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Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanoes of the Island of HawaiiSeven Shield Volcanoes Types of Volcanoes
Descriptions and Images Eruption Update
GG103Nasir Gadzar
How and why volcanoes erupt
5 Shield Volcanoes2 Submarine cones
Pacific Ocean
Red ndash recent volcanismon the ocean floor
Green ndash Hawaiian islands
Hawaiian Islands
Island of HawaiiThe subaerial (rocky above sea level) portion of the Island of Hawaii is made of five volcanoes From oldest to youngest they are Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa and Kilauea Each volcano can be recognized by its size shape and physical features Two other volcanoes Mahukona and Loihi add to the submarine base of the Island
Mahukona
Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii elevation area
Volcanoes are classified as
Active - These are erupting or keep erupting Kilauea
Dormant - These are not erupting but could at any time Mauna Kea
Extinct - These volcanoes are no longer active and do not erupt Diamond Head Crater
1048633~1500 volcanoes are potentially actives on Earth1048633 ~ 70 are currently in eruption1048633 ~ 10 of the human population is directly exposed to volcanic risk Several large cities are located close to an active or dormant volcano
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
GG103Nasir Gadzar
How and why volcanoes erupt
5 Shield Volcanoes2 Submarine cones
Pacific Ocean
Red ndash recent volcanismon the ocean floor
Green ndash Hawaiian islands
Hawaiian Islands
Island of HawaiiThe subaerial (rocky above sea level) portion of the Island of Hawaii is made of five volcanoes From oldest to youngest they are Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa and Kilauea Each volcano can be recognized by its size shape and physical features Two other volcanoes Mahukona and Loihi add to the submarine base of the Island
Mahukona
Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii elevation area
Volcanoes are classified as
Active - These are erupting or keep erupting Kilauea
Dormant - These are not erupting but could at any time Mauna Kea
Extinct - These volcanoes are no longer active and do not erupt Diamond Head Crater
1048633~1500 volcanoes are potentially actives on Earth1048633 ~ 70 are currently in eruption1048633 ~ 10 of the human population is directly exposed to volcanic risk Several large cities are located close to an active or dormant volcano
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
5 Shield Volcanoes2 Submarine cones
Pacific Ocean
Red ndash recent volcanismon the ocean floor
Green ndash Hawaiian islands
Hawaiian Islands
Island of HawaiiThe subaerial (rocky above sea level) portion of the Island of Hawaii is made of five volcanoes From oldest to youngest they are Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa and Kilauea Each volcano can be recognized by its size shape and physical features Two other volcanoes Mahukona and Loihi add to the submarine base of the Island
Mahukona
Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii elevation area
Volcanoes are classified as
Active - These are erupting or keep erupting Kilauea
Dormant - These are not erupting but could at any time Mauna Kea
Extinct - These volcanoes are no longer active and do not erupt Diamond Head Crater
1048633~1500 volcanoes are potentially actives on Earth1048633 ~ 70 are currently in eruption1048633 ~ 10 of the human population is directly exposed to volcanic risk Several large cities are located close to an active or dormant volcano
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Pacific Ocean
Red ndash recent volcanismon the ocean floor
Green ndash Hawaiian islands
Hawaiian Islands
Island of HawaiiThe subaerial (rocky above sea level) portion of the Island of Hawaii is made of five volcanoes From oldest to youngest they are Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa and Kilauea Each volcano can be recognized by its size shape and physical features Two other volcanoes Mahukona and Loihi add to the submarine base of the Island
Mahukona
Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii elevation area
Volcanoes are classified as
Active - These are erupting or keep erupting Kilauea
Dormant - These are not erupting but could at any time Mauna Kea
Extinct - These volcanoes are no longer active and do not erupt Diamond Head Crater
1048633~1500 volcanoes are potentially actives on Earth1048633 ~ 70 are currently in eruption1048633 ~ 10 of the human population is directly exposed to volcanic risk Several large cities are located close to an active or dormant volcano
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Island of HawaiiThe subaerial (rocky above sea level) portion of the Island of Hawaii is made of five volcanoes From oldest to youngest they are Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa and Kilauea Each volcano can be recognized by its size shape and physical features Two other volcanoes Mahukona and Loihi add to the submarine base of the Island
Mahukona
Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii elevation area
Volcanoes are classified as
Active - These are erupting or keep erupting Kilauea
Dormant - These are not erupting but could at any time Mauna Kea
Extinct - These volcanoes are no longer active and do not erupt Diamond Head Crater
1048633~1500 volcanoes are potentially actives on Earth1048633 ~ 70 are currently in eruption1048633 ~ 10 of the human population is directly exposed to volcanic risk Several large cities are located close to an active or dormant volcano
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii elevation area
Volcanoes are classified as
Active - These are erupting or keep erupting Kilauea
Dormant - These are not erupting but could at any time Mauna Kea
Extinct - These volcanoes are no longer active and do not erupt Diamond Head Crater
