Main features of HCB and PCB chapters Main features of HCB and PCB chapters to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric

Emission Inventory GuidebookEmission Inventory Guidebook

Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2004

Sergey Kakareka, Tamara KukharchykSergey Kakareka, Tamara KukharchykInstitute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology

Minsk, Belarus

6th JOINT UNECE Task Force & EIONET Meeting on Emission Inventories and Projections19-21 October 2005, Rovaniemi, Finland

Project title: Further research for HCB and PCB emission inventory improvement in the NIS countries (on an example of Belarus)

Goal:

Further improvement of the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters regarding to HCB and PCB emission

Work-plan for 2004 was approved by the Task Force on Emission Inventory and Projections & EIONET Meeting (6-8 September 2003, Warsaw, Poland).

Now in the Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook there is a lack of data necessary for successful inventory of PCBs and HCB listed in POPs protocol. As a result of project 2 chapters devoted to emission of these pollutants: Sources of HCB Emission and Sources of PCB Emission were prepared. They include data on emission of HCB and PCB from other Guidebook chapters (except Electrical Equipment chapter) in line with own experimental data and literature data on emission of HCB and PCB and other material necessary for inventory of these specific pollutants. 

Outline of these chapters are given below.

1.GENERAL

  Definitions

Properties

2. SOURCES OF HCB

3. CONTRIBUTION TO EMISSION

4. ABATEMENT

5. METHODOLOGY

6. ACTIVITY STATISTICS

7. POINT SOURCE CRITERIA

8. EMISSION FACTORS

9. SPECIES PROFILES

SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE EMISSIONSOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE EMISSION

Structure of the HCB Chapter

10 . UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES

11. WEAKEST ASPECTS IN CURRENT METHODOLOGY

12. SPATIAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA FOR AREA SOURCES

13.TEMPORAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA

14. ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

15. SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS

16. VERIFICATION PROCESSES

17. REFERENCES

18. BIBLIOGRAPHY

19. RELEASE VERSION, DATE AND SOURCE

SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE EMISSIONSOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE EMISSION

1.2. Properties

•Hexachlorobenzene is a white crystalline substance with molecular mass 284.7840, with specific off-flavour, melting point 231оС, boiling point – 326оС. It is very soluble in many organic solvents and practically non-soluble in water.•Hexachlorobenzene is a very persistent environmental chemical due to its chemical stability and resistance to biodegradation. HCB life-time in the atmosphere is defined by the rate of interaction with hydroxyl-radical and it is equal 2.7–6 years depending on the geographical latitude. Such long life-time in atmosphere allows transboundary transmission of HCB. In water HCB binds to sediments and suspended matter.

2. Sources of HCB emission

•The main source of HCB emission is agriculture if HCB is used in this sector. •Hexachlorobenzene is currently emitted as by-product or impurity in the manufacture of several chlorinated solvents (tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride); other chlorinated compounds (vinyl chloride); and several pesticides, including pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), tetrachloro isophthalonitrile (chlorothalonil), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), pentachloro phenol (PCP), and dimethyltetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA or Dacthal); and was also produced as by-product for production of atrazine, propazine, simazine, and mirex…

3.Contribution to emission In Europe (1990-1995): • agriculture - 72-100% • production of chlorinated products

and electric steelmaking –10-13%• waste treatment and disposal - less

than 1% (Berdowski et al., 1997; Pacyna et al, 1999)

In the USA (for 1996): • production of industrial inorganic

chemicals (silicone products) - 48% • application of surface coatings to

both the inside and outside of metal cans - 21%

• pesticide production - 11 %• processes of chlorine production -

7 % • various processes of organic

chemistry and HCl production - 3 % (Draft PBT National…, 2000).

4. Abatement

 Taking into consideration heterogenity of HCB pathways (direct application, in-stack emission etc.) prevention of HCB emissions into the environment can be made using strategies. They include:

•a) safe application of HCB (especialy as pesticide) and HCB-polluted products;

•b) safe disposal of HCB wastes (including old pesticides storage and disposal);

•c) complete distruction of HCB wastes (vast list of technological measures aimed at high level of destruction of HCB);

•d) HCB emission control from thermal processes. Due to comparatively low levels in emissions from the most of processes special measures for HCB control are usually not proposed. HCB emissions can be controlled generally like other chlorinated organic compounds..

5. Methodology

A simpler methodology of emission estimation is based on the calculation using aggregated emission factors and production statistics by the formula:

Hexachlorobenzene emission = emission factor x output production (fuel or waste combusted, pesticides applied).

A more reliable methodology is based on emission factors for specific processes, taking into account data on the type and efficiency of control equipment, and the content of HCB in materials, fuels and wastes.

However these traditional methodologies can be applied mainly for in-stack HCB emission and pesticides application.

Data on the HCB usage as pesticide, industrial production and fuel combustion where HCB is emitted as by-product is available from national statistical reports. Data on scrap reclamation, wastes incineration and disposal, use of products potentially polluted with HCB (solvents) can be obtained from industry associations or enterprises.. However, in most cases, no data are available from the statistics on the level of products pollution with HCB and on HCB-contaminated reservoirs. In such cases special studies are necessary or some expert estimates to be made.

The application of the detailed estimation methodology may be complicated unless the statistical data are available directly from a given source of emission…

6. Activity statistics

8. Emission factors Default HCB emission factors table

Source category SNAP Emission factor Unit

Stationary fuel combustion

01+02+03    

Hard coal   16 µg/t

Firewood   60 µg/t

Production processes 03&04    

Sinter plants 030301 32 µg/t

Secondary aluminium production

030310 5 g/t

Magnesium production 030323 0.3 g/t

Non-ferrous casting N/A 0.5 g/t

Cement 030311 11 µg/t

Default HCB emission factors – cont.

