209
MADHURAV'aJAY am OF GANGA DEVI EDITED WITH A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION BY S. THIRUVENKATACHARI Professor, Dr. Alagappa Chattier Training College Karaikudi PUBLISHED BY ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY ANNAMALAINAGAR 1957

Madhuravijaya Of Gangadevi Thiruvenkatachari MUla And

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

MADHURAV'aJAY am OF GANGA DEVI

EDITED WITH A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION BY

S. THIRUVENKATACHARI Professor, Dr. Alagappa Chattier Training College

Karaikudi

PUBLISHED BY

ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY ANNAMALAINAGAR

1957

I 2-2. CM-7

/*-\ / l * r~ f • 11 f {J - J1- / / /

C. S. PRESS, MADRAS

I PREFACE

a The Madhuravijayam or Vzra Kamparaya caritam

T by Ganga Devi was discovered by accident amidst a

heap of womout palm-leaf manuscripts as part of a

series of Sanskrit works; and, but for the careful

scrutiny of the Head Pandit of the curator of Sanskrit

Mss. Trivandrum, it would have gone the way of many

other works of the past which are not available to us.

The original is in grantha characters and is full of

I errors. The manuscript, as discovered, was incomplete,

with ten leaves missing in the middle and many slokas

incomplete in the available portion. Though it is not

J possible to say how many slokas have been lost, it is

fairly certain that the complete work might have in¬

cluded at least seventy more verses than are extant

now.

The following analysis will show the number of

verses available for scholars in all the nine (?) cantos

of the work.

Canto No. of slokas

in the canto

No. of slokas

missing

No. of slokas

mutilated or

incomplete.

1 75 nil 4

2 42 nil 3 3 47 nil 5

4 83 nil 6

5 76 nil 8

6 69

not definitely

known but

40 8

7 possibly 51 30 7

8 available 36 not known 6

concluding

canto

available 42 not known 11

521 70 58

PREFACE

The manuscript discovered in the condition described

above was first brought to light in 1916 by Pandits

G. Harihara Sastri and V. Srinivasa Sastri of Trivan¬

drum. The manuscript itself was in the possession of

Pandit N. Ramaswami Sastri and the credit of

preserving and publishing the available portion of the

manuscript must go to these three scholars. The

Trivandrum Edition of the work of which the first two

Pandits are the editors is the only available edition of

the work and contains only the text of the work.

The present edition of the Madkurdvijayam is

based on the only manuscript available. The editor has

been in search of a second and more perfect copy of the

manuscript these fifteen years and his efforts have not

sc far met with any success. Yet in publishing the

present edition of the work with the same imperfections

of the original as are found in the Trivandrum edition,

the editor has at least the satisfaction that he is giving

a translation of the whole work for the first time. The

introduction to the Trivandrum edition by the distin¬

guished scholar Sri T. A. Gopinatha Rao throws

welcome light on some of the dark comers of the

history of the “ forgotten empire.” But many of his

conclusions are now in need of revision in the light of

the information that is now available and that was not

available when Sri Gopinatha Rao wrote the introduc¬

tion. Again, Sri Gopinatha Rao has failed to avail fully

of the epigraphical evidence on the two great events

described in the Madhuravijayam: the destruction of

the Sambuvaraya rule in Tondaimandalam and the

destruction of the Madhurai Sultanate. He has depend¬

ed too much on literary evidence without looking for

epigraphical or other kind of corroboration. The result

PREFACE vu

is we rind him questioning even the veracity of the

Madhuravijayavi in regard to the final fate of the

Sambuvaraya rule. The Maclhurdvijayam describes

the total extermination of the Sambuvaraya rule in

Tondaimandalam while Sri Gopinatha Rao doubts if

Ganga Devi’s reference to the killing of the Sambuva¬

raya might not be to “heighten the poetic effect of the

narrative.” Sri Gopinatha Rao lias also mixed up

chronological and genealogical factors of Sambuvaraya

history, depending on literary evidence, and made the

Sambuvaraya a “tributary” of Kampana. This ques¬

tion has been examined thoroughly in the introduction

and it will be seen that new light has been thrown on

Sambuvaraya-Vijayanagar relationship. It has also

been shown that the destruction ot the Sambuvaraya

rule and of the Madhurai Sultanate by Kamp-nn -ere

rmtt^o^^ted e,?nts but two aspects of J grand^

of Madhurah ^ ’ x>iaariUravi-<ayam or the conquest

edition Ccin £>0 niQiifinri j 1

well For the first r J talie& on other grounds as • *or the first time a succinct history of the

Sambuvarayas is supplied. The - no dmifit • • p Sambuvarayas were

the times °\ 'T**** but

history of South India With the H "'T ^ ed to nullity, with the K5k-!t- e,Hoysfla Power reduc-

with the Pdndyas no 1 fame dlmmed for ever-

South India espedallv Tr ,TTigns °£ Madhurai- snlenrlirl ’ . P . y the Daniil country, afforded

catastronheP°hUfiltieS ^ adventurous marauders. The

direct result of^th °Vertook tlle Tamil country was the

genera. MaVk Sim “tS TT^ the feudatory chiefs of the

PREFACE _

Vi“ 1 a great importance South assume iromediately following hdation political vacuum - truction and ons ^

South W;u0; was no easy task _f +he territo y , „ras thus a & , £ re_ tWe'viiayanagarlangUc“;outh That this ^ „y

a boon to th udation was J interest construction ^ro o£ ^ poem, is of espec Kampala, th .

nerioa paiici, ^

l° £ die chronological

haVeSb°:; ten what the editor ^

h° ' ntable solutions. A “ 131l and 1311 has

S. - be been given and mucn

to be new. three great historians rt. editor owes a duty » - to our midst,

of lAm. one of *£££ and’ Dewan Bahadur

?• f- ^“iXiar, ^M^hld^en 'iP

by by their humble s memory. E>r- iN‘ ,

i T bP dedicated to thei Vijayanagar histoiy

»“ "• - “ „ gratitude. late Dr. K. V. Reddi

The editor is to * as Vice-Chancellor

Naidu Garu during whos „ reity for pubhca-

tion. h>r. C. * •

PREFACE ix

speeding up the publication of the work which had been (

long delayed for some reason or other. To him the

editor owes a great debt of gratitude. Dr. S. Venkates-

waran, Professor of Sanskrit, Annamalai University

was kind enough to go through the translation and offer

helpful suggestions. The editor has pleasure in

acknowledging the Professor’s valuable help. Last, but

not the least, the editor’s grateful thanks are due to

Sri G. Srinivasachariar, proprietor of the G. S. Press

for the fine execution of the printing work.

Karaikudi

6—11—1956 S. Thiruvenkatachari

CONTENTS

PART I : INTRODUCTION

I. Authorship and Historical Value

1. The Poet .. 1

2. The Historical Value of the Poem .. 6

II. The Sambuvaeayas

1. Vila Champa .. 11

2. Venrumankonda Sambuvaraya .. 14

III. The Sambuvarayas (Contd.)

Rajanarayana and Venrumankondan II 19

IV. Vijayanagar Invasions of Tondaimandalam

1. The Savanna Interregnum .. 25

2. Kampala’s invasion and Conquest .. 30

V. The Conquest of Madhurai

1. The Political Condition Preceding the Conquest .. 35

2. The Madhurai Sultanate .. 40

3. The Madhuravijayam Account . . 46

4. Earlier Attempts .. 49

5. Kampala’s Conquest .. 51

VI. The Generals of Kampana

1. General Gopana .. 57

2. Saluva Mangu t _ 60

3. Somappa Dandanayaka and his son Maraya Nayaka 63

4. Gandarguli Maraya Nayaka .. 64

Appendix : Ranganatha Inscription of Gopana .. 65

VII. Geographical Notes 66

PART II

Translation .. 1

Text in Sanskrit 73

T PART

INTRODUCTION

I. AUTHORSHIP AND HISTORICAL VALUE

1. THE POET

The peculiar interest of this biographical poem is

that its author Ganga Devi was the wife of the hero

whom it celebrates, and that in all probability she ac¬

companied her husband in his sojourns in the South.1

She was the chief queen of Kampana II, and though

nothing is known about her lineage, must have sprung

from a noble family as the Devi suffix would imply.

She was very highly accomplished and was endowed

with all charms and grace. Kampana lavished all his

love and attention on her though he had other wives.2

Ganga Devi was a poet of a very high order. She

was a great student of the classics.3 She was well

versed in the Vedic lore also.4 That she chose Kalidasa

Bhatta Bana, Bharavi, Dandin and Bhavabuti along

with 'Valmiki and 'Vyasa out of a thousand names in

Samskrit is sufficient proof of her discerning abilitv.5

• ^ °J^y a ®uess' ®ut there is, however, an interesting point which need not mean much by way of substantiating the state¬ ment, but which is not wholly unimportant. At the end of canto 1 there is a salutation to goddess Minakshi immediately after the colophon. In all probability this must have been written by Ganga Devi herself,

ecause e origin copyist of the manuscript had written the words hnakshmi namah he would have written them at the end of every

can o. ossi y Ganga Devi had omitted the salutation in the other cantos and in the verbatim copy of the original that omission was perpetuated.

Moreover Kampana lived in Kanclpuram after taking it from the am uvarayas and cantos 6 and 7 describe his happy life with his

queens.

2. Madhurdvijayam. canto 3, slokas 18 and 19; also cantos 6 and 7. 3. Ibid., canto 1. 4. Ibid,, canto 1.

5. Ib’d., canto 1, slokas 5 to 11.

2 M AD HU RAVIJ AY A M

These names are representative of Samskrit literature

at its highest level and Ganga Devi plays, very

remarkably, the critic of these most reputed luminaries.

In a single verse devoted to each she brings out the

special merit of the poet. Kalidasa, according to her,

must prove a model for all writers of good poetry.6

Bhatta Sana s facility of expression and eloquence

appealed to her very much.7 The depth of meaning in

the writings of Bharavi and the literary flourishes of

Acarya Dandin captivated our poet greatly.8 Ac¬

cording to her, Bhavabuti9 the immortal author of

Uttararamacaritam produced in the ears of the learned

a pleasure akin to the tasting of amrita.10

In addition to these “mighty minds of old” many

contemporary poets have come in for notice in the

Madhuravijayam.10 It is not unlikely that some of them

influenced her and inspired her greatly. Of these Kriva-

sakti Pandita gets the pride of place in the poem.11

Immediately after the invocation to god she makes her

obeisance to Guru Kriyasakti. This is significant. Ac¬

cording to Sri Gopinatha Rao, the early kings of Vijaya-

nagara were all Saivas of the Saivagama sect and not

of the Vedanta sect.12 The tradition of the foundation

of Vijayanagara by Madhava Vidyaranya cannot be

given much credence though Vidyaranya did influence

the thought of the age as a great savant. His part at

the time of the inauguration of the kingdom could not

6. Ibid., canto 1 sloka 7.

7. Ibid., canto 1 sloka 8.

8. Ibid., canto 1 sloka 9.

9. Ibid., canto 1 sloka 11.

10. Ibid., canto 1 slokas 13 to 16.

11. Ibid., canto 1 sloka 4.

12. T. A. Gopinatha Rao in his introduction to the Trivandrum

edition of the Madhuravijayam.

1

INTRODUCTION 5

have been as prominent as it is usually made out.,

Vidyaranya’s influence was at its height only in the

last quarter of the fourteenth century, nearly forty

years after the foundation of the kingdom. At the com¬

mencement it was Kriyasakti Pandita, a high-priest of

the Srikanthagama sect who occupied the exalted posi¬

tion of guru to the Vijayanagara monarchs. In a

Mysore inscription Harihara II acknowledges Kriya¬

sakti as the hula guru.13 Kriyasakti was held in such

high veneration that the early Vijayanagara rulers

J looked to him not only for spiritual guidance but also

for advice on matters of state. It is believed that it was

largely through his influence that Vidyaranya under¬

took to write a commentary on the Srauta Sutras.

Even aiter Vidyaranya s ascendancy to fame and in¬

fluence in the last quarter of the fourteenth century,

Kiiyasakti continued to enjoy the same regard and

! esteem as at the inauguration of the kingdom. Natu-

1 rally the fixst kula guru received the obeisance of the

poet in this poem. In all probability Kriyasakti had

j some part in shaping Gangs Devi into a poet and it was

. possibly a high sense of duty and gratitude that prompt-

e ei to give him the place next only to Parvati and j Paramesvara in her invocations.

Among the others of the period mentioned by

Ganga Devi Agastya is described as the author of

seventy-four poetic compositions”.14 This Agastya was

different from the Agastya of ancient tradition. He

was a poet at the court of Prataparudradeva of Warran-

gal and was an elder contemporary of Ganga Devi. It

j *s §uessed, not without sufficient reasons, that he was

13. T. A. Gopinath Rao mentions this.

14. Madhura.vija.yam canto 1 sloka 14.

I

4 M AD HU RAVI JAY AM

under the patronage of Sangama and Bukka I also.

The Prataparudrayasobhushana was among his noted

works. The authorship of this is attributed to Vidya-

natha whom we could easily identify with Agastya from

a verse in the Prataparudiya.15 Possibly Vidyanatha

was a title conferred on poet Agastya in recognition of

his talents. Of the seventy four works attributed to

him a few are extant. These are the Balabharata (a

poem, not a campu, as has been erroneously stated by

both Dr. S. K. Iyengar and Mr. Burnell), Krishnacarita,

the Nalakirtika.um.udi, the Laksmi St.6t.ra, the Sivastava,

the Lalita Sahasranamam, the Manipariksha, the Siva

Samhita and the Sakaladhikdra. Agastya seems to have

distinguished himself as a writer of excellent prose also.

Agastya's nephew Gangadhara was a dramatist

and wrote at least three plays, the Mahabharata, the

Candra Vildsa and the Rdghavabudhayam. Ganga Devi

greets him, appropriately enough, as the second Vyasa

who made the Bharata story visually enjoyable.16

Visvanatha and Narasimha were the two talented sons

of Gangadhara. We do not know why Ganga Devi has

omitted to mention Narasimha. Narasimha dramatised

the Kadambari into a play in eight acts. Visvanatha

was a contemporary of Agastya and graced the court of

Prataparudradeva about the same time as Agastya.

That both Agastya and Visvanatha influenced Ganga

Devi not only by the models of literary works they sup¬

plied but also perhaps directly may be inferred from

Ganga Devi’s style. Her poetry shows no small in¬

fluence of Agastya and her style, though undoubtedly

15. The verse begins with the words aunnatyam yadi varnayate

sikharinah etc.

16. Madhvravijayani, canto 1, sloka 15.

INTRODUCTION 5

her own, has yet the mark of the new literary move¬

ment inaugurated by Kriyasakti and Agastya. While

Ganga Devi stops with paying fitting tributes to each of

the other poets, she acknowledges Visvanatha explicitly

as her guru. Describing him as Kavlsvara she prays

for his longevity. She says, “it is by his grace, even in

individuals like myself has dawned a sense of omniscience’’.17

Ganga Devi was a connoisseur of true poetry. In

the galaxy she has supplied only the most famous find

a place. As a poet herself she has freely imitated the

most eminent writers of Samskrit poetry. She would

considei it a merit of good poetry that it is an imitation

of Kalidasa. 8 Playing the sedulous ape to master minds,

accoidnig io her, is no fault. Being a biographer first

and then only a poet, her literazy “borrowings” do not affect the work in any way.

According to her it is not possible to find a poetical

work in which all the' best ingredients are present. But

that cannot be an excuse for serious literary flaws. A

man of learning will not be satisfied if a poem merely

conformed to the techniques of poetical composi-

lon though the technique is as important as the beauty

of any piece of poetry. Eloquence, depth of meaning,

wea o expression and learning and a power to

affect are among the qualities that a true connoisseur

o poetry will look for in any poem. But Ganga Devi

does not mean to be hypercritical.19

17. Ibid.., canto 1 sloka 16.

18. Ibid., canto 1.

19. Ibid., canto 1 slokas 17 to 24.

6 madhuravijayam

2. THE HISTORICAL VALUE OF THE POEM

It is an irony that the country with the most ancient

civilization should have very few original histories

about its past. Strictly speaking, the only historical

work of the past worth the name of history is Kalhana’s

Rajatarangini, which tells the story of the kings of

Kashmir. Bana’s Harshacariiam is no doubt very

valuable as a biography but there is a great deal in it

that does not partake of the nature of correct history.

It is only when we reach what is often called the

Muslim period of Indian History that we have regular

histories, whatever may be the degree of their objecti¬

vity. Because of this paucity of historical works

belonging to the earlier periods western scholars have

sometimes criticised Indians as lacking any "historical

sense’. But there is a great deal in our ancient litera¬

ture which we can press into service in the writing of

Indian history. It will be profitable to read the Foreword

to the first volume of the Indian History series nublish-

ed by The Bharatiya Itihasa Samiti in which Mr. K. M

Munshi has discussed the scope and limitations of our

literary sources in the reconstruction of India’s past history.

The writing of India’s past history purely from

literature is difficult, because, while literature, more

often than not, gives only meagre history, a good por¬

tion of what it gives may often prove a snare or the

basis of a preconceived theory. There is therefore the

need to develop an objective outlook on the part of the

historians of India. Literature has to be used in most

cases mainly for corroborative purposes. As a hand¬

maid to archaeology, epigraphy and numismatics, it is really most valuable.

INTRODUCTION 7

The Madhuravijayam is perhaps the only histo- ,

rical work for the history of South India, before the

15th century. Ganga Devi may, with some appro¬

priateness, be called the first historian of South India

in any scientific sense. The Madhuravijayam tells the

story of the extension of the Vijayanagar rule into the

Tamil country and the circumstances leading to it. The

book which -is in nine cantos devotes a major part of

the narration to the main factors culminating in the

conquest of Madhurai by Kumara Kampana. The fol¬

lowing is an analysis of its contents, canto by canto.

Canto 1.—This canto contains the following pieces of information :

1. Gives the names of contemporary luminaries.

2. Gives information about the parentage of

Kumara Kampana—mentions Bukka and Harihara and

describes the qualities of the head and heart of Bukka.

Also mentions the name of Bukka’s queen as Devavi.

It may be noted that this is the only source giving infor¬

mation about the chief queen of Bukka.

3. Describes the city of Vijayanagar. Compare

this with the descriptions of the city given by Paes,

Nicolo Conti, Abdur Razaak and others who visited the

city m the hey-day of its prosperity. Pampa is men¬

tioned as the branch of Vijayanagara.

Canto 2. The birth of Kampana and also of the

other two sons of Bukka, Kampana and Sangama.

Canto 3. 1. Gives an account of the early train¬ ing of Kampana.

2. Mentions his marriage with Ganga Devi.

8 M AD HU RAVI JAY AM

3. Contains very interesting and valuable histo¬

rical information which can be analysed as follows:

(a) Bukka’s analysis of the political situation in the Tamil country.

(b) His exhortation to Kampana to destroy the

chieftains in the Tamil country and to esta¬

blish himself at Kanci as its ruler.

(c) After winning over the people of Tondaiman-

dalam Kampana was to march on his conquest

of Madhurai.

Canto 4.— (a) Preparations for the march on the

Sambuvaraya territory.

(b) The size of the Vijayanagar army described.

(c) The allies of Vijayanagar—the Colas, the

Keralas and the Pandyas.

(d) The orderly march of the army.

(e) Camping at Mulbagal. Then the move to

Virincipuram.

(f) The siege of Padaividu and the fight with the

Sambuvarayas.

(g) The defeat of the Sambuvarayas and the death

of the Sambuvaraya king at the hands of Kampana.

Canto 5.—Kampana establishes a just and pros¬

perous rule in Kancipuram.

Cantos 6 & 7.—Contain no historical information.

Canto 8.—The condition of the Tamil country after

the Muslim occupation.

The Concluding Canto.—The final battle with the

Muslims. The conquest of Madhurai by Kampana after

the defeat and death of the Sultan in the battle.

INTRODUCTION &

In the course of the following pages the above his¬

torical details have been examined with reference to

other sources in some detail. There are, however, cer¬

tain aspects which take away from its purely historical

nature; e.g., Cantos 6 and 7 do not seem to contain any

historical information. They describe only the amors

of the prince and his sports with the queens. Of course,

one explanation is possible, i.e., that a chronological

gap is intended between the occupation of the Sambu-

varaya territory and the conquest of Madhurai; and this

gap is conveyed through the two cantos in which there

is absolutely no reference to politics and all reference

is to the private life of the prince. Perhaps it was also

the intention of the poet to convey the idea that after

the conquest of Kanci, Kampana endeared himself to

his subjects by his just and benevolent rule. The fact

that he could enjoy his life in Kaneipuram without any

fear of a coup d’etat must show that his rule was popu¬

lar and when he started on his campaign against

Madhurai he had the fullest support of the people of Tonaaimandalam.

The introduction of the supernatural element in

the biography luckily does not affect the accuracy of

the main details. The appearance of the goddess was

a poetic convention. In Harsha’s Naganandam there is

the episode of a goddess presenting a swoi'd to Jimuta-

vahana. In the Madhuravijayam the episode may be

taken to be symbolic. The goddess that appeared before

him may be taken as the personification of Dharma

which had been so much put to trial during the inter¬

regnum of the Sultanate in Madhurai, and her exhorta¬

tion might be taken to mean that it was incumbent on

2

10 MAD HU RAVI JAY AM

the new Hindu power, viz., Vijayanagar, to reinstall Dharma on its original pedestal.

