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Main activities in NORTRIP 2010/11 (until next meeting)
• Focus on the processes that affect road dust generation and emission
• Identify the most critical processes that affect road dust emissions
• Gather all relevant (existing) datasets that may be used to understand generation and emissions due to these processes
• Make sensitivity tests with new or existing parameterisations using the data sets
Agenda
• 9 – 10 Coffee buffé is served
• 10 – 12 NILU and SMHI road dust emission models (Bruce and Gunnar)– Current parameterizations of important processes– Urgently needed improvements of existing parameterizations– Urgently needed new parameterizations
• 12 – 13 Lunch
• 13 – 15 Experimental data and proposed parameterizations for PM10 emissions due to influence of:
– Pavement and tire type (VTI)– Sand/salt (FMI)– Road wetness (SLB)– Wind and traffic induced suspension (DMU)– Vehicle speed (SLB/ITM)– Studded tyre share (SLB/ITM)– Any other process (all)
• 16 – 17 Conclusions, how to proceed with model testing and validation
• 14.30 – 16 Coffee buffé is served
Effect on vehicle speed
VTI road test facility
Several test roadsDifferent pavementsDifferent tyres
Gustafsson et al.
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
10 30 50 70 90
Simulator speed (km/h)
Rel
ativ
e P
M10
con
cent
raio
n (µ
g/m
3 )
Summer tyre
Nordic un-studded winter tyre
Studded tyre
SpeedEmission measurement using EMMA
Mixed rural roadsBoth suspension and direct emission
Reduced speed on RV4Oslo (NILU)
• In 2005, relative to 2004:• Traffic volume on Rv4 was reduced by 3%• 10% less studded tyres• Measured speed was reduced by 12 km/h
Foto: Aftenposten, Tor Richardsen
Reduced speed on RV4Oslo (NILU)
• Changed concentration on RV4 compared to other station without reduced speed limit:• PM10: - 36 %• PM10, max hour: - 30 %• PM10, max daily: - 20 %• PM coarse fraction: - 39 %
(Road dust)
Speed dependent PM10 emission factormultiple linear regression of road side data
Johansson et al., 2010
10287
7665
75 7054
97
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Essingeleden 2006
Essingeleden 2008
Essingeleden 2009
Essingeleden 2010
Essingeleden 2006-2010
Södra länken österut 2009
Södra länken västerut 2009
E18 Norra mätplatsen
2010
Emis
sion
sfak
tor P
M10
(mgP
M10
/fkm
per
km
/h)
mgP
M10
/vkm
per
10
km/h
MotorwaysRoad tunnel Motor-
way
ΔPM10/ΔNOx = A * Antal_fordon + B * Fordonshastigheten + C * Relativ_luftfuktighet + D * Temperatur + E * Vindhastigheten+F * STDvindhastighet + G * STDvindriktning
Impact on PM10of speed reductions
PM 10 utan
hastig-hets-
ändring
PM10 vid 2 km/h lägre
hastig-het
PM10 vid 5 km/h lägre
hastig-het
PM10 vid 10 km/h lägre
hastig-het
PM10 vid 20 km/h lägre
hastig-het
mars 2009 – juni 2009
Antal dygnsmedelvärden > 50 µg/m3 38 36 36 32 30
Antal färre överskridanden med lägre medelhastighet
2 2 6 8
Periodmedelvärde (µg/m3) 61.6 60.9 58.8 55.8 51.2
December 2009 – maj 2010
Antal dygnsmedelvärden > 50 µg/m3 51 48 43 36 33
Antal färre överskridanden med lägre medelhastighet
3 8 15 18
Periodmedelvärde (µg/m3) 40.2 39.3 37.3 35.2 32.4
Johansson et al., 2010
Data to be used for
Vehicle speedInstitution/Ref Site Conditions EF
mg/vkm per km/hVTIGustafsson et al
Laboratory 100% studdedDry roadQuartzite70 km/h?
SLBJohansson et al 2010 (unpublished)
Highways (E18, E4)Ca 50-100 km/h
QuartziteStudded tyres (70%)
Range: 6.7 – 10
SLBJohansson et al 2010(unpublished)
Road tunnelCa 50-100 km/h
QuartziteStudded tyres (70%)
Range: 5.4 – 7.0
NILUTönnesen et al
HighwaySpeed restrictionDifferent seasons
20% studded (-39% for -12 km/h if 200 mg/vkm=>6.5 mg/vkm per km/h)
NILURosland et al
Oslo, Kirkeveien 20%? studded tyres To be calculated
ITMHussein et al
Rural roads Studded/summerPotential emission
MetropoliaPirjola et al
Various roads Studded, non-studded, summer
STUDDED TYRES
Studded tyresVTI road test facility
100% studded
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
0
1
2
3
4
5
PM
10 [m
g m
-3]
75% studded
50% studded
25% studded
0% studded
Gustafsson et al.
Tyre typeVTI road test facility
11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00T im e [hh:m m ]
Studded tyreFriction tyre (non-studde w inter tyre)Sum m er tyre
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
PM
10
[mg
m-3
]
30 km/h
50 km/h
70 km/h
Studded winter tyres
Non-studded Nordic winter tyres
Summer tyres
11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00T im e [hh:m m ]
Studded tyreFriction tyre (non-studde w inter tyre)Sum m er tyre
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
PM
10
[mg
m-3
]
Gustafsson et al.
