MAE 3181 Materials and Structures Laboratory.docx

8/9/2019 MAE 3181 Materials and Structures Laboratory.docx

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MAE 3181 Materials and Structures Laboratory

Fall 2014

Laboratory Report #2.2

Tensile Test Material Response

Submitted to

Dr. D. Stefan Dancila

By

Hasinta !maranaya"a

#lass Section 001#lass $roup 01

%&mail' asinta.amaranaya"e(ma)s.uta.edu

*n +artial Fulfillment of #ourse Re,uirements

-aboratory %periments +erformed on /12014

it #lass Section 0013 #lass $roup 1

Due Date and Time' /220143 5 am

Submission Date and Time' /220143 5 am

Department of Mecanical and !erospace %n6ineerin6Te 7ni)ersity of Teas at !rlin6ton

!rlin6ton3 T8 901/

Summary


2/22

Provide a single paragraph, self-sucient (i.e. without externalreferences) 200-300 word summar of the experimental wor!performed descri"ing the o"#ectives, approach, results, andconclusions. $o %&' include euations, gures, ta"les, etc. * reader!nowledgea"le in the eld should "e a"le to full understand the wor!

and its ma#or ndings " reading this section, and onl need to refer tothe "od of the document for detailed aspects if+when necessar.

$r. $ $ancila(change to our name) '* /* 311 all 2014

2


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Table of Contents

Provide a ta"le of contents with page num"er information for eachsection+su"section of the document. ( $elete this statement afterreading )

ummar ii'a"le of 5ontents iii6ist of m"ols iv


3


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List of Symbols

Provide in alpha"etical order, lower case followed " upper case, oneper line, a list of all the sm"ols used and their meaning. m"olsused in mathematical expressions are in italic. ( $elete this statement

after reading )

7ree! m"ols8 ( 7ree! letters9)

angle of attac!

"an! angle

angular velocit of the shaft

:oman m"ols8 ( 6etters9 )a rivet spacing

M "od mass

u"scripts8

f nal value

uperscripts8

u ultimate value

7'* 5omments8- $o not include !nown units such as !g ; !ilograms- Pa attention to the sm"ol headers (ie8 7ree!, :oman etc)


4


5/22

List of Figures

Provide a complete, seuential list of gure captions, together withpage information for each.

7'* 5omments8- $o not include actual gures< &%6= include title and page

num"er.


>


6/22

List of Tables

Provide a complete, seuential list of ta"le captions, together withpage information for each.

7'* 5omments8- $o not include actual ta"les< &%6= include title and page num"er.


?


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1. Objectives of the Laboratory Experiments

@n this la"orator experiment the main o"#ective was to determine thestress and the strain of a steel specimen. * universal testing machineand an extensometer was used to determine the specimens ield

point, ultimate stress, fracture stress and oung modulus using hoo!slaw. urthermore, diAerent amounts of weights were hanged on the tipand a strain gauge was to determine the strain from a strain indicator.'hereafter, graphs were plotted " analBing the data collected,ultimate stress, fracture stress and ield stress "ased upon a 0.2CoAset was determined. /oreover, students gain a vast !nowledge andexperience in using the instruments in the correct wa to o"tainaccurate results.

. Experimental Setup

@n the following experiment some mechanical instrument andelectronic instruments were uses to o"tain data. * vernier caliper,micrometer screw gauge was used to determine the length and thewidth of the steel specimen area where the strain gauge is attached. *universal testing machine, shown in Figure ! 1with a load cell of33D00l" consist of wealth stone "ridge and strain gauges was used todetermine the stress values and a /' extensometer, shown inFigure!was used to determine strain in order to plot the stress vs.strain graph.

$iAerent masses in l", shown in Figure !"were used and a linearpattern strain gauge was attached to the steel specimen, shown inFigure !#. @n order to attach the linear pattern strain gauge a surfacepreparation for the steel specimen was followed< degreasing8 /-prep5/ $egreaser, a"rading8 dr silicon car"ide paper 5P-3 400 grit,"urnishing of laout lines, conditioner8 /-prep 5onditioner *,neutraliBing8 /-prep neutraliBer >*, gauBe sponges and a EF-4 pencil.

irstl, all the expiration date for all the chemicals was chec!ed. singclean hands the wor! surface was cleaned using neutraliBer >*. 5/degreaser was spraed on to a gauBe sponge and the specimen waswiped thoroughl until sponge comes up clean. %ext, using the car"idesilicon paper the surface was dr a"raded and the gauging area wasGooded with m-prep conditioner * and wet a"raded using the siliconcar"ide paper. 'he specimen was dried using a gauBe sponge "wiping awa from the gauging area. %ext the "urnishing of laout lineswere done using EF-04 pencil " holding it perpendicular to thespecimen surface. *nd then using a little amount of /-prep 5onditioner

Hasinta !maranaya"a 7T! M!% 151 Fall 20141


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* clean the line to remove the graphite. inal step, use the neutraliBerm-prep >* Good the entire surface area and clean with a cotton tip andwipe the area dr.

6ess than 30 minutes the strain gauge is installed to avoid an surface

contamination. or this "onding process twisters, P5' 2/ tape, gauBesponge, /-Fond 200 catalst and /-Fond 200 adhesive is used. irstl,clean the twisters using neutraliBer >. 'a!e out the folder which containthe 5* tain gauge and open it in a "utterG pattern. sing twistersgrasp the gauge carefull at one corner near the end without touchingthe grid area. Place the gauge on the clean wor! surface with facingthe "onding side down. se the P'5 tape to transfer the gauge.:emove piece of tape and place it on the gauge to cover the entiregauge and remove the tape at a shallow angel to reduce and damagesand place it on the specimen on the alignment lines. :eposition ifnecessar. 'hen lift the tape again at a shallow angle to expose the

"onding side of the tape and additional H inch. %ext appl a ver smallamount of catalst to the "onding side of the gauge wait 1 minute untilthe catalst dries. Place a drop of adhesive on the "eam surface right"eside the tape align the gauge tape assem"ling over the "ondingarea the surface and appl medium thum" pressure for 1 minute.:emove the thum" using a twisting action. *nd remove the tape.

sing a pair of wires solder the wires to the copper area and x it tothe porta"le strain indicator /&$6 P-3>0*, shown in Figure!$Iishainstruments.



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Figure!1 % &niversal testing machine.

Figure! % Extensometer attache' to the steel specimen.



10/22

Figure!" % (eights use to calculate the strain.

Figure!# % Steel Specimen.



11/22

Figure!$ % Strain in'icator )o'el *!"$+,.

". Experimental *roce'ure an' -esults

Firstly3 all te e,uipment:s and fiin6 te strain indicator ;as done as described in teeperimental setup. Secondly3 to carry out a safe eperiment and to obtain accurate

results all te mecanical and te electronic connections ;ere cec"ed. To obtain te

strain from te strain 6au6e3 ;ic ;as fied3 and usin6 te strain indicator3 ;ei6ts ;erean6ed at te end of te specimen from 106 to 006.


12/22

instrumental drifts in the strain indicator and the universal testingmachine.

)assg/

Strain)icroin

0in10 3

20 10.>

40 20.>

>0 21.>

D0 30

100 34

1>0 >>

200 ?D

300 J

>00 1?0?00 1J0

Table!1 % -a 'ata collecte' from hanging eight.

#. 2ata ,nalysis3 4nterpretation3 an' 2iscussion

*ll the raw data collected " hanging weights was transferred to /excel, mass was converted in to !g and using E5uation!"weight wascalculated to plot a graph to determine whether the values were linearor not, shown in Figure%6.'he calculated values are shown in Table!. *s shown in the graph, a linear line trend line was added to thepoints as we can see some point are oA the line which shows us thatsome factors have aAected the experiment. uch factors are,environmental factors such as temperature, oxidation in the straingauge, instrumental drift etc.

'he text le which was produced " the universal testing machinewhich includes strain and load was also transferred in to / excel tocalculate for stress. *rea was calculated " the measured values of thespecimen using the vernier caliper ad the micrometer screw gauge.



13/22

tress was calculated using the E5uation!. 'hereafter, the incheswere converted to feet since it was easier to determine 0.2C oAset.tress Is. train graph was plotted, hown in Figure!7. /oreover,according to this specic graph oung modulus, 0.2C oAset ieldstrength, fracture strength and the ultimate strength was found.

=oung modulus is the gradient of the stress strain graph for the regionthat o"es the Eoo!Ks law. 'herefore, two points were ta!en on theregion that o"es the hoo!sK law8( J.JJJ?10L-?,1J?>>1.D241) and (0.0001DJ>D?,32201J.D04)and the gradient was determined using the E5uation % 1.

=ield strength was determined " having a 0.2C oAset parallel line tothe line, shown in Figure!8, which o"es the hoo!s law. ltimatestress is the point where maximum stress is therefore this value wasdetermined " the excel using the /*M function in the stress 5olumn

and the corresponding strain value was determined. racture stresspoint can "e determined from the graph the ver last point where thespecimen "rea!s and the corresponding value of strain was alsodetermined. 'hese values are shown in Table!#.ome of the calculated values to plot the graph shown in Table!".

7radient N (2-1+x2-x1) E5uation% 1

O N +* E5uation !

Nmg E5uation!"

)assg/eight9/

)icroin0in

10 0.0J1 3

20 0.1J?2 10.>

40 0.3J24 20.>

>0 0.4J0> 21.>D0 0.??D 30

100 0.J1 34

1>0 1.4D1> >>

200 1.J?2 ?D

300 2.J43 J

>00 4.J0> 1?0



14/22

?00 >.? 1J0

Table! % Calculate' eight values.

:



15/22

Figure!1 % Strain vs. eight graph for the hanging eightexperiment.

Loa'lbf/

Crosshea'in/

;Strain1 in/

,reaft>1.D

241J.JJJ?-

0?

14J.40.00141

?0.00023

20.00040

?3?DJ0.2

J>?1.J332?

-0>

21>.4

0.0020>

0.00034

3

0.00040

?

>30>41.

D1J

2.>22

-0>

21.J0.002D3

10.0004>

10.00040

??J4334.J

D>43.D>1

-0>

34?.J0.00340

J 0.000>?0.00040

?>4433.4

JD>4.???4

-0>

40?.0.0040?

>0.000?>

0.00040

?1001JD0.

443>.4311

-0>

4?D.20.004D2

?0.000D>

D0.00040

?11>0D3.

J1??.300

-0>

>2?.D0.00>40

20.000>

>0.00040

?12JD2J0.

?4D.124D2

-0>

>4.40.00?0D

D0.000J4

J0.00040

?143J40.

?DD.J002

-0>

?3?.40.00?D2

10.00103

D0.00040

?1>?D4D.

?>.?4132

-0>

?J.4 0.00D3J0.00111

J0.00040

?1?J02J.

>>DJ.324?3

-0>

D42 0.000D0.00120

?0.00040

?12D>?.

20D0.000100

4J?

DJ3.>0.00D2

J0.0012

0.00040

?1J>4433.

4J0.00010D

32J

44.D 0.00J3> 0.0013D3 0.00040? 200>41.D2 0.000114412

J?.30.0100?

20.0014>

>0.00040

?220D?3>.

4?0.000121

24>

J4D.40.010D4

10.001>3

?0.00040

?23334JD.

>3D0.00012D

JJ>

JJ>.40.0113

>0.001?1

40.00040

?24>1D24.

130.000134

4J>

Hasinta !maranaya"a 7T! M!% 151 Fall 2014/


16/22

104>.D0.0120>

30.001?J

20.00040

?2>D>?1>.

D?40.000140

JJ4

10J?.40.012D3

30.001DD

D0.00040

?2D004J2.

?110.00014

0DD

1144.1

0.0133J

?

0.001>

1

0.00040

?

21DJ0.

2J?

0.0001>4

244

11J1.>0.01404

0.001J2

>0.00040

?2J34D2J.

0?40.0001?0

41

123J.D0.014D2

30.00200

?0.00040

?30>344.

2D?0.0001?D

1?

120.01>40

10.0020

20.00040

?31D2413.

DJ30.0001D3

4J3

1332.>0.01?04

0.0021>

>0.00040

?32201J.

D040.0001DJ

>D?

Table!" % Calculate' stress an' strain values.

=2



17/22

Figure!7 % Stress vs. Strain >raph.

=E7radient N (2-1+x2-x1) N(1J?>>1.D241-3201J.D04+((J.JJJ?10L-?)-0.0001DJ>D?)

N 1.210L10 l"+ftL2

=F=eild strength



18/22

Figure!8 % ?eil' strength +.@ oAset metho'.

=ield strength was determined to "e 6611$76."$$ lb0ft


19/22

Q7 and QE

racture and ltimate stress determined to "e was8

Stresslb0ft>

0.0100D14D

Fractu

re

?3J1D1

.J21

0.01?JD

10D1

Table!# ! Fracture an' &ltimate stress values an'correspon'ing strain values.



20/22

$. Conclusions

Provide the conclusions of the experimental wor! performed in light ofthe results o"tained and their interpretation.

7'* 5omments8- *nswer the uestion Rhat do our results meanST- how us ou understand what ou saw in the la"U

6. -ecommen'ations

Provide recommendations for future experiments "ased upon ourexperience and results. @f ou were to repeat the experiments, whatwould ou do diAerentl in order to avoid pro"lems encountered, and

or to improve the ualit of the resultsS hat are the lessons learnedthat can "e passed onS

-eferences

Provide a num"ered list of reference documents that ou have reliedupon in the performance of the investigation. *ssign referencenum"ers seuentiall in the order of rst reference in the text.

7'* 5omments8- 'here is no need to reference the uestion sheet or the

presentation slides ; it is expected that ou will use thesesourcesU

>T, Comments % FormattingB- ollow the template diligentlU- nsure ou have the proper axes in our graphsU



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o Plot controlled varia"le on the x-axis, and resultant

varia"le on the -axis.o @f a specic graph is reuested (ie8 tress vs train

curve), it is specied in a V-varia"le vs. x-varia"leK

manner.o Please "e aware of this ; it can aAect calculations

dependent on slopeU- Proper spelling W grammarU

Hasinta !maranaya"a 7T! M!% 151 Fall 20141=


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,ppen'ix ,

@f necessar, use one or more appendices to provide information thatma "e useful to a reader "ut is not reuired in the "od of the reportin order to understand the wor! performed. :aw data, detailed

derivations, and details of the experimental setup and procedure, areexamples of information that ma "e presented in this section.

7'* 5omments8- se this section for extra long data ta"lesU- :emem"er to reference in our report that data is included in the

*ppendix.

Documents

MAE 3181 Materials and Structures Laboratory.docx