLF. It has been envisaged that Railway siding / MGR system will be drawn from Jamga railway station to the project site to transport the coal from mine.

Fuel Oil Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and Light Diesel Oil (LDO) will be used as secondary fuel for start-up and coal flame stabilization during low load operation of the steam generator while firing coal. In the proposed power plant, the required HFO will be 9828 Kilolitres per annum.


Chapter-10



10.2.5 Water Requirement The total water requirement of entire project will be 2403 m3/hr and will be sourced from River Mahanadi at about 48-km from site. This water would be supplied through dedicated water pipeline system and has storage reservoir. For this purpose, Government of Chhattisgarh is already allocated requisite amount of water from Mahanadi.

10.2.6 Manpower

The total manpower of power plant during operational period is estimated to be about 600 persons. The proposed power plant will require skilled and semi-skilled personnel during operation, maintenance and administration of the proposed plant of 1320 MW. People from neighbouring villages, if found suitable, shall be employed during construction and operational phases.

10.2.7 Township

The township will be developed which includes residential quarters, project hostel, guest house, recreation facilities, health centre, shopping facilities, open air theatre, bank, post office.

10.2.8 Sources of Pollution

The various types of pollution from the proposed power plant are air pollution, water pollution, solid waste and noise pollution.

Air Emissions

The major pollutants emitted from the power plant stack will be SO2, NOx and particulate matter. Proper control measures as described below will be installed to minimize the stack emissions within the stipulated/permissible limits prescribed by National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

• Suspended Particulate Matter

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is one of the important pollutants from the proposed power plant. High efficiency (>99.9%) electrostatic precipitators are proposed to be installed to limit the particulate matter emissions to below 50 mg/Nm3. • Sulphur dioxide

The sulphur content in coal is about 0.5%. One bi-flue stack of 275-m height will be provided, as per CPCB/MoEF norms, to disperse the gaseous emissions. • Oxides of Nitrogen To reduce the NOx emissions from the steam generator, all provisions in the steam generator design and fuel firing system will be made. Necessary confirmation from the boiler manufacturers regarding concentration from stack


Chapter-10



will be less than 350 mg/Nm3 generation of NOx would be taken as a measure to control production of this pollutant right at the source.

Liquid Waste Generation

Effluents will be generated from cooling tower blow down, wash water and wastewater from sanitary facilities. Sanitary effluent will be treated in sewage treatment plant. The cooling water blow down will be treated and reused in ash conduction and disposal system and dust suppression system. Blow down from cooling towers will be the main sources of the wastewater. Besides this, DM plant waste, domestic waste from canteen and toilets will be the other wastes generated. The cooling tower blowdown will be reused in dust suppression, ash/coal handling, fly ash conditioning, ash disposal and service water. The treated wastewater from sewage & effluent treatment plant will be used in greenbelt development. 625 m3 of waste water will be generated during operation of power plant and reused in process, dust suppression, coal handling system and greenbelt development plan. Zero Discharge concepts will be followed. Adequate storm drains will be constructed along the boundary of the plant area and within the plant area to drain off the storm water during monsoon period.

Solid Waste Generation in Power Plant Ash is the main solid waste generated in the coal based thermal power plant. Major portion of the ash will be utilized by supplying to potential users. Efforts will be made to utilize 100% fly ash as per the Fly Ash Notification, 1999 and as amended later. The ash which is not lifted by the potential users will be disposed off in the ash dyke using High Concentration Slurry Disposal (HCSD) method. Greenbelt will be provided enveloping the ash pond to arrest the fugitive dust emissions. Ash pond will also be provided with HDPE liner to prevent leaching of contaminants to groundwater.

Noise Pollution

The noise levels expected from various noise generating sources in the proposed plant are varies from 65- 85 dB(A). Acoustic enclosures will be provided wherever required to control the noise level below 85 dB(A). Anywhere not possible technically to meet the required noise levels, personal protection equipment will be provided to the workers. The wide greenbelt around the plant will work as green mufflers to attenuate the noise level dissemination outside the plant boundary.