In shot t, in spite of what according to principles

of modern historiography might be considered defects in

a history, these minor details should not be taken very

serious notice of in the Madhuravijayam because it is

one of the very few wholly historical works of India’s past.

n. THE SAMBUVARAYAS

1. ViRA CHAMPA

The Madhuravijayam, as its title signifies, is the

story of the conquest of Madhurai by Kumara Kampana

told by his wife Ganga Devi. But the poem treats also

of the factors which formed the prelude to the Madhurai

conquest. The way to Madhurai lay through the Tondai-

mandalam which was at that time ruled by the Sambuva-

rayas. It is not certain whether the Sambuvaraya kings

were on friendly terms with the new kingdom of Vijaya-

nagar. Apart from the political ambition to add terri¬

tories to tne kingdom, there was always the danger of

the Muslims overrunning the whole of the Tamil coun-

tiy ana proving a serious menace to Vijayanagar.

iheiefore, there was the need to clear the Tamil coun¬

try of all forces detrimental to the existence and expan¬

sion of Vijayanagar. The Sambuvarayas occupied a

strategic position in the Tamil country between Vijaya-

nagai and the Madhurai Sultanate. They should either

be reduced to the position of feudatories to Vijayanagar

or destroyed. Bukka placed emphasis on the need to

lemove all the political cobwebs before launching the

attack on Madhurai. So the Sambuvarayas were the

first enemies of Vijayanagar that had to be tackled by

Kampana. A brief account of the Sambuvaraya rule in

the Tondaimandalam region will be of interest to students of early Vijayanagar history.

Tiie Sambuvaraya chiefs of the Sengeni family

luled mainly in portions of the present North Arcot and

12 MADHURAVIJAYAM

Chingleput districts.1 They figure very prominently in

the C5]a inscriptions as feudatories of the Cdlas. They

distinguished themselves by leading the important

campaigns on behalf of their overlords. Edirili Cola

Sambuvaraya of the period of Rajadhiraja Cola secur¬

ed the departure from the Tamil country of the

Singalcsc General, Lankapura Dandanayaka who had

invaded the southern part of the C5ja empire.2

After the decline of the Cola imperialism the

Sambuvarayas, like the Kadavarayas, successfully carv¬

ed out an independent principality for themselves

possibly after a short period of subservience to the

Pandyan empire. Kulasekhara Sambuvaraya, who may

be placed between 1278 A.D. and 1304 A.D. was the

first Sambuvaraya whose inscriptions are found with

regnal years.3 Kulasekhara was succeeded by Vira

Champa, also known as Raianarayana Mallinatha.4

We do not know the relationship between Kula¬

sekhara and Vira Champa, but in all probability Vira

Champa was Kulasekhara’s son if the assumption that

the feudatory Sambuvarayas named their eldest son

after their overlord is correct.5

Vira Champa lived during a troubled period in

South Indian history, nay, in Indian history. Northern

India was subject to the Khilji imperialism. For the

1. For an account of the feudatory Sambuvarayas see Professor

K. A. N. Sastri, The Colas.

2 Dr. S. K. Aivangar South India and her Muhammadan Invaders,

page 16. 3. A.R.E.. No. 77 is dated with a regnal year for Kulasekara.

4 There are a few Virachampa inscriptions extant. From the Via

of Irattaiyar we can establish the identity of Virachampa and Mallinatha.

5 There was the practice of feudatories naming their eldest sons

after the ruling sovereign both in the Cola and in the Pandya kingdoms.

INTRODUCTION 13

first time Southern India had to bend before the ,

onslaughts of the Muslim invaders during this period.

In all probability Vira Champa was a witness to many

of the ghastly deeds perpetrated by the invading forces

under the leadership of Malik Kafur. There is no

evidence of Vira Champa having done anything to check

the progress of the invaders. Evidently he had simply

to play the role of a silent spectator as he could not

contend against the superior numbers which laid waste the country.

Vira Champa distinguished himself by his various

acts of charity and piety. Both epigraphical and literary

sources mention these. He made a golden crown fit

enough to adore the head of Lord Ekambaranatha at

Kancipuram. He also presented a beautiful car to the

Lord. He built a huge Tulabharamandapam in the city

of Kanci. The Arulalaperumal inscription of Vira

Champa mentions his having presented another new

car to the deity of that temple. Under his instructions

and at his expense an ascetic by name Gnanatman built

a mandapa called Bhadramandapa to the deity of Tiru-

vallam. The holy man also erected a shrine “in the very

prosperous city of Valla” and named it Maraya Siva.

Here are the reievent portions of the ula of Irattai-

yar celebrating the deeds of Vira Champa:6

1. <8FLEI_| ajsoa; G^rrjjsueSr ■scrrrs^JGinss sitlc gtwtpetflpp

Q^iiQuaebr iDGixfl tc0(_(g; Q&/re8j3;gj

2 .Q&iiugiesiui (Ssekaeir $T)LD<MS\9|Eir^3UiiJir S'6v)g;/£' Q^it Quitgo

3 .uiflusi'etia ear ffiiq geou Gujicirrav eaaipp

jpevirurrir ugsbu—u^^iui

C. Ekambaranatha Ula, (also the Abidhanacintamani).

14 M AD HU R A VIJ A Y A M

Vira Champa was the first Sambuvaraya ruler

known to have struck coins to signify his supremacy.

These coins continued to be in circulation till a very

late period—at least till after fifty years from Iris death.

These coins are referred to in inscriptions as Viracham-

pan Guligai.7

Vira Champa had a highly talented minister by

name Vanabhid who had a profound knowledge of

Samskrit and who could compose poetry. It was he

who gave publicity to the deeds of valour and piety

done by the ruler.

Vira Champa assumed or was given the title of

Nidravasan Vijayi which means “the king who won vic¬

tories at the time cf the completion of his sleep”. The

Bilavanatheswara inscription of the king mentions this

binida of his. This title, and the fact of his having

issued coins are evidences not only of the independent

rule that he had set up over the Tondaimandalam

region but also of the important position he occupied

in the Tamil country.

2. VENRUMANKONDA SAMBUVARAYA

The successor of Vira Champa was Ekambaranatha

Sambuvaraya alias Venrumankondan. He is known

better by the title than by his real name. Only one

inscription refers to his name and even that reference

is incidental.8 The title Venrumankondan was assum¬

ed by him almost at the beginning of his rule. A sug¬

gestion was made that this title might imply his having

7. A.R.E., 94 of 1887.

S. A.E.E.. No- .7? of 1933-34.

INTRODUCTION 15

taken his kingdom from the Muslims.9 This was based

on the incorrect supposition that no inscriptions of his,

dated earlier than his fourteenth year, are available.

But there is a second year inscription dated 1323-

24 A.D., which contains the title Venrumankondan.10

Again there is no break between the periods of Vira

Champ a and Venrumankondan. Even assuming that

Vira Champa ruled for eighteen years, as per an

inscription of his, from 1304, which was the last year

of Kulasekhara, we get 1322-23 as the last regnal year

for Vii'a Champa and the first for his successor. This

is borne out by the data in Venrumankondan’s inscrip¬ tions.

The only explanation for the title seems to be that

Lptureu Kanci from ihe Kakatiya v enrumankondan

general Muppidi Nayaka, who was in occupation of the

cny, having taken it from the Kerala conqueror Ravi-

vaiman, till about the accession of Venrumankondan.11

9. Dr. N. Venkataramanayya: Early Muslim Expansion in South

India. 202, No traces of his (Venrumankonda’s) rule arc found in

any part of the country before his 14th regnal.” Ibid., p. 203. It may

ue reasonably assumed that Ekambaranalha Sambuvaraya reconquered the country from the Mussalmans.

10. Cf. A.R.E., 20G of 1929-30. The exact date of this inscrip¬ tion is 1323—June, 13.

„ jr‘ N‘ Venkataramanayya: The Early Muslim Expansion in South India, p. 90. The departure of Ravivarman Kulasekhara did not however, release the Pandyan dominion from foreign domination. New invaders soon made their appearance, this time from Telungana. Ihe Kakatiya King, Prataparudra, sent a large army in 1317. A.D., to iarry ie country, and his general Muppidi Nayaka led the Telugu army victoriously up to the Kaveri, defeated the Panca Pandyas in a att e near Kanci, and installed a Telugu governor in the city.

Also Prof. K. A. N. Sastri: Pandyan Kingdom, p. 213. This ex- pe hi°n of the Kakatiya general seems therefore to have brought the nort ern part of the Pandyan Empire for a time under the control, more or less effective, of the Telugu rulers of Warrangal.

16 MAD HU RAVIJ AY AM

Perhaps Venrumankondan was a son of Vira Champa,

whom he and his son Rajanarayana might have ad¬

dressed as Anna (father). An inscription of Rajana¬

rayana refers to the former addressing Mallinatha as Annachiyar}2

Venrumankondan’s reign began in 1322, and the

first two years of his reign seem to have gone on un¬

eventfully. But we do not hear of him from his third

to his fourteenth regnal year i.e., 1335-36. The cause

of this interregnum is not far to seek. In 1323 the

Muslims had occupied the southern part of the Tamil

country13 and the horrors of the Muslim invasion had

spread into the entire Tondaimandalam region also. A

fourteenth year inscription of Venrumankondan refers

to the havoc wrought by the Muslims in the region.14

Many inscriptions belonging to Rajanarayana also refer

to the dislocation caused to normal life in the territory

as a result of the Muslim occupation.15 Therefore, as

Dr. Venkataramanayya has pointed out, “the extreme

rarity, if not the total absence of Hindu inscriptions

that are assignable to the interval between 1324 and

1335 seems to indicate that the Hindu political life was

in a state of suspended animation and that the country

was passing through a period of great distress.”10

We do not know the exact nature of the Muslim

occupation in the Tondaimandalam region. The fact

It is likely that Venrumankondan destroyed the Kakatlya rule in Kanci and in memory of the victory took the title of Venrumankondan.

12. Cf. A.R.E., 33 of 1933-34—(page 36 of 1933-34). 13. Dr. N. Venkataramanayya: Ma’bar (J.M.U.), pp. 43-54. 14. Cf. A.R.E., 434 of 1903—S.I.I. Vol. HI. 15. Cf. A.R.E., No. 203 of 1912. 16 Dr. N. Venkataramanayya: Ma'bar, p. 43.

INTRODUCTION 17

that Venrumankondan could begin his reign again in . 1335-36 shows that it had not been actually brought under Muslim rule, as the districts of Madura, Trichi- nopoly and Tanjore had been.17 Perhaps the Muslims in the beginning of their South Indian conquest, scat¬ tered themselves over a very wide area, and after the conquest, consolidated their position in a few districts, having regard to their resources for the upkeep of the conquered territories.

That Venrumankondan had busied himself with administrative arrangements throughout his reign is borne out by all his records. The Muslim invasion had

created many social, economic and political problems. Migrations from one place to another had become the older of the day.18 The shifting of population from one village and the overpopulation of another created pro¬ blems of a tough nature. Refugees came in large num-

beis into his territories and sought his protection.19 The professional communities were suffering want and misery. Venrumankondan thus took charge of an entirely changed kingdom in his 14th year, and no

wonder he had to make it his life-work to restore normal life to it. He filled the Tirumadaivilagams with their usual inhabitants. He provided for his subjects such amenities as water-sheds which had been destroyed during the period of his absence. He

opened out some villages as centres for refugees

Th^ Musllm hold on Tiruchirapalli Tanjore and South Arcot

™! „re ^ VerT Slender- We have evidence that the Muslims had strengthened themselves in Ramnad district.

18. A.R.E., No. 276 of 1912.

19. A.R.E., 35 of 1933-34.

3

18 MADHURAVIJAYAM

and invited the helpless refugees to settle in them.20

He treated these new inhabitants with sympathy and

consideration. He tried his best to encourage handi¬

crafts and gave all sorts of concessions to the profes¬

sional communities.21 He fixed the rates of taxes pay¬

able by these, as low as possible. He also repaired or

reconstructed many temples laid waste by the

Muslims.22 Thus he saved his country from moral and

political degradation.

While that part of the Tamil country south of the

South Arcot district was going through a period of the

worst political ordeal, Tondaimandalam was enjoying

peace and passing through an era of reconstruction;

and the credit cf having restored normal life goes to

a great extent to Venrumankondan.

That. Venrumankondan had succeeded to a great

extent in his uphill work of reconstruction is proved

fcv references to activities of normal and peaceful life.

An inscription of his dated in his seventeenth regnal

year refers to the enactment of street plays in Kanci-

puram and Tondaimandalam. The inscription says

that a licence was obtained by a dramatic troupe from

the ruler for enacting plays.23

20. A.R.E., 35 of 1933-34 coming from Kilminnal. Registers de¬

tails of taxes payable by settlers of the village. The inscription says

that the village was made an Anjinan Puhalidam, a place for refugees

—in the name of the ruler’s son, Rajanarayana, referred to as Ponnin

Perumal.

The taxes leviable from weavers colonising there was fixed

at 1/4 panam per month on two workers of every loom and 1/3

panam on others. The rules relating to taxes on oil press are not clear 21. A.R.E., 47 of 1932.

22. A.R.R.. 45 of 19°0: 453 of 1903; 42 and 48 of 1921.

23. A.R.E.. 42 of 1921.

Ill THE SAMBUVARAYAS (Contd.)

rajanarayana and VENRUMANKONDAN II

Venrumankondan I was succeeded by his son

Rajanarayana, the greatest Sambuvaraya ruler. It was

during his period that the Sambuvaraya kingdom

reached the height of its power and glory. Its terri¬

tories included the entire districts of North Arcot,

Chingleput and a part of South Arcct.1 The date of

Rajanarayana’s accession according to astronomical

data furnished by his inscriptions is 1338-39. The rela¬

tionship between Venrumankondan and Rajanarayana

is mentioned in an inscription at Kuttiyam bearing the

third regnal year of Rajanarayana in which Venruman¬

kondan is referred to as Ayyachiyar or father (of the

ruler).2 On the death of Venrumankondan, Rajana¬

rayana performed the necessary obsequies and also

ananged for the ashes of his father being consigned to

the Ganges, and the srdddha performed at Gaya.2 He

pitched upon an Agambadi Mudaliar of the Palace

Guard for carrying the remains to be mixed in the

Ganges. The name of the Mudaliar, Elumbodan Gan-

gaiyadi Madhavarayan, seems to have been assumed by

im after his return from the Ganges. The Mudaliar,

on his return, was granted the village of Kuttiyam alias

South °f h’S inscriPtior>s. In the

of Rajanarayana, A.R.E. 82 of °m5“ 8 ^ yGar inscription

^alalhha Chakravartin Ponnin Tamb™

villages^^Kuttiy^aliM °- .1933'34' Reeisters the grant of the

gamana vritti foXntX^'amraya*anallur from taxes as Gan-

20 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

Rajanarayananallur (named after the chief) free of

taxes as Gangagamana Vritti or maintenance for hav¬

ing gone to the Holy Ganges. This Mudaliar was very

much attached to Venrumankondan and he consecrated

the shrine of Ekambranatha in Kuttiyam in the name

of his master and made large endowments to it.4

The first few years of Rajanarayana’s reign passed

off almost uneventfully, but for a heavy flood which

caused extensive damage to crops.5 This was in the

sixth year of his reign. The king adopted relief

measures one of which was the remission of the taxes

payable both in cash and in kind on lands whose crops had suffered.

Rajanarayana’s relationship with Madhurai is

not known.6 There is no evidence of his having

come to any clash with the Sultanate. What

made both keep their mutual peace is a mystery.

What surprises us more is the fact that Raja-

narayana does not appear to have intervened during

the wars in the South. We are now alluding to the

great conflict between the Sultan and the Hoysala

ruler, Vira Ballala III which culminated in the most

tragic battle of Kannanur Koppam. This was the last

4. A.R.E., 33 of 1933-34.

5. Cf. A.R.E., 410 of 1912; 230 of 1901. S.I.I., Vol. VII, No. 410

from Marudur refers to a peruvellam in the 6th year. No. 230 a 7th year

inscription, records that the king remitted taxes payable both in cash

and kind on land whose crops had suffered as such lands could not

be taken up for cultivation. This order was engraved on the walls

of the temples at Tiruvallam, Gudimallur and Kalavai.

6. The Madhura Sultanate lasted between 1323 and 1371. The

period between 1323 and 1334 was the period of the Delhi Viceroyalty

in Madhurai. Cf., Dr. N. Venkalaramanayya: Ma’bar, p. 42. The Sul¬

tanate extended as far north as Chidambaram (roughly). Cf. Madhu- rdvijayam which says that Vyaghrapuri had become the abode of tigers.

INTRODUCTION 21

fight in South India put up in order to save the land

from the onslaughts of the invaders and if Rajanarayana

had followed a policy of “non-intervention” to gain some private ends, and allowed the old Hoysala ruler

to fight his enemy single-handed history would never put it to his credit.

Raj ana ray ana Sambuvaraya enjoyed very good

popularity and the reason for this lies in his various

acts of public charity. He continued the good work

of his father and completed it. He revived worship in

aL temples; he reorganised the temple precincts; he

revived handicrafts. The weavers who played an im¬

portant part in temple life and whom the kings took

into their confidence when settling disputes were still

suffering from the after effects of the anarchy. In their

despair they even deserted their respective Tirumadai-

vilagams and caused a dislocation in temple administra-

tion. An inscription from Nerumbur7 says: “The

mnaouants of the Tiruniadaivilagam along with the

weavers ran away to different villages”. Rajanarayana

coaxed the deserters into returning to their respective

p aces, showing them all concessions. Besides the

h^U aj^V‘ aga“S tiCh he thorouShIy reorganised, he fiUed the empty villages with population and remit- ted taxes due from the new settlers.

. _However> in spite of the good work done by Eaja¬

narayana and his father there were still symptoms of

lawlessness. An inscription8 refers to the treachery

7. A.R.E., 276 of 1912.

of the Tinivm-2^3 1912 (7th year). Many of the valuable belonging

Ltl ITrr mple h3d b6en buried underground for safet during the Muslun occupation of that territory. But most of the*

22 MADHURAV1J AY AM

practised by certain people who took away the valuable

belongings of the temple. The matter had not been

found out until very late, and by the time it was found

out, the culprits had all died. But the king confiscated

their lands and dwellings and made them over to the

temple. The same inscription refers to the sale of lands

and houses belonging to another private individual who

had been punished for committing “a very serious state offence”.

Rajanarayana had also to devote a good part of his

time to the settlement of disputes. The most serious of

these was that the temple servants called Ishaibhattali-

yilar, Devaradiyar and Padiyilar did not agree among

themselves regarding the order of precedence in their

service to the temple.9 The next in importance was a

long standing dispute between the villagers of Uttara-

merur and Tiruppulivanam.10 The disputants were not

amenable to any agreement for a long time. The dis¬

pute itself concerned river-irrigation. Thei'e was a

canal irrigating Uttaramerur, and feeding the tank of

Tirupulivanam. The inhabitants of both the villages

quarrelled about their respective rights over the con¬

trol of the canal. The matter was finally settled

amicably by arbitration and it was agreed that the

canal should irrigate Tiruppulivanam, Mappandar,

Pundi and Uttaramerur.

were removed by the Tulukkar and appropriated. Such of the pro¬

perty as had escaped their clutches (including a metal lamp stand)

was stolen and similar acts of treachery were practised against god

by certain private individuals. The Maheswaras and the trustees of

the temple together with the agent of Bhuvanekabahudeva instituted

enquiries into the matter in the Vyakaranadana Mandapa.

9. A.R.E., 212 of 1912.

10. A.R.E., 200 of 1923.

INTRODUCTION 23

Rajanarayana, though a Saivite, was tolerent

towards all religions. He endowed both Siva and

Vishnu temples.11 The mention of a Jain temple

and the setting up of a Jain image by a pious

lady during the period of Rajanarayana suggests that

Jainism was still enjoying royal patronage.12 It might

also be noted that an earlier Sambuvaraya ruler con¬

structed at Pundi a Jaina temple dedicated to Ponni-

natha but called Vira Vira Jinalaya and gave a large

tax-free village to it for its support.13

Rajanarayana s philanthrophv had become so in¬

fectious that even private individuals came forward to

supplement the noble work of their ruler.14

Turning oui attention to the condition of trade and

commeice during his period, we have some evidence

to conclude that he did his best to promote them. Sadras

was a flourishing trade centre and the suggestion that

Rajanarayana might have taken interest in its growth

is got by the new name Rajanarayanapattanam m^en

to the port, after the ruler.15 The reference to such°com-

munities as Settis, Kaikkolar, Karrai-vada-vanigar and

Sekku-vanigar and Saliyar and such taxes as Tarik-

he endowed °f 1932'33' Am°ng the Vishnu temPles ^at he endowed, the Sthalasayanaperumal temple at Mahabalinuram de-

“T *° be "Med- <•» date of R&aWy«nr£r2e temple was known as Ulagalandaperumal. '

12. South Indian inscriptions, Vol I 70 n in? 13. AJtJS., 58 of 1900. ' P'

14. An inscription dated in the 19th regnal year of Rajanarayana

oTmT, TeStUlg that the various communities, o l-mongers, washermen and others, collected donations and completed

the construct^ of a temple which had been left incomplete, at

Madhevnnang^am. A.R.E., 53 of 1933-34. For this act of chLty the

193.S? ° h°Se COmmunitles were remitted. Also Cf. A.R.E., 36 of

15. A.R.E., 103 of 1932-33.

24 M AD HU RAVI J A YAM

kadamai and Perkkadamai also gives us a hint that

handicrafts had come back to their own thanks to the

interest evinced in them by Rajanarayana and his father.10

The highest regnal year found in Rajanarayana’s

inscriptions is twenty and we can therefore conclude

that his reign ended by 1359 A.D.17 Rajanarayana

assumed a number of titles and they are : Ponnintam- biran and Ponninperumal.18

Rajanaiayana was followed by his son Venruman-

kondan, whom we may call Venrumankondan II, but

he does not appear to have ruled for any length of time.

The final attack of the Vijayanagar prince was directed against him and he did not survive it.

1G. A.R.E.. 29S of 1910 Tarikkadamai and Perkkadamai payable by the Kaikkolar, Saliyar and Vanigar.