1048633~1500 volcanoes are potentially actives on Earth1048633 ~ 70 are currently in eruption1048633 ~ 10 of the human population is directly exposed to volcanic risk Several large cities are located close to an active or dormant volcano
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Volcanoes are classified as
Active - These are erupting or keep erupting Kilauea
Dormant - These are not erupting but could at any time Mauna Kea
Extinct - These volcanoes are no longer active and do not erupt Diamond Head Crater
1048633~1500 volcanoes are potentially actives on Earth1048633 ~ 70 are currently in eruption1048633 ~ 10 of the human population is directly exposed to volcanic risk Several large cities are located close to an active or dormant volcano
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
1048633~1500 volcanoes are potentially actives on Earth1048633 ~ 70 are currently in eruption1048633 ~ 10 of the human population is directly exposed to volcanic risk Several large cities are located close to an active or dormant volcano
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Cinder Cones - Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings Cinder cones are numerous in Hawaii as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Shields - Another easily recognized volcano which is familiar is the Shield volcano This type of volcano can be hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high The individual islands of the state of Hawaii are simply large shield volcanoes Mauna Loa a shield volcano on the island of Hawaii is the largest single mountain in the world rising over 30000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base Shield volcanoes have low slopes and consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
The animation shows the steps in the formation of a caldera The volcano usually shows signs of erupting by producing earthquakes as the magma rises in the volcano
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Calderas - Calderas are simply circular depressions are found on the summits of many volcanoes Giant calderas are the largest of these huge craters up to many tens of miles across Giant Calderas form by collapse (see animation) in gigantic eruptions that spew volcanic rocks out hundreds or even a thousand miles in all directions Sometimes the calderas are so filled with lava and volcanic ash that there is no recognizable depression at all
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
After a huge ejection of lava there may be no magma left in the chamber to fill the conduit and crater When this happens there is a hollow space under the summit of the mountain where the magma used to be The top of the mountain then collapses creating a caldera
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
The caldera may fill with water creating a lake
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Shield Volcanoes of the Hawaiian IslandsShield Volcanoes are enormous features built up only from layers of lava They produce lots of Arsquoa and Pahohoe lava flows but they tend not to erupt violently
250 kilometer
10000mBasaltic Lava Flow
Topographic Profile of Mauna Loa
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Hawaiian IslandsPalaeogeographical
Location of the various islands over the active volcanic
activity (hotspot red circle) at different
times
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Kilauea magma hiding from volcano scientists Scientists at Kilauea Volcano are pondering the big question Where is 250000 cubic yards of magma going if its not flowing each day to the Puu Oo eruption Magma that forced its way into the upper East Rift Zone and caused hundreds of earthquakes finally cracked the surface
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
A tour boat had a sea view of lava from Kilauea flowing into the ocean Michael Marlin
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Lava flows from Kilauea March 12 2008
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
An abandoned pickup truck is engulfed in flames after lava from Kilauea came into contact with it
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
A backyard swimming pool in the Royal Gardens area of the Big Island that was once filled with water is now filled with lava from Kilauea
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Stages of Growth of Volcanoes in Hawaii 500000 years ago
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
In order of growth the volcanoes that make the island and its submarine base are Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea Hualalai Mauna Loa Kilauea and Loihi Mahukona Kohala Mauna Kea and Hualalai have completed their shield-building stage
Mahukona slides into the sea
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
The island has grown at an average rate of 0008 mi2yr (5 acres 002 km2yr) for the past 600000 years It is estimated that 600000 years was required for each volcano to grow from the ocean floor to the end of its shield building stage
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Kohala Shield Volcano ndash Extinct volcanoMost Recent Eruption(s)About 120000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated RocksAbout 460000 years before present 46 万年間 Estimated Age of KohalaEmerged above sea level before 500000 years ago Hawaiian Volcano StageTransition between postshield and erosional stage
Location2008 N 15570 WElev Above Sea Level 1670 m5480 ftArea 606 km2235 mi2(58 of Hawai`i)Volume 14000 km3 3400 cu mi3
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Mauna Kea ndash tallest volcanoeMost Recent Eruption(s)At least 7 separate vents erupted between about 6000 and 4000 years ago Number of Historical Eruptionsnone Oldest Dated Rocks237000 plusmn 31000 years before present 23 万年間 Estimated Age of Mauna KeaAbout 1 million years 100 万年間 Volcano StagePost-shield Stage (transition from shield stage to post-shield occurred before about 200000 to 250000 years ago)