10.3 Baseline Environmental Status

Baseline environmental studies have been carried from 1st October 2009 to 31st December 2009 and additionally two more locations were monitored in pre- monsoon season 2010. Studies have been carried out in 10-km radius from project as centre for soil quality, ambient air quality, water quality, noise level monitoring, flora and fauna studies and demography.


Chapter-10



10.3.1 Meteorology

The Central Monitoring Station (CMS) equipped with continuous monitoring equipment was installed on top of a residential building at a height of 3.0 m above ground level to record wind speed, direction, relative humidity and temperature. The meteorological monitoring station was located in such a way that it is free from any obstructions and as per the guidelines specified under IS: 8829. Cloud cover was recorded by visual observation. Rainfall was monitored by rain gauge. Maximum temperature of 32.5oC and minimum temperature of 7.40C was recorded during the study period. Maximum temperature was observed during October and the minimum temperature was observed during December of the study period.

Wind Speed/Direction

Predominant winds are mostly from NE (25.1%) followed by NW (19.2%) and SE (10.9%) direction and wind speed ranges between 1-16 km/hr were recorded during study period.

10.3.2 Air Quality

The prime objective of the baseline air monitoring is to evaluate the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the operation of the proposed power plant. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at twelve locations in study area covering upwind, downwind and crosswind directions. Particulates and gaseous pollutants were monitored during study period and results were incorporated in the report. Monitoring procedures and methods were as per CPCB and MOEF guidelines.

The minimum and maximum concentrations for TSPM were recorded as 56.2 µg/m3

and 138.2 µg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at

Jamgaon while the minimum at village Katapali.

The minimum and maximum concentrations for RPM were recorded as 14.3 µg/m3

and 32.2 µg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at village

plant site and the minimum concentration was recorded at 14.3 µg/m3.

The minimum and maximum SO2 concentrations were recorded as 4.0 µg/m3 and

9.5 µg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at village

Jamgaon while the minimum was recorded at location of Sakarbaga. The minimum concentration of 5.5 µg/m3 for NOx was recorded at villages of

Sakarbaga and Khairapali and maximum of 12.0 µg/m3 at Jamgaon.

The minimum and maximum CO concentrations were recorded as 151.0 µg/m3 and

346.0 µg/m3. The Ozone concentrations were observed to be Below Detectable

Limit (BDL) except in one location at Jamgaon where it varied between 0.6 to 1.1 µg/m3.

The Mercury values were observed to be Below Detectable Limit (BDL). All the observed values are well within the NAAQM norms.


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10.3.3 Water Quality studies Four surface water and eight ground water sources covering 10-km radial distance were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on surface and ground water. The samples were collected and analyzed as per the procedures specified in 'Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater' published by American Public Health Association (APHA). Surface Water Quality

� The analysis results indicate that the pH values in the range of 7.56 to 8.20;

the maximum value was observed at back waters of Hirakud reservoir; minimum was observed at River kelo near village Chhuhipali; and all the values are well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5.

� The TDS was observed in the range of 45 mg/l to 192 mg/l, the maximum TDS value was observed at River Kelo near village chhuhipali where as minimum was observed at Sapnai nala near village Banora.

� DO was observed to be in the range of 5.9 to 6.5 mg/l. � The Chlorides and Sulphates were found to be in the range of 11.3 to 65.0 mg/l

and 1.1 to 9.7 mg/l, respectively. It is observed that Chlorides and Sulphates are well within the permissible limits.

� It is evident from the above values that all the parameters are found to comply with the requirements of IS: 2296 specification of surface water. The surface water quality does not indicate any industrial contamination.

Ground Water Quality

As most of the villages in the project area have hand pumps and wells, most of the residents of these villages make use of this water for drinking and other domestic uses. � The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges in between 6.8 to 7.6, which is

well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5. � Total hardness was observed to be ranging from 90.0 to 184 mg/l. The

maximum hardness was recorded at location Sakarbaga while the minimum at village Nawapara.

� Chlorides were found to be in the range of 9.9 mg/l to 33.6 mg/l, with the maximum observed at village Chhuhipali and the minimum at village Jamgaon.

� Sulphates were found to be in the range of 1.1 mg/l to 25.8 mg/l. The maximum was observed at village Manvapali where as the minimum was observed at village Khairpali.