17. A.R.E., 36 of 1933-34 from Kilaminnai.

13. A.R.E.. 33 of 1933-34.

IV. VIJAYANAGAR INVASIONS OF

TONDAIMANDALAM

1. THE SAVANNA INTERREGNUM

It is believed by some scholars that it was

Venrumankondan I the Sambuvaraya ruler (1322-

1339) who was overcome by Kampana.1 But this view

is far from correct as the earliest inscription of Kam¬

pala bears only the date 1352.2 His invasion of Tondai-

mandalam could never have taken place prior to that

year. Venrumankondan had a peaceful death and the

period was also calm and quiet in his territory, and

this is borne out by the fact that his son Raj ana ray an a

was able to send the remains of his royal father to be

consigned to the Ganges.3

1. Dr. S. K. Iyengar: South India and her Muhammadan In¬ vaders: p. 15 and pp. C0-G1. The epigraphical reports, too. contain the

mistake. Dr. S. K. Iyengar seems to be caught in confusion when we

read his lectures, two and six. An analysis of the points he has raised

in these two lectures regarding Kampana’s defeat of the Sambuvarayas

will show the confusion. In his second lecture he says: "We find two

rulers who assumed high titles indicating independence. Of these the

first is Sakalaloka Chakravartin Venrumankonda Sambuvarayan whose

date of accession is A.D. 1322-23 followed by Sakalakoka Chakravartin

Rajanarayana Sambuvarayan whose date of accession is 1337-38 and

whose reign extended upto 1356-57. It was apparently this later

ruler that was overcome by Prince Kumara Kampana of Vijayanagar”

He, changes his view in the sixth lecture and states an entirely new

theory: It looks very probable that it was Sakalalokachakravartin

Sambuvalr§ya whose date accession is Saka 1245

which is the °Vertbrown by Kampana, sometime about 1347 hich is the first date of his successor Sakalalokachakravartin Raiana-

E Sambuvarayan.” We are at a loss to understand why “he

leamed professor propunded such theory and how he got 1347 al

\ X A ^ °f Venrumankondan by Kampa. . Cf. A.RE., 297 of 1919, (dated saka 1274).

3. Cf. A.RJ2., 32 of 1933-34.

4

26 MADHURAVIJAYAM

Rajanarayana’s rule must have extended upto, at

least 1359, as we have inscriptions of his bearing his

20th regnal year.4 The presence of Vijayanagar inscrip¬

tions in his territory in the eleventh and twelth years of

his i ule implies that he had come into clash with the

Vijayanagar rulers already.5 6 If Kampala’s invasion

had taken place by about 1351 we have to account for

the following: (1) The Madhurdvijayam explicitly says

that the Sambuvaraya ruler was killed in the battle. If

Rajanarayana had been killed in 1351-52 how could

records have been issued in his name after this date ?

(2) CDome of Kampana s relations and generals who

weie associated with the campaign assumed the title

Sambuvaraya sthdpandcdrya, meaning ‘establisher of

the Sambuvaraya.’5 Where does the question of esta¬

blishing come in, if the Sambuvaraya had been slain in battle ?

in answer to the above it may be pointed out that

the Madhuravijayam refers only to the ultimate con¬

quest of the Tondaimandalam region. We have evi¬

dence from epigraphs also for that conquest.7 There¬

fore, we have to see in Kampala’s Tiruvannamalai

inscription, an evidence of a preliminary conquest in

which Kampana probably played a minor part but

4. Cf., A.R.E., 36 of 1933-34 from Kilminnal.

5. Cf. A.R.E., 297 of 1919 No. 357 of 1928-29.

6. Mangu took this title as will be noted in a later chapter. Some

of the members of the Saluva family also assumed this title till very

long after the actual event of the Sambuvaraya defeat. Savanna

Udaiyar also took the title. Also refer to the Udaharancimala (Sources:

pp. 49 and 50), where another member claims to have overcome

‘Champa’.

7. Eg., Cf. 18 of 1S99 (also p. 22 of the same report) dated saka

1287 (1365 A.D.), ref. to the taking ‘permanent possession of Rajagam-

bhlrarajya.’

INTRODUCTION 27

some one else on Kampana’s side played the significant,

part. We have a number of inscriptions in the Tamil

country, belonging to Savanna Udaiyar, son of Kampa I,

Viceroy of Udaiyagiripattanam.8 These inscriptions

bear regnal years. One of these bearing the regnal year

1350 is possibly one of the eai'liest Vijayanagar inscrip¬

tions discovered in the Tamil country.9 Savanna Udai-

j-az succeeded to his father s Viceroyalty in Udaiyagiri

and assumed the title the Lord of the Eastern Ocean.

He seems to have been fired with the same enthusiasm

as roused Kampana to action and came to the South

as his inscriptions indicate, with the same objects as

Kampana’s, viz., putting an end to the Muslim rule

and vanquishing the ruler of Tundira. Tt i<3 nnt Tin.

-™““jr 11UIU tneir respective headquarters Kampana eastward and Savanna southward.10 Savan- Savan-

10a. A.R.E., 357 of 1928-29.

28 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

1352. The Tiruvannamalai inscription of Kampa dated 1352 also confirms this.

Vira Savanna seems to have played the most im¬

portant part in this preliminary campaign against the

Sambuvaraya undertaken by about 1350-51. Vira

Savanna’s general Saluva Mangu distinguished himself

in this campaign as his title Sambuvardyasth&pana-

cdrya should indicate.11

Kampana might or might not have actually taken

part in the first campaign. It is likely he sent in his

reinforcements and after the subjugation of the Sam¬

buvaraya territory he stayed in Tiruvannamalai the

temporary capital of the Hoysala ruler Vira Ballala III

for a short time. Vira Savanna, after defeating the

Sambuvaraya, reinstated him in his position evidently

on his recognising Vijayanagar overlordship.12

We do not have inscriptions of Kampana in the

Tamil country for some years after 1352 while we have

inscriptions of Vira Savanna during this period. We

may, therefore, conclude that Kampana returned to

Mulbagal after the end of the first campaign leaving the Tamil country under Savanna’s control.13

11. This title is not only mentioned in some literary works (Ref.

the section of Saluva Mangu in this essay) but also in an inscription coming from Villiyanur (A.R.E., 1936-37, p. 80).

12. Kampana must have started early enough from Mulbagal, say

about 1350 to direct the operations. The whole affair (viz. the subju¬

gation of the Sambuvaraya) must have ended before 1352 and the

Tiruvannamalai inscription of Kampana must have been cut only after

the end of the victory.

There are two records of ‘Savanna deva Maharaja’ at Villiyanallur

(A.R.E., 195 and 196 of 193G-37) which refer to Savanna as Sambuva-

rdyasthdpanagarya. These are among the very last records of Savanna.

13. Cf. Madhuravijayam. Reference is made to Kampana’s start¬

ing from the Vijayanagar capital on his final campaign the Sambuva¬

raya.

INTRODUCTION 29

References to the fact that the Vijayanagar prince

reinstated the Sambuvaraya in his position are found

in literary sources and also inscriptions. The Jaimini

Bharatam which in its introductory verses gives an ac¬

count of the deeds of Mangu says explicitly : *TIe

established the Sambuvaraya in his kingdom and was

dis anguished by the title Sampardyastkdpar^dgdrycL or

the establisher of Champa. The Sdluvabhyudayam,

states : “He then overcame the Sambuvaraya in battle

whom he reinstated in his kingdom.” An inscription

from Villiyanallur refers to the general’s title assumed after the defeat of the Sambuvaraya.14

Savanna Udaiyar seems to have actually set up his

rule over the Tondaimandalam territory, possibly, as

the overlord of Rajanarayana. An inscription of'his

found m Tiruvorriyur, dated 1354-55 refers to the act

o negligence on the part of forty eight Agambadiyars

who were punished by Savanna.15 These Agambadiyars

were doing policing -work for a long time. During

Savanna’s rule, they neglected their duty with the re-

suit that crimes increased. Perhaps by neglecting

eir duty these Agambadiyars wanted to mark their

protest against the foreign rule. For the same inscrip-

tion tel s „s that they had done their duty previously

isfactoiily, without proving refractory. Disturbances

14. Already referred to.

of PaduvOr S“though information. The Agambadiyars

5«55sni Lrfrr ~z sibilitv of the noli™ This incidentally throws light on the respon¬ sibility of the police officers during that period. The practice of DUnU

,n8 undetected theft, <md other crtoe,)Tn„i uncommon the hiatery ot Scud, India. Of. A.R E , 2*”f 1M2.

0/5:S7i /// —r T~» " ?

30 m A D HU R AVIJ AY A M

similar to this seem to have characterised the Vijaya-

nagar rule. Another inscription bears evidence to

this.10 It says that the images of Nayanmars in

the Tirukkariswara temple were desecrated during

the period of confusion in the days of Savanna and

these images had to be reconsecrated in 1367 by

Kampala. All these suggest, that while the Viiaya-

nagar overlordship had been accepted by Rajanarayana

by about 1352 the subjects of Rajanarayana did not leave the conqueror in peace.

rr a T\/rr> a m a XU Xnil U JxJVASIOaT A?m r'r'^roTTr'OrT' X. XA\ A_> V ^V_/1 i!» l y

Inscriptions and other sources are silent on the

circumstances leading to the second and the final in¬

vasion of the Tondaimandalam region by Vijayanagar

The ‘disturbances’ during Savanna’s rule caused by the

people of Tondaimandalam might have suggested the

unwisdom of the overlord and his vassal ruling side

The vassal was the beloved of the subjects TTT 1 I /-V rUr* A\TTr\1ll **nxxu wxc o V v^a XU1 \.i

rT-» t 7 fk ATTAiil J I r 1 • A-t w cio yjxLxy Kjii account Ox nis

superior strength. To remove the danger of a possible

surprise rising against the overlord, a total destruction

of the vassal’s rule might have suggested itself to the

Vijayanagar prince. Or could it be that he feared an

alliance between the Sambuvaraya and the Sultan of

Madhurai? Even if there were no basis for this doubt the

destruction of the Sambuvaraya rule in Tondaimanda¬

lam might have been considered a necessary prelude to

the invasion of Madhurai; for there was no depending

on the ruler of Tondaimandalam when such a mighty

task, likely to yield the best results if completed success¬

fully, was undertaken. So by way of abundant pre-

16 Of. A.R.E., 110 of 1921.

1NT RODUCTIO IV n< OX

caution, Kampana might have wiped out the indepen¬

dent kingdom of the Sambuvaraya before making his

historic march on Madhurai. The fact that he under¬

took the Madhurai campaign only a decade later (i.e.

m 1371) suggests that he took time to stabilise himself

in the conquered territory and did his best to endear

--5 tc his nevv subjects.17 Inscriptions and the Madhuravijayam refer to a large scale remission of taxes

during this period and also to various acts of philanthro¬

pic character.19 Pie conferred high honours, titles and

privileges on the leading men in the conquered territory

to win their co-operation and support.19 All these

perhaps enabled him to get the whole-hearted support

of his new subjects which would be impossible if the

^embuvaraya rule had been allowed to continue

!nVasion must ilave teken place only after 1359, the last regnal year of Rajanarayana, but before

lobd, for by that time, as an inscription denotes it

was a .ait accompli.20 Only one inscription mentions the

defend L e . °ambuvaraya ruler whom Kampana

^ ins* eSerUVasayv ^ ^ if™’ Wh°m W* have Teierr^ as Venrumankondan II.2‘ This Venruman-

his ^ *« to the wishes of fc ~opU « , 1 T'”5 ”“h d« red»d Alaka.” The interesting Lnt r! 1 d, °f Wealth does in the city of

that, “it would be easy “for you tTbrLw^63 theSC suggGstions so (Canto HI). Y y t0 break 1116 P°wer of the Turushka”

£ ,?aS (£rL“ka,'C?“i «* <*"»* of Vifayanagar.

20. XrI.'ISZ Z *• **** 1946).

gelj Maraya Navfk'f 1319 dated Saka 1285—1363 states that Gandar- 1 ■ "y!,la oanquished Vcnjumarikondan.

32 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

kondan might have, in all probability, provoked the

Vijayanagar prince even during the life-time of Raja¬

narayana. That we have no record of the successor of

Rajanarayana clearly indicates that he was not allowed

to rule over his father’s kingdom for any length of time,

but was opposed, overthrown, and slain at his acces¬

sion.

As we have already stated, Kampana returned to

his seat of Viceroyalty (Mulbagal) soon after finishing

his work in the Tamil country in 1352, and spent the

period between 1353 and 1359 there. This is suggested

not only by the total absence of his inscriptions in the

Tamil country, but also by an explicit statement in the

Madhuravijayam,22 According to it Kampana stayed with

his father for sometime, took his advice and then went

and stayed at Mulbagal, biding his time. The news

about the death of Rajanarayana and the state of affairs

existing in the Tamil country would have been com¬

municated by Savanna who was closely watching

events in the Tondaimandalam region as its overlord.

We do not know the exact date on which Kampana

started on his campaign. In all probability it must have

been soon after Rajanarayana’s death, which must have

taken place sometime about 1362. Kampana started

with a large force consisting of “more than a hundred

troops of formidable-looking elephants, war-steeds

faster than wind and foot-soldiers in proper dress”.23

He placed Maraya Nayaka at the command. Starting

from the capital of Vijayanagar he crossed the Karnata

province in five or six days and reached the city of

22. Madhuravijayam: Canto III.

23. Madhuravijayam: Canto IV.

INTRODUCTION 0*3 v/w

Kantakanana (Mulbagal-or-Mul Vai). He spent some

days in that city biding his time to march against the

Sambuvaraya ruler.24 Starting on an auspicious day,

he reached the enemy country by stages. He first halted

at Viringipuram for sometime and when the hour for

striking arrived, he dashed on the Sambuvaraya capital,

Kangi, and laid siege to it. A fierce battle followed

between the Vijayanagar forces and the ‘dramila’

forces. The dramila forces were put to rout by the

superior forces of Vijayanagar. “A large number of

the Tamil soldiers threw away their weapons in their

flight.” The Sambuvaraya himself ran away to his

Padaividu fortress and took refuge in it. Kampana and

his forces stayed at Kangi for sometime, perhaps to pre¬

pare themselves for the final attack. Then they started

to attack the impregnable Rajagambhiranmalai. They

succeeded in scaling the walls of the fort and reached

the heights of the hill. The entire forces of the

Sambuvaraya on the; hill were blocked up and they

suffered seriously at the hands of the Vijayanagar

troops. The inscriptions credit Maraya Nayaka with

having destroyed the formidable enemy (Aliya Aran)

while the Madhurdvijayam refers to a duel fought

between Kampana and the Sambuvaraya in which the latter lost his life.25

After the destruction of the Sambuvaraya, the

whole of Tondaimandalam was annexed to the Mulba-

gal Viceroyalty of Vijayanagar. Kangi became the

secondary capital for the Mulbagal Governor. The

Madhurdvijayam concludes the account of the Vijaya-

24. Ibid.

25. A.R.E., 255 of 1934-35 also 267 of 1919,

34 MAD HU RAVI JAY AM

nagar victory thus : “After his (Kampala's) victory,

he established himself at Kangi and ruled the

Tundira (Tondaimandalam) kingdom protecting it

from anarchy. From that great city of Maratakanagara,

he ruled the earth peacefully and well”.26 An inscrip¬

tion corroborates the poet thus : “Kampana Udaiyar

became permanent on the throne after taking vossession of Rdjagambhirarajya”.27

26. Madhurdvijayam: Canto IV end and Canto V, commencement.

There is absolutely no need for any doubt regarding the identification

of Maratakanagara. ‘Maratakanagara’ and ‘Kanci’ have been used

as alternative names in the kavya. Also see Dr. N. Venkataramanayya: Early Muslim Expansion in South India, page 63.

27. A.R.E., 18 of 1899.

V. THE CONQUEST OF MADHURAI

1. THE POLITICAL CONDITION PRECEDING THE CONQUEST

Among the territories that suffered the worst

rapine and plunder was Ma’bar. According to Khusrau1

Ma bar lay within that distance from Delhi which could

be reached after a normal journey of twelve months.

As Khusrau says, the Muslim arrows had “never

leached that distant land . As regards the identity of

Ma’bar there is no doubt. The region of the Coroman-

dal east of Peninsular India might be said to corres¬

pond roughly to what was known to Arab geographers

as Ma bar. The author of Taquivim ul-Buldan quoted

by Al-Qalquashandi (Subh ul-A-sha) (Ed. by Otto

Spies) says that Ma bar lies to the east of Kaulam

(possibly Kollam or Quilon at three or four days

journey in a southerly direction”).2 Ibn Sa’ib quoted

by the same source says, “it is well-known and muslin

is exported from there; its washermen are proverbial”

What was the condition of Ma’bar at that time ?

The Pandyas who had taken the sovereignty of the

South from the Colas were ruling with Madhurai as

their capital and Bihr dhal or Vira Dhavalpattanam as

a sort of a secondary capital. The empire had, probably

as a result of a dynastic feud, come under the rule of

more than one king. Marco Polo testifies to the plural

monarchy in Ma’bar. Epigraphical evidence lends con¬

firmation to this position just on the eve of Malik

1. Khaza’n-Futuh. 2. Otto Spies: An Arab

(page 38). account of India in the 14th century,

56 M A D HU R AVIJ AY AM

Kafur’s invasion. Dr. Venkataramanyya is of the view,

which is tenable, that “each of these five princes seems

to have held independent sway over some part of the

empire, though the senior most or the most powerful

of them was recognised as the supreme head of the

state. He alone was most probably crowned; and on

him devolved the right of directing the general policy

of the empire”

Troubles set in when a war of succession started

in the Pandyan Kingdom. Maravarman Kulasekhara

had two sons, Sundara and Vira, the former born of his

queen and the latter bom of a concubine. Kulasekhara

nominated Vira Pandya to be his successor as he dis¬

played great talents and remarkable shrewdness.

Sundara Pandya in great fury assassinated his father

and crowned himself king. Vira Pandya the heir-

designate met his half-brother in a battle near Madhurai

and though he was not successful in the beginning,

ultimately managed to drive away Sundara Pandya and

seized the throne.

According to Wassaf, “Sunder Pandi, trembling

and alarmed, fled from his native country and took

refuge under the protection of Ala-ud-din of Delhi and

Tira Pandi (Vira Pandya) become firmly established

in his hereditary kingdom”.3 4 This story is not easily

acceptable as the event is placed in the middle of June

1310*. Prof. Nilakanta Sastri rightly doubts its veracity

because there are inscriptions of Kulasekhara dated in

his forty-fourth regnal year which commenced only in

3. Dr. N. Vcnkafaramanayya: Early Muslim. Expansion in South

India.

4. Wassaf.

INTRODUCTION 31

the middle of A.D. 1311.5 “It is very unlikely that re¬

cords continued to be dated in the regnal years of a

monarch who had died at his son’s hands till more than

a year after the event and that too near the capital of

the kingdom”. Again while Amir Khusrau refers to

the enmity between the two brothers (“the two Rais

of Ma’bar, Bir Pandya and Sundar Pandya”) he does

not mention Sundara’s taking asylum in Delhi. But on

the authority of Wassaf, most of the historians who

have written on Malik Kafur’s South Indian raids, say

that it was Sundara Pandya’s treachery to vent a private

wrath against his rival Vira Pandya that brought

the Mussalman invader to the distant South. Even

Wassaf does not connect the alleged flight of Sundara

Pandya to Delhi with the raids of Malik Kafur. There¬

fore we will not be wrong in taking the raid of Malik

Kafur as being timed at an opportune moment and that

the Muslim invader was interested neither in Sundara

Pandya nor Vira Pandya but in the fabulous wealth

that belonged to both.

After a halt in the Yadava capital of Devagiri dur¬

ing which Malik Kafur obtained from Ramadeva (the

Rayi-Rayan) all the materials needed for the Southern

campaigns, the Malik started on his campaign guided

in his route by one Parasuram Dalavai a deputy of

Ramadeva who had been instructed to lead the Muslim

invader safe out of the Yadava territory. Dr. Venkata-

ramanayya thinks that the Yadava ruler who had been

nurturing a deep grievance against the Hoysala Vira

Ballala III gave all possible assistance to Malik Kafur

5. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri: The Pandyan Kingdom.

38 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

in his campaign against Dwarasamudra.6 But, while

such a view is not wholly untenable, there being noth¬

ing to the contrary in the available sources, it will not

be fair to question the conduct of the Yadava king by

suggesting that he betrayed a fellow-Hindu ruler to

avenge former wrongs on the part of the Hoysala. The

Yadava king was helpless when the Malik led his

incredibly strong army into Devagiri and demanded

help, not as an ally, but as a bully, on the point of the

sword. Dr. Venkataramanayya himself refers to the

fact of Malik Kafur having brought a “formidable

force” with superior weapons. Naturally the same fear

that later made Vira Ballala meekly submit to the mis¬

deeds of the Malik made Ramadeva offer all the help

that the invader needed in his onward march against Dwarasamudra and Ma’bar.

Malik Kafur raided Dwarasamudra when Vira

Ballala III was absent at Ma’bar trying to capitalise the

situation that had arisen as a result of the quarrels

between Sundara Pandya and Vira Pandya. As

Dr. Venkataramanayya thinks, Vira Ballala must have

considered the outbreak of civil dissensions in the

Pandyan kingdom, “a favourable opportunity for re¬

gaining what his uncle and grandfather had lost”.

Malik Kafur entered Dwarasumudra in February

1311 after doing great havoc en route. Vira Ballala

who had to hurry back from the Tamil country did not

put forth any stout resistance to the Muslim invader

because he knew that his military strength was nothing

6. Dr. N. Venkataramanayya: Early Muslim Expansion in South

India: (M. U. Historical Series No. 17) Chap, on Alauddin Khilji. The

learned author has shown that the invasion of the Malik had no poli¬

tical significance.

INTRODUCTION 39

before that of Malik Kafur. He sued for peace and

accepting humiliating conditions from the Malik,

e agreed to be an ally of the invader in the latter’s invasion of Ma’bar.