Source category SNAP Emission factor Unit

Solvent and other product use

060406 2 mg/t

Road transport & other mobile sources and machinery

07+08    

Leaded gasoline   0.87 ng/km

Unleaded gasoline   0.024 ng/km

Diesel fuel   21 ng/km

Waste treatment and disposal

09    

Incineration of domestic or municipal wastes

090201 0.001 g/t

Default HCB emission factors – cont.Source category SNAP Emission

factor Unit

Incineration of industrial wastes 090202    

Tetrachloromethane   8 g/t

Trichloroethylene   3 g/t

Tetrachloroethylene   6 g/t

Polyvinyl chloride   5 g/t

Hazardous wastes*   0.01 g/t

Contaminated wood   0.002 g/t

Other solid wastes   0.0001 g/t

Incineration of hospital wastes 090207 0.019 g/t

Incineration of sludge from waste water treatment

090205 0.5 g/t

Agriculture 10    

Use of pesticides (HCB) 100600 0.5 t/t

SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF POYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS EMISSION SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF POYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS EMISSION

Structure of the PCB Chapter 1.GENERAL

  Definitions

Properties

2. SOURCES OF PCB

3.CONTRIBUTION TO EMISSION

4. ABATEMENT

5. METHODOLOGY

6. ACTIVITY STATISTICS

7. POINT SOURCE CRITERIA

8. EMISSION FACTORS

9. SPECIES PROFILES

SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF POYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS EMISSION SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF POYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS EMISSION

10 . UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES

11.WEAKEST ASPECTS IN CURRENT METHODOLOGY

12.SPATIAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA FOR AREA

SOURCES

13.TEMPORAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA

14.ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

15.SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS

16.VERIFICATION PROCESSES

17. REFERENCES

18. BIBLIOGRAPHY

19.RELEASE VERSION, DATE AND SOURCE

2.Sources of PCBs

production of PCB and products (equipment) containing PCBs; use of products containing

PCBs; utilization of PCB and

materials containing PCBs; emission from reservoirs

polluted by PCBs.

3. Contribution to emission

Electrical equipment is one of the most important consumer of PCBs and, respectively, a source of secondary environment pollution by PCBs.

If the electrical equipments do not taken into account, the main contribution in PCB emission had waste incineration: municipal waste combustion, hazardous waste incineration, and medical waste incineration contribute over 95% of national PCB emissions (estimates for 1990 in the USA).

4. Abatement

 Prevention of PCBs discharges into the environment can be fulfilled with the help of different strategies: a) safe application of PCBs;b) safe disposal of PCBs; c) complete distruction of PCBs (vast list of technological measures mostly aimed at high level of destruction and removal of PCBs from PCB wastes);d) PCBs emission control from thermal processes. PCBs emissions can be controlled generally like other chlorinated compounds in emissions.

5. Methodology

A simpler methodology is based on application of aggregated emission factors and production statistics. PCB emissions are calculated by the formula: PCBs emission = emission factor x production output (fuel or wastes combusted). However traditional methodologies can be applied mainly for in-stack PCBs emission, i.e. for thermal processes. For other sources, including open and closed applications, reservoirs simple emission factors can be proposed, but they are very uncertain and in most cases demand statistical data which is not available.

6. Activity statistics

Data on the industrial production and fuel combustion, which are minor sources of PCBs is available from national statistical reports. Data on scrap reclamation, wastes incineration, use of PCBs for some open applications (paints, dyers etc.) and some other sources can be obtained from industry associations and enterprises.. However, in most cases, no data are available from the statistics on such major sources as electrical equipment with PCBs, PCBs landfilling. In these cases special studies or some expert estimates are necessary. .

Generally PCBs emission calculations have great uncertainty due to complexity of PCB emissions, their low levels, and the lack of empirical data from relevant studies.

On the whole, the precision and accuracy of emission calculation depends mainly on the quality of emission factors. If aggregated or default emission factors are used, their uncertainties are expected to be high. But for PCBs lack of statistical data for some source categories also results in high level of uncertainty.

10. Uncertainty estimates

Default PCB emission factors tableSource category SNAP Emission

factorUnit

       

Stationary fuel combustion 01+02+03    

Non-industial combustion plants 02    

Fuel oil   3600 µg/t

Hard coal   4500 µg/t

Peat briquette   900 µg/t

Firewood   600 µg/t

Production processes 03&04    

Sinter plants 030301 200 µg/t

Electric arc furnaces 040207 3.6 mg/t

PCBs-containing paint production 060307 5 kg/t

PCBs-containing paint use (open application)

0601 80 kg/t

8. Emission factors

Default PCB emission factors – cont.

Source category SNAP Emission factor

Unit

Waste treatment and disposal 09    

PCBs incineration   10 g/t

Incineration of domestic or municipal wastes

090201 5 mg/t

Incineration of industrial wastes 090202 5 mg/t

Incineration of hospital wastes 090207 20 mg/t

Incineration of sludge from waste water treatment

090205 5 mg/t

Other sources and sinks      

Electrical equipment N/A   See chapter Electrical

Equipment

Ways forward in Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook development for POPs emission inventory improvement

There is a need in preparation of:

1. Guidelines for PCBs inventory

Should include description of procedures of the inventory of PCBs

produced, imported, in use, at storage and disposal etc. These data

on PCBs are necessary for PCBs emission inventory.

2. Guidelines for assessment of PCBs emission from electrical

equipment

This type of equipment is the main source of environmental pollution

by PCBs. Update of existing Electrical Equipment chapter is

necessary with new material on the issue.