� The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations were found to be ranging between 146 and 290 mg/l, with the maximum observed at village Jamgaon and the minimum at village Dumarpali.

The ground water quality in the study area does not indicate any industrial contamination.


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10.3.4 Soil Characteristics

Ten locations within 10-km radius of the proposed plant boundary were selected for soil sampling. The samples have been collected and analyzed as per the established scientific methods for physico-chemical parameters.

The soil analysis results are presented in the report. It has been observed that the pH of the soil ranged from 7.9-8.1 indicating that the soils are neutral in nature. The soil in the study area is predominantly of silty clay type. The Electrical Conductivity was observed to be in the range of 103-340 µS/cm.

The Nitrogen and Phosphorous values are in the range of 8.3-80.6 kg/ha and 6.2-152.8 kg/ha respectively. The Nitrogen and Phosphorous levels of the soils in the region indicate that soils are less to moderate in Nitrogen and Phosphorous levels. The Potassium values range between 80-249.5 kg/ha, which indicate that the soils have medium quantity of Potassium. The soil from the study area shows moderate fertility due to their NPK content.

10.3.5 Noise Level Survey The objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to evaluate the baseline noise and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated by proposed project. Ten locations were monitored for assessing the existing noise levels in and around the project location. The analysis results reveal that the monitored noise levels are well within the limits as per statutory norms prescribed by Ministry of Environment and Forests.

10.3.6 Flora and Fauna study Ecological studies were conducted in and around existing industrial and assess to know the biological resources. 288 plant species were identified which are mainly composed of phanerophytes and therophytes, hemicryptophytes.13 forest blocks exist in study area and mainly comprise of Shorea robusta, Terminalia tomentosa, Adina cordifolia, Ceiba pentandra, Cassia tora, Eupatorium odarattum, Parthinium hystreophorus, Blumea for woody and herbal populations in the plant site. 82 animal species were recorded/ observed during study period. It can be concluded that 1 species belongs to Sch-I, 8 species belong to Sch-II and rest of species belong Sch-III, Sch-IV and Sch-V of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Detailed aquatic ecological studies were also conducted and results are incorporated in the report. As per MOEF Notifications and local forest department notifications, there are no protected areas as per Wildlife Protection Act,1972 in the 15-km radius from study area.

10.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 10.4.1 Identification of Impacts

The environmental impacts are categorized as either primary or secondary impacts. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to the project and secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed pattern of social and economic activities by the proposed action. The impacts have been assessed for the power


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plant assuming that the pollution due to the existing activities has already been covered under baseline environmental monitoring and details are incorporated in report.

10.4.2 Operation Phase

Air Environment Industrial Source Complex [ISC3] 1993 dispersion model has been used for simulations from point sources to assess the dispersion of pollutants.

• Air pollution modeling, carried out for proposed power plant shows that

resultant concentrations of SO2 (40.4 µg/m3), NOx (39.8 µg/m3) and TSPM

(139.03 µg/m3) due to the proposed project for study period will remain well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

• Limiting of pollutant discharge and minimizing its effect on air quality, within

prescribed standards, will be achieved, by installing tall stacks, for better dispersion of particulates and gaseous pollutants.

• Consequently the proposal is unlikely to have any major impacts on local or

regional air quality or to adversely affect human health or status of pollution-sensitive vegetation, either locally or on nearby terrain.

The predictions indicate that the SPM, SO2, NOx concentrations are likely to be well within the prescribed limit for residential and rural zone as per National ambient air quality monitoring standards prescribed by Central pollution control board, New Delhi.

Water Environment

� Liquid Waste Generation in Power Plant

About 60-m3/hr of wastewater will be used for ash handling system, 30 m3/hr used for green belt and 2 -m3/hr is in the form of sludge. Remaining 533-m3/hr of wastewater will be collected in Effluent Collection and Equalization Tank (ECET), treated in RO plant and re-used for cooling tower make-up. Zero Discharge concepts will be followed.

Solid Waste Management and Land Use

A long-term ash management agenda has been drawn to ensure compliance with the Ash Management Rules and meet CREP (Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection) requirements. All efforts will be put to promote ash utilization in construction business. 100% fly ash utilization will be achieved within 4 years from the date of commencement of the project operations.

