Main Events Surrounding 1500’sI. Explorations

a. Purposei. Gold/riches

ii. More landiii. Spread religion – Catholiciv. Spices

b. Main countries involvedi. France – settled Canada

ii. Portugal – settled along coastline of Africaiii. England – settled Americaiv. Spain – settled Central, South America

1. found Aztecs and Incas – lots of gold2. this area (Caribbean) became known as the Spanish Main3. this was pirate territory

c. It began trade and new ideas spread throughout the worldII. Reformation

a. Trying to change the Catholic churchi. Selling of indulgences – giving people the right to sin with no

punishmentii. Purgatory – place of punishment for a time to cleanse (purge) sin

in a person’s lifeiii. Bread and wine becoming body and blood of Christiv. Baptism of infants – but the Bible says it is for believersv. The Bible was only in Latin

b. Men of the Reformationi. John Wycliffe – The Morning Star of the Reformation

1. first light of reformation2. 1330 – 13843. 1428 – they dug up his bones, burned them, and threw them

in the river4. his stand

a. indulgences b. transubstantiation – wine and bread becoming the

body and blood of Christc. papal authority and priestly privileges

5. events of his lifea. Peasants’ revolt – 1381b. Black deathc. 100 year war – England and Franced. superstitione. richness of the church

6. his influencea. translating the Bible into Englishb. his teachings spread everywhere – Bohemiac. John Huss followed his teachings

ii. John Huss1. greatly influenced by John Wyclife2. belief

a. Bible should be in the common languageb. The Bible should be the final authority in matters of

the church

c. True church is made up of those who truly believe in God – it isn’t a building, it isn’t a method

3. eventsa. excommunicated and forbidden to preach – 1410b. interdict – to say that he was wrong – closed the

churches until he recanted – he chose to leave – 1412

c. this was time of the Great Schism – there was much confusion in the Catholic church

d. Council of Constance – this was to try to solve the schism – 1414 - 1417

e. He was burned at the stake – he went singing – July 6, 1415

iii. Martin Luther1. German – translated the Bible into German2. he was a monk – doctor of Theology at Wittenburg3. 1515 – nailed the 95 Theses (95 things against the

teachings of the Catholic church)a. written in Latinb. never intended for the common peoplec. he never tried to break the churchd. it was translated and printed and distributede. This was the beginning of the down fall of the

Catholic church4. Diet Worms – held in Worms Germany – a trial

a. Condemned Luther and his teachingsb. He was made a fugitivec. “kidnapped” so that he be protected

5. 1534 – the German Bible is published6. 1546 – Luther dies

iv. Zwingli – 1484-15311. turning point of his life

a. going to battle and seeing men dieb. plague – he was affectedc. read Erasmus’ Greek New Testamentd. questioned things in the Catholic church

2. 1519 – he decided to preach from the word of God instead of the lectionary

3. working in Zurich (Switzerland)4. met with Luther and they agreed on almost everything5. died in 1531 in battle – the very thing opposed at the

beginning of his ministryv. Calvin – 1509 – 1564

1. went to the University of Paris at 12 years of age2. fled from Paris because of his beliefs3. 1536- he settles in Geneva4. Geneva becomes the center of Protestantism teachings5. teachings

a. predestinationb. wrote many booksc. influenced thousands/millions of people

6. “predestination”

a. God chose certain people to go to heaven and others to go to hell

b. Man has no choicec. Calvinism teaches this

vi. Ana-Baptists1. Four doctrines

a. Separation of the power of the church and the power of the state

b. Refused to take arms and fightc. Believers baptism onlyd.

2. Main peoplea. Michael Sattler – burned alive 1527b. Magaretha Sattler – drowned in 1527c. 1525 that the first re-baptism was held and the first

follower was killed3. Branches that came from the Ana-Baptists

a. Mennonites (Menno Simons – Netherlands)b. Hutteritesc. Brethrend. Moravianse. Amish

vii. William Tyndale1. sets about to translate and print the Bible in English2. 1525 – the New Testament was in print (Cologne and

Worms)3. King Henry VIII – king of England and he has Tyndale

hunted down4. 1535 – he is betrayed by Henry Phillips in Antwerp 5. 1536 – he is strangled and burned at Brussels6. His dying prayer, “Lord, open the King of England’s eyes”7. 2 years later in 1538 – Henry ordered all churches to

display a copy of the Bible in Englishc. Religions that came out of the Reformation

i. Lutheransii. Mennonites, Amish, Baptists, Hutterites, Brethren

iii. Protestantsiv. Methodistsv. Calvinists

vi. Church of England (Orthodox)vii. Moravian Brethren

III. Europe 1500-1600a. Spain

i. Background1. Called the Iberian Peninsula2. Many people who invaded and lived there3. 200 BC it was controlled by Rome and called Hispana4. Rome allowed the Visogoths to settle there for about 400

yearsa. they maintained the Roman lifestyleb. this was never quite as “dark” as the rest of Europe

5. By 711 the Moors arrived

a. North African (Black) Muslimsb. stayed for the next 750 years

6. “Christians” reconquered (reconquista)7. by 1492 – Granada fell (last Muslim stronghold)8. beginning of the European kingdoms

a. Castilleb. Aragonc. When these united it was then called the Kingdom

of Spainii. Spanish Empire

1. Expands into the new world2. Becomes the most powerful nation in Europe (for a short

time)3. Spanish arts and literature are at its peak

a. Booksb. Poetryc. Theaterd. music

4. Marred by a. expulsion of Jews as well as Muslimsb. vilest of inquisitionsc. treatment of the indigenous peoples of New World

5. Empire in the New World went from California to the tip of South America

6. Was financed by the gold brought from the New World7. This put them on the warpath with other countries

a. winning and losing territory in Italy and Netherlands

b. Wars with England using the Spanish Armada – tried marriage first

c. Wars France – tried intermarriaged. This would bankrupt Spain and destroy its powere. Fighting from without, fighting from within over

the years brought Spain to its kneesf. Spain would be powerless until Francisco Franco

i. A dictatorii. Brought the death of millions of Spanish

peopleiii. Franco dies 1975 – brought a change in

Spaing. there are still tensions today especially from

Muslim immigrantsh. One of the fastest growing standards of living in

Europeiii. House of Trastamara

1. Ferdinand and Isabellaa. Ferdinand of Aragon (1479-1516)b. Isabella of Castile and Leon (1474-1504)c. Their union allowed them to conquer all of Spain

i. Spain given the title in 1837 under the House of Bourbon

ii. At war with France

1. 1503 Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola

2. first battle in history won by gun power small arms

d. 1492 – an important year in Spaini. drove out the Muslims off the peninsula

ii. sent out Christopher Columbus who “discovered” the New World – islands of the Caribbean