Malik Kafur’s forces reached the frontiers of Mabar on the ides of March. 1311. Vlra Pandya

unhke Ramadeva and Vira Ballala, preferred to give

kght to the Muslims rather than meekly submit to them

tie put all his strength into the fight and when the reck¬

less invaders advanced, Vira Pandya decided to flee for

sarety and from Bir Dhul, where he was encamped he

escaped, much to the consternation and chagrin of the

avengefu! Malik. As sobn as Malik Naib discovered that

he had been outwitted by Vira Pandya, he resolved to

go to Kannanur and proceeded with a regiment to

Kannanur. But Vira Pandya gave the slip here also.

1 bus it was a regular game of hide and seek between

Vira Pandya and Malik Kafur. It was a great tragedy

ummh however could not be helped, that Ballala had to

P ay e faithful ally”, to the marauding forces. After

vam pursuits Malik Kafur gave up the idea of

capturing Vira Papdya but turned his attention on the

primary object of his raid, viz., plunder. From Kanna-

nrn he proceeded to Kancipuram and laid waste the tem-

§reat dty* After Peering the tern-

wW he hi, went *>ack with his army to Bhir Dhul where he had originally struck camp. From Bhir Dhul

idea was to make a surprise attack on the Pandyan

dara P-Wd61e PSndya WSS in ®«*ority. Sxm-

cautta h^h Iff ^warned; and by way of abundant . , f e t le city with his household, leaving

assault onMedhP e elefhantS “ "Ie city' The Malik’s assault on Madhura. therefore proved a first rate mis-

40 M AD HU RAVIJ AY AM

calculation. All that he could do was to set fire to the

temple. Madhurai appeared to him to be too distant

and unsafe a place for any lengthy halt. So he had to

be more on the defensive in Madhurai. The Pandyan

princes forgot their private quarrels at this hour of

danger and under the leadership of Vikrama Pandya

launched an attack on the invading Muslims. This

time Malik Kafur sustained a crushing defeat and had

to beat a hasty retreat. But by now he had accumulated

in his Southern raids a fabulous booty and he carried

it safe to Delhi. In recognition of the loyal help that

Ballala III rendered to Malik Kafur, Alauddin decorat¬

ed the Hoysala ruler’s son at a special Durbar and

presented him with the usual robes of honour.

Not a small number of historians have exaggerated

the significance of the raids of Malik Kafur. The

Tarikh-i-Firoz-Shahi mentions a larger booty than that

mentioned by the Tarikli-i-Alai quoted above:7 The in¬

vasion of Malik Kafur had of course no political

significance but as a brilliant military raid it had caused

as much havoc as one could imagine.

2. THE MADHURAI SULTANATE

Thus troubles had set in for the South with the

expedition of Malik Kafur. In 1323 there was another

invasion of the South by the Muslims of Delhi during

the reign of Ghiyasuddin Tughlak when the Mussal-

mans succeeded in establishing a Viceroyalty for the

7. Elliot and Dowson—Vol. HI, p. 204. “The army reached Delhi

bringing with it six hundred and twelve elephants ninety-six thousand

horses”°_ “No one could remember anything like it nor was there

anything like it recorded in history.”

INTRODUCTION 41

Delhi Empire in the distant Madhurai.8 This Viceroyalty

lasted a decade, i.e., till 1334. In 1333 taking advantage

of the distance that separated Delhi and Madhurai, one

Jalal-Uddin Ahsan Shah put an end to the Viceroyalty

and became the independent ruler of Madhurai. His

rule lasted for five years and he was succeeded by a number of Sultans, the ehief +i-i_

Ghaiyas-uddin Damghani at one time trooper in

the service of Malik Majur Abu Raja, the Commandar

of the Imperial Army stationed in Devagiri.9

The Muslim rule lasted for forty-eight years in

Madhurai i.e., between 1323 and 1371.10 The sufferings

of the people, especially non-Muslims during the period

have been described by both Hindu and Muslim

historians. One has only to read the frightful accounts

of Ibn Batuta, the Moorish traveller11 and the Madhurd-

8. For an account of the history of the Sultanate of Madura see

4L n ' f°Uth India and Her Muhammadan Invaders.

IfIa'haT from 1325 t0 1317 fj. M. U )

Te p^dofle rS-h2>-0n 'b3' n0tHing ^ ^ Said definite1^ about me period of the Muslim Viceroyalty hi Madhurai. But he says- •'Thoueh

zrszzfz zssrzrl rsr Muh“””d ™

mV™° <S" *PP' E- t0 Sri E- S*y*»** Iyer’s

rem"kD? s°kTlble ,o rr,hese “d d«ef,s Even Ibn Batut Jd ^ l°f^ndia and Her Muhammadan Invaders.

IQDrNVW t 3t Ghy™d-d~d™ was the worst tyrant. ChroLle Ar Je,nkataramanayya= Ma’bar (J.M.U.) also the Pandyan

‘F^om he t ^ 1° U the Muslim "lie lasted forty-eight yeL. From the year Salivahana (Saka 124R_041 (t „ , ,

ruled the kingdom (Vol. I of TayUor p^5) } Muhammadan

m j,11 ^ Nilakantasastri: Foreign Notices: also Briggs- Ferishta’s

1 pp-.347-352- Also Elliot and Dowson, Vol.

been given above."*" lr°Z~Shahl’ pp- 184’185- Extracts from both have

fi

42 M AD HU R A VIJ AY AM

vijayam of Ganga Devi12 to get the details of the Muslim policy towards the Hindus. Inscriptions too refer to the terrible ‘Mussalman days’.13

The statements of Ibn Batuta must be of especial importance to us as they are records of his own per¬

sonal experiences and not based on heresay or previous chronicles. Ibn Batuta had himself, though reluctantly, to witness some of the most ghastly sights. Thus he describes his experience when he went with Ghiyasud-d- din in the latter’s anti-Hindu campaigns: “The coun¬ try we had to traverse was an impenetrable jungle of trees and reeds .... All the infidels found in the jungle were taken prisoners. Each was accompanied by his wife and children and they were thus held to the camp. It is practice here to surround the camp with a palisade having four gates. There may be a second palisade round the king’s habitation. Outside the principal enclosure they raise platforms three feet high and light fires on them at night”.

“Slaves and sentinels spend the night here, each holding in his hand, a bundle of very thin reeds. When the infidels approach for a night attack on the camp, all the sentries light their faggots, and thanks to the flames, the night becomes as bright as day and the cavalry sets out in pursuit of the idolators. In the morn¬ ing the Hindus who had been made prisoners the day before were divided into four groups and each of these

was led to one of the four gates of the main enclosure. There they were impaled on the posts they had them-

12. Madhuravijayam,—Canto VIII.

13. Cf. A.R.E., 434 of 1903 (also S.I.I., Vol. VIII), A.R.E., for 1913,

page 128, No. 203 of 1913, a seventh year inscription of Rajanarayana

Sambuvaraya.

t M H1 I? O n TT /~i m T A t\t 42

selves carried. Afterwards their wives were butchered

and tied to the stakes by the hair. The children were

massacred on the bosoms of their mothers and their

corpses left there. Then they struck camp and started

cutting down the trees in another forest and all the

Hindus who were made captive were treated in the

same manner. This is shameful practice and I have

not seen any other sovereign adopt it; it was because

of this that God hastened the end of Ghiyasud-d-din”.14

The above gives an idea of the treatment accorded

to prisoners. From what has been said above it will

become clear that the Sultan without actually facing

opposition went on campaigns just for the sake of strik¬

ing terror in the minds of the ‘infidels’. Ibn Batuta’s

account reads mere kiic tne description of an animal

hunt of an idle autocrat than the military expedition

of a powerful sovereign. Even the Moorish traveller

whose sympathy naturally ought to be with his distin¬

guished host, points his finger of scorn at the way in

which he treated his subjects and sees in his incredible

cruelty the reason for his early death.

More paining is the account that the traveller gives

about the Sultan’s treatment of his Hindu subjects in

his day to day administration. One day the Qazi and

he (the traveller) were with the Sultan, the Qazi being

to his right and he to his left. An idolator was brought

before the Sultan with his wife and son aged seven

years. The Sultan made a sign with his hand to the

executioners to cut off the head of the idolator. Then

he said to them in Arabic ‘‘and his son and wife”. They

cut off their heads and at this the traveller turned his

14. Foreign Notices.

44 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

eyes away. When he composed himself he found then- heads lying on the ground.

On another occasion he was with Sultan Ghiyasud-

d-din when a Hindu was brought to him. He spoke

words that his guest (the traveller) could not under¬

stand and at once many of his followers drew their

swords. Ibn Batuta got up hurriedly and the Sultan

asked, “Where do you go?” The guest replied: “I go

to my afternoon prayers”. He understood the guest’s

motive, laughed and ordered the hands and feet of the

idolator to be cut off. On his return Ibn Batuta found

that unhappy man swimming in his blood.

The temples suffered no better fate than men. Amir

Khusrau gives a painful account of what Malik Kafur

did in one place in the Tamil country.15 “In Brahmatspuri

there was a golden idol round which many elephants

were stabled. The Malik started on a night expedition

against this place and in the morning seized no less

than two hundred and fifty elephants. He then de¬

termined on razing the beautiful temple to the ground.

You might say that it was the Paradise of Shahdad

which after being lost, these hellites had found and

that it was the golden Lanka of Ram. The roof was

covered with rubies and emeralds. The malik dug this

up from its foundations with the greatest care. The

heads of the Brahmins and the idolators danced from

their necks and fell to the ground at their feet. The

stone image called Ling Mahadeo which had been a

/

15. The Tarikh-i- Alai of Amir Kliusru (Elliot and Dowson Vol.

Ill) p. 01- Brahmatspuri has been identified with Chidambaram by Dr.

S. K. Iyengar. This can be accepted only as a possible identification. Cf.'

South India and Her Muhammadan invaders. Also Historical Inscrip¬

tions of South India by Sewell, p. 177.

INTRODUCTION 45

long time established at that place, upto this time the

kick of the horse of Islam had not attempted to break.

The Mussalmans destroyed all the beings and Deo

Narain fell down and the other gods who had fixed

their seats there raised their feet and jumped so high

that at one leap they reached the foot of Lanka and in

that fright the beings would have themselves fled

had they any. legs to stand on”. This was the fate that

many other temples suffered during this period

We have a number of inscriptions referring to the

damages and desecretion caused to Hindu temples 16

A reference to open plunder of the temple proper¬

ties by the invaders is found in an inscription of Raja

narayana Sambuvaraya coming from Tiruvorriyur17

Berore the Muslims took possession of the temple the

temple authorities had hidden all the valuable belong!

r,°Lthe tempIe Underground- The Muslims located the hidden treasure and carried away a large Part of

s,„tTh: g“Tie!ifect of establishment Sultanate at Madhurai was disastrous.

of the

Hindu religious

capital

of Posaliswaram Udaiyar constructed by Vlra Som^ ‘ t6mpIe lished upto the Adharasilai and converted into Someswara waa demo-

madans during their occupation of the place * Y *** Muham' pana’s conquest that the terrmle was; ™ ^ 0nly after Kam-

The temple of ***' °‘ I909:

the encamped Muhammadans ‘whose time it , was “eui“ed by

sequence of this the inhabitantsof n. rU'"e4 h C01"

this juncture a certain Visalayadeva rf Ka' u a ' A>

temple and saved the people from moral YY* reCOnsecrated the

Therefore tlie villagers conferred on him T* rellgl0us degradation”.

assigning a specified quantity of corn fronTtheY and besides individual. Also 434 of 1903 arvest reaped by each

17. A.R.E., 203 of 1912. '

46 M AD MU RAV J ,7 A Y A M

activities ceased; temple properties were confiscated.

Large scale migrations became the order of the day;18

handicrafts suffered; there was a large number of un¬

employed workmen suffering from want.19 Cultivation

was not regular and many fields were lying empty.20 In

the field of art the product of many years’ labour all

perished.

3. THE MADHURAVIJAYAM ACCOUNT

The Madhuravijayam gives a graphic account of

the condition in which the Vijayanagar conqueror of

the Tamil country found the various holy cities. In

Srirangam the Lord of Serpents was warding off the

heaps of bricks with the hood lest their fall should

disturb the sleep of Yoga in which Hari was worship¬

ped. When one looked at the state of the temples of

the other gods also, one’s distress knew no bounds.

The foldings of their doors were eaten up by wood¬

worms. The arches over the inner sanctuaries were

rent with wild growths of grass. Those temples which

were once resonant, with the sounds of Mridanga

drums were now echoing the fearful howls of jackals.

The river Kaveri became deflected very much from

her time honoured course and was flowing in all sorts

of wrong directions imitating the ruthless invaders.

The Brahmin streets where once the sacrificial smoke

was seen rising and the chanting of the Vedas always

is. A.R.E., 276.

19. Ibid. 20 A.RJ5-, 64 of 1916. “The times were Tulukkan times: The

devadana lands of the gods were taxed with kadamai; the temple wor¬

ship, however, had to be conducted without any reduction! the iilavu

or cultivation had to be d<-ne by turns (for want of sufficient number

of men)”.

I NTRQDUCT I iN 47

greeted the ear, now sent out the musty odour of meat

and resounded with the war-cries of the drunken marauders.21

The groves of Madhurai had all been destroyed.

The cocoanut trees had all been cut and in their places

were to be seen rows of iron spikes with human heads

sucking at the points.22 In the highways which were

charming with the sounds of anklets of beautiful

women, one heard the ear-piercing noise of the Brah¬ mins being dragged, bound in iron-fetters.

Vvebs woven by spiders took the place of silk veils

wit.i which the dolls adorning the outer-towers of the

city were once covered. Royal courtyards which were

nee cool with the spraying of ice-cold sandal, now con-

ta,nM only the tears of the afflicted Brahmins. The

waters of the Tamraparni which were white with the

maiden-PaSt0 Ta.Shod fr°m the breasts of charming

sla.whto-.^K,,“°'V ‘ °Wmg le,:’ with the blood o£ c°ws ° worn ScrecCmiigs or owis in

worn-out pleasure m-mtoo ^ * i_ pc £ o s-- “ia not ahiict one so much

to —‘

the W°me ” £aC‘

faileef aiThpVaS T l°Tr the producer of wealth. Rains

was left of fr i°f Death t0°k his Undue to11 of what

The Kaliyuga LervSedntheddeStr°y+d ^ inVaderS' ea deepest congratulation; for

21. Madhur&vijayam, canto VIII.

his accounts have< been °n !"nentl0n,s ^ faCt‘ Rclevant passages from pp. 278-279. ^ °lc aueacJy- Cf. K. A. N. Sastri, Sources,

48 MADHURAVIJ AY AM

it was now at the zenith of its power. “Hidden is refine¬

ment; hushed is the voice of Dharma; destroyed is discipline and gone is nobility of birth”.

The state of affairs described above made an im¬

mense impression in the minds of the Hindus of South

India. In the significant words of Sewell,23 “Although

fighting had been incessant throughout the cen¬

turies it had been only between Hindus and what¬

ever suffering was entailed on the mass of the

population it did not touch the Brahmin priests

or the temple. Dynasties might be wiped out for

ever; the chiefs killed, the country devastated but

the temples and the persons of the Brahmins

were inviolate and these temples were immensely

wealthy. For many centuries the civil rulers had

lavished on them the revenues of innumerable villages,

laid enforced taxes for their support on the people and

presented them v/ith all kinds of valuables, precious

stones and gold in quantities. And whatever slaughter

of people went on the Brahmin remained untouched.

The deadliest curse that could be pronounced on a

man was as is evidenced by the inscriptions that his

punishment hereafter should be like that awarded by

the high gods to a man who had killed a Brahmin. And

yet there now came down on the Hindus those masses

of marauding foreigners sacking the cities, slaughter¬

ing the people destroying the ancient fanes and killing

even the sacred Brahmins in the name and for the

glory of God. The thing was monstrous-unheard of. The

result was that the whole of Southern India was con¬

vulsed by this catastrophe; the one hope in men’s minds

23 Sewell: Historical Inscriptions of South India, p. 177.

Ulf

cuct

*.

INTRODUCTION 49

was that some Hindu power would arise to defend the

country from any such disaster in future; and when, a

few years later, certain princes took the lead, they were

enthusiastically supported by almost all parties”.

4. EARLIER ATTEMPTS

The first attempt made by any Hindu ruler in the

South to relieve the situation was undoubtedly that of

the Hoysala ruler Vira Ballala III. He moved from

Dwarasamudra and was camping at Tiruvannamalai

between 1328 and 1340 waiting for an opportunity to

strike.- He did strike in 1341 at the battle of Kanna-

nur Koppam and was very near ousting the Muslims

He put his entire strength into this final struggle and

ooCennmlt0 Ibn Batuta he had men besid- 20,000 Mussulmans, rakes, criminals and fugitive

saves, while the Muslim army numbered only 6000

roops . With his large army he “routed the Muslims

A** He b6sieged * for six months at the end of which , yjx wiixv.il me garrisons naa provisions +nr only fourteen days”. S ‘or

The Muslims made overtures for peace and Ballala said he would agree if he was allowed to occupy the

town. The Muslim soldiers said they would not accept

sl,reST ^ ^ Sh0Uld get the consent of the Sultam Tie Hoysala ruler offered them a truce for

a fortnight and informed the Sultan about the terms

of the peace The ‘Faithful’ wept and said, “We ^

sacrifice our lives to God; if the infidel takes that to™ ( uppaml he will then lay siege to us; we prefer to

45. K. A. N. Sastn: Foreign Notices, p. 2S0.

7

50 M A u H U R AV i J AY A M

die by the sword”. Then the Muslims soldiers engaged

to expose themselves to death and set out the very

next day removing their turbans from their heads and

placing them round the necks of their horses to indicate

that each of them sought death.26

In the battle that followed again, between the forces

of Ballala and those of the Sultan, luck was on the side

of the Muslims; Ballala was captured and later put to

death in a very cruel manner. “His skin was stuffed

with straw and hung up on the wall of Madhurai where

I saw it in the same position”.27

Thus Ballala III the most persistent and dangerous

enemy of the Sultanate was destroyed.

For a period of thirty years after the Hoysala defeat

no organised attempt was made by any Hindu ruler to

strike again. But the ground was kept ready for Kam¬

pala by Savanna Udaiyar who began his work of clear¬

ing even as early as 1352. The presence of his inscrip¬

tion dated 1352-53 at Sendalai shows that he had clear¬

ed the path for his cousin as far as the Tanjore District.28

It is very likely he had been helped by the Mulbagal

army, for Kampana was then camping at Tiruvanna-

malai and it is not unlikely that Savanna had been fully

instructed by him in regard to the work to be done by

him.29

After his occupation of Kancipuram in 1359,

Kampana took time to stabilise his position in Tondai-

mandalam. It may be assumed on the strength of the

26. Ibn Batuta. Cf. Foreign Notices.

27. Ibid.

28. Refer to section on Vijayanagar invasions of Tondaimandalam.

29. This has been already discussed.

INTRODUCTION 51

available evidence that he waited for over a decade to

launch his attack on Madhurai.

5. KAMPALA’S CONQUEST

The favourable circumstances which Kampana

awaited came during the rule of Qurbat Hassan Kangu

the last ruler of Madhurai. He had absolutely no pre¬

vious experience in South India for he had been

brought froni Daulatabad to fill a vacant throne in

Madhurai.30 Evidently there was no suitable person to

rule over Madhurai after Nasiruddin. To go to Delhi with

a request for a suitable occupant was out of the ques¬

tion not only because the Muslims had severed their

connection with it but also because it was very distant.

Again the Muslims of the Madhurai Kingdom had al¬

ready a powerful Hindu neighbour in Kampana whom

they had to guard against. By this time the B ahmani

and Vijayanagar kingdoms had come to look upon each

other as rivals. So the Muslims of Madhurai wanted

to get into touch with the Bahmani kingdom with

whose assistance they could destroy the Vijayanagar

power near their own territories. This Qurbat Hassan

was a relative of Hassan Kangu, most probably his son-

in-law; for Qurbat means son-in-law.31 In a sense by

the election and elevation of Qurbat to the throne the

Bahmani rule was established in Madhurai. It is in¬

teresting now to note that while in the Deccan the

Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms stood side by side,

frowning upon each other, in the South their viceroyal-

30. Cf., Tankh-i-Firoz-Shahi: “When the great king Sultan Mu¬

hammad died firmans bearing our signatures were despatched to you.

You had shown no obedience to our orders and went to Dau-

brought Qurbat Hassan Kangu and set him up in Ma’bar.” (Tr. by Dr. N. Venkataramanayya, Ma’bar, pp. 58-59).

31. S. H, O. Hodivala: Studies in Indo-MusUm History, p. 326.

52 M A D H U R A VIJ A Y A M

ties stood side by side in mutual fear and suspicion.

But the choice of Qurbat, though based on high politi¬

cal and ambitious considerations, was not at all a satis¬

factory choice. And this was the Vijayanagara ruler's golden opportunity.

Qurbat did not get on well with his own people.

He had displeased them by foolish and vulgar acts.'

When he held court in the hall of audience “he would

put on his hanus anu ieet and neck all the ornaments

of women; he would engage himself_in base

actions. In short when Qurbat Hassan Kangu com¬

menced to do such things in the city of Ma’bar

the people of Ma bar were indefinitely distressed

on account of him and were disgusted with him and his activities.”32

The opportunity was made use of by Kampana

who marched against Madhurai sometime before 1371.

Kampana had a vast force which included a good num¬

ber of well-trained war elephants.33 This fact re¬

ceives connrmation both from the Muslim and Hindu

sources.34 The battle between the Hindu and Muslim

forces was a tough one and was for a time undecisive.

32. Dr. N. Venkataramanayya’s Translation, p. 63 of Ma’bar. Elliot

and Dowson have translated the passage in Shams-Siraj Afif’s Tarikh-i-

Firoz Shahi thus. When this Kurbat held his court he appeared

decked in hand and foot with female ornaments and made himself

notorious for his puerile actions.” (Page 339 of Vol. Ill). But Mr. S. H.