Noise Environment

The main noise generating sources are blowers from boilers and turbines. The impact of noise emission from boilers will be minimized by acoustic enclosures and the noise levels will be limited to 85dB [A].


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Greenbelt Development

About 70 ha of land will be developed as greenbelt with a width of 50-m around the plant site. In the proposed greenbelt, a total trees will be planted with a density of 2000 trees/ha.

Socio- Economics

The major economic impacts, which will accrue to the region, during the construction phase and operation of the Power Plant, will be an increased availability of direct and indirect employment. Local people will be benefited after commissioning of the proposed project in terms of petty to major contractual jobs and associated business establishments. Local youth will be given preference in employment during construction and operational phase on the experience and qualification. In addition to that several avenues of employment generation will be created due to proposed project.

10.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme Post project environmental monitoring is important in terms of evaluating the performance of pollution control equipments installed in the project. The sampling and analysis of the environmental attributes will be as per the guidelines of CPCB/CECB. All relevant attributes, as detailed under section 10.6 below, will be covered in the post project environmental monitoring in and around the project site. For environmental protection measures, JSWEL has allocated about Rs. 391 Crore. as capital investment and Rs. 8.7 Crore per annum as recurring expenditure during operation of the project.

10.6 Environment Management Plan 10.6.1 Environment Management Plan during Construction Phase

During construction phase, the construction activities like site levelling, grading, transportation of the construction material cause various impacts on the surroundings.

Air Quality Management

The activities like site development, grading and vehicular traffic contribute to increase in SPM and NOx concentration. The mitigation measures proposed to minimize the impacts are: • Water sprinkling in construction area; • Asphalting the main approach road; • Proper maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment.

Water Quality Management The wastewater from vehicle and construction equipment maintenance centre will contribute to oil and grease concentration. The wastewater from labour colony will


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contribute to higher BOD levels. The mitigation measures proposed to minimize the impacts are: • Sedimentation tank to retain the solids from run-off water; • Oil and grease trap at equipment maintenance centre; • Septic tanks to treat sanitary waste at labour colony;

Noise Level Management

Operation of construction equipment and vehicular traffic contribute to the increased noise level. Proposed mitigation measures are: • Good maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment; • Restriction of construction activities to day time only for equipments generating

substantial noise; • Plantation of trees around the plant boundary to attenuate the noise; and • Provision of earplugs and earmuffs to workers.

10.6.2 Environment Management Plan during Operation Phase

During operation phase, the impacts on the various environmental attributes should be mitigated using appropriate pollution control equipment. The Environment Management Plan prepared for the proposed project aims at minimizing the pollution at source.

Air Pollution Management Fugitive and stack emissions from the power plant will contribute to increase in concentrations of SPM, SO2 and NOx pollutants. The mitigative measures proposed in the plant are: • Installation of ESP’s of 99.9% efficiency to limit the SPM concentrations below

50 mg/Nm3; • Provision of 275-m high stack for wider dispersion of gaseous emissions; • Providing low NOx burners to reduce the NOx emissions; • Provision of Dust extraction system at transfer points of conveyor system; • Enclosed conveyor belt will be closed to prevent dust generation; • Provision of water sprinkling system at material handling and storage yard; • Transportation of the ash by closed bulkers; • Asphalting of the roads within the plant area; and • Development of Greenbelt around the plant to arrest the fugitive emissions.

Water Pollution Management The wastewater will be generated from cooling towers in the power plant. Additionally, domestic wastewater from canteen and employees wash area will also be generated. The recommended measures to minimise the impacts are: • Provision of sewage treatment plant to treat domestic sewage from plant and

township; • Utilization of treated domestic wastewater for greenbelt development;


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• Lining of guard pond suitably to prevent any seepage into ground to avoid any groundwater contamination;

• Provision of separate storm water system to collect and store run-off water during rainy season and utilization of the same in the process to reduce the water requirement;

• Suitable rainwater harvesting structures to be constructed.