iii. started the inquisition1. reason - unify the nation through

religion2. groups targeted – Jews and Muslims3. came from rulers instead of the

churche. even though the unified the nation through marriage

– they were still separate kingdomsi. because of his wife, an agreement was made

that he could rule in Castileii. when Isabella died, he was kicked our and

her daughter took over2. Philip and Joanna

a. Philip I – 1506i. Philip the Handsome

ii. Sworn in to rule Castile with Joannaiii. Died suddenly of Typhoidiv. Joanna refused to let his body go to be

buriedb. Joanna I of Castile – 1504-1555

i. Was Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughterii. When Isabella died, she reigned with her

husband Philip of Castileiii. Son – Charles I of Spain was appointed over

Aragon when Ferdinand diediv. She co-ruled with Charles as wellv. Known as Joanna the Mad – possibly had

schizophreniavi. For 20 years she was imprisoned both by her

father (Ferdinand) and then by her son1. his allowed them to keep the claim

of the throne of Castille2. they needed her to maintain their rule

iv. House of Habsburg/House of Austria1. Charles I – King of Aragon and Castile – 1516-1556

a. son of Joanna the Mad and Philip the Handsomeb. also known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperorc. united

i. German Habsburgsii. House of Burgundy

iii. His mother’s Spanish heritageiv. Had some ties with the King France

d. married Isabella of Portugal

e. He ruled the Holy Roman Empire – Spain, Italy, Netherlands, and the Spanish colonies in America

f. Extended the territories in America through conquistadores

i. Hernan Cortesii. Francisco Pizarro

iii. Caused the Aztec to fall in a decadeiv. Brought enormous amounts of money into

the treasuryv. Bernal Diaz – “We came to serve God, and

our Majesty, and also to get rich.”g. sent out Ferdinand Magellan – sailed around the

world in 1522h. his success convinced him that he was the leader of

the Christian worldi. When made Holy Roman Emperor over the German

states he was determined not to let Protestantism gain support like it did in Netherlands

i. one responsible for calling Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms

ii. he outlawed Lutheriii. was part of starting the counter-reformation

j. Had 4 wars with Francei. His lands surrounded them

ii. 1525 – with Germany’s help he defeats France at the Battle of Pavia

1. Captures Francis I of Franceiii. Wars lasted 60 years

k. battles with the Turksl. 1550-1551 – debate concerning the existence of

souls in Amerindiansm. he retired he divided his territory

i. Spain, Netherlands, Naples (Italy) and America given to Philip II

ii. Austria and Holy Roman Empire given to his brother Ferdinand

2. Philip II – 1556 – 1598a. 1st marriage

i. his cousin Princess Maria of Portugalii. had a son Don Carlos

iii. Maria died the same yearb. 2nd marriage

i. alliance with Kingdom of Englandii. Catholic English queen Mary – Bloody

Mary1. Daughter of King Henry VIII2. Mary thought it was a love match3. Philip thought it a convenience

c. after Mary died 4 years later he tried to marry Mary’s half-sister – Queen Elizabeth I

i. this marriage didn’t work

ii. Philip tried to help Mary Queen of Scotts get on the English throne

iii. Elizabeth has Mary Queen of Scotts killediv. Elizabeth sent her privateers to Spanish

Main to raid Philip’s shipsd. Philip declares war on England

i. 3 times he sends his ships to England – Spanish Armada

ii. England’s small ships are fasteriii. They send the fleet fleeing every timeiv. The last time they leave they run into a

storm that destroys the remaining shipsv. Continues to battle England until both he

and Elizabeth are deade. 3rd marriage

i. the daughter of King Henry II of Franceii. this ends the 60 year war

iii. Problems1. She had been promised to Philip’s

son Carlos2. Carlos went to leave Spain and

Philip had him imprisoned in his room

3. He died by starving himself to death in protest

4. Philip was accused of murdering himf. 4th marriage

i. Anna – daughter of Maximillian IIii. Gave him a son named Philip III

g. Philip’s wars and extravagance began costing Spaini. 1566-1648 - Eighty Years' War between

Spain and the Netherlandsii. was is in debt and had to borrow money

from foreign bankersiii. he bankrupted Spain

h. in 1580 with the death of his uncle he inherited Portugal

i. inherited Africa, Brazil, and East Indies colonies

ii. with more money coming in – he could continue to live in the lifestyle he was accustomed to

3. Philip III – 1598-1621v. Explorations

1. Colonized Central and South America2. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

a. Sailed in 1492b. Looking for India c. found America – discovers the islands in

the Caribbeand. spices, gold, slavese. 1506 he dies in Valladolid Spain

3. Martin Alonzo Pinzon (1441-1493) a. New World looking for spices, gold,

slavesb. 1492 sailed with Columbus

4. Vincente Pinzon (1460-1523)a. New Worldb. sailed with Columbus, 1492

5. Lucas Vazquez De Ayllon (1475-1526)a. tried to settle in US, 1526

6. Vasco Nunez De Balboa (1475-1519)a. first to see Pacific Ocean, 1513

7. Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca (1490-1557a. Landed in Floridab. Went to Texas by raftc. then walked to Mexico and met

Coronado, 1527-1557 8. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (?-1543)

a. Explored California coast, 15429. Bernal Diaz Del Castillo (1492-1584)

a. Chronicled the conquest of Mexico, 1514-1521

10. Francisco Fernandez De Cordoba (?-1524)

a. Slave traderb. first to see Mayans in Mexico, 1517-1524

11. Francisco Vasquez De Coronado (1510-1554)

a. New Worldb. claim land,c. looking for the 7 Cities of Gold

12. Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)a. Overthrew Aztecsb. Conquered then claimed Mexico for

Spain, 1519-152113. Ponce De Leon (1460-1521) – Spain,

America-Florida (gold, land, Fountain of Youth), 1493-1521

14. Panfilo De Narvaez (1470-1528) – Spain, Florida (more land), 1526-1528

15. Alonso Alvarez De Pineda (1519) – Spain, Coast of Florida to Mexico (gold), 1519

16. Hernando De Soto (1500-1542) a. Explored Florida 1524-1537b. Explores inland North America - 1539c. gold, silver, and land

17. Andres De Urdaneta (1508-1568) – Spain, Route from Mexico to Philippines (colonize), 1525-1564

18. Estevanico (1500-1539) a. slave with De Vaca, 1528-1539

19. Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541)

a. Pacific Coast of South America 1532-1533

b. Conquered the Incan Empire – 153220. 1541 – Pedro de Valdivia

a. found Santiago de Chileb. becomes royal governor

21. Sebastian Cermenho (1595) – Spain, California coastline, 1595

22. Pedro Menendez De Aviles (1519-1574) – Spain, Start settlement in Florida, 1565

23. Juan De Fuca (15??-1601) – Spain, West coast of North America from Mexico to Canada, 1592

24. Juan De Onate (1550-1630) – Spain, colony in New Mexico, 1595-1604

25. 1571 - Spanish missionaries are murdered by Indians at the later Jamestown Settlement, Virginia.