Hodivala in his Indo-Muslim History, (pp. 326-327) says: “What Shams

really charges him with is something much more culpable and flagitious

than puerility. It is pederasty or homo-sexual vice.”

33. Canto VIII.

34. Cf. Shams-Siraj Afif: Tarikh-i-Firoz-Shahi: (Elliot and Dow¬

son, Vol. Ill, p. 339). A neighbouring chief named Bukkan at the

head of a body of men and elephants marched into Ma’bar. Cf. Madhu-

ravijayam. Canto VIII. According to this work the Muslims also

employed a large number of elephants.

introduction 06

But when the crow banner” of the Yavana king which

worked like the personification of the crown of Kali

s destroyed by Kampana the Muslim hope of victory

Yaava^1S°n^ Determined to make an end of the

sworf ' an\'K,a“pa?a armed htaself with the divine sword which looked as terrible as Yama himself’

That sword, as it was being waved by the ~f

Kampa, looked like a serpent about to drtk'^Me

“mself o” T7 KamPa5a havinS ^ated bvTe V ^ 8 i?°rS° a™iding the bIows aimed by the Yavana cut off the head of the Yavana The neau or tire Suratrana fell on the ground™^ hlad

the helderth^Tad 7 °f. b°Wing down aarvantlike,

the Turushka SamrSjva^d £?£ °f

death. In the former the duel is said tn h ^ ^ hlS

between Kampana and the Sultan 7?*

SulW> TOUeVesutStfPlaCetbetTen M“gU *0

Kam a‘ aU lh°Ugh tHe finaI result’ i’e” victor of Kampana is beyond dispute. So far is Pn™- n- account of the battle. G^ga Devi s

35. Madhur&vijayam, Canto VIIT 36. Ibid.

37. Ibid. Also, Ramdbhyudhayam.

54 MAD HU RAVI JAY AM

The Muslim account is different: “A neighbouring

chief named Bukka at the head of a body of men and

elephants marched into Ma’bar and made Qurbat Hasan

Kangu prisoner. He made himself master of all Ma’bar

which had belonged to Muhammadans; their women

suffered violence and captivity in the hands of the

Hindus and Bukka established himself as ruler of Ma’bar”.38

The death of the Sultan was not however im¬

mediately followed by the surrender of the Muslims.

The Muslims seem to have shut themselves up inside

the fort while the battle was going on between Kam¬

pala and Qurbat outside the gate. As soon as the

Sultan fell, the Hindu troops began to march towards

the interior, but the gate was closed. The Jaimini

Bharatam refers to the smashing of the gate by Saluva

Mangu after which the Muslims were forced to sur¬

render.39 According to the last stanza of the Madhura-

vijayam which is incomplete, the king (Kampa)

“vouchsafed safety to the defeated warriors in the

enemy rank” though Shams-Siraj Afif says that the

vanquished (especially women) suffered violence at

the hands of the Hindus.40

Even after their defeat the Muslims made frantic

attempts to revive their Sultanate at Madhurai. Now

that an experiment with a representative from the

Bahmani dynasty had been tried and had failed

miserably, they could only think of Delhi. The Tarikh-i-

Firoz-Shahi gives us the interesting information that the

38. Cf. Shams-Siraj Afif.

39. Jaimini Bliaratam (Sources: p. 29.)

40. Madhuravijayam. (last canto, last stanza) and Elliot and Dow-

sen, Vol. Ill, p. 239-

INTRODUCTION 55

vanquished Muslims went to Delhi and pleaded forgive¬

ness for their folly and requested Firoz Shah the

Emperor to give them help. But Firoz Shah seems to

have sent them away with an evasive reply.

“When Firoz Shah succeeded to the throne, his

edicts were sent into Ma’bar but the people of the

country rebelled and going to Daulatabad they made

Qurbat Kangii king of Ma’bar. So as soon as the mes¬

sengers from Madhurai gave the woeful tidings and

craved pardon for overthrowing the Imperial Authority,

the Sultan reproached them for their repudiation of

his authority and for now resorting to him in their

distress. He told them that his army was weary and

exhausted with the late campaign (at Thatta) and long

marches but that after it had rested and recouped its

strength he would proceed towards Ma’bar. The ambas¬

sadors were sent back with assurance of forgiveness and he devoted himself to business.”41

Firoz Shah being the wisest Sultan of the Tughlak

dynasty did not think it worthwhile to keen his pmniise

of capturing Madhurai. For besides the%train it'm-

volved on the army there was no guarantee if the

second viceroyalty of Madhurai would not shake off its

allegiance to Delhi and with the lesson he had learnt

once he took a vow never more to trust distant viceroys. So the Muslim rule ended for ever in Madhurai iii 1371, with its destruction by Vijayanagar.42

41. Elliot and Dowson, Vol. Ill, p. 339.

42. There is a theory, resting on flimsy grounds that tt-,_

restored the Phndyas to their former position in Madhurai after

tutrng enquiries regarding a suitable representative from the Pandvan

amily. This receives the support of no less a scholar than the Rev. Father Heras himself, (cf. The Aravidu Dynasty p. 106) “Onp nf

transcendental acts Kwnara Kampala fa"*.

56 MADHURAVIJ AY AM

Appendix The Sultans of Madhurai

Jalal-ud-din Ahsan Shah

’Ala-ud-din Udaiji

Qutb-ud-Din

Ghiyas-ud-din Damghani

Nasir-ud-din

Qurbat Hassan Kangu

(1334 to 1371) -

• • 1334-1339

.. 1339-1340 •. 1340

• • 1341-43

• • 1343-1352

■ • 1353-1371

sons of their race and their respective rights. The result of these in quiries was the coronation of Soma Sekhara Pandya as the Pf.Jl' sovereign.” uya

Except the evidence of the Taylor O. H. Mss., on which Rev Father Heras has based his theory we have ™ . ., (ret Taylor O. H. ^

VI. THE GENERALS OF KAMPANA

1. GENERAL GOPANA

We do not have much information about Gopana

the Brahmin general of Kampana from inscriptions.

The only inscription that gives us valuable, though

brief, account of the general s exploits, is the famous

Srirangam inscription,1 which is appended to this sec¬

tion translated into English. Our entire knowledge of

GSpana is obtained only from references in literary

works, the important among which are, the Koilolunu

and the Prapannamrtam of Anantarya.2 The informa¬

tion contained in the inscription at. Srirangam is

available in the same form in the Prapannamrtam in

which Desika, the author of the verse inscribed at Srirangam is quoted by Anantarya.3

So long as we lack further epigraphies confirm*,

bon we cannot say if Gopana played so great a part in

debating the Muslims as he played in the restoration of

God Ranganatha to the shrine at Srirangam. Of course

there is no doubt that he was an important officer of

Kampana for an inscription contains Saluva Mangu’s

reference to G5pana as his superior officer (Annar)'4

but beyond this reference there is no other information

about ‘he nature of the help he gave Kampana in the

alter s defeat of the Sultan of Madhurai. It is probable

that Kampana took with him a force under Gopana's

33, edited by Dr. E. Hultzsch. Also see Ap- 1. E.I., Vol. VI, No.

pendix at the end.

2. See Sources (The Prapannamrtam, pp. 34-40)

I'S; ot mYxtTact on p40

8

58 M A D HU R AVIJ AY AM

lead which was required only to restore order in the

temples conquered back from the Muslims on his way

to Madhurai. Gbpana was left at Srirangam to watch

over the temple with a small garrison. Gopana’s part

in the campaign was perhaps mostly confined to res¬

toring order in the temples retaken from the Muslims.5

The literary sources give us the interesting infor¬

mation that the images of Sriranganatha were taken

away by Vedanta Desika and Lokagarya before the

Muslim entry into the temple, first, to Sundarachalam

(Alagarmalai) and then to the Kerala country.6 After

a short stay in that country, Desika took these images

to Tirunarayanapuram in Mysore and finally installed

them at Tirupati. By this time the Sultanate had grown

and declined. Kampana had made up his mind to wipe

it out. Gopana removed the idols to Ginjee, his own

headquarters, and worshipped them in a cave-temple

till he started with Kampana.

Regarding Gopana being a contemporary of

Desika therp is no doubt. Hultzch says,7 that the

Guruparamparaprabhava must be wrong in making

Gopanarayar a contemporary of Vedanta Desika. As

the Gurupararapara gives 1270 A.D. as the date of Sri

Vedanta Desika’s birth, Hultzch thought that Desika

could not have lived till the days of Kampana and com¬

posed the verse on Gopana. Therefore, he says, “the

alleged birthday of Vedanta Desika in Kaliyuga 4370,

the Sukla Samvatsara is a pure invention.” While

5. Dr. N. Venkataramanyya: Ma'bar (J.M.U.).

“It was on this occasion that Gopana installed the images of Sri¬

ranganatha and His Consorts which he brought from Ginjee/1

6. Cf. Prapanndmrtam, (Sources: pp. 38-39). (Trans, appended). 7. Epigraphia Indica. Vol. VI, p. 323.

53 INTRODUCTION

there is some reason for such a belief, however, it is

not unlikely that Desika was born in 1270 and did live

till 1371. For the tradition preserved in Vaishnavite

literature gives us the information that Desika lived for

a hundred years. In that case the verse inscribed on

the Srxrangam temple must have been composed by

him shortly before his death. The Guruparampara

information .regarding the date of Vedanta Desika ^and

his being a contemporary of Gopana may not be incor¬

rect, though Hultzch has thought otherwise. There is

no disputing the fact that Desika lived during this

period of stress and storm. His work, the Abhitistava,s

is a book containing the prayer that he offered to god

or protecting Hinduism from the disasters of the

foieign invasion. By the time the Abhitistava was com-

posed the Muslims were in actual occupation of Srl-

rangam as is evident from the work itself.

As we have remarked in the beginning, till we get

more epigraphical information regarding Gdpana’s ex¬

ploits, we must resist all temptation to over-estimate

^‘e Pal 1 Played *n removing Muslim influence from

~ .°^ ! '^ie only *bat can be said about him

. 6 c ^ was resPonsible for restoring order m Snrangam and reconsecrating the Ranganatha tem¬ ple with its original deities.9

The title if j suggests the fear “bhlti” caused by the Muslims.

Sd fo r "f ^lish would mean “Prayer to

n J g fear (from Muslims) ” 9. My attention has been drawn +n , ,

called Sindhumatwilasamu written bv O °f * T,elug^ W°f storv of the u *, rucen hy Gopana. The book tells the

the stores 2 Jaya Sindh^ati and the scene of

is mentioned as the disciple of VgSnta ? V , W°

the Astdksari mantra. I have notrSth u taUugh\hm informatJnn io • . x 0t reac* manuscript, but the above

Vedanta Desika v C1Cn ° strenStllen my suggestion that Gopana and Vedanta Desika were contemporaries. I am grateful to Sri N. Venkata

60 M AD HU R A V1J AY AM

2. SAIUVA MANGU

We have already seen that Mangu was the general

under Savanna, the prince of Udaiyagiri, who distin¬

guished himself by defeating the Sambuvaraya ruler

and making him accept the Vijayanagar overlordship.

The references to Mangu are found, mostly in literary

sources, and if literature alone should be taken into ac¬

count in assessing the respective worths of the various

generals that aided Kampana in his mission, Mangu

easily gets the first place. We have some interesting

information about the family of Mangu in both the

Saruvabhyudayam of Kajanatha Dindima and the

Rarn.abhyua.ayam of Saiuva Narasimha.10 According to

the^e, Mangu Was the son of one Gunda, the chief of

Kalyana. Three other members of the Saiuva dynastv

prior to Gunda have been mentioned—Maliideva,

Mangide /a and Mangatha, but Gunda alone became

famous by his fine qualities and valour. The city of

iicjjcna whien was his capital outrivalled Amaravati

in splendour, Gunda distinguished himself by leading

an expedition into Kamadurga where he subdued the

uncontrolled ruler of the Sabharas and also annexed his territories.

The information given above is contained only in

the two works already mentioned. But his exploits in

the Tamil country have been mentioned and described

in all the other sources—the Jaimini Bhdratam of

Pillalamarri Pinavirabhadrudu,11 and epigraphical re¬ cords.

Kao, Head of the Department of Telugu, University

giving me information about the Sindhumativilasamu.

in. Sources of Vijayanagar: (Madras University) 11. lulu., pp. 29-30.

of Madras, for

pp. 32-34.

INTRODUCTION 61

Regarding the status of Mangu, the Rdmabhyu-

dayam gives him equal status with Kampana’s. It

states that he became a close friend of Kampana.12 The

author, Narasimha, the first king of the Saluva dynasty

mentions him as an accredited ancestor of his. But,

while Mangu did occupy an important position, he could

not have been an equal of Kampana in status, accord¬

ing to epigraphical information which should’be con¬

sidered more reliable than that found in literary sources

which have a tendency to exaggerate. He had close

association with Kampana only after coming to the

Tamil country as the general of Savanna. Even in the

Tamil country he was not the Commander-in-chief Ke

was subordinate in rank even to Gopana This is

acknowledged by Mangu himself who refers to Gopana as Annar Gopana”13 (the senior officer).

There is no doubt that Mangu contributed a good

deal towards the success of Vijayanagar arms against

Tondaimandalam and Madhurai. In the first camoaieu

against the Sambuvaraya led by Savanna, he influenced

his master to pardon the Sambuvaraya ruler and

restored him to the kingdom and took the title of

Sambuvarayasthapanagarya.11 Except the Madhuri-

ITT Tl tha‘ 016 Sultaa °f Madhurai died in a duel with Kampana, all the other literary works make

Mangu the victor against the Sultan.1* He celebrated his

12. Sources (page 33).

datefsaS^lfaSGS AU)19%~;rdf,i0n f (S' A- »•> Maharaja issued according to a I 7 Cr °f S51uva deva

14. Cf. Dr. Vcnkataramanayyas LT

(J.M.U., Vol. XI, No. 1 pp. 41-G5), PPge t.' ^ 1323 t0 1371

Sdluvdbhyudayam^aim ni Bkaratamv’> the Ramabhyudayam and the

62 MAD Ii U R A VIJ A YAM

success against the Muslims by erecting a pillar of vic¬ tory on the banks of the Tamraparni.16

Regai ding Mangu s service to his gods and reli¬

gion we have some information. After his defeat of the

Sultan he straight went to Srirangam “round which

the Kaven flows, with her lotuses, as if in worship of

Ranganatha.”17 He bathed in the Kaveri and gave away

a thousand Salagramas besides making all the “sixteen

different gifts.” He also presented eight agraharas,

well-formed clean, and every way worthy to be present¬

ed to the temple, as if to signify his conquest of the

eight Directions.18 Besides these, he made a large endow¬

ment of sixty-thousand madas of gold to the temple.”19

The Venkateswara temple at Tirupati was also the recipient or rich gifts from the General. Mangu made

a golden kalasam and fixed it over the vimanam of the shrine of Sri Venkateswara.

Mangu assumed high sounding titles and some of

f3! 2oreLG?rjfriyattf Vip5ta’ Saluvendra, Katarika- saluta (the last two Deing common to all Saluvasf

Maharaja, Gandarguli, Dakshina Suratrana Tribhu-

vanaraya Sthapanacarya Sambuvarayasthapanacarya 21 and Srirangasthapanagarya.22 ’

16. Ramabliyudayam.

17. Ibid.

18. Both the Saluyabhyudayam and Ramabliyudayam mention this but we lack epigraphical confirmation. mention this,

19. The Jaimini Bharatamu.

20. Sdluvahh yu day a m (Sources: p. 31)

rrLSt if; 1232 !,s7° “•>• for 1936-37, p. 80. ln the ^cription. A.R.E.,

22. Sdluvabliyudayam (Sources: p 3J)

63 INTRODUCTIQ N

3. SOMAPPA DANDANAYAKA

The parts played by Mahapradhani Somappa Dan-

, y, a ™'3 his son were as important as those played y e Brahmm General Gopanna and literature is silent

on Somappa and his son Maraya Nayaka. This silence

recoXdThamPm ”ade “P by which have ecorded the noble services rendered by these generals.

pana^atvMiTb XX ^ the minister of Kam- X The? Hewas very popular and loved by ail. The following tribute is paid to his sehohrshin

capacity and statesmanship in an inscription at Kolar**

Kampanas minister, magnanimous, endowed with

numerous good qualities, of upright conduct, versed in

peri yras?:d Tin& eXaIted by “• Perfect"roi w u -n J d polltlCS was the illustrious Somanoa”

Endowed XTft ter’e ‘° ^ S5m“Btha ^ ndowed it. After the completion of the shrine he in

decfare I, open" ‘° “ PerhapS Rested U» to' lare it open on an auspicious day. “Somanna in

Someana0thaqUA! ^ ^ t6mple °f S* F for the god.” grant of a larSe village for the god

Somappa was also a great Sanskrit scholar.-

himself as^DannSyaka TeTh distin§uished nayaKa. Perhaps he continued to dis-

p g23. E.c., vol. x, part i, No. 222 of Kolar; No. 58 of Mulbagal,

24. No. 222 of Kolar E C Vnl v 25. Cf„ 118 of 191 q ’ 7 ’ Vcl- X> P- 64.

record from Kadiri. No. 523 of 1906.

64 M AD HU RAVI JAY AM

charge his ministerial duties during Kampala’s cam¬

paigns in the Tamil country when he also stayed in the

Tamil country. His title ‘Dannayaka’ had evidently

no military significance but only denoted that he was

engaged in civil affairs during war-period. Somappa

helped Kampana to inspect and supervise the temples in

the Tamil country so that worship in all the temples

might be conducted as of old. He also helped Kampana

to reorganise the temple-precincts.26 (Tirumadi- vilagam).

4. GANuARGULI MARAYA NAYAKA

Sdmappa had two sons. One was the glorious

Maraya Nayaka and the other was Dharani Appar. We

do not know anything about the second son except that

he is mentioned in an inscription. But Maraya Nayaka

distinguished himself very creditably by his exploits the

chief of them being his capture of the Rajagambhlra

fortress and defeat of the last Sambuvaraya ruler.27 He

well deserved the title !AIiya Aran Alitta’28 which he

assumed or which he was given for he fulfilled a part

of Kampana s mission in the Tamil country. In memory

of his historic victory over the Sambuvaraya he con¬

structed a huge Gopura and named it Gandarguli

Maraya Nayaka-tiru-Gopuram.

26. Cf. A.R.E., 34 of 1919. Marakanam (S. Arcot). Reference to

Tirumadaivilagam and ‘a newly formed street’. Also A.R.E., 203 of

1921 at Serkad (Saka 1283 or 13G1 A.D.). Registers free colonisation

of the Tirumadaivilagam ... at the instance of Somappa Udaiyar “for

the continuity of the rule of Kampana.” And A.R.E.. 203 of 1931-32 Punganur.

Somappa is also mentioned along with Annar Goppannar in the

Koyilolugu (cf.: Introduction by Mr. T. A. Gopinatha Rao to the Madhuravi jayam).

27. Cf. A.R.E., Nos. 267 and 26S of 1919 dated 13G3.

28. Cf. Chapter: Vijayanagar Invasions of Tondaimandalam.

INTRODUCTION 65

APPENDIX

Ranganatha Inscription of Gopana

Hail! Prosperity ! In the Saka year (expressed

by the chronogram) bandhupriya (i.e. Saka-Samvat

1293)’.

(Verse I). Having brought (the god) from the

Anjanadri (mountain), the splendour of whose darkish

peaks gives delight to the world, having worshipped

(Him) at Chenchi for some time, then having slain the

Tulushkas whose bows were raised,—Gopanarya, the

mirror of fame, placing Ranganatha together with both

Lakshmi and the Bu Devi in his own town, again duly

performed excellent worship.

(Verse II) Having carried Rangaraja, the Lord of

the world, from the slope of the Vrishabhagiri (moun¬

tain) to his capital, having slain by his army the proud

Tulushka soldiers, having made the site of Sriranga

united with the golden age (Kritayuga) and having

placed there this (god) together with Lakshmi and the

Bu Devi, the Brahman G5pana duly performs, like the

lotus-bom (Brahma) the worship which has to be practised.

9

VII. GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES

1. Dugdhavdhini or kshlratarangini means the

Palar river.

2. Kantakananapattanam is the same as Mulvai-

pattanam, the modem Mulbagal, or, more properly,

Mudlabagalu (the eastern gate, so-called from its loca¬

tion at the eastern pass from the table-land of Mysore

to the temple of Tirupathi). The name also appears

as Mulvayi in old inscriptions. It is an important town

eighteen miles east-north-east of Kolar on the old

Bangalore-Madras road by the Mugli pass. It is now the

headquarters of the Mulbagal taluk. The taluk formed

part of the Mahavali or Bana territory from the begin¬

ning of the Christian era. Later, the Pallavas became

the overlords of the area, while the Vaidumbas held

some portion of the northern region. The Cola kings,

Parantaka and Virarajendra subdued the Vaidumbas

in the 10th and 11th centuries. Vira Cola and Vikrama

Cola are held to have erected shasanas at Mulbagal and

other places in the vicinity. This area was known as

niharili Cola mandala.

About 1117 A.D. the Hoysalas under Vishnu-

vardhana captured Talakar and KSlalapura (Kolar).

On the death of Somesvara in 1254, a partition of the

Hoysala dominions took place between his two sons

and the Mulbagal region was included in the Tamil pro¬

vinces which fell to the share of Ramanatha. Soon after¬

wards when the two portions of the Hoysala dominions

were reunited under Ballala III we find him residing,

after the destruction of Dwarasamudra, in Hosur,

INTRODUCTION 67

Under Bukkaraya I this region was the eastern march '

of the kingdom of Vijayanagar. It came to be the seat

of government for the Kolar province.