Noise Pollution Management In the process, various equipments like pumps, cooling tower, compressors etc generate the noise. The recommendations to mitigate higher noise levels are: • Equipment to conform to noise levels prescribed by regulatory authorities; • Provision of acoustic enclosures to noise generating equipments like pumps; • Provision of thick greenbelt to attenuate the noise levels; and • Provision of earplugs to the workers working in high noise level area.

Solid Waste Management

The main solid waste from the proposed Power Plant will be ash (Fly ash and Bottom ash). The total generation of ash from power plant is 3.123 MTPA. Out of this, the bottom ash will be 0.625-MTPA and the fly ash will be about 2.498 MTPA. It is proposed to utilize 100% of the fly ash generated as Fly ash management policy. All effortswill be made to utilize fly ash for various purposes. Unused fly ash and bottom ash will be disposed off in the lined ash dyke area. To control fugitive dust emission from the ash pond area water sprinkling would be done. After the ash dyke is abandoned, its area will be reclaimed through tree plantation.

Ash Disposal The ash disposal system proposed is for High Concentrated Slurry Disposal (HCSD). Treated wastewater will be used in ash handling plant.

10.7 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Studies

Hazard analysis involves the identification and quantification of the various hazards (unsafe conditions) that exist in the proposed power plant. On the other hand, risk analysis deals with the recognition and computation of risks, the equipment in the plant and personnel are prone to, due to accidents resulting

from the hazards present in the plant. Risk analysis follows an extensive hazard analysis. It involves the identification and assessment of risks the neighboring populations are exposed to as a result of hazards present. This requires a thorough knowledge of failure probability, credible accident scenario, vulnerability of population etc. Much of this information is difficult to get or generate. Consequently, the risk analysis is often confined to maximum credible accident studies and these details discussed in details in EIA report.

10.8 Project Benefits

The proposed project by JSWEL would enable to meet part of the growing power demand in the states of northern region. Further, the proposed power plant will


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result in improvement of infrastructure as well upliftment of social structure in the area. It is anticipated that the proposed power plant will provide benefits for the locals in two phases i.e. during construction phase as well as during operational stage.

10.8.1 Construction Phase

� Employment

The construction phase of power plant is expected to span over 42 months. Approximately 4000 persons would be required for the construction work in peak period.

� Community Services

JSWEL will employ local people to the extent possible in order to reduce the need for additional infrastructure. In addition, JSWEL will develop necessary infrastructure like accommodation, water supply, sewerage, medical facility, etc. for catering to the needs of the project personnel and their families. It is proposed to develop township for employees near the plant site. The local people will be indirectly benefited by these developments.

� Transportation

JSWEL will be laying approach road to project area. Development of power plant in this area will boost infrastructural facilities materials transportation, mechanical workshops, etc

10.8.2 Operational Phase 10.8.2.1Demography benefits

During the operational phase, about 600 people shall be employed. Considering that most of the skilled personnel proposed to be employed for the proposed project would be from outside the study area and unskilled/ semiskilled personnel shall be from within the study area, the proposed project would add to the population in the study area which results in better scope for indirect employment opportunities.

10.8.2.2 Education

Unskilled people and limited skilled people (depending on availability) shall be hired from local population. In addition, some secondary developments like opening of new schools, shops may take place in view of the increased family population due to the proposed employment. These factors will be beneficial to locals residing in the study area.

10.9 Conclusion The proposed power plant has certain level of marginal impacts on the local environment. However, development of this project has certain beneficial impact/effects in terms of bridging the electrical power demand and supply gap and providing employment opportunities that will be created during the course of its setting up and as well as during the operational phase of the project.


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Disclosure of Consultants


11.0 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS

11.1 Introduction

Study has been carried out by Vimta Labs Ltd for the preparation of the EIA/EMP

report based on the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) prescribed Terms of

Reference.

Sr. No. Study Consultants

1 Environmental Impact Assessment study

including Environment Management Plan

Vimta Labs Ltd,

Hyderabad, India

The profile of the Vimta Labs Ltd is given below:

11.2 Vimta Labs Limited - Environment Consultant

Vimta Labs Limited is a leading multi-disciplinary testing and research

laboratory in India. VIMTA provides contract research and testing services in the

areas of environmental assessment, analytical testing, clinical research, pre-

clinical (animal) studies, clinical reference lab services, advanced molecular

biology services and research & development studies.