26. 1572 - Spanish conquistadores apprehend the last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba, Peru, and execute him in Cuzco

vi. Renaissance1. Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish author (1547 - 1616)2. Commercial Revolution in Europe 1520-1650

b. Portugali. Early explorers

1. Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) – Portugal, Around Africa (Christian kingdom), 1434-1458

2. Gil Eannes (15th) – Portugual, African coast, 1434-1435

3. 1509 – Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice Trade

ii. Explorers seeking route to India and China 1415-15101. Bartolomeu Dias (1457-1500) – Portugal,

Around Africa (gold), 1481-1500 2. Martin Behaim (1459-1537) – Portugal,

Northwest Africa (gold), discovered Congo River 1482-1506

3. Vasco Da Gama (1460-1524) – Portugal, Around Africa to India (silk, road carvings) 1497-1503

4. Afonso De Albubuerque (1400?-1515) – Portugal, India (secure the sea routes), 1503-1511

5. Pedro Alvares Cabral (1467-1520) – Portugal, Discovered Brazil, 1500-1501

6. Gaspar Corte Real (1450-1501) – Portugal, Northwest Passage, 1500-1501

7. Diogo Dias (1500) – Portugal, Madagascar, 1500

8. Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) a. Sail around the world, 1519-1522

b. Looking for westward route to spice islands

c. Died in the Philippinesd. Couldn’t find the body to take him homee. Trip was completed by Sebastian del

Cano9. 1513 – Jorge Alvares lands at Macau, China during the

Ming Dynastyiii. Claiming land for themselves

1. 1415: The Portuguese capture Ceuta (tip of Africa on Strait of Gibraltar)

2. 1433: Cape Bojador is rounded by Gil Eannes (coast of Morocco)

3. 1484: Diogo Cao discovers the Congo estuary4. 1488: Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope (tip

of Africa)5. 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas (divides Spain from Portugal)6. 1497-1498: Vasco da Gama sails to India7. 1500: Pedro Cabral discovers Brazil8. 1510: The Portuguese capture Goa (mid coast of Africa)9. 1553-1557 – Portuguese settlement at Macau10. 1578: King Sebastian of Portugal is killed at the Battle of

Alcazarquivir11. 1580: Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II. The

struggle for the throne of Portugal ends the Portuguese Empire. The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united for 60 years, i.e. until 1640

c. Englandi. House of Mercia – 774-795 with Offa son of Thingfrith

ii. House of Wessex – 829-10161. Alfred the Great – 871-899

iii. House of Denmark – 1013-1042iv. House of Wessex (restored) – 1042-1066v. House of Normandy – 1066-1141

1. William the Conqueror – 1066-1087vi. House of Plantagenet 1154-1399

1. Richard the Lionheart – 1189-11992. Edward Longshanks – 1272-1307

vii. House of Lancaster – 1399-1471viii. House of York 1471-1485

1. Edward V – 1483a. 12 years old when he took the throneb. reigned for 2 months – was then murdered

2. there was a battle for the English throne – Lancaster against York

a. House of Lancaster – their symbol was a red roseb. House of York – their symbol was a white rosec. Wars of the Roses – civil wars from 1455-1489

ix. House of Tudor – 1485-16031. Henry VII – 1485-1509

a. finish the War of Rosesb. Tutor England symbol became a red and white rose

c. claim to throne was a little shaky – not true child – illegitimate heir (even though they were married later on)

d. hired private little armies to irritate anyone who might want the throne

e. married Elizabeth of York - giving him stronger claim to the throne

f. had two sonsg. end of his life

i. his son Arthur (his heir) died in an epidemicii. soon after that his wife Elizabeth died in

childbirthiii. made arrangements for his next son to marry

Arthur’s widow - Catherine of Aragoniv. say Henry died of a broken heart

2. Henry VIII – 1491-1547a. Reigned as king from 1509-1547b. best known – Renaissance Man

i. gambler and dice playerii. loved sports

iii. partyingiv. musician, author, poetv. building projects - both original construction

and improving on propertiesvi. many marriages – 6 times

vii. bringing about the protestant reformation1. created the Church of England2. dissolved the monasteries3. brought the union of England and

Walesc. Early life

i. Well educatedii. Spoke Latin, French and Spanish fluently

iii. Since his brother was to have the throne, Henry was going to have a career in the church

iv. After death of brother he married to his brother’s widow Catherine of Aragon – daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

d. Marriage to Catherinei. 17 years old when married and crowned

kingii. Battles

1. Battle of the Spurs in France - 1513a. Combined efforts with

Emperor Maximilian (Roman) and the Swiss

b. Formed an army of 30,000c. Crushed the French

2. Battle of Flodden Field - 1513

a. Invading Scotts coming into England’s domain

b. Defeated by Henry’s forcesiii. Catherine didn’t produce a male heir just a

daughter Mary - a sickly girl (Bloody Mary)iv. Had his eyes on Anne Boleynv. He orders Cardinal Wolsey to have his

marriage annulled (declared never a true marriage in the eyes of the church)

vi. Wosley tried to get this through the Catholic church but Pope Clement VII was afraid of Charles V – Catherine’s nephew who had already pillaged Rome and held the Pope prisoner – NO DIVORCE

vii. Henry fired Wosley and replaced him with Sir Thomas Moore

viii. Also employed Thomas Cromwell (lawyer) and Thomas Cranmer (priest) to help him

ix. Cranmer suggested going to certain theologians – with the proper bribes and favors – still no luck

x. He broke with the Catholic church – 1531-1532

1. abolished papal supremacy2. declared himself head of the Church

in England 3. Annuls the marriage to Catherine

e. Marries to Anne Boleyni. Secretly marries Anne 1533

ii. Thomas Cranmer (priest) quickly declares his 1st marriage annulled and validates the marriage to Anne

iii. Anne was crowned Queen of England and gave birth to a daughter – Elizabeth

iv. Devout protestant – and pushed the protestant faith

1. Religious upheaval followed2. Protestant movement centered in

Englandf. Execution of Anne

i. It didn’t take long before the king was tired of her

ii. Accused her of adultery (which was treason)iii. She publicly swore her innocence and then

was beheadedg. Marries Jane Seymour

i. 1 day after Anne’s execution Henry was engaged to Jane Seymour

ii. married 10 days lateriii. by the Act of Succession 1536 – it was

declared that any child of his and Jane’s would have the right to the throne

iv. Jane gave birth to a son – Edward VIv. Jane died from complications from children

birthvi. Henry wanted to be buried next to her when

he diedh. Laws in Wales Act – 1535 – united England and

Wales into one nationi. Anne of Cleves – 1540

i. Thomas Cromwell suggested Henry marry her

ii. A portrait was painted and brought to Henryiii. when she arrived – Henry found her very

unattractive but married her anyway in 1540iv. wife #4v. Henry wanted to end the marriage because

she and the Duke of Cleves got into a dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor and Henry didn’t want to take part

vi. He had the marriage annulled and he moved Anne to Hever Castle that had belonged to Anne Boleyn’s family

vii. Then he had Thomas Cromwell beheaded for his role in their marriage

j. Catherine Howardi. 16 years old when she marries Henry – 1540

ii. wife #5iii. he was delighted with heriv. she had her eyes on othersv. 1542 – she is beheaded

k. Wife #6i. Catherine Parr

ii. Brings Henry’s family togetheriii. In 1544 an Act of Parliament put the

daughters back in the line of succession after Edward

l. put together the Royal Navyi. dockyards

ii. smaller light cannons on his ships that had long range possibilities

iii. set up that led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada

m. fortified the coastal defenses – expecting war with Spain and France after breaking with the Catholic Church

n. Henry was still a devote Catholic – defending Catholicism against Martin Luther

i. Henry was known as “The Defender of the Church”