Location1982 N 15547 WElev Above Sea Level4205 m13796 ftArea2380 km2920 mi2(228 of Hawai`i)Volumegt30000 km3gt7200 mi3
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Location19475 N 155608 WElev Above Sea Level4170 m13680 ftArea5271 km22035 mi2(505 of Hawai`i)Volume80000 km319000 mi3
Mauna Loa Most Recent Eruption March 24-April 15 1984 Summit Caldera Name Moku`aweoweo Moku refers to a coastal land section or islet `aweoweo is a type of red Hawaiian fish Literal translation is fish section Dimension 3 x 5 km elongated northeast-southwest Depth 183 m deep Age estimated to have collapsed 600-750 years ago Oldest Dated RocksBetween 100000 and 200000 years ago Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial EruptionsAbout 400000 years ago Estimated Age of First Eruption of Mauna LoaBetween 1000000 and 700000 years before present Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Location1969 N 15587 WElev Above Sea Level2521 m8271 ft
Area751 km2290 mi2(72 of Hawaii)Volume12400 km32975 mi3
Hualalai Most Recent Eruption(s) 1800 and 1801
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Hawaiian Meaning The Hawaiian name Kilauea means spewing or much spreading apparently in reference to the lava flows that it erupts Most Recent EruptionContinuous since January 3 1983 Number of Historical Eruptions61 not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in Halema`uma`u crater Summit Caldera The caldera itself has no Hawaiian name other than Kilauea but houses the famous crater Halema`uma`u hale is a house ma`uma`u a type of fern Dimension 6 x 6 km (outermost faults) 3 x 5 km (main depression) Depth 165 m deep Age probably several incremental collapses 500-210 years ago Oldest Dated Rocks23000 years old Estimated Age of Earliest Subaerial Eruptions50000-100000 years Estimated Age of First Eruption of Kilauea300000-600000 years before present
Hawaiian Volcano Stage Shield-forming stage
Location19425 N 155292 W Elev Above Sea Level1277 m4190 ftArea1430 km2552 mi2(137 of Hawai`i) Volume25000-35000 km36000-8500 mi3
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Loihi Seamountdepth = 969 meters will reach surface in about 30000 years
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Mahukona
Loihi
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Volcanic gas escapes from a vent in the Halemaumau Crater near the Jaggar Museum inside Hawaii Volcanoes National Park AP PhotoMarco Garcia
March 19 2008 Explosive eruption in Halema`uma`u Crater Kilauea Volcano is first since 1924
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
The explosion scattered debris over an area of about 75 acres (30 hectares) covering a portion of Crater Rim Drive and damaging the Halemalsquoumalsquou overlook Rocks ejected by yesterdayrsquos explosion at Kilauea volcano dug impact craters when they hit Finer-grained material was blown away during the impact Boulders and smaller rocks were scattered over a large area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park but no one was injured March 192008
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam In 1924 this happened after the level of the lava lake in Halemaumau Crater dropped below the water table The walls of the crater then collapsed and blocked the opening down which the lava had drained allowing steam pressure to build up and cause violent explosions
Kilauea an explosive volcano in Hawai`i
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Many of Kilaueas pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcanos summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table letting ground water seep in to form a lake Whenever magma erupted into the lake water violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Kilauea eruption blasts rocks across landscape March 19 2008 The most recent explosive eruptions before March 19 2008 were in 1924 and were much bigger than the latest event Those explosions killed a photographer who ventured too close and was hit by falling rocks and hot mud This explosive eruption at Kilauea on May 22 1924 the cloud was 2 miles high and still rising Geologists now believe such explosions were common in the past
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Rocks litter the area around a wooden fence at the Kilauea volcano overlook The fence was heavily damaged yesterday in the first explosive eruption at Kilauea volcano in almost a century
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
The largest boulder to be blasted out of Halemaumau Caldera was almost about 3rsaquo feet wide It landed on the steel cable of the barrier adjacent to the trail next to the Halemaumau Overlook The recent increase in hydrothermal or gas sources had forced the explosive eruption the first since May 1924 No lava was found in the area
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
A near vertical view looks down into the explosion crater The crater is estimated at roughly 100 feet across
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
KAMEHAMEHAS VOLCANIC VICTORYThe most significant Kilauea eruption ever documented may have altered Hawaiis history according to records at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kamehameha I before becoming king and uniting the Islands was locked in an indecisive war with his rival Keoua In 1790 a sudden eruption of searingly hot ash and gas exploded out of Kilauea as a large group of Keouas warriors and their families passed nearby At least 80 and perhaps hundreds of people were killed in the deadliest historical eruption to occur in what is now the United States That disaster helped tip the rivalry in Kamehamehas favor
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Puu Oo on Kilaueas East Rift Zone has been producing about 2000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a day for years but only about 200 tons per day were being released at Halemaumau at the summit