3. Maratakanagara : This used to be identified

with Virincipuram in the North Arcot district on the

basis of the name of a local goddess called Marakatha-

valli. But if the Madhurdvijayam were closely looked

into, Kancipuram would appear a better choice. Bukka

in the course of his exhortation to Prince Kampana on

the eve of the Tondaimandalam campaigns, asks him

to -march successfully to Tundira (Tondaimandalam)

and overcome the people headed by the Sambuvaraya

who are preparing for war.” Then the king continues:

1 llen establish yourself at Kdnci and rule there with

uue regard to the wishes of the people, even like the Lord

of Wealth does in the city of Alaka.” (Canto HI, sloka

Vr 5Tr thZG 18 thlS information 111 the stanza ? Tl ;.?aVr“g thus kiUed Sambuvaraya in

f h f ba,U e' Alng Kampana received the decree of his father that he should rule the conquered Wi.

KaTei T fa”eJof his victory duly established ‘in

SndT 'TgUrfed a Just Prosperous rule over Tondaimandalam destroying all confusion in castes and

?ri"’th“^Uowt. established himself and ruled the earl peacefX^

possible to say when this alternate name for Knci puram became well-known Ksno- ^anci tal tu q • i Nancipuram was the capi- tal of the Sambuvarayas and Kampana’s residence in it after the destruction of the SarnKi normal sambuvaraya rule is quite

gg M A D ii U R A v IJ A Y A M

■ 4. Rajagambhira: This is identified with Padai-

vldu which was the hill fortress of the Sambuvaraya’s.

It was also known as Rajagambhiranmalai. Kampana

captured the fortress and slew his enemy in a single

fort. As regards Padaividu, it was originally the seat

of a Kurumba dynasty of indigenous tribal rulers. It was

once a large city, about sixteen miles in circumference,

and full of temples and fine private residences. “The

extent of the city may be judged from the fact that the

present villages of Sandaivasal where the fair or sandai

was held and Pushpagiri, the site of the flower market,

are four miles apart. The city is believed to have been

entombed by a shower of dust and stones. There are

two extensive but ruined forts upon the plains, built

doubtless by the Kurumbas and another upon a peak

of the Javadi hills which overlooks the city.” (cf:

Manual of the North Arcot District, Vol. II, page 401).

5. Srirangam : The island town of Srirangam is

contiguous to the Tiruchirapalli Municipality. It should

have suffered both from Malik Kafur’s raids and from

those of the Madhurai Sultans. The battle of Kannanur

Koppam (Kandur) should have been preceded by the

destruction of a good part of Srirangam. The Madhura-

vijayam mentions the lamentable condition of the city

on the eve of Kampala’s march on Madhurai.

6. Virincinagara was included in the Padaividu

Rajya. It is situated about eight miles to the west of

Vellore and is noted for its temple of Margasahaya

(Vajittunai Nainar). The name Virinci signifies

Brahma. The temple was greatly beautified by Bommi

Reddi of Vellore and his successors. The temple is

celebrated in a work called Virincivuranatha carita by

Navanito Kavi.

INTRODUCTION 69

7. Vyagrapuri.: There is no doubt that it is the

same as Chidambaram. The Brahmatspuri of Amir

Khusrau is also identified with Chidambaram by

Dr. S. K. Aiyangar (vide South India and her Muham¬

madan Invaders, page 108). Though such an identifi¬

cation is not borne out by other sources, there is no harm

m tentahvely accepting it. The Madhurdvimvam refers

to the damage suffered by Chidambaram' possibly as the result of the campaigns of Malik Kafur. Ganga

Devi plays on the name Vyagrapuri so that it might also give the meaning “the abode of tigers.”

MADHURAVIJA'

PART-H

in I n>i i

in I; a

PART

TRANSLATION

II

AND TEXT

i

THE MADHURAVIJAYAM OF GANGA DEVI

(Translation)

Canto : I

Slokas 1 to 16: Gancid Devi's obeisance to the poets who

influenced her.

1. May the elephant-faced God, who, like the

divine Kalpavrksa fulfils the desires of those that sur¬

render to His Grace, be propitious to the good.

2. For the sake of wisdom, I prayerfully approach

God siva and His Spouse, who embody the light of

Universal Consciousness and who bear the form of the

Creator’s model for making man and woman.

3. I make obeisance to Goddess Saraswati who

lives in the lotus-like mouths of great poets, as a

Sdrika bird in a jewelled cage and who acts like moon¬

light on the ocean of Universal Intelligence.

4. I bow to Guru Kriyasakti, unparalleled in

wisdom and resplendent with auspiciousness like

another Trilocana (Siva) with Sarvamangala (Par-

vati) shining (by his side).

5. May the sage Valmiki, who is (as it were) the

first foot set on this earth by poesy, bring cheerfulness

to the minds of the virtuous.

6. Just as there is delicious juice in every joint

of red sugar-cane, there is sweet essence in every sec¬

tion of Vyasa’s string of expressions (the Mahdbhdrata)

M A DHU RAVI JAY A M 2

whicli imparls immediate enjoyment to men of good

taste.

7. Who are the poets that do not play the role of

a slave to Kfiiidasa? For even now those that are, live

by his ideas.

8. How could others comprehend the eloquence

of Bhatta Buna, which captivates like the musical sound

of ihe vina played by Saraswati’s own hand?

9. Just as the garland of vakula flowers yields its

sweet fragrance only when pressed, so too, the language

of Bharavi discloses its excellence and gives delight to

the learned only if pondered upon.

10. The flourish of expressions of Agarya

Dandin, drunk (as it were) with the wealth of nectar,

shines like the fashionable precious stone-mirror of the

Creator’s Spouse.

xl. I fancy that Bhavabhuti’s compositions must

be some species of Kamadhenu; for they produce in the

ears of the learned a pleasure akin to the drinking of

ambrosia.

12. Whom would the expressions of the poet of

Karnamrta fail to delight—expressions which are an

ocean of honey flowing from the flower clusters of the

mcindara tree?

13. Even as the thirsty cdkora birds love to drink

the rays of ihe moon, poets find immense relish in the

composition of Kavi Tikkayya.

14. Bieathes there the man of learning who will

not be jealous of the poet Agastya whose wealth of

M A D H U R A V I J AY A M 3

learning is demonstrated by the production of as many

as seventyfour poetic compositions?

15. We respectfully greet the great poet Ganga-

dhara as a second Vyasa, in that he has made the story

of the Bharata actually seen by the device of dramati¬

zation.

16. May the lord of poets, Visvanatha, flourish

long; for it is by his grace, even in individuals like my¬

self, has dawned a sense of omniscience.

Sloktis 17 to 24: Gancjd Devi on literary criticism.

17. There is sense in some, idea in some, and sen¬

timent m some; but nowhere is found a work where all

these exist together.

18. ttiven as a single salt particle from an oyster-

shed spons the liquid essence of black sandal, so too,

even the smallest flaw found in a poetic work renders it censurable.

19. Just as an ugly woman, though virtuous, is

not pleasing to her husband, a faultless poetic compo¬

sition, if devoid of qualities (fineness), does not satisfy the man of learning.

20. A vile man searches for faults in a poetic

composition, in disregard of its merits, even as the crow

shows a preference to the nimba (fruit) without caring

for the mango in the forest.

21. How long can a plagiarist dally with poesy

obtained by stealing? For shortlived is the radiance of

artificial colouring in a fictitious stone.

4 madhuravijayam

22. Logicians, there are many; grammarians—they abound in thousands; but scarcely can be found poets

who are charming by reason of their beautiful songs.

23. What is there that the composition of a poet

does not yield? It promotes fame, serves for wealth,

destroys baseness and awakens delight.

24. A connoisseur of learning needs no invitation

to listen to good poetry. Who urges the bee to taste

the sweetness of honey?

Slakes 25 to 42: The greatness of Bukka, the father of

Kampana, is described.

25. Oh learned men, please listen, therefore, to

this poem of mine dealing with the history of king

Kampana, going by the famous title of the Conquest of

Madhura (Madhura Vijayam).

2G. There was a famous king called Bukka who

was the younger brother of Harihara and whose com¬

mands were borne on their heads by all the neighbour¬

ing vassals.

27. Like Sesa among serpents, Himavan among

mountains, and Visnu among gods, he occupied the

first place among the lords of the earth.

28. Severer than the sun and pleasanter than the

moon was he. In depth he excelled the ocean, and in

firmness, the mountain Sumeru.

29. With discernment alone for his minister, and

the bow alone for his army, he counted on his arms

as his only ally in the heart of battle.

M ADHURAV I J AYAM 5

30. He demonsti'ated the presence of the (four)

guardian deities of the universe even on this earth:

Indra by being victorious, Varuna by being the over-

lord of the waters, Kubera by giving away wealth and

Yama by being impartial.

31. His immense fame displayed its existence

among his subjects as sandal paste on their chests, as

pearl ear-rings in their ears, and camphor powder on

their faces.

32. By (the might of) his arm which confounded

the army generals of his enemies, fame was won by

him, even as nectar (by the gods) by using the Man-

thara mountain with which was churned the boundless

lord of the rivers (viz., ocean).

33. His fame, as a person of delightful qualities,

spread so envelopingly that it appeared like a coverlet

of white silk on the oval shape of the universe.

34. The sword wielded by his hand, terrible as it

looked, feasting on the life-breath of his royal oppo¬

nents, begot glory, even as a ferocious serpent feeding

on air produces its cover of slough.

35. His right hand which to all appearance seemed

to be drawing the sword was in fact practising the art

of drawing, by her braided hair, the goddess of

prosperity of his adversaries.

36. Having, after a long time, come to him who

was ever wakeful in protecting this universe, Goddess

Laksmi never again remembered Visnu who was in¬

sensible, wrapped up in yogic sleep.

6 M A D H U R Av~ IJ AY A M

37. The tree of Dharma which had withered

away by the scorching heat of this Kali age sprouted

again by the water that flowed (from his hands) while making gifts of charity.

38. Iiis very enemy-kings who bore on their head

scars caused by rubbing against his foot-rest stood on

all quarters as so many pillars of his triumph.

39. The reputations of his adversaries, as if they

were enveloped by rows of flames of the fire of his

prowess, looked dark in appearance.

40. Chained in the grounds of his halls, his vic-

toiious elephants looked like clouds, imprisoned, be¬

cause they stood in the way of his triumphal expeditions.

41. The (cloud of) dust raised by the hoofs of his

war-horses made the sun apprehensive of an unexpect¬ edly sudden approach of Rahu.

42. ±5y the side of his prosperity, the prosperity

-if Kubera or Indra looked insignificant; and far remote

became the question of any comparison between the

fortunes of personages like Duryodhana and him.

SldkdS 43 to 66: The City of Vijayanagar.

43. He who augmented his riches by conquest,

had the famous Vijayanagar a for his capital city. That

city won the approbation of knowing men, as Indra’s Amaravati. won that of the gods.

44. As if in rivalry with the heavenly Ganges

that flowed round the borders of swargaldka, the river

Tungabhadra encircled the city as a formidable moat.

7 madhuravijayam

45. The city was also surrounded by ramparts on

all sides which were high as the Cakrdgala mountains;

and it had the beauty of a water-trench round the

creeper Laksmi and looked like the navel of goddess Earth.

46. Lofty and gem-set towers like the peaks of

the Sumeru emitting rainbow colours adorned the city.

47. The city was also surrounded by pleasure-

groves which looked like abodes of Spring and which

were tub or flowering trees like campaka. asoka, ndga and kesara.

48- Pleasure~hillocks in the city were fre¬ quented by the musk deer that sought the shade of the

P antains and karpura plants in them. These hillocks lodged like the veritable hidi„g places of £ “

smell49/ T!’e City wf sportinS-Iakes, fragrant with the 116 o. lotuses. Those lakes had gem-set steos and

weie always inhabited by beautiful swans.

buil.5°Palacese whlT ^7 *he d*y had h'^h-

autumn. Z tltJZ ^ ^ ** d°“ds °f which the fame of the l. . y "ele so “any shapes

itself had taken. “1S S COnquest of world-cities

female1 heTh,8 C'tyi°0ked like «*> *‘age set for flowering emale beauty to d,splay its charms: or it may even be

the forehS T fashi°n md IoveIiness adorning

Qu JZ ‘he hdy kn°™ as Southern

8 M AD HU RAVI JAY A M

52. The city was full of virtuous Brahmans, and

armies of musicians ever strode its expansive grounds.

Thus, like the full-moon night, or the world of celestial

baids, serenity and music reigned unceasingly all round.

53. Bhujangas, or youths of fashion, made that

city their favourite haunt, even as bhujangas, or

seipents, make the crown of Siva their chosen abode.

Good-hearted people in large numbers loved to wander

m its precincts like gods in the regions of the Sumeru.

54. The city was the play-ground of all good

fortune. Prosperity in all its aspects delighted to live

in its saloons. The city looked like a garland of precious

stones on the shores of the sea of virtue.

55 The disc of the sun caught in the heights of

the city s palaces produced on the on-lookers the illu¬ sion of a golden jar.

■jv, The ctamsels playing on the grounds of the top

floor of the city’s mansions often laid their hands on

the lounded body of the moon, mistaking it for their plav-ball of pearls.

57. Hearing the sound of the drum accompanying

the music played in the city’s palaces, the peacock began

to dance even in the absence of any appropriate occa¬

sion (viz., the appearance of a thunder-cloud).

58. The clouds that hung about the sides of the

city’s palaces with the colour of padmaraga gems reflect¬

ed in them, always looked brown like evening clouds.

59. The clouds of smoke that rushed through the crevices in the buildings of the city at the evening-time

MADHURAVIJAYA M 9

appeared like darkness effecting its escape afraid of be¬

ing caught in the effulgence of approaching lamp-light inside.

60. As the lustre of the gems with which the steps

were paved in the lakes always drove darkness away,

the cakiavnka birds were no^ separated v'irTh^- fall. .

61- The moon, as if ashamed hv reason of the shin¬

ing beauty marking the lotus-like faces of the lovely

women in the city, ever wore a mourning black on her body known as kalanka.

62. The god of love never thought of resorting to

his flower-arrows to effect his conquests in the face of

oh«_ lowly glances shot from the eyes of beautiful women

there to subdue the hearts of youth.

63. As if to take their lessons in graceful walking

the swans ever sought the company of women there,

attracted by the sweet jingling of their foot-ornaments.

64. The blooming breasts of the maidens of the

city were beautifully set off by their slender waists even

as thick clouds in the void above.

65. Theie was no hardness there in the city ex¬

cept in the breasts of beautiful damsels, nor crooked¬

ness except in their curly locks, nor thinness except in their waists.

66. Pampa was the branch city of Vijaya. Many

a Kubera (lords of wealth) were there so much so that B

10 Iv! A n H U R A V IJ AY A M

God Virupaksa (Siva) who was enshrined there never

spent a thought about his original home at Alaka.

Slolcas Cu to 75: Bukka as king. Of special interest is the

■mention of Devdyi, the queen of Bukka.

6«. Installed in that city, he, of undiminished

prowess, ruled over the earth even as Indra ruled the

heavenly regions from his seat in Amaravati.

68. By contemplating on his prosperity that was

at the service of friends, and his politics that was wide

and comprehensive, his subjects imagined that Manu himself had in him his second birth.

69. Though impartial to all the three purusartas—

dharma, artha and kama—the king, who was the idol

of ah virtuous people, had a special regard for dharma

even as Visnu, the Lord of all, has for satva. among his tnree gitnas satva, rajas and tamas.

70. His hand gave freely, his ear heard the Sastras

well, his head was always crowned with the sandals of

Lord Siva. The sense of decorative fineness that he

thereby evinced became the means of his achieving his desire to get and keep prosperity.

71. The kings that ruled over the territories of

which the mountains of Vindhya, Malaya, Astha and

Rohana were the four boundaries paid homage to him

and those that were enemies shook with fear.

72. Always awake at his post of guarding the

kingdom that came to him from his ancestors in an

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM 11

unbroken line of succession, the king enjoyed the

immense pleasures befitting his royal rank yet with

complete detachment.

73. Like Laksmi to Narayana and Parvati to

Sankara, queen Devayi was to the king the chosen consort.

74. Though the king had other wives also, she

alone became the object of his love and regard, even as

Rohini to the moon among celestial luminaries.

75. The brave king who was pleasing like the full-

moon to the eyes of the people of Karnata dwelt along

at the city of Vijaya and enjoyed the delights of his

youth with her who was his heart’s beloved-

Thus ends the first canto of Virakamparaya yaritam

called Madhuravijavam. composed by Sri Ganga Devi.

Obeisance to Goddess Minak?i !

Canto : II

Slokas 1 to 13: Queen Devayi conceives. Her longings

during pregnancy are described.

1. The queen conceived by the king and bore in

her womb, the seed of royal race, as the cosmic waters

held in them the tejas virile of Brahma with which the three worlds were created.

2. The queen put aside her jewels. Her face was

somewhat pale like the sara reed and her form unusually

slender. She shone like a river in autumn with lotuses

gone and with the globe of the moon reflected on its watery surface.

3. She who was the beloved consort of the lord of

this eaith, indulged in tasting particles of it as if to

teach the responsibility of earth-sway to the infant in her womb.

4. The very nature of her longings in her

pregnancy which always took a daring turn suggested

that her would-be son would be wedded to heroic accomplishments.

5. Without caring for the Tungabhadra which

flowed nearby and which was easily fordable, she desir¬

ed to spoi t in the Tamiaparni in company with her army

of elephants that would raise waves in its waters (while

they submerged with their huge bodies).

6. Though she was physically unable to walk as

far as the pleasure-hill where the deer were quietly

MADHURAVIJAY AM 13

grazing, she, in her mental flights, was on the tops of

the Malaya mountain inhabited by (ferocious) lions.

7. She heard of Visnu’s miraculous exploits

underneath the earth and wanted to imitate Him .... (sloka imperfect).

8. She .laughed at Siva’s valour in reducing

Tripura aided by all such paraphernalia as the Earth

foi the chariot, Brahma for the charioteer, Sesa for the

bowstring, the mountain for the bow and Hari for the arrow.

9. As time advanced, the limbs of her body began

to put on flesh; he.r face regained its sweet and lazy

eye-looks; her belly began to show its folds distinctly;

and this change in his beloved filled the king with delight.

10. The auspicious line of hair that was on her

abdomen looked like a black serpent on guard in order to protect the infant within.

11. Her breasts, with black nipples, surpassed in

them attractiveness the gakravdka couple with a bit of blue utpala flower in their beaks.

12. The lord of earth regarded her being in an

interesting condition, as if she were a rain-cloud full of

water within, a pearl oyster with pearl inside and night¬

time foreshadowing the rise of the moon.

13. The king who was as prosperous as Indra and

who was ever bent on the amelioration of his subjects,

celebrated the ceremony of pumsavana as ordered by

14 MADHURAVIJA YAM

his preceptor, at the appointed time, on a scale befitting his royal rank.

Slokds 14 to 42: The birth of Kampana, the hero of the

poem. The birth of the other tioo sons of Bukka, Kampana and Sanyama. is also mentioned.

14. Then on an auspicious day, at the hour pro¬

nounced most auspicious by astrologers, the queen

presented her lord with a boy, as Goddess Parvati bore

to Siva the child Subi’ahmanya.

15. The quarters then shone with spotless lustre

as if they had been newly washed by royal fame which

was fit to be likened to the whiteness of milk that filled the milky ocean.

16. Cool breeze scented with the flower-dusts

from heavenly trees began to blow gently as if afraid of

the new-born infant who was soon to attain the mastery of his earth.

i S°d of fire seemed to dance with joy, uescribing auspicious circles with his bright ends; and

this betokened that fruitful sacrifices would soon be

peifoimed all over the southern countries in abundance.

18. The kalpa vrksas by showering down flowers

thiough clouds looked as if courting in advance the

friendship of the royal child who was soon to excel them in the glory of giving.

19. The wild elephants, with ichor flowing down

their cheeks, trumpeted in joy, as if in contemplation of

the destruction that awaited their enemies.- the lions, at

M ADHURAVJJA Y .4 M 15

the hands of the royal baby who would soon grow up to be a daring hunter.

20. The horses also neighed with joy, tearing the

ground with their large hoofs, perhaps thinking, that

they would soon be mounted upon by the child and a

great glory awaited them in that role.

21. Tumultuous rejoicings among the people of

tie city aiose, with trumpets blowing and qaranas shouting auspicious words.

22. The monarch of Kuntala wished to give away

even himself bodily to those that bore the glad tidings of his son s birth.

23. By his royal word of command the prisons

weie thrown open and prisoners were unchained and

the tuLZl ° ”a * r°°m f0V fU,Ure inCumbents' viz"

24. Duly bathed and clad in via*- -si. .. v,. _

after doling out immense riches *7^ =h.he lyin,in room with a glJ t;—

featured HC Sar,the Ch"d lyillg on the laP of his slim-

of the autumnal riverSWa" 'V°lmgling 0n ^ «ed

played an fl!t u n'v °/ llgbt’ wbitisl1 as camphor dust,

the lamps h C •' S f°‘m which sllbdued the lustre of “ ,he fving-in-chamber. With his

practising chi,ld a* if already

dess of prosperity fb°ldlng wlth,n his «‘'asp the god- sinned f + i ‘ ^1S enem*es' His two gracefully

aped feet bore auspicious marks indicative of conch.

16 M A D H II Tt A VIJ A Y „4 M

disc, umbrella, lotus, banner, and fish. His tiny fingers,

reddish and soft as tender foliage, were also beautiful to

look at. He bore the hairy sign of Srwatsa on his breast

which suggested that he was an avatara of Visnu, and,

that unbroken prosperity would mark his life. His

forehead was adorned with a circle of hair between the

eye-brows. His eyes were large like the petals of

o coming lotus. His nose was lofty; and a sweet smile

played on Ins red lips. Altogether, the child’s face was ■surpassingly beautiful.

31. Tears of joy, for a while, acted as a check on

the steadfast look of his eyes that feasted on the cherubic form of the child.