3. Edward VI – 1547-1553a. first protestant ruler over Englandb. son of Henry and Jane Seymourc. 9 years old when he took the throne

d. there were 16 executors to serve on a council of regency until Edward reached 18

e. England was established as Protestant f. it was his wish that Lady Jane Grey take the throne

and not Mary or Elizabethg. he died at 15h. when he died it was kept quiet and so they could

make secret preparations for Lady Jane Grey to be crowned successor

4. Lady Jane Gray – 1553a. was queen for 9 daysb. was protestantc. one of the most learned women of the dayd. the authorities revoked her as Queene. replaced by Mary – who had her executed for

treason5. Mary I – Bloody Mary – 1553-1558

a. daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragonb. granddaughter of Ferdinand and Isabellac. sickly childd. when Henry got rid of Catherine – Mary was

expelled from the Courte. she became cold and calculating, spitefulf. Edward tried to keep the crown from Mary by

installing Lady Jane on the throneg. her first act of parliament was to validate the

marriage between her mother and Henryh. next she tried to find a husband and produce an heir

keeping Elizabeth off the thronei. she married Prince Philip II of Spainj. Restored England back to Catholicism

i. She had Thomas Cranmer executedii. Edward’s laws were abolished by the Statute

of Repeal Act 1553iii. Repealed protestant laws

k. She had many burned at the stake in Smithfieldi. 800 rich Protestants that left country

ii. over 4 years of her reign of terror she had close 300 people killed - protestants

iii. earned her the name “Bloody Mary”l. she died at 42 with no heir

6. Elizabeth I – 1558-1603a. daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn

i. he had her executed when Elizabeth was 3 years old

ii. she was declared illegitimateb. in the Third Succession Act of 1543 – she was

reinstated and named as successor should Mary diec. she was arrested and imprisoned by Mary (who

was concerned about holding the throne) she remained a literal prisoner until Mary’s death

d. at 25 she became queen

e. names – The Virgin Queen, Good Queen Bessf. she established the English Protestant church

i. now known as the Church of Englandii. she had herself declared Supreme Governor

iii. the Act of Uniformity was passed1. attendance at church mandatory2. Book of Common Prayer

compulsory3. Penalty for disobedience was not

extremeg. Elizabethan Era

i. Considered the Golden Age of England – height of the English Renaissance

ii. English drama1. William Shakespeare2. Christopher Marlowe

iii. Seafaring prowess1. Sir Francis Drake

a. privateerb. circumnavigate the globec. colonized the Americas

2. Sir John Hawkinsh. flaws

i. short-temperedii. sometimes indecisive

iii. luckyiv. economic and military problemsv. vanity – got worse as she got older

i. refused to marry – said she had no need of a man to help her rule

j. Foreign policyi. Fought with France and Spain

1. Defeated Philip’s Spanish Armadaii. Sent English aid to help the Protestant Dutch

rebels fight against Philip II1. She allied with William the Silent –

Prince of Orange2. This lead to her begrudging military

support to the Dutchiii. Rebellion of Ireland and Scotland

1. Mary Queen of Scots was helped by Philip to try to take the throne

a. Mary imprisonedb. had her killed

k. The on going battles brought a heavy tolli. Taxes became oppressive

ii. People became more disenchanted with Elizabeth

iii. Monopolies and price fixing became common place

x. Exploration1. Began colonization of North America from 1497-1600

2. Thomas Cavendish 1560-1592a. Virginiab. explored the Pacific coast of Central and South

Americac. died at sea at 32

3. Richard Chancellor 1521-1556a. Sails to Archangel seeking a Northeast Passageb. 1553c. through the White Sea and went into Russiad. met with Ivan the terrible

4. Gilbert Humphrey 1539-1583a. Looking for Northwest Passageb. Half brother of Sir Walter Raleigh

5. Martin Frobisher 1535-1594a. Privateerb. Sailed in search of a Northeast Passage

6. Sir John Hawkins 1532-1595a. Privateer. Merchant, navigator, slave trader, ship

builderb. Confidant of King Henry VIIIc. Fought against Philip’s Spanish Armada

7. Sir Walter Raleigha. Privateerb. explored North and South America, brought back

tobacco and potatoesc. 1585 – first English colony in North America

established on Roanoke Island8. John Cabot 1450-1499

a. Italian but sailed for Englandb. Giovanni Cabatoc. Looking for spicesd. Northeast passage, 1482-1498

9. Sebastian Cabot (1474-1557) a. North America,b. Northwest Passage 1508-1553

10. Francis Drake 1545-1596 a. Going around the world 1577-1580b. Pirate, slave-traderc. 1580 - Drake's royal reception after his attacks on

Spanish possessions, influences Philip II of Spain to build up the Spanish Armada. English ships in Spanish harbors are impounded

11. 1600 – the English East India Company is foundedxi. Reformation

1. Thomas Cramner and many others died under King Henry VIII and Mary

xii. Renaissance – peak in the 1550’s1. Science

a. William Lee – stocking frame – 1589 – mechanization of textile industry

b. Sir John Harrington – flush toilet – 15912. Literature

a. Shakespeare (1564-1616)b. Christopher Marlowe, English poet and dramatist

(1564 – 1593)3. Composers

a. William Byrd (1543-1623)b. John Shepphard (1515-1558)c. Thomas Tallis (1505-1585)

d. Francei. Area

1. Mountainsa. Pyrenees – separated France from Spainb. Alps – separated France from Italy

2. Slightly smaller than Spain3. Many River systems4. Surrounded by major bodies of water

a. Med Seab. English Channelc. Atlantic Oceand. Bay of Biscay

ii. Early rulers1. Clovis

a. Frankish king – 486b. when he died they divided kingdom into 4

2. Carolingian Dynasty set up by a man named Charlemagne – united all the kingdoms

a. kingdom split after his death by his son Louis Ib. eastern kingdom became Germanyc. Middle kingdom became Lotharingia - later Holy

Roman Empired. Western kingdom became France

iii. Carolingian Dynasty – 843-9871. Charles the Bald2. Louis V the Lazy

iv. Capetian Dynasty – 987-13281. Hugh Capet2. Charles IV the Fair

v. Capetian Dynasty – House of Valois – 1328-14981. Philip VI2. Charles VIII

vi. Capetian Dynasty – House of Valois-Orleans Branch - 1498-15151. Loius XII – Father of the People

a. divorced his first wifeb. married Anne of Brittany – she diedc. married Mary of England – daughter of King Henry