The Environment Division has been in the forefront of its vision to provide

better environment through guiding and assisting the industry for sustainable

development. A stalwart in the mission to protect and preserve the natural

resources on earth for future generations, it offers extensive research and

consultancy services in the field of environment. With its rich experience, multi-

disciplinary expertise and with the support of its state-of the-art analytical

equipment, the services offered by the division are wide ranging and

encompasses entire gamut of environment management and monitoring services.

With its emphasis on quality services over the years, it has evolved itself into a

single reference point in India for comprehensive environmental services.

11.2.1 The Quality Policy

• VIMTA is committed to good professional practices and quality of operations in

its testing, validation and research services;

• VIMTA shall ensure customer satisfaction by maintaining independence,

impartiality and integrity in its operations;

• VIMTA shall provide the services in accordance with national and international

norms;

• VIMTA shall implement quality systems as per ISO/IEC 17025 and applicable

Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) & Good Clinical Practices (GCPs), to

generate technically valid results/data; and

• VIMTA shall ensure that all its personnel familiarize with the policies and

procedures of the quality system and implement the same in their work.


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11.2.2 Major Milestones and Accreditations

• 1984 - Registered with an initial investment of Rs.200,000=00

• 1985 - Recognized by ISI (now known as Bureau of Indian Standards)

• 1987 - Qualified by the criteria of Ministry of Environment and Forests, India

and was notified as one of the first 14 Standard Environmental Laboratories

published in the Gazette of India

• 1988 - Licensed for carrying out tests on Drugs and Pharmaceuticals

• 1991 - Accredited by NCTCF, DST, Government of India (the forerunner of

NABL)

• 1995 - Accredited by NABL, India under its revised scheme, certified by

Standards Australia, Quality Assurance Services as per ISO/IEC Guide 25 and

ISO 9002

• 1996 - GLP Compliance

• 1998 - Accreditation by GOSSTANDART and joint venture for certification of

Food Exports with ROSTEST, Russia

• 1998 - World Bank Recognition

• 2002 - ANVISA Brazil Certification

• 2003 - USFDA accepts Vimta Bioequivalence study report. Showcased Vimta

at AAPS (USA) and ICSE-CPHI (Germany)

• 2003 – Recognized by Saudi Arabian Standards Organization

• 2004- Enters Gulf market - Executes a contract for environmental

consultancy in Kuwait

• 2006 –Expands its overseas activities. Undertakes environmental assignment

in Saudi Arabia

• 2006 – Undertakes environmental impact assignment in Tanzania, Africa

• 2008 – Has been Pre-Qualified by World Health Organization (WHO)

11.2.3 Services Offered

Spread over 70,000 sq.ft lush green garden premises at Cherlapally, Hyderabad

(India), the scientifically designed and meticulously groomed infrastructural

facility of the Central Laboratory of VIMTA has the most sophisticated

instruments backed by an excellent team of professionals.

Over 150,000 sq. ft. of world class research laboratory is also under operation at

Biotech Park-Genome Valley, Hyderabad (India). Having all the facilities under

one roof is perhaps the only one of its kind in South Asia in the contract testing

and research sector.


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VIMTA Central Laboratory, Cherlapally, Hyderabad VIMTA Life Sciences, Genome Valley, Hyderabad

Vimta offers services under the following specializations:

• Environment;

• Analytical;

• Clinical Reference Lab;

• Clinical Research;

• Preclinical;

• Molecular Biology; and

• Research and Development.

The environment division of VIMTA Labs Limited (VLL) has its presence all over

India and other countries including a strong association with international

consultants like Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), Kennametal Inc.

- USA, Rudal Blanchard – UK, E&E Solutions – Japan, NAPESCO & Kuwait National

Petroleum Corporation – Kuwait, Marafiq and Haif Consultants – Saudi Arabia and

others. Vimta Labs Limited has the following credentials:

• Recognition by BIS, India;

• Recognition by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India and

various State Pollution Control Boards (wherever applicable) ;

• Recognition by Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India (NABL) ;

• Recognition by Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India;

• Recognition by APEDA, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India;

• Recognition by Saudi Arabia Standard Organization (SASO), Saudi Arabia;

• Recognition from NEMC, Tanzania;

• Accreditation by NCTCF;

• Certification from Standard Australia;

• Recognition from ANVISA Brazil;

• Recognition from USFDA;

• Quality Assurance Services as per ISO/IEC 17025;

• Quality Assurance Services as per ICH Guidelines; and

• Recognition by World Health Organization (WHO).