That changed late last year when sulfur dioxide emissions from the summit began to climb and by March 13 had reached record levels of 2000 tons a day as a new vent opened in the wall of the crater
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Debris avalancheDebris avalanches are moving masses of rock soil and snow that occur when the flank of a mountain or volcano collapses and slides downslope As the moving debris rushes down a volcano and into river valleys it incorporates water snow trees bridges buildings and anything else in the way Debris avalanches may travel several kilometers before coming to rest or they may transform into more water-rich lahars which travel many tens of kilometers downstream
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Composition of Hawaiian VolcanoesIgneous RockThe term ``igneous comes from the Latin word ignis or ``fire Igneous rocks are rocks which form from cooling magma or lava
MagmaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Magma is molten rock beneath Earths surface
LavaMolten or partially molten rock material and dissolved gases Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earths surface
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Volcanic steam was rising yesterday from the MLK vent that has deepened on Kilauea
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park firefighter Sean Grossman with hose filled a 5000-gallon frog pond in the park June 21 2007 The plastic pool was one of five set up by the park to have water ready in case fire flares up from lava flows
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Volcanic gases and vapors produce VOG - Volcanic fog LAZE- Lava haze and acid rain These air pollutants cause health related problems water pollution and damage to cropsWhen sulfur dioxide concentrations greater than 1 ppm (equal to 1000 parts per billion) are measured then the volcanic air pollution is common
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Slump fissure at edge of Alae crater has split Chain of Craters Road Kilauea east rift Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Giant landslides surrounding the Hawaiian Islands are among the largest known on Earth and most have occurred within the past four million years The youngest is thought to have occurred only one hundred thousand years ago and there is evidence today that large blocks of land on the island of Hawaii are beginning to slide generating large earthquakes in the process Each slide has resulted in huge land losses to the islands and resulted in large waves that have carried rocks and sediments as high as 1000 ft above sea level The giant Hawaiian landslides are important to study because although they occur infrequently they have potential for enormous loss of life property and resources Much of the existing topography in Hawaii both on land and on the seafloor owes its origin to these landslides
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since Jan 3 1983 sending lava from the Puu Oo cone through a system of tubes to the ocean where it forms new land over time In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is home to Pele the volcano goddess Lava is said to be her physical representation
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Kilauea Volcano Somethings got to give June 19 2007Watch Video at Honolulu Advertiser Kilauea lava flows putting on showy display
bull What to know about Kilauea bull Kilaueas recent activity hints at eruption patternMagma pumping into Kilauea volcanos upper East Rift Zone has buried under lava or scorched nearly seven acres of rainforest with heat and gases wilting and sickening trees ferns and other plants around two large cracks that opened this week as the rift expanded Magma Chamber is half filledhellip
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Interior Tube
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Surface TrenchSurface Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Semi TrenchSemi Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
True TrenchTrue Trench
(After Harter amp Harter 1979)
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Rift Tube - Pre-Flow
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Rift Tube - Flow 1
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Rift Tube - Flow 2
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Rift Tube - Flow 3
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Rift Tube - Flow 4
(After Macdonald 1965)
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Rift Tube - Flow 5
(After Macdonald 1965)
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Volcanic Lava Tube Forms
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Kilauea skylight mdash April 23 2008 - where a roof section of a lava tube collapsed mdash and then poured into the skylight producing a brief surface flow on its way downslope to the ocean
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Water Fills Tube
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Lava flowing underground created this _____ _____ large enough to walk throughlava tube
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Volcanoes Review
Fast-moving clouds of gas ash and other tephra are called ____________ _
Large rounded tephra are called __________
Iceland and Hawaii have ______ volcanoes A wall-shaped igneous intrusion is a
______________dike
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombsshield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
There are three types of volcanic cones
bull ______ ndash explosive eruptions small but steep slopes pyroclastics
bull _______ ndash nonexplosive eruptions fluid basaltic lava gentle broad slopes
bull _________ ndash alternating between lava and pyroclastics explosive and non-explosive eruptions steep and tall towering
Cinder cones
Shield
Composite
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
Kilauea on Hawaii is a good example of a _______ volcano with some explosive eruptions and less viscous lava
shield