VIId. died 3 months later with no heir to throne

vii. Capetian Dynasty – House of Valois-Anguoleme – 1515-15891. Francis I – 1515-1547

a. Renaissance monarch – immense cultural advancesb. because of the constant clash with Italy under the

last 2 kings – many new ideas came to France

i. education was very humanistic – more than any other king

ii. patron of the arts1. supported many artists2. some worked for him3. Leonardo Di Vinci brought the Mona

Lisa4. He himself was a painter

iii. he was a writer of letters (books) and poemsiv. he increased the size of the libraryv. poured much money into new structures -

building magnificent palaces caused severe harm to the economy

c. militaryi. fought with the Italians and the Swiss

ii. sworn enemy against Charles V – the Holy Roman Emperor

d. Explorationi. Giovanni da Verrazzano – to North America

– claimed Newfoundlandii. Jacques Cartier – explored the St. Louis

River in Quebec – 1534iii. Jean Francois – settled Canada to spread the

Holy Catholic faith – 1541e. Reformation

i. He was tolerant at firstii. He began to view protestants as a movement

plotting against himiii. Protestants were jailed and executed

1. Entire villages destroyed2. John Calvin was forced into exile3. Soon tens of thousands of homeless

peopleiv. His persecution led to decades of civil war

which lasted until 1598 with the Edict of Nantes

v. 1544 – they defeated an Imperial-Spanish army at the Battle of Ceresole

2. Henry II – 1547-1559a. Known for

i. Wars with Austriaii. Persecution of Protestant Huguenots

(Calvanist Protestants)1. Severely punished them – especially

the ministers2. Burn them at the stake3. Cut out their tongues4. Even to be suspected could lead to

imprisonmentb. Married Catherine de’Medici – an Italian – they

were both 14

i. She would become a major power of France while he young sons took the throne

c. declared war against Charles V – sometimes known as the Habsburg-Valois War – 1551-1559

d. Peace of Cateau-Cambresusi. signed between Elizabeth I of England,

Philip II of Spain and Henry II of Franceii. his daughter Elizabeth of Valois married

King Philip II of Spainiii. to celebrate these events there was a

celebrationiv. Henry loved to participate in the jousting

eventsv. During this celebration he was mortally

wounded1. Sliver from a shattered lance

penetrated his closed visor, pierced his left eye, penetrated his brain, came out his left ear

2. He suffered terribly and died3. Francis II – 1559-1560

a. his marriage to Mary Stuart (Mary Queen of Scotts) was arranged when he was 4 years old

i. Mary had been crowned Queen at the age of 9 months old

ii. At 6 Mary was sent to the court of France to be raised until the marriage

b. they were married when Francis was 14c. When Henry died Francis became king at 15d. Francis died a year later

i. Always was sickii. ear infection caused an abscess in the brain

iii. his brother took the throne4. Charles IX – 1560-1574

a. Best known as the king at the time of St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

b. 1562-1598 begin the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots

c. was 10 years old when he became king – mother did the ruling

i. two opposing religious factions1. protestant leaning in house of

Bourbon2. Catholic House of Guise

d. 1st French war of religion – 1562-1563i. armed protestants seized French cities

following attack on protestant worshippers by the Duke of Guise

e. Second War of religion – 1567-1568i. Huguenot armies tried to capture and control

the kingf. 3rd war of religion – 1568-1570

i. mainly in western Franceii. stopped by outside intervention

1. Elizabeth of England aiding the protestants

g. in 1572 – he witnessed massacre of thousands of Huguenots (protestants) in and around Paris – St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

i. Catholic mob violence against Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants

ii. Catherine de’ Medici was the instigatoriii. 6 days after the wedding of the king’s sister

to a protestant Henry of Navarreiv. most wealthy prominent people were there

in Parisv. mob attacked Paris and began to kill the

Huguenotsvi. from Paris they spread to other cities in the

countrysidevii. at the end around 100,000 Huguenots died

viii. turning point of the religious wars because they lost most of their power with the massacre

h. He blamed his mother for the massacre but could not get over it.

i. “Who but you is the cause of all this? God’s blood, you are the cause of it all!”

ii. Queen’s response is that she had a lunatic for a son

i. He was never strong – having TBj. Massacre weakened him and he deteriorated to the

point where he died at 235. Henry III – 1574-1589

a. Charles’ brotheri. Charles grew to hate him

ii. He was mother’s favoriteiii. He was always stronger and healthier

b. he had little time for hunting and physical exercise (except fencing) – he enjoyed the arts and reading – which he acquired from his Italian mother

c. leaned towards the Protestant religion mostly as a way to rebel

d. he liked fashion and surrounded himself with clothes, fabrics, jewels, lapdogs and toys

e. he became obsessed – adorning himself in jewels and costumes

f. at a ball – he wore many jewels and powered his hair purple and chose not to wear men’s clothes

g. He was suggested that he court Queen Elizabeth – he had nothing good to say about the vain Elizabeth

h. He was a leader of the royal army during the French Wars of Religion – and instigated the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

i. He was made king of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – 1573

j. He signed an edict that gave concessions to the Huguenots, by it caused such and uproar that he had to take it back

k. The Protestants came in and took Paris and Henry fled

l. He made plans to attack Parism. A man with false papers came to Henry with a

“secret message”i. King told his officials to step back

ii. Clement whispered in his ear and proceeded to plunge a knife in his abdomen

iii. Clement was killed on the spot by the guardsiv. Henry died the following morning

n. his other brother had died so there was no other to take the throne (in France women were not allowed to take the throne)

viii. House of Bourbon – 1589-17921. Henry IV – Good King Henry – 1589-16102. Henry IV – Good King Henry – 1589-1610

a. same man from the St. Bartholomew Day Massacreb. changed from Protestant to Catholic to better serve

the countryc. with encouragement from his wife Henry renounced

Protestantism earning the resentment of the Huguenots and his former ally – Queen Elizabeth of England

i. However, in 1598 – enacted the Edict of Nantes which guaranteed religious liberties to Protestants

ii. this ended the civil wariii. this would later end his life

d. son of Antoine de Bourbone. He showed that he had a concern for the common

man – the poor manf. He brought stability back to the country

i. Promoted agricultureii. Drained swamps for farmland

iii. Public worksiv. Encouraged educationv. Protected the forests

vi. Constructed tree lined highways, bridges, canals

vii. Renews Paris to a great cityg. Promoted the artsh. Sent Champlain to Canada to lay claim to it for

Francei. He was assassinated by a Catholic – stabbed to

death while riding in his coachix. Explorations

1. Began colonizing North America 1497-1600

2. Jacques Cartier 1491-1557a. 1534-1535 – explores the gulf of St Lawrenceb. tried to settle Quebec – claims it for France - 1534