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11.2.4 Services of Environment Division

Environment essentially being a multi-disciplinary science, the range of services

offered by the division are also comprehensive and caters to the needs of

industry, pollution control agencies, regulatory authorities and in a larger pursuit

of a green globe. The services under environment include:

• Site selection and liability studies;

• Environmental impact assessments;

• Environment management plans;

• Carrying capacity based regional studies;

• Environmental audits;

• Solid and hazardous waste management;

• Risk assessment (MCA,HAZON,HAZOP) & disaster management plans;

• Occupational health and safety, industrial hygiene;

• Environmental monitoring for air, meteorology, water, soil, noise, ecology and

socio-economics;

• Industrial emission source monitoring;

• Offshore sampling and analysis of marine water and sediments;

• Marine ecological studies;

• Marine impact assessment;

• Rehabilitation and resettlement studies;

• Forestry and ecological studies;

• Geological and hydro-geological studies;

• Land use /land cover studies based on remote sensing;

• Socio-economic studies;

• Due diligence studies;

• Industrial epidemiological studies;

• Wasteland management studies; and

• Study on bio-indicators.

The services under Environmental Chemistry include:

� Analysis of water, wastewater, soil, solid waste, hazardous waste as per

international codes;

� Source emissions and work zone air/noise quality monitoring;

� Analysis of SVOCs, VOCs, PAH, BTEX, AOX, PCB’s, TCLP metals, TOC etc.;

� Categorization of hazardous waste; and

� Pesticide residue analysis.

11.2.5 Facilities of Environment Division

Vimta-Environment Division is located in scientifically designed Central Laboratory

with the state-of the-art modern facilities to offer vide range of services in indoor

and outdoor monitoring and analytical characterization in the field of

Environment. Further, it is ably supported by highly skilled and experienced team

of professionals in the fields of science, engineering, ecology, meteorology, social

planning, geology & hydro-geology and environmental planning.


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Besides the regular monitoring equipment such as Respirable Dust Samplers

(RDS), automatic weather monitoring stations, stack monitoring kits, personal

samplers, noise meters, portable water kits etc, the other major specialized

equipment include:

• Monostatic Sodar–Designed by National Physical Laboratory, GOI;

• Integrated Noise Level Meters–Quest, U.S.A;

• Flue Gas Analyzers–Testo, Germany;

• 113-A Gravimetric Dust Sampler-Casella, London;

• ICP AES– Varian, USA;

• Gas Liquid Chromatographs with FID, ECD & pFPD–Varian, USA;

• Gas Chromatograph with Mass Detector–Varian, USA;

• Atomic Absorption Spectrometer [AAS]–Varian, USA;

• PAS-AFC-123 instrument;

• High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC);

• Laser Particle Size Analyzer;

• Bomb Calorimeter;

• Polarographs;

• X-ray Fluorescent Spectrometer;

• Flame Photometer;

• Carbon Sulphur Analyzer;

• Computerized Fatigue Testing Machine;

• Electronic Universal Testing Machine;

• Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscope; and

• Water Flow Current Meter – make Lawrence & Mayo.

HIGH RESOLUTION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS


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11.2.6 Quality Systems

The basic fact that environment division and its supporting site laboratories are

accredited by NABL (IS0-17025) and Ministry of Environment and Forests, India

and by other international bodies stand testimony to its emphasis on Quality

Systems.

11.2.7 Achievements

Being the first laboratory to be recognized under Environment Protection (EP) Act

by Government of India (GOI), environment division with its best mind power and

industrial knowledge competency that allows it to compare with the best in the

business.

