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Magnetic circuits
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MAGNETS AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITSPermeability and Relative Permeability
The Magnetic Flux Density at a point in a vacuum due to electric current is
EQUATION 1 Bo=∑μo I ∆l sinӨ4 π r2
Where Bois used here to indicate the vacuum. If a homogeneous medium is present instead of a vacuum, it is found that the flux density increases to a value given by:
EQUATION 2 B=∑ μr μo I ∆l sinӨ4 π r2
Whereμr is called the relative permeability of the medium. The product μr μo is often denoted by μand called the permeability of the medium so:
μ (permeability )=μ (relative permeability) *μo
Where μo= 4π * 10−7Wb/Am or N/mThe relative permeability μrhas for most materials a value very close to 1 and only for
ferromagnetic materials it is appreciably greater the behavior of such materials is very complicated in general and it is not possible to specify a single value of μr or even to give a sensible meaning to itself when a hard magnetic material like steel is present. For the purposes of the problems in this given chapter it is assumed that only soft magnetic materials are present, for which all the flux density disappears when the magnetizing currents are reduced to zero (pure iron is an example). In these materials, the approximation will be made that μr is constant.
The formula given for the flux density is due to various currents were obtained from the formula (1) above. When a medium is present everywhere, expression (2) must be used and all the formulas multiplied by μr.
Thus the flux density in a toroid or solenoid with a ferromagnetic core is
B=μr μo∋¿l¿
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGHTIt is convenient to have a quantity that represents the magnetic field that is produced by the
electric current only, in the absence of any medium. The quantity Bo in (1) above is used by some but more usual to define a new quantity, the magnetic field strength denoted by H . Provided the μr of any material present is single constant number, H can be define by:
H=Bμ =
Bμr μo
This means, for instance, that for toroid of N turns in length l of its circumference
H=¿l
The SI unit for H is A/m.THE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF COIL
The torque L on a coil of N turns carrying a current I in a field of magnetic flux density B was shown to be L=BIN A, where the plane of the coil is parallel to the field. We define magnetic moment m of the coil by the equation :
m= LB =
BINAB
=¿INA
The SI unit of magnetic moment is A m2.
MAGNETIC POLESAlthough magnetic poles do not actually exist, the concept is often useful in simplifying
calculations involving magnets.A bar magnet of length l placed with its axis normal to the field B has a torque L acting on it
which tends to rotate the axis a position parallel to B and its magnetic momentum m =L/B. We now define the pole strength P of each end face of the magnet as:
P= ml
Where P is in A m2since m is Am2 , the force exerted on each pole is:F(N)=B(T)*P(Am)
The force on north pole being on the same direction as B and the force on the south pole being directed opposite to B. Note that 1 T= 1 N/Am
FORCE BETWEEN TWO MAGNETIC POLES: If two poles of strength p and P’ are separated in a free space by a distance r, the force between
them is:
MAGNETIC FIELD OF A POLE:The force exerted by a pole P’ to another P’ at a distance r from it in free space is F= UPP’/4π r2.
Also the magnetic flux density at P is B=P/P’. Then B = (μoPP'
4 π r2)
P ' or
B=μoP
4 π r2
Where B is the magnetic flux density at a distance r from a pole of strength P.
THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT:The magnetic flux inside a closed ring solenoid of a uniform cross section area A and mean
circumference is Ф=B A=μHA=μ ¿
lA
Where μis the permeability of the core material. Rearranging this expression gives the law of the magnetic circuit
Ф=¿lμA
or flux=magnetomotive force (mmf )
reluctance(β )