3. Marcos De Niza 1485-1528a. New Worldb. Looking for the 7 Cities of Gold – El Dorado

4. Giovanni Da Verrazzano 1428-1528a. Northeast coast of America 1524-1528

x. Renaissance 1. Michel Nostradamus, French astrologer and doctor, author

of Les Propheties, a book of world prophecies (1503 - 1566)

2. Pierre de Ronsard, French poet. Called the 'Prince of poets' of his generation. (1524 – 1585).

e. Russiai. Country that spans Europe and Asia

1. 6,592,800 square miles – largest country on the earth2. spans 11 time zones3. largest mineral and energy resources4. energy superpower5. largest forest reserves – known as the lungs of Europe6. 1/4 world’s unfrozen fresh water

ii. Early history1. Slavs2. Viking invaders took over

a. Kiev was the capitalb. became largest most prosperous in Europe by 10-

11th century3. Adopted Christianity as a way to unite the people4. Called the Rus5. Had to fight against the Golden Horde - Mongols6. Moscow became the center of power

iii. Grand Duchy of Moscow1. Moscow becomes the center of power2. Ivan the Great – united the people and kicked out the

Mongol powers3. Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible – 1547-15844. Duchy of Moscow (Muscovy) began influencing Russia5. Assisted by the Russian Orthodox Church6. Ivan the Great tossed off control of the Mongols7. Consolidated the surrounding areas and took title of “grand

duke of all the Russias”8. Ivan IV the Terrible 1547- 1584

a. crowned the first Tsar (Caesar) of Russiab. annexed in the Tatar states

i. made it multi-cultural statec. made new code of law (1550)d. long, unsuccessful fight – Livonian War (Poland,

Lithuania, Sweden) to gain access to the Baltic Sea and trade

e. military loses, epidemics, poor harvests – weakened the state

f. 1570 - orders to massacre inhabitants of Novgorodg. 1571 - Crimean Tatars attack and sack Moscow,

burning everything but the Kremlin h. death of his son (1581) combined with famine

(1601-1603) led to civil wari. the country was brought to its knees

9. 1598-1613 - Russia descended into anarchy during the Time of Troubles

10. Turbulence until the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty with Peter the Great in 1682

f. Italyi. Roman Empire (Run by the church)

1. 1524-1525 – Peasant’s War2. 1527 – sack of Rome ended the Italian Renaissance

ii. Came under the rule of the House of Hadsburg Spain (1559-171)iii. 1556 – Pomponio Algerio

1. radical theologian2. boiled in oil as part of the Roman Inquisition

iv. 1559 - With the Peace of Cateau Cambresis – the Italian Wars conclude

v. 1571 -Pope Pius V completes the Holy League as a united front against the Ottoman Turks

vi. 1571 - The Holy League defeats a force of Ottoman galleys in the Battle of Lepanto

vii. 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendarviii. Known for arts

1. Leonardo Da Vinvi 1452-1519a. Mona Lisa – 1503-1506b. Last Supper

2. Michelangelo (1475-1564)a. ceiling of the Sistine Chapel – 1508-1512b. carved statues

3. Raphael - artist (1483-1520)4. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian Composer (1525 -

1594)5. Machievalli writes the Prince – 15116. Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher and

astronomer/astrologer (1548 - 1600)ix. Known for Science

1. Leonardoa. impressive journals – 13,000 pages all hand written

from right to left – backwards – mirror imagedi. tanks, calculator, helicopters, bobbin winder,

plate tectonics, solar power, automatic bobbin winder, calculator, tanks

b. architecture – building of St Peter’s Basilica2. Galileo (1564-1642)

a. physicisti. Father of modern science

ii. Father of modern physicsiii. accelerated motion

b. mathematician

c. astronomeri. Father of modern observational astronomy

ii. improvements on the telescopeiii. said the earth revolved around the sun

1. brought him in opposition against the Catholic Church and their ideas

2. went before inquisition and forced to recant

3. spent last years of life under house arrest on orders of the inquisition

iv. found the Galilean moons that revolve around Jupiter

v. first to observe sunspotsvi. first to find Saturn

vii. first to report lunar mountains and cratersd. applied sciences

i. improved compass designe. philosopherf. played major role in the scientific revolutiong. inventions

i. military compass for gunners and surveyorsii. thermometer

iii. refracting telescopeiv. compound microscope

x. Exploration1. Amerigo Vespucci 1454-1512

a. Realized America wasn’t India – 1499-1502g. Germany/Austria/Czech/Poland/Switzerland/North Italy/Netherlands

i. All part of the Holy Roman Empireii. 1506 – Poland is invaded by Tatars from the Crimean Khanate

(Mongol descendants)iii. 1517 – Reformation began when Martin Luther nailed his 95

theses on the door of the church in Wittenbergiv. He was made an outlaw at the Diet of Wormsv. Reformation spread rapidly – helped by Charles V’s wars with

France and the Turksvi. 1529 - Ottoman Turks advance as far as Vienna Austria

vii. 1545 – Counter-Reformation begins – Jesuits viii. 1555 brought Peace of Augsburg – Lutheran faith recognized

ix. 1556 Charles abdicates the throne and by the 1600’s there were problems with religion once again

x. 1556 Georgius Agricola1. German2. the Father of Mineralogy3. published De re Metallica in German

xi. 1558-1583 – Livonian War between Poland, Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark, Russia

xii. 1579 - The Union of Utrecht unifies the northern Netherlands, a foundation for the later Dutch Republic

1. William the Silent, William I of Orange-Nassau, main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish (1533-1584)

2. Explorations by Dutch explorers

a. 1596 - Willem Barents sails to Novaya Zemlya i. island in Barents Sea

b. 1606: Willem Janszoon discovers Australiac. 1642: Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New

Zealandxiii. 1584-85 - After the Siege of Antwerp, many of its merchants flee

to Amsterdamxiv. Arts Expand

1. music becomes important in Germanyh. Greece

i. From the fall of Constantinople to 1821 – Greece was under power of the Ottoman Turks

ii. From 1520-1566 – Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent1. Greek monasteries become centers fro learning2. Hellenism is kept alive through reading

iii. When Ferdinand and Isabella expel Jews from Spain – they are welcomed into the Turkish empire

i. Norway/Finland/Sweden/Demarki. Descended from the Vikings

ii. Big in economic power and tradeiii. Reformation taking hold in Scandinavia in the 1500’siv. Sweden

1. 1523 - Gains independence from Kalmar Union2. 1527 – Protestant Reformation begins

IV. Asiaa. Russiab. Middle East – Ottoman Turks - Muslims

i. 1500 – the Ottoman fleet defeats the Venetians at the Second Battle of Lepanto

ii. 1501 – Safavid dynasty rules Iran until 1736iii. 1513 – Sultan Selim I (the Grim) orders the massacre of Shia

Muslims in Anatolia (western 2/3s of the Asian part of Turkeyiv. 1515 – Ottoman Empire wins Eastern Anatolia from the Persians v. Ottomans gain control of Egypt, Arabia, and the Levant (area of

the Holy Land)vi. 1520-1566 – reign of Suleiman the Magnificent – peak of Ottoman