• The environment division till date has executed about 600 environmental

impact assessment and environment management studies with risk

assessment and disaster management plans for various spectrum of industries

and obtained statutory approvals;

• Supported by the strong modern laboratory and experienced hands,

environment division is well equipped in conducting due diligence, phase-I and

phase-II studies;

• Undertaken specialized studies such as regional environmental impact

assessment on carrying capacity principle; upper air meteorological studies

using monostatic SODAR for major industrial complexes;

• Associated with prestigious studies such as environmental pollution

monitoring around Taj Trapezium (India), pre and post satellite launch studies

for Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and monitoring for offshore oil

& gas exploration for deep-sea water and sediment sampling;

• The services offered include vide spectrum of industries covering power,

chemical, cement, mining, steel & alloys, metallurgical, aluminium refining &

smelting, dye & intermediates, bulk drugs, pesticides, agro-chemicals, petro-

chemicals, refineries, pulp & paper, oil & gas exploration & production,

asbestos, infrastructure such as highways, seaports and airports, river valley,

foundries etc;

• Undertaken environmental consultancy for pipeline layout and up gradation of

API oil-water separators of various crude oil depots and petrol filling stations

of Kuwait National Petroleum Corporation, Kuwait;

• Undertaken performance evaluation and capacity expansion of sewage

treatment plant and industrial wastewater treatment Plant for Marafiq, Saudi

Arabia; and

• Undertaken environmental impact assessment studies for pulp and paper mill

expansion of Mufindi Paper Mills, Tanzania, Africa.

The details of the persons involved in the preparation of present EIA/EMP report is

presented below:


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DETAILS OF PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN CURRENT EIA/EMP STUDY – VIMTA LABS LTD

Sr. No. Name Qualification Position Contribution Experience

1 Mr. M.Janardhan M.Tech (Env. Engg) Vice President (Environment)

Co-ordination About 17 years of experience in the field of environmental management and environmental engineering

2 Mr. E.Shyam Sundar M.Sc., M.Phil (Chem)

PGDES

Assoc. Vice

President (Env. Projects)

Project Manager About 17 years of experience in the field of environmental

chemistry and monitoring

3 Dr.M.V.R.N.Acharyulu M.Sc., Ph.D (Ecology) Group Leader Project Inacharge About 16 years of experience in the field of Terrestrial, Aquatic and Marine Ecology

4 Mr. K.V.Kishore Babu M.Tech (Env) Group Leader Expert About 8 years of experience in the field of environmental management and environmental engineering

5 Mr.G.V.Raghava Rao M.Tech (Env) Group Leader Expert About 13 years of experience in the field of environmental management and environmental engineering

6 Dr. C. Mary Sukanya M.Sc (Tech), Ph.D (Envi Science & Tech)

Env. Scientist Expert About 7 years of experience in the field of Environmental Management and Environmental Chemistry

7 Mr. V. Rangasamy M.Tech (Env) Env. Engineer Expert About 5 years of experience in the field of wastewater management

8 Ms. P. Bhavna M.Tech (Env) Env. Engineer Expert About 6 years of experience in the field of Environmental management and environmental engineering

9 Mr. Karunakar Sandha M.Tech (Env) Env. Engineer Expert About 3 years of experience in the field of environmental studies and management

10 Mr. K.V.Suryanarayana M.Tech( Env) Env. Scientist Expert About 5 years of experience in the field of environmental monitoring and air pollution and management

11 Mr. A. Aditya Srinivas M.Sc. (Environmental Science)

Env. Scientist Expert About 7 years of experience in the field of environmental analysis

12 Ms. Durga Bhavani M.Sc. (Env) Scientist Expert About 5 years of experience in the field of Environmental Chemistry

13 Mr. P. Niranjan Babu B.Com Asst Manager Secretarial Support

About 18 years of experience in the field of environmental monitoring

14 Mr. P. Krishna I.T.I (Civil) Sr. Draftsman Cartography About 10 years experience in the field of environmental management and civil drawings

15 Mr. J. Rama Krishna I.T.I (Civil) Draftsman Cartography About 9 years experience in the field of environmental management and civil drawings

Documents

Main Steam at SHO Hot Reheat Steam at RHO Tehsil of Raigarh district in the North of Jharadih Railway station. Land from the villages Sarwani, Suti, Ulda, Patrapali & Tiur, without