Studded tyresSödra länken road tunnel
Measurements of PM10/Nox ratio => emission factor =f(studded tyre share)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2006-08-21 2007-03-09 2007-09-25 2008-04-12 2008-10-29 2009-05-17 2009-12-03 2010-06-21
PM10
, µg/
m3
PM10 & Studded tyre use, weekly averages
PM10, westPM10, eastStudded tyre
Christmas Holiday
Summer Holiday
Ban on studded tyres reduced amount of traffic Hornsgatan
Trafiken minskade med 25 % jan – apr 2010
Reduced studded tyre share due to ban
~40 % av fordonen hade dubbat på Hornsgatan ~50-55 % på andra gator och 65 % på infarterna
Förbud från 1 jan 2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
w 41, 2009 w 44, 2009 w 47, 2009 w 50, 2009 w 53, 2009 w3, 2010 w6, 2010 w9, 2010 w12, 2010 w15, 2010 w18, 2010
Perc
ent s
tudd
ed t
yres
Hornsgatan
Other street
Road into Stockholm
Förbud
Studded tyre influence on emissions in street canyons
~40% lägre emissioner under Jan-Mar
Samband mellan PM10 halter och dubbandel:Veckomedelvärden av PM10 halterna som funktion av dubbandelen Okt –Dec 2003
~15-20 % lägre emissioner under hela året
Studded tyre fees in Norway• Study from 2001 shows that:
10 % reduction (absolute) studded tyres
1 µg PM10/m3 reductionwinter season mean value
• Impact on emission factor?
Studded tyre share
Institution Site Conditions EFmg/vkm per %
VTIGustafsson et al
Laboratory Dry roadQuartzite
5 – 10??
SLBUnpublished
Road tunnel50 – 100 km/h
Quartzite 4
SLBUnpublished
Street canyon40 km/h
Quartzite
NILUTönnesen?
OsloTrondheim?
Long term decrease of studded tyre use
Road wetness
Institution Site Conditions EF
SLBNorman & Johansson
Hornsgatan+Sveavägen40 km/h30 000 veh/day
Street canyon
NILURosland…
Oslo, Kirkeveien Street canyon
Pavement
Institution Site Conditions
VTIGustfsson et al
Laboratory
2009/10Snörik vinter => färre
överskridande
2010
20092008
2007
2010
20092008
2007
Antal dygn >50 ug/m3
Rullande veckomedelvärden ug/m3
BetongbeläggningEmissionsmätning
Trpt Mehedeby
Trpt Uppsala södra
Trpt Björklinge
Trpt Karby
Trpt Mehedeby
Trpt Uppsala södra
Trpt Björklinge
Trpt Karby
39
50
71
30
40
55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
70 km/h 90 km/h 110 km/h
PM
10
(µg
/m3
)
Asphalt
BetongPM10
Ej omkörning
Betong ger 25% - 30% lägre emissionmed dubbdäck
Johansson et al, 2009
Bullerdämpande beläggningEmissionsmätning
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
V859
S
V859
Ref
V859
N
V859
Ref
V268
Ö
V268
Ref
V268
V
V268
Ref
E18Ö
E18R
efÖ
E18V
E18R
efV
V260
V262
V
V262
RefV
V262
Ö
V262
RefÖ
Parti
kelk
once
ntra
tion
(µg/
m3 )
Dubbdäck
ReferensBullerdämp.
Johansson, 2010Mängden suspenderbart material vägytorna viktigare än beläggningsegenskaperna
Factors/processesFactor Priority SIMAIR NILU NILU
TÖNNESENDMU Possible to
improve in NORTRIP
INFO AVAILABLE ?
TIRE TYPE FACTORS Studded tire share H Y Y Y NO YES YES Road surface factors Dust layer H Y Y NO NO YES NORoad wetness H Y Y NO NO YES MODELED PAVEMENT RELATED FACTORS
Pavement type (abt/abs/???) M NO NO NO NO HARDLY SOMETIMESPavement material (stone mineral, stone size)
H NO NO NO NO YES SOMETIMES
Texture L NO NO NO NO HARDLY SOMETIMESSurface tempFrozen roads
L NO NO NO NO ? SOMETIMESMODELED
Snow/ice cover H NO NO NO NO HARDLY ?Relative humidity of the air H NO YES YES NO ? YESVehicle composition(axel weight, tire size, vehcile size)
H NO YES YES YES YES SOMETIMES
Vehicle induced suspensionDust in shoulder
M YES YES NO NO YES NO
Factors/processesFactor Priority SIMAIR NILU NIUL
TÖNNESENDMU Possible to
improve in NORTRIP
INFO AVAILABLE ?
ABATEMENT RELATED FACTORS
SandingSand type
H Y NO NO NO YES SOMETIMES
Salting M NO? NO NO NO YES SOMETIMESVehicle speed M NO Y Y Y YES YESDust binding M NO NO NO NO YES YESStreet cleaning M NO NO NO NO YES? SOMETIMESShadowing of housesSolar radiation
L NO NO NO NO ? SOMETIMES
Trees (leaf area index)ShadowingBioaerosols
L NO NO NO NO ? SOMETIMES
Side walk sanding L? NO NO NO NO ? SOMETIMESPrecipitation H Y Y Y NO NO YESDrainage M Y Y NO NO YES? NOSlope of the road M N N N N N SOMETIMESWind induced turbulence L N N N N Y YESBrake /tyre?