Empirevii. 1521 – Ottoman Empire captures Belgrade

viii. 1522 – Rhodes fallsix. 1526 – Hungary falls to the Turksx. 1534 - Capture Bagdad

xi. 1538 - Defeat Spanish-Venetian fleetxii. 1543 – they are soundly defeated by Ethiopian/Portuguese troops

xiii. 1560 - Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba

xiv. 1565 - Siege of Malta by Ottoman Turkish forcesc. China

i. Ming Dynasty – 1368-1644ii. Constantly fighting the Mongols

1. Mongols led iii. Civil wars

1. Wang Yangming – Chinese philosopher and governor describes intent to use fire powered gun to put down a rebellion - 1519

iv. 1521 – attacked by Portugal but expelled by Chinese naval forcesv. 1556 - The Shaanxi Earthquake in China is history's deadliest

known earthquakevi. Trade with the outside

1. porcelain, spices, jewels, foods2. influx of silver coming into the country

vii. Had battles with Japan1. they attacked and pirated China’s sips2. many battles in 1500’s

viii. Early Explorers – Chinese Treasure Fleet1. Zheng He’s made 7 voyages2. 1405-14333. Places explored

a. Coast of Chinab. Saigon - Koreac. Calcutta Indiad. Saudi Arabiae. North East Africa

d. Japani. Civil war

ii. Civil war ended under Oda Nobunaga1. war genius2. conquered the rebels3. almost had the nation unified4. he was assassinated

iii. Toyotomi Hideyoshi1. succeeds in unifying Japan2. couldn’t sit as shogun (General of the army)

iv. Tolugawa Ieyasu1. sat as shogun2. kept the country unified

v. 1543 – Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan

vi. 1568-1600: The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japanvii. 1592-98 - Korea, with the help of Ming Dynasty China, repelled

two Japanese invasions1. Admiral Yi Sun-sin , Korean admiral, respected as one of

the greatest admirals in world history. (1545 - 1598)e. India

i. Sultan of Dehli (leader) – 1290-1526ii. Moghul emperors take over in 1526 – 1739

iii. 1562: Mughal leader Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful Rajput Hindu caste

iv. Spice trade – unique trade to make1. this was going to set the stage for the East India Companies

that are going to be established in the 1600’s2. these will change the world

f. Mongoliai. Tatars – invading China and Russia

ii. Dominated through fear and taxesiii. 1550 - Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China and besiege

Beijing.iv. Driven out of Russia by Ivan the Great

V. Africaa. Muslim dominated – to the north

i. Constant disputes between Spain and Africa for coastline along Mediterranean

ii. This is called the Barbary coast (Algeria to Libyaiii. Turks continued to prevail

b. Outsiders (especially Portugal) sailing around the coast looking for plunder or trade

i. Originally looking for the spice trade to the eastii. As they came into the ports they set up a presence that would stay

iii. West Coast – slave trade develops in Guinea and Angolaiv. East Coast – they are drawn to Mozambique

1. Rumors of fabulous wealth in gold2. Sail up the Zambezi river to find Munhumutapa3. They get 260 miles in from sea but the mines remained

beyond reach4. They makes settlements there are there to this day

v. Portuguese had no rivals until the 17th century – their claims would be challenged by the Dutch and English

VI. New Worlda. South America

i. Incas1. Capital city – Cusco2. Lived in the Andes – 1438-15333. Highly developed

a. 9-14 million peopleb. 15,500 miles of highwaysc. cities were great stone works like Machu Picchud. terrace farminge. evidence of successful brain surgeryf. excellent metal works

ii. 30 million people who lived there when the Europeans came1. 1493 – Papal bull – colonize and set up Catholic missions

a. take possession of non-Christian landsb. enslavement of non-Christian people of Africa and

Americans2. 1494 – Spain and Portugal

a. two great maritime powersb. made agreement that land outside of Europe should

be shared between the two countries3. 1530 – people and natural resources of South America –

exploited by foreign conquistadorsa. Europeans brought diseases – smallpox, influenza,

measles, and typhusi. natives had no resistance

ii. killed millionsb. forced labor – especially mining

i. many died

ii. African slaves were brought in to replace them

4. Spaniards tried to convert Americans to Christianitya. purged native cultural practices that hinderedb. the Indians just blended Catholicism with their

beliefs5. Natives and Spanish intermixed – Mestizo class

a. often forced to pay unfair taxes to Spanish government

b. punished harshly for disobeying lawsc. native artwork was considered pagan idols and

destroyedd. anything in gold or silver were melted down and the

transported to Europeb. Central America

i. Hernando Cortes leads expedition to Mexicoii. Aztecs

1. Patron deity – Hhuitzilopichtli – god of war and symbol of the sun

a. every day the young warriors use weapon of sunlight to drive from the sky creatures of darkness – moon and stars

b. for next day’s fight he needs strengthc. His diet is human blood

2. Human sacrificea. as they extend empire, gather captives for sacrificeb. sacrifices become more numerous and frequentc. blood drenched ceremonies strike terror into hearts

of enemies3. Temple Tenochtitlan – archaeological site in Mexico City

a. location for sacrificesb. pyramid – was enlarged in 1487c. ceremony of rededication – line of victims stretches

far out of the city – the slaughtered lasts four daysd. the gods favored the hearts which were torn out of

body as part of offeringe. these festivals and sacrifices were almost

continuous throughout the year4. Sacrifices

a. Feb – children sacrificed to maize gods on mountain tops

b. March – prisoners fight to death in gladiatorial contests – later priests dress up in their skins

c. April – maize goddess receives more children as sacrifice

d. June – sacrifices to their salt goddesse. estimated about 50,000 people a year were

sacrificed5. Quetzalcoatl

a. god of fertility and artsb. human sacrifice played a part in this cult

c. the worship of Quetzalcoatl changed America’s history

i. Toltec king – was a priest of Quetzalcoatl – became known by the god’s name

ii. Described as fair-skinned and bearded1. He is exiled by enemies2. Vowed to return in the year “One

Reed” of the 52-year calendar cycle3. 1519 – a one-reed year – a fair-

skinned stranger landed on the east coast

iii. the return of Quetzalcoatl was actually the Spanish conquistador – Cortes

iii. Cortes1. came with 11 ships, 600 men, 16 horses, 20 guns2. Spanish were confronted by Indians – guns and horses

made the battle quick and decisive3. Peace is made – presents are exchanged4. Cortes moves up to coast and settles in Veracruz5. Cortes burns 10 ships to keep people from leaving

iv. Montezuma – 1519-15201. for a week Cortes enjoys hospitality of Montezuma and his

people2. he was trying to convert him to Christianity3. clattered around city on their horses in full armor – they are

shocked to watch the human sacrifices4. Montezuma was moved to the Spaniard’s quarters

a. It was to control the threat of rebellionb. Spanish take control – threaten the cityc. During next year – 1520 – Spanish abuse the

people, they rebel, and kill the Spaniardsd. During battle, Montezuma is mortally woundede. The Spanish withdraw from city with assistance –

they recapture the city and Mexico is conqueredv. Cuauhtémoc, the last Tlatoani of the Aztec, led the native

resistance against the Conquistadores (1502 - 1525)c. North America

i. 1500’ the Mississippian culture disappearsii. 1513 – Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain

iii. 1526 – Ayllon establishes first European settlement at San Migel de Guadalupe on South Carolina coast