32. The king embraced the child with his eyes;

11 ' -'.cessive emotion in his mind burst out as manifest by horripulation.

3o. On an auspicious day, the jcita karmcin rites

m me ....da were performed as directed by the priest,

and the child grew in splendour like the god of five that witnesses those rites.

The king who always looked ahead named his child Kampana. as he clearly foresaw in his mind that,

m proper time, the latter would become a matchless

warrior, and was sure to make his enemies in the field of battle quake with fear.

35. Just as the sacrificer tends the fire with ghee

offerings, and just as the cloud sustains the corn with

rains, so too, the king had his child brought up by trustworthy nurses.

36. He was overjoyed to hear the lisping words

and to look at the tottering gaits of his child, who had

MAD HU RAVI JAY AM 17

his lessons on talking and walking from his foster- mother.

37. Like a swan that ever loves the touch of

budding lotuses, the king was never satisfied with kis¬

sing the flagrant mouth of his child with no teeth yet perceptible in it.

38. The pleasurable feeling which the king had

while embracing his cherub boy, was not to be matched

by the contact of camphor, pearl, sandal-paste or moon¬ beams.

39. The king and the queen felt themselves bathed

in an ocean of nectar as they enjoyed looking at their

child crawling on his knees on the floor of the palace,

with the small bells in his ornaments tinkling.

40. Then, in course of time, the queen bore to the

king two other sons called Kampana and Sangama who

were like pdrijdta and gintdmani that sprang from the milky ocean.

41. The prince (viz, Kampana), along with his

two brothers, began to grow, day by day ; and people

were in ecstasies when they looked at him as at the (waxing) moon.

42. The king, with his three children, shone like

Siva with his three eyes, the moon, the sun and the fire-

or like statesmanship, with its three unfailing aspects’

Power, Daring and Counsel; or like life with its three

ends, Virtue, Wealth and Enjoyment.

. Thus ends the second canto of Virakamparaya gantam, called Madhuravijayam, composed bv Sri Gan^a TIoitT -

C

Canto : III

Slokas 1 to 20; The early training of Kampana. His bodily

charm and qualities are also described. His marriage with Ganga Devi and other princesses is mentioned.

.1. The tonsure ceremony over, the prince be¬ came proficient in all the arts and humanities without any external help, and tuition by gurus in his case was more or less a superfluity.

2. He was trained in military science by his own father who had acquired its secret from an excellent

master. Thus tutored, he became a pastmaster in wielding the bow and the sword and in the use of all miraculous weapons.

3. He spoke the truth, had immense bodily strength and was an expert in handling the bow. A

fine horseman and a master in sword-play, he

possessed all the accomplishments for each of which were the Pandavas separately noted.

4. He now attained his youthhood which could be described as the sporting lake of the elephant called Ivfanmatha, as the bunch of flowers called love, as the moon-light for the gakora birds called women’s eyes.

5. His body shone distinctly in its full contours, now that boyhood had entirely passed away and youth-

hood had asserted itself, even as the sun shines in his total brilliance after the passing away of the dewy season.

6. His walking was graceful and stately. It looked as if the elephants dwelling in the mountain cave gave

MAD HU RAVI 3 AY A M ' 19

it as a present in advance to get themselves caught and

kept by him—a favour for which they always longed.

7. In the excessively beautiful palm of his hands

there was the auspicious fish-mark. Why should such

a mark appear there unless it be that Kama had sur¬

rendered his fish-banner by way of accepting his defeat

by the beauty of the prince’s feet?

8. The loins of the beautiful prince, hard as stone

with their golden band, resembled the base of the

anjana hill encircled by a fresh streak of red coloured mineral.

9. His waist, shapely and slender, which greatly

enhanced the beauty of h:s person, suggested the idea

of the lions having yielded their monopoly, as a sort of

hush-money in his favour, as they were extremely afraid of his strength.

j.0. His panei-iike chest shone just so broad as to

be able to hold in its expanse the breasts of beautiful

women, breasts which can well compare with the frontal

globes on an elephant’s head.

11. His beam-like hands with strong reddish

fingers at their end hung up to his knees. They were

attractive and immensely powerful. Springing as they

did from his thickset shoulders, they were always a

sight for people to see.

12. If the black spot in the moon could be

removed from its place in the centre and drawn as a

line at the edge of her orb, then it might be likened to

his face, with the beard just making its appearance.

20 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

13. The redness that appeared in the comer o£

h,s lotus-hke eyes suggested anger against the ears that

set^a hunt to the freedom of their (eyes') expansive-

14. The world thought of his long and lofty nose

as a demarcatmg line that prevented each one of the

eyes from encroaching on the province of the other.

with !!d nPri“Cf had his i0ng tuft of llis hair dressed w. h tod blossom which looked like emblems expressing led hearts of beautiful women.

16 His body and prowess grew side by side. Side

y side also did his eyes and fame become more and more

whi e coloured. His neck, along with his qualities

, ----ecomgij,. Aim uotn ms mind and voice together gamed in depth.

j. 17'., TheklnS> seeing that the prince had attained us youtnhood, married him to several princesses; and

" Uni°nS par,took the grandeur of the ocean receiving the rivers at the advent of the rainy season.

18. Like Sasi to Cakra (Indra), Rama (Laksmi) to Sarngin (Vispu), and Sati (Parvati) to

(Siva).... (possibly, the name of the poetess who

was his principal consort is introduced).

tl i l9' Jih rr enj°yed C°njUgal kaPPbiess with that beautiful-looking princess. They loved each other

so well and their happiness was so perfect that even the gods could not but feel envious.

20. Perfectly disciplined as the prince was, the

kmg one day wishing to make him famous by the con-

-tti

jtij

lMiM

iiate

Mil

asr

iifc

wan

itn

MI

madhtjravijayam 21

quest of the enemies began to give him pregnant words of advice.

Siokas 21 to 48: The mission of Kampana in the Tamil

countra ,s explained by Bukka. Here is another Polonius.

destZC'V'3e T" '* the exh°rtMi°' "•« Kampana must destroy the Sambuvaraya as a prelude to his conquest of Madhura from the Sultan.

21. “A darkness always infests youthful age. and wise men have found out that onlv the lamo nf

gence lighted by proper advice is able to dispel it. So

it behoves you to lend me your ears and listen to what 1 am about to say.

22. Wise men consider instruction imparted bv

a guru, as a jewelled ear-ring bereft of hardness a

potent ointment without colour, and a wonderful fom

of penance involving no self-mortification.

23 “Perverse rogues do not mind the nromnt

”f of good leaders. They elose their eves in theh

intoxication. They are unclean because of the dust of

tondeeny aga,nSt themsel''«‘' They tie themselves P prejudices as if to firm posts. In all this thev

resemble elephants in rut. y

tt jThe darkness of intoxication such as of youthhood is akin to that of a starless night. Nothing

trTmfh Tkening ^ expect d7ng “t!

blfpeld aorfS,i7no,U7-,0f S6X » embodied state. V °''erC°me by °“ ™

22 M AD HU R AV1 J AY AM

25. When the tree of egotism puts forth its

shoots, it dries up the springs of mercy. The dawning

of youthhood is really the vanishing of light from the

intellect; and how can one have anything like proper

perception at such a dark hour?

26. Youth deprived of discretion, and rulers

blinded by prosperity, going their own way, soon became

the favourites oi danger which overtakes them as a

night of eclipse does in the case of full moon.

27. Which wise man would trust women who are

the aDode of ail foibles and who are like nets ensnaring

the mind resembling the frolic-blind deer?

28. “AH that a gambler has—fruitful earth, valu¬

able ornaments, riches, and even his own body, his

strength, his wives and his sons—does not belong to him, but belongs to others.

2^. Which wise man will indulge in hunting wild

beasts risking in vain his own life? Those that know

chaiacteuse it as a bottomless pit into which kings, like

i ut-elephants, fall in their unguarded state.

30. When the intoxication of youthhood is on,

and when wealth is making one falter at every step,

who could think of getting into the habit of drinking?

It would be like getting a bad complication in typhoid fever.

31. “However much you may be wedded to doing

good, popularity could never be gained if you are in the

habit of bursting into harsh words. A cloud may give

welcome showers; but, at the same time, no one will

cease dreading its lightning and thunder.

MADHU RAVI JAY A M 23

32. “Subjects are the wealth of kings. When that

is so, who could think of inflicting a reign of terror on

them by having recourse to brutal punishments?

Nobody would go up a tree and apply the axe to its roots.

33. An idiot who, in blind ignorance, throws

away wealth as gifts to the undeserving—wealth which

is indispensable for the upkeep of dharma—really

thiows oblations that deserve to be used in holy sacri¬

fices, into the fire that is consuming a dead body.

j4. Ignorance-ridden monarchs overcome by

vices such as these vices, which, like consumption, eat

into the body politic become in course of time objects of contempt to their enemies.

35. Those fools that are not able to preserve by

their good qualities wealth begotten by them on account

of merit in previous birth are to be likened to monkeys

in whose hands a garland of flowers has been given.

The formei. like the latter in their unbalanced state,

know only to destroy what they have been given.

36. But youth like you who have their intelli¬

gence duly shaped and purified by instruction received

rom piopei gums know how to keep away from vices

and act always in the proper manner.

, beh°VeS y°U’ therefore- to take courage in both hands, consider the pros and cons of everything

deeply, and act in such a way that the goddess of pros¬

perity notorious for her fickle mind, does not turn aside from you even for a moment

24 MAD HU RAVI J AY AM

38. “Rulers of earth, who are men of action, and

my heieditaiy fiiends, in whose heart no malice dwells,

and who, though unostentatious, are famed in quelling

rebellious spirits are now camping near you here by my command, my dear son!

3J. You know you are surrounded now by an

ocean-like army. Horses in thousands act as its waves,

elephants in rut appear in its midst like huge islands,

and destructive weapons like sharks abound in its waters.

40. So. I would ask you to exhibit your manli¬

ness and ever increasing prowess and strike at your

enemies and subdue them, even as the Lord of the Gods

(India) did in the case of the (winged) mountains,

eni aged at their efforts to destroy the world.

41. So, you had better march successfully to

Tundira (Tondaimandala) and overcome the people

headed by the Champa (Sambuvaraya) who are pre-

paiing for war. Then establish yourself at Kanci and

lule there, with due regard to the wishes of the people,

even like the Lord of Wealth (Kubera) does in the city of Alaka.

42. Then if you subdue all the Vauya kings, it

would be easy for you to break the power of the

Turuska. Would it be difficult for the fire that had

consumed with its flames hundreds of branches of a tree, to destroy the trunk also?

43. “This Turuska is acting like Ravana in regard

to the Southern Kingdoms. If you play the praise-

MADHURAV1J AY AM 25

worthy part of Sri Rama in reducing him you will be

rendering a service to the world and allay affliction.’

44. Having delivered this speech, the king stop¬

ped, even as the cloud does after pouring down its

watery contents. The prince bowed low, and took to

heart, like the good son he was, the advice of his father.

45. Then the king took off invaluable ornaments

from his own person and adorned the prince with them.

And, after fixing, that the latter should start on his vic¬

torious expedition on the next day, he retired to his

own apartments in an elated mood.

46. The sun. as if anxious to inform the serpent

king who bore this earth fSesaf that his burden would

soon be lightened, sank in haste into the nether regions.

47. The prince, after finishing his daily worship

of the sandhya, and after acquainting his eager attend¬

ants with the commands of his father and dismissing

them, entered his private apartments to enjoy the com¬

pany of his beautiful princesses.

Thus ends the third canto of Virakamparaya

garitam, called Madhuravijayam, composed by Sri Ganga

Devi.

o

Canto : IV

Sldktis 1 to 16:

buvardya territory. Preparations jor the march on the Sam-

& 2. When the divine sun, the sustainer of

lotuses, and the unequalled lamp of universe, rose the

next day the prince woke up from his sleep, and after

u y performing the morning rites of worship, ordered

is geneials to get the army ready for marching.

3. Then, like the noise of the ocean, churned with

the mountain of Mandhara, the sound of war-drums

beaten by drum-sticks arose at the beginning of the

■ 7)10 sound Srew louder and louder, and filled the skies as if it emanated from Candisa’s damaru

(drum) beaten at the time of the Great Deluge.

5. It raised echoes from the caverns in the moun-

ams as if to scare the fear-ridden enemies who might otherwise take shelter in them.

6 As the uproar entered the bowels of earth, Sesa closed his eyes (which were also his ears), and he

became both blind and deaf by a single act.

7. . The army at once got ready with each of its

units, viz., elephants, horses and foot soldiers, suitably

coveied and dressed; elephants with carpets on their

backs, horses fully caparisoned and men protected in their mailed coats.

8. There mustered hundreds of formidable war-

elephants with ichor streaming forth from their exten¬ sive temples.

M AD HU RAVI J A YAM 27

9. Horses with foaming mouths, and swift as wind,

were seen bounding like waves in the army-ocean.

10. There gathered in no time, hosts of footmen

from different countries, armed with swords, daggers,

lances and bows.

11. Wearing suitable ornaments, kings renowned

for the might of their arm, waited near the outer gate

awaiting the arrival of their overlord (Kampana).

12. The space of the sky was completely filled

with uplifted umbrellas, resembling white lotuses in the

liver of the army, and also looking like the play mirrors of the Goddess of Victory.

13. Should the stirring period of the march be

compared to the advent of the autumnal season, the fly-

whisks waving by the side of kings appeared like swans hovering about.

14. The rays of the sun never left their natural

redness, as the colour of the sparking gems set in royal

ciowns, beautiful as a cluster of flowers, was ceaselessly mingling with them.

15- As the passage of the sky was completely

blocked by the flags flying aloft, Aruna experienced

much difficulty in conducting the chariot of the sun across.

16. Fed by the neighing of the horses, intensified

by the loud trumpeting of the elephants and extended

by the sound of the instruments of war-music (w’ar-

diums) the din that arose was something inconceivable.

28 MA DHURA V IJ AYAM

SLOkas 17 to 35: Prince Kampana starts on the campaign

He is accompanied by the Cola. Kerala and Pdndya kings.

17. The king who had himself knowledge of the

appropriate hour, however, awaited with his retinue,

the formal fixing of the auspicious moment by his loyal priests.

18. His throbbing right hand foretold the auspi¬

cious event of the forthcoming embrace by the Goddess of Valour, before everybody else.

19. Brahmins chanting the Atharva Veda, aug¬

mented the chances of his victory with their (hearty)

blessings, just as the sacrificial fire is made to glow by oblations sanctified by hymns.

-0. The i\ing now came out of his palace and had

a good look at his tall agile horse saddled in readiness near the outer gate.

21. Like an ally of Garuda, like the next of kin of

th® ™ind’ a^d llke a friend of Vayu. the agile animal looked like tspeed itself in its aggregate.

22. As if the horse felt that the space of the earth

was inadequate for the demonstration of his great speed

which was faster than even that of the mind, he seemed

extending it by constantly beating with his hoofs.

23. Excelling the horse of Indra in speed, he

appeared to be attacking his own image reflected in the

crystal walls (which he was facing).

24. With neigh attended with white foam, he

seemed to mock at Hanuman who took great pride in

having merely crossed the saltish ocean.

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 29

25. With the bit in his mouth looking like a

serpent, and with the wing-like cover (on his back)

spariding with the colour of tender foliage, he seemed

to imitate Garuda even in his bodily form.

26. The wind, blowing from the end of his

waving tail which attended on him, was like a disciple

taking secret.lessons in speed.

27. By raising his head up. and letting it down

again, frequently, to keep his swiftness in bounds, he

appeared to be offering salutations to the Goddess of

Victory standing in front of him.

28. With the heaps of dust raised by his hoofs,

the legions of the sky were rendered like floor; and this

served to give the he direct to the claims of the sun’s hoises that they trod on airy tract.

29. The king mounted the horse, the personifica¬

tion of stiength, ana (in nis elation) felt as if the entire

kingdom of the earln haa already passed into his hands.

30. With numberless troops pouring in from all

directions, the king, with his view unconcealed, crossed the outer gate.

31. With crowns on their bent heads, with their

an s folded (in leverence), the monarchs of earth

saluted him, as he emerged, seated on the back of his horse.

32. With shouts of joy on seeing him, the Cola,

Kerala and Pandya monarchs assumed the role of staff- bearers, and chose to walk in front of him.

30 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

33. Like a row of clouds raining drops of water

on a mountain, the respectable matrons of the town,

showered the customary parched grain on him.

34. As he marched in state, king Kampana caused

a quivei in the hearts of his rivals, and turned to the

direction of the quarter which had the Malaya moun¬ tains for its boundary.

Slokds 35 to 46: The orderly march of the Karndta forces.

35. Leading such a huge army, the great hero

looked like the eastern wind dragging behind it a string of heavy clouds.

36. The load of the earth having become lightened

by heaps of dust rising up, Adisesa managed to bear the weight of the royal army.

37. The dust that rose up acted simultaneously as

an eclipse of both the sun of prowess and the moon of

fame of the enemy (and thus effected a double eclipse at the same time).

38. The aggregate of dust caused the illusion of

a huge dung heap capable of manuring the creepers of

(Kampana s) fame that had begun to sprout out in all the quarters.

39. Undei the pretext of being hidden away by

the dust, the sun (in fact) fled to some unknown

quarter, afraid that he might be pierced through by

warriors transformed into gods in the approaching

conflict. (Warriors who go to vira-swarga after a heroic

end may pierce the sun in their journey to that destination).

MADHURAVIJAYAM 31

40. As if apprehending early extinction, grains

of dust entered the pores of glands of lordly elephants

through which ichor was coming out.

41. The collection of dust plunged into the great

oceans having been subjected, as it were, to unbearable

heat when trying to absorb the rays of the sun.

42. Water particles sprayed from the trunks of

female elephants gave the shape of a fine hail to the

cloud of dust raised by the marching army.

“iS. Paitides of dust fanned out by big war-

elephants flapping their ears were kept back by the rain

of spray from the trunks of elephants.

44. The army which looked like the grand con¬

fluence of all the seven oceans at the time of Mahd

pralaya (the Great Deluge) began its orderly march with a great uproar.

45. Caught up in the temples of great elephants

overflowing with ichor, dust no longer rose, though the

giound was continuously being broken by the toe-like hoofs of horses.

46. The cool breeze, cool by reason of its contact

with fine drops of water from the waves of the Tunga-

bhadra, proved quite welcome for the onward march of the army.

M. 4\ 5°: PHnce KamP“W at first struck camp at Mulbagal and then arrived in Virinchipuram for the fight.

47. King Kampana reached Muluvayipattanam

after crossing the Karnata country within five or six

ays (i.e. after a march of five or six days).

32 madhuravijayam

48. In that city he was biding his time; and when

the appropriate hour arrived he started to launch his attack against the Sambuvaraya ruler.

__._49" The dust ralsed by his army made both the Pa ar and the fame of the Sambuvaraya monarch look dirty,

5U;r. Klng KamPana struck camp with his army

near Vmnchinagara (Virinchipuram) where the

Blanches of the trees were being shaken by the wind

proceeding from the (waves) ripples of the Palar.

Slokas 51 to 66: The siege of PadaivUu the stronghold

of the Sambnvarayds. The defeat of the Tamil forces.

51 Having come m all readiness, king Kampana

j, ai ted to lay siege to the town of the Lord of the Tamils

ike the dewy season blocking up the course of the sun with intermittent snow.

. rr arrayed fo«es of both the Karnata and the Tamil kings attacked each other, like two oceans

brought against each other by stormy winds at the time of the Great Deluge.

53. The fight began to rage, foot-soldiers falling

on foot-soldiers elephant-herds attacking elephant-

herds, troops of horses colliding with troops of horses

54. Unable to bear the lion-like roars emanating

from warriors on both sides, the elephants of the

quarters, with their trumpeting completely silenced, almost lost their consciousness.

55. Sparks generated in large numbers by the

clash of the weapons of the warriors on either side bore

MADHURA V I J AY AM 33

a close likeness to a collection of glow-worms in the

darkness of the dust.

56. Even like the fancied side-glances of the

amourous Goddess of fight, the sharp-pointed arrows

let fly against one another by bow-men fell to the ground.

57. The blood-stained sword-blades waving in the

hands of heroic warriors appeared like the lolling tongue

of Yama eager to make a meal of them.

58. In the countless x’ivers of blood which began

to flow on all sides, the faces of soldiers cut off by the bhalla arrow looked like lotuses.

59. The arms of kings severed by swords

lesembled the trunks of elephants but were mistaken

for snakes by the eagles that snatched them away.

60. The blood flowing from human trunks was

very much liked by the Raksasis who deftly seated

themselves on the trunks of elephants as if on tops of places.

61. Biave fighters sent to (everlasting) sleep by

enemy arrows on the protrusion of their elephants,

soon woke up on the pot-like breasts of divine damsels.’

62. Then the army of the Tamil king routed by

the mighty forces of Kampana took to flight.

63. Some men fleeing in great disorder let fall

their weapons in great terror and swore they would never fight again.

E

34 M A D H V R A VIJ A Y A M

64. Others, feigning death, dropped down; but

feanng the presence of jackals, they at once rose up

and started running pell-mell, affording no small mirth to the Karnata forces.

friverh Y? mistakin§ a mirage for water ( vei) made futile attempts to cross it with a boat

improvised out of the shields which they had forgotten to abandon (in their flight).

. . J'1161’6 Wei'e StiH °thers who m their flight mistook their own shadows for the pursuing enemy in

before theU flight 9nd began t0 Prostrate bexore them, biting their fingers.

°l J the Snmbuvaraya by Kampana.

67. King Kampana, then converted the Tamil

mgs town into an encampment for his own forces

and from there began to lay seige to the hill fortress

thTeen RaJgga/'bhira ^S^frammalai) in which the enemy had sought asylum.

68. The sound of his war-drums raised echoes

from every cave of the hill and it looked as if the hill itself had begun to yell out in fright.