1. 1540 – rumors of cities paved with gold – sent expeditions into New Mexico and parts of Texas

2. no gold was ever found3. stories came back about pueblo multi-story towns4. Friars moved to New Mexico – first Spanish mission set up

in Santa Fe - 1610iv. 1556 – Spanish establish colony in St Augustine Florida v. 1559-1562: Spanish settlements in Alabama/Florida and Georgia

confirm dangers of hurricanes and local native warring tribesvi. 1587 – Lost Colony of Roanoke Island off of North Carolina

1. when colonists return from England with supplies – no one was there

2. 1590 – the colony was empty with only the word “Croatoan” carved on a tree

vii. 1598 – Juan de Onate begins a Spanish settlement in New MexicoVII. Important Inventions of the 1500’s

a. 1500 – first portable watch invented by Peter Henlein (Germany),b. 1501 - first flush toiletsc. 1502 - coiled springs inventedd. 1510 - Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein (Germany), who also

invents the spring powered clocke. 1512 – English build double-decker warshipsf. 1518 – first fire engine built in Germanyg. 1530 – carpenters use a vice to hold wood steadyh. 1533 - tredle wheel put on spinning wheel revolutionizing textile

productioni. 1550 – Berretta family of Italy begin making gunsj. 1565 – the pencil invented in Englandk. 1589 - William Lee invents the first knitting machine, the stocking framel. 1590 - Microscope invented by Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Janssenm. 1593 - Galileo invents a water thermometer

VIII. Important Events of the 1500’sa. 1500 – world population 400 millionb. 1506 – St Peter’s Basilica is beganc. 1515 Coffee from Arabia appears in Europed. 1516 – music printed for the first time in Italye. 1521 - First Running of the Bulls held in Pamplona, Spainf. 1522 – Bible translated into German by Martin Lutherg. 1525 – William Tyndale prints first English Bibleh. 1529 – Away in the Manger writteni. 1534 – counter reformation begins with the Jesuitsj. 1535 – Henry VIII makes himself head of the English churchk. 1536 – first book on surgeryl. 1540 – Potato is brought to Europe from South America, Ether, an early

anaesthetic, was made from alcohol and sulphuric acidm. 1548 – first theatre with a roof opens in Parisn. 1552 – books on geography and astronomy were burned in England –

people thought they contained magico. 1556 - The worst earthquake in history in China's Shansi Province kill

830,000 people, Tobacco imported to Europe from America by French ambassador to Lisbon, Jean Nicot (after whom nicotine is named). [A decade later, Sir Walter Raleigh took tobacco to England and became largely responsible for popularizing smoking among Europeans]

p. 1562 - The horse-drawn coach from Holland first used in Englandq. 1562 - Andrea Amati made one of the first violins; Stradivari was one of

his pupilsr. 1565 - Spanish settlers outside New Spain (Mexico) colonize Florida's

coastline at St. Augustines. 1568 - Gerardus Mercator creates the first Mercator Projection map.t. 1599 - Globe Theatre built in London on the south bank of the River

Thamesu. 1600 - Kabuki theatre begins in Japan

IX. Important People of the 1500’sa. 1509 – Michelangelo paints ceiling of Sistine Chapelb. 1510 - Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel, an early version

of the modern water turbinec. 1514 – Copernicus suggests that earth moves around sun

i. first protestant burned at the stake in Spaind. 1517- Martin Luther begins Reformatione. 1540 - Francisco Vásquez de Coronado sights the Grand Canyonf. 1541-42: Francisco de Orellana sails the length of the Amazon River.g. 1543 – Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets

revolve around the sun – he was the first protestant is burned at the stake in Spain

h. 1545 - Theory of complex numbers is first developed by Gerolamo Cardamo of Italy

i. 1547 – Ivan the Terrible crowned Czar of Russiaj. 1553 – Bloody Mary takes the thronek. 1572 – Tyco Brahe observes a supernova is Cassiopeia constellationl. 1573 Christopher Saxton publishes the first atlas with maps of 37

countriesm. 1577 - Jost Burgi invents the first clock with a minute handn. 1580 - William Bourne, a British mathematician, draw plans for a

submarine.o. 1582 - Gregorian calendar is introduced in Europe by Pope Gregory XIIIp. 1583 - Galileo Galilei of Pisa, Italy identifies the constant swing of a

pendulum, leading to development of reliable timekeepersq. 1597 Florentine composer Jacopo Peri's 'Dafne' is considered the first

opera, music set to the work of poet Ottavio Rinuccini

Research for European History

Keep good accurate notes of main events and people!!!!!!!!

The first two sites show overall history – much should sound familiar

Google- European history timeline

o Camelotint.como Alex Fortnesy’s AP European history timeline

- 16th & 17th century Europeo tours.daytonartinstitute

- renaissanceo wikipedia

intro overview social and political structures in Italy black death humanism art science religion

- Leonardo Divincio Wikipedia

Intro Painting 1490 – Last Supper Painting 1500 – Mona Lisa Journals – not how he wrote them and how

many Scientific studies Anatomy Engineering and inventions

History papersRenaissance ItalyReformation 1600Latin American Indian CulturesLatin America – Colonies – 1500-1790

Foxes Book of MartyrsWilliam Tyndale – 1536Martin Luther – 1546John Hooper – 1555Rowland Taylor – 1555Martyrs of ScotlandLatimerRidleyThe trialSmithfieldCramner – 1530

Reformation6 videos – 30 min each

John WycliffJohn Hus – video (55 minutes)Martin Luther – video (105 minutes)Calvin/SwingliAnabaptists – video The Radicals (100 minutes)William Tyndale – video (93 minutes)

Conquest of America – 45 minutes each1540 - southwest1562 - Southeast1610 - northeast1724 – northwest

Desperate Crossing – the Untold Story of the Mayflower – 1620 (137 minutes)The French Revolution – 1789 (100 minutes)The Crossing – December 1776 (90 minutes)Story of America – Forging a Nation (60 minutes)

The Long Knives – 1777 (120 minutes)Tecumseh – 1790 (120 minutes)

Bloody Tower of London 1500-1900 (60 minutes)Machu Picchu – 1500 (60 minutes)Roger’s Rangers – Ticonderoga – 1755-1757 (60 minutes)Pontiacs Rebellion – 1763 (60 minutes)Life of George Washington – 1700-1800 (60 minutes)America’s Pyramids – 1500’s (60 minutes)

RenaissanceReformationExplorationIndustrialization

http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/famous-pirates.htm