69 With flags flying in the direction of high

winds, the lull (fort) gave the impression that it was

greeting king (Kampana) and welcoming him with its arms (the flags) to come to its top.

70. Again, fierce fighting commenced between the

two sides and the weapons falling down and shooting

up. lit up both earth and sky by their resplendanee.

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM 35

71. Heads severed by arrows resembled palmyra-

fruits as they fell down from the ramparts and caused

an illusion of balls belonging to the Deity of War (for

playing with).

72. Like messengers (tax-collectors) sent by the

stronghold itself claiming the tolls for the entry (of the

Karnata troops) the stones let down from catapults fell just in front of the king.

73. The hill, with the houses lit up by the fire from

the missiles of bow-men, looked like holding lamps in

readiness for the happy ceremony of harati to mark the

auspicious victory of the king.

7a. The ascent of the hill was accomplished bv

heroic men by means of rows of lances planted as

ladders and climbing up to the tops of sala trees.

75 & 76. With all means (and chances) of (escape)

coming out completely blocked, the stronghold was

subjected to such great distress that the embryos of

women, big with children, slipped out at the very sight

of the fierce troops jumping in, and people immersed in

the river of blood of the slain prayed for their lives.

77. The Sambuvaraya monarch, with drawn

sword, came out of his palace in great anger, even as a

snake with its lolling tongue might come out of a mole¬ hill.

78. Though many a soldier of valour eagerly

came forward to fight saying, “let me do it”, king

Kampana preferred to face the Sambuvaraya himself.

3fi mad HU RAVI.JAY AM

79. With the forepart of their bodies bent and

eyes fixed, the two kings, sword in hand, stood still for

a moment like a picture on a piece of painting.

80 The gods were thankful for the total absence

of winking in their eyes, as they were looking on with

fixed gaze, the flight (of the two heroes), their bodies divided at the waist.

1 • Kampala’s sword, reflecting as it did, the

image of the Sambuvaraya monarch, looked like a

pregnant daughter about to give birth to a husband for the celestial nymphs.

82. Then escaping deftly a sword thrust, king

Kampana despatched the Sambuvaraya (monarch) as a guest to Indra’s city.

. S3‘ Havin§ thus reduced (killed) the Sambuva¬ raya in the field of battle, king Kampana received the

decree of his father that he should rule (the tern tor”

thus conquered). With the fame of his victory duly

established in Kanci, he inaugurated a just and

prosperous rule over Tundiramandalam destroying all confusion m castes and religious orders.

Thus ends the fourth canto of Virakamparaya (jaritam, called Madhuravijayam, composed bv Sri Ganga Devi.

Canto : V

Sldkds 1 to 11: Kampana installed himself Governor of

his father at Marakatanagara (Kanci) and established good

government.

1. Then in the great city called Marataka which

was like an- ornament of this earth, king Kampana

established himself and ruled the earth peacefully and well.

2. His subjects thought that he was another

incarnation of Visnu that had come down to this earth,

because he was so victorious, and such a favourite of gods and virtuous men.

3. His prowess was recognised everywhere; his

actions were always fruitful. He increased the scope

of negotiation among other strategems in achieving his

purpose. Highly intelligent and politic, he was. There

was something original in his statecraft, which showed he was a real master.

4. Even as the sun with his bright rays unveils

every object on earth, the king, by his skilful employ¬

ment of spies, knew everything that was being done by friends and foes alike.

5. The system of light taxation which he practised

pleased his subjects in his kingdom, and earth herself

showed a great satisfaction by her excellent yield of corn and other produce.

6. Earth, by finding rest on his strong, attractive,

ornamented and liberal hands, lightened the burden of Sesa who was her prime support.

38 MAD HURA V IJ AYAM

7' -1'he threshoId of his palace was ever thronged with elephants and also kings waiting for audience.

The former made it muddy with their flowing ichor,

while the latter made it dry with gem-dusts falling

down from ornaments broken as a result of jostling.

8- Every day kings that had cast off their old

enmity nibbed their forehead against his royal foot-

stooh And their resultant change of fortune suggested

e idea that new letters of prosperity were written on

hen foreheads tin lieu of those that were already there from their birth). y

!! T)6 \°ya* t}iresl10^ was always beseiged by

S' h i ° n mSS’ SUCh aS °f MaSadha> Malava, Sevuna Simhala Dramila, Kerala and Gauda. waiting for an opportunity to pay their homage,

, °,n sic*es beautiful damsels waved the chowri and m the jingling of their golden bracelet the

drowned. ^ ^ ^ - alm^

11. Kampana loved very much to listen to com-

posi ions o good poets in his court, compositions which

Z SW“ 'lke the mounding of Saraswati's anklets as she practised graceful walking.

Slokas 12 to 76- The m’

,he Prince. f SeaS0,!S' The amors °f

. 12v The]adiesoi the court played on the Vina with their slim fingers, singing songs that told his world-

known acts of glory. Sweet notes of gamaka that

v fitted from the music made it most attractive.

M At) Hu' n A VIJ A V A M 36

13. Very often the ladies of his harem entertained

the king with dancing, perfect in every respect, beat¬

ing time, making gestures and movements.

14. In his hunting expeditions, the king cleared

the forest by killing hyenas, wounding buffaloes, scat¬

tering deer, and slaughtering wild boars. He also

subdued rhinoceroses and caught elephants.

15. Then summer set in. It made women have

lecourse to scented snows, fans and sandal. They also loved moonlit nights.

16. Days enjoyed bright and long sun-shine, and

nights were short; young women loved to enjoy water-

sports. Gentle winds, fragrant with the smell of full- bloomed patala flowers, blew.

17. By the decree of eternal law, the sun had to

leave the southern region, in order to obtain, as it were,

the cooling influence of the ice-clad Himalayas.

^.8. To the delight of the gakravdka birds, the

days became longer and longer. In the unbearable heat

of summer, it seemed that even the horses of the

tottered and had to move with less speed. sun

19. The elephant Cupid, getting scorched in the

sun found shelter in the breasts of beautiful ladies,

which were wet with pastes of sandal and had the cooling contact of pearl strings.

20. Day by day, waters in the pleasure-lakes in the pa ace-grounds of the king were found receding further

an fuithei fiom the shores. This made one fancy that

t ey were getting more and more afi'aid of receiving

4n 0 madhvravuayam

knocks fr°m the breasts of Kuntala damsels who delighted m sporting in them.

21. The king was delighted with the unadorned

placed | aUt,fU' ladi6S W“h lhe ***• wreaths placed on lhe ear. and pearl-like drops of sweat

appearing on them (the faces).

, . f2' ,The king couW no‘ contain his emotion when

ieadfof hirVranSfiX,id ‘° the blaids °f hair on the eads of Ins charming women, which wafted sweet

tZTZ “ng, fr°m the evening-blossoming • a,a flowers with which they were decked.

23 T,hJ j** So‘ over the heat of the day by ng with the choicest ladies to his summer-house

whore water-particles sparkling like stars were b2g sprayed incessantly. g

, ,24' ,A.fter summer. came winter which the cataka birds welcomed with delight, and which, by

chowr" r°edS' P1'°duced aittaion of

The,,2!5' drUdS begar‘ ‘° aPPear hore and there. They looked like the sporting pavilions of women called

igh nings. and the thunder that was heard resembled

the sounds of mndangci drums.

26. The bee-black clouds looked like dark colour¬

ed petticoats flashes of lightning that appeared now and

hen glittered l.ke borders of gold-lace, and rain drops like pearl-countings. e

27 The rain-bow with its colours, green, red and

white, shone like the girdle, set with emerald, coral and pearl of the Beauty Goddess of sky.

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 41

28. Red insects looking like blood drops, began

to swarm the earth. They looked like the sparks of the

lightning fire that had dropped down on earth when

clouds clashed with clouds in a violent manner.

29. Frozen rain drops fell from clouds that

whirled round with the blowing of the eastern wind.

Looking at them, one wondered if they were not pearls

which were taken along with the sea-water during the

latter’s formation.

30. o.n mountainous plateaus peacocks danced

singing sweet notes of shadjci at the appearance of

clouds that were their favourites.

31. Travellers with desperate courage heard the

thundeiing of clouds in the sky which sounded like

celestial kettle-drums which Cupid beat with sticks of lightning.

o^. r or some days tne rorest presented +bi^

appearance: Plantains put forth new shoots. Arjuv.a

trees blossomed and also the kadamba and ketaka.

Cdtaka birds were in great glee, and also the peacocks.

33. Through winds, as if with hands, clouds

sprinkled ketaka dusts resembling holy ashes. The

murmuring of thunder was like the uttering of hum

And all this was effective in exorcising the evil-spirit

of love-anger which sometimes possessed the ladies of the harem.

34. The mind of the king was very much attract¬

ed by pleasure-hillocks. Eyes in the tails of dancing

peacocks rendered them very picturesque, and camphor f

42 M adhuravijayam

deposits in them exuded the most agreeable odour. The

numberless kadamba trees there were in full blossom.

35. The king was also attracted by his beautiful

< oils « lose curling locks were decorated with the

evening-blossoming moiatf flowers. Their clothes were scented with agaru fumes and smelling like musk. ^ w"w

36, The king's love passion was very much excit-

fld by gem-set pavilions, by fragrant breezes wafting

mu-icT ,TaJ“ k6Ulka n°Wers and bv musical notes of intoxicated peacocks.

role !f' ThC adVe,n‘ °f *he cIoudy season enacted the ole a romance confidant to the king in the night

time, as „ made even the newly married shy girls

embrace him at every sound of thunder-murmurings.

* ,Then, “T ^ autumn' the jester that made lotus-clusters laugh, the thief that stole India's h0,„

(rain bow) and the treasury officer that set his seal on me mouths of peacocks.

39. The season resembled a lion in dispersing the elephant-like clouds. His face was the sun. The Las

were his manes and the blossoming China roses his red eyes.

40. It was no empty saying that the sun and the

moon are the eyes of Visnu. Now that He has woken

up from sleep, these two also opened in their proper splendour. F

41. By reason of the rise of the brilliant Agastya-

St0r> the waters were c]ea^d of their muddy condition.

MADHURAVIJ AY AM <13

and shone as clear as the minds of men that had received

proper instruction from a merciful guru.

42. White clouds lined the sky, and lightning dis-

appeaied. In that state the sky resembled the watery

expanse of the sea with clusters of foam here and there and coral reefs gone.

43. The clouds in winter seemed to have acted

like a whet-stone and a wash in the case of the sun

and the moon, respectively, for they both shone now

with increased brightness and splendour.

44. The rivers were rid of impurities and looked

slimmer. And by uniting them with the swans, their

lovers, the season really enacted the role of a dear

female friend effecting reconciliation between angry lovers.

j-i very where there were heard sweet sounds

fom swans resembling the music of Laksmi’s feet wan-

enng on lotus-beds or the auspicious sounding of Cupid’s turya (musical instrument).

46 Autumn, like a beautiful lady with lotus eyes,

esired as it were to see her face every now and then

in the mirror of the sun whom she, therefore, frequently

drew out from his wrapper of white clouds.

47. The king enjoyed the autumnal nights fully;

for in their contents they resembled his ladies in every

respect; blue water-lilies had the beauty of their eyes,

t e moon of their face, white water-lilies of their smile and stars of the pupil of their eyes.

44 M AD HU RAVI J AY A M

48 The young women guarding rice fields sane

e spotless fame of lire king, decked as their persons

were with garlands of pearls that had come out of the bursting of ripe red sugarcane.

chainfwilh wl!ant,tSin rUt’ 3gain and a«ain' PU'M Ac chains with which they were fastened, as forest winds fuden with the smell nf hi™ • ut>

blew over their bodies W#Wm"ng <"«

withbloesE’Cly'liele f°ieSt grounds were adorned

tie w d , B ?SCS- And - *e latter stirred in he wind. „ seemed as if, by orders of the king, they were

flame 10 ■* —^

.he at J^kinr^otdt eS ,<>ng: T “ » much thPro ° en,,oy nig^t sports very much, theie came the dewy season.

52 Lotus clusters were hit by snow ard -he

moon became pa.e „ colour. Only fte‘faces ff £

ngs beloved consorts gained unmatched charm.

5 j' r°ya^ ladles’ as .hey shivered in cold seemed to be m an uninterrupted state of love passion, the hairs in .heir breasts always standing on end, and

their mouths always uttering murmuring sounds.

54. The king's beloveds made him fancy that they

were decking their hair with pearls, in season and out

of season, as the cluster of their curls were always

diessed with the white blossoms of jasmine.

55. The king loved to remain in his inner apart¬

ments, sweetly scented with agaru fumes, in company

M AD HU R AV1J AY AM 45

of his beautiful consorts whose breasts were warm and

painted with saffron paste.

56. The king who incarnated Cupid in point of

peisonal charm, thus enjoying the comforts of the cold

season desired to sport with his ladies in the nights in spite of the chilly weather.

57. He very much liked to lie down on beds

strewn with fresh foliage of clove plants, beds that were

also dotted with particles of agaru fallen from the fore¬

head of his ladies in their amorous practices.

58. His ladies presented a particularly attractive

appearance to the king, with their faces white with the

dust of ludra flowers and with their foreheads anointed with musk paste.

59. Young girls who got horripilation by reason

of them proximity to their royal lover ascribed it to

cold. But they felt ashamed, as beads of sweat, sug¬

gestive of their unmistakable love passion, began to coiiect on their persons.

60. Young ladies feigning anger, but glad at

heart, looked at the king, as he practised acts of love

passion, such as biting the lips, drawing by the hair, and kissing all over.

61. The breasts of his ladies warm with blossom¬

ing youthfulness drove away the cold of the season

when the king cast longing looks on them: they were

very attractive also in their semi-covered state with

marks of nail scratches, and without the strings of pearls on them.

MADHURAVIJ AY AM

62. Then spring came, with trees full of flowers

as if for an offering, with sprouting foliage like hands

folded m veneration. With the cooings of cuckoos, as if

uttering humble words of obeisance, the season seemed

to have come to pay homage to the king.

66. The gentle southern breezes that blew scatter¬ ing ragiant mango leaf-dust seemed like sorcerers

sprinkling ashes to turn the mind of anger-ridden dam¬ sels that spurned their lovers.

64 Kimsvka trees with buds of dazzlmg red

s..one like ftons with blood-stained nails—lions that had torn die deer of lovely travellers.

65. Rows of campaka clusters with collyrium-

ike bees settling on them looked like lamps lighted by

c sPnn§ w commemoration of Cupid’s festival.

, f.p Sweet odour oi wine in the mouths of beautiful-eyed ladies travelled to the vakula flowers

rom which the southern breeze took it. Thu<= it had its spreading in an appropriate manner.

. 67' Asokas> Wlth bees humming around in thick rows indicated a sort of appropriateness to the manure

wlncn the tree had by the touch of the tender feet of

Kuntala ladies resounding with ornaments.

68. The kuravakas that looked like hairs stand¬

ing on end in the act of mutual embrace of lovers, raised

Jove passion even in the hearts of insentient beings.

69. The sweet pangama notes of cuckoos delighted

the world immensely. Lonely travellers that heard it

lelt as if they heard sounds of Cupid’s bow shooting arrows at them. 5

M AD HU R AVI JAY AM 47

70. Wild creepers that were the beloved of the

black bee attracted the latter very much as clusters of

buds looking like breasts sprouted in them, in the flower¬

ing season of spring.

71. In the spring festival ladies wanted to paint

forms of Cupid on picture-boards. But they ended by

painting the form of king Kampana who was always in their heart.

72. Certain ladies smeared the Cupid-like person

of the king with sandal paste, and their hands evidenced

love passion by sweat drops and horripilation that marked them in the act.

73- The tinkling of bracelets, the tossing of

girdles, the dropping of garlands and the dying of curls

that marked the practice in swinging play, looked like

a rehearsal on the part of lovely ladies of love sports with their lover.

74 :ome queens felt cislismccl !ds£oi'w

companions; and in singing songs in praise of Kama

they often introduced the name of the king in their for¬ getfulness.

75. They desired to splash on the king paste of

saffron, but they were not aware that the substance had

already leaked out of their sweat-bathed hands.

76. King Kampana thus rendered the third end

of life (Kama) fruitful by sporting to his heart’s con¬

tent with the ladies of his harem whose passion was not

dimmed even in unbroken union.

Thus ends the fifth canto of Virakamparaya

?antam, called Madhuravijayam, composed by Ganga Devi.

Canto : VI

SI°kab 1 t0 ^ Tkc water'sP°rts of the Prince.

nymphs, the king with hkHad' by celesti«l

garden which resembled

move to the garden withT,"1 ■ the ki"g “ h® began to

si/h, 0ru :aik Z7ZT1 rdhs sowd- moving in ,he wake of the southern ^e ™8 ^

red lac-dye drfoping^rom^ ‘^T '°0k WaS Iined with if a cover of tender h> L1GU 6et’ an<^ ^ seemed as

4. t: WaS betag 'a,d °n tha gr™nd.

red hues, seemeTto KneTh'5’ '"ud'a.tlrig blue> white and

lilies and red lotuses S "y Wltb b*ue Id‘es> white

they fell Inethe°k”deS's0l ankIets °f ladi“. « his mind, that it mi“ | t ars'ProtJueed the impression in

Cupid’s bow. g ‘ “ ‘he noise ‘he stringing „f

they followed the kimTh jd by the ,adies' as sweetness. ®’ 6 heard in varying notes of

7. Oh ye beautiful friend „„ -i , rest lest you injure vnur f , , ’ g sI°wly after the

dropped down on the way fromftl'tok en gari^

sleeping swans,* with the^ ound>of°b 76 ,0tus-fa-d. ‘he

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM 49

the same for lotuses and thus cause obstruction to your speedy going.”

9. Look you here, friend, this thirsty deer which

eagerly approaches you mistaking the brilliance radiat¬

ing fiom your finger-nails for water, will surely move

away in shame, once the mistake is found out.”

10. You, moon-faced dear, move not a step lest

you knock against the moon-stone wall. But the reflec¬

tion of your lotus-like face has already entered it.”

11. ‘Oh, my foolish friend, why do you v/cilk so

slow. You don t seem to realise that your roguish

lover will exploit this to court the company of other

women. For, this pleasure-forest, darkish with such

Luck dust of fresh flowers, is eminently filled for secret meeting even in day time.

Oh friend, I know you walk very fast so that

you may overtake your lover in order to look back and

see his face. But you don't seem to realise that women m their minds have the lover’s face them!

always in front of

13. “I know you could not walk fast because of

your burdensome breasts. But, friend, walk fast you must. (Sloka incomplete).*

57. The king splashed water on a lotus in the

pleasure lake. And this made a lady cast on him angry

looks of jealousy, the fringes of her eye-lashes wet with tears.

touched nicely the upper part of a a y s thigh underneath the water, she feigned fish-

*Slokas 14 to 56 missing.

G

50 M Ar>HVRAVlJAYAM

bite and embraced her lover u ^ were looking on, ^ Wh<!n her ““P^ns

j>9. Another lady, afraid of being struck with

^ire,^ry ium,ed’ “ ^ as if it were C vt’ u ^ C3St 0ngln§ giances on it,

were Cupid s slab with his sword placed on it.

th tf°'u Thf Sheet °f Water first touched the feet then

thGn the — a“d th-S ’ 1 llU a les as they slowly descended it.

n i 01.

as if in Ilf5' Uindld the ki"S b>' Ashing water.

turned to look af the nail ^ °‘he1' kdieS riva] 91 malks on the person of her

if they had^ust'hadti?16 Waters made the ladies look as were colour free th thelr saxual satisfaction. Their lips

foreheads without T

-ght pleased the king immensely0 ^ 8

pas«e63wasF:a”hedeawaySt: °f^Untala Iadiaa *»da>

which took its place effective^ c Tf n l0‘US-dust on them. Actively concealed all nail marks

( 6,4’ ?e cu™nl °f Water floated away the wreaths *at had dropped from the Srutis (earn) of Iad‘s

Whtch man, however ignorant, (also cold) make friend sh,p of one who had fallen from the path o ^ (Vedic injunction)? 1 srutl

65. Though their royal lover askerl .

H,S kdieS Had n° mind t0 do so’ as they were ver/much

MADHURAV1JAY AM 51

attracted by the love of sport; and so they did not leave

the pleasure lake though its water had completely

washed away their decorative marks.

66. Then, at last, tired of sport, they came out;

the king started (home) with them; he then resembled

the Xalpaka Vrksa moving from the milky‘Ocean in company of water nymphs fatigued with the tossings in churning.

67. The king was delighted to look at his beloved

ones as they emerged out of the lake, with nail marks

on their persons distinctly visible, with their thighs

revealed through the waving cover of wet clothing, and

water particles dripping from their long braids of hair.

68. King Kampana thought himself more fortu¬

nate than even Cupid, as he feasted his eyes on the

person of his ladies between tying their hair and wear¬ ing fresh dress.

69. Then, dressing maids put his royal garments

on him, and he left his harem; and after offering due

worship to Siva, whose glory is sung by Vedas, attended

to duties of state for the rest of the day.

Thus ends the sixth canto of Virakamparaya

garitam. called Madhuravijayam, composed by Ganga Devi.

Lanto : VII

description of Night ^olerhusUnd^^' D°Vl’S

given toTt ^ bf ^ °* ** ^ ^ ^

beauty 0f their faces m*klng lotuses imitate the

western mountains ’ “* the — <* the

the Western Ocean as^f ®“bmerSed mto the waters of

submarine fire tbe~c 1 • *?P 6nisb bls heat ^rom the

^ - ™M„g ,o;rsrbw»:ch had been speni in ,he

globe of the sun to hi $ harem fancied the

Goddess of Day hacj j g“ den ear‘™g which the depart. 7 d dropped d°wn in her haste to

the its^^^^^ies-eddened with

w ;rdrkcWks) - -- - ^:;°:z

lotuses, abandonedSamh!ra"fnk W-‘h ^ h°ney in the

^ ™d ■" ** ZbeZu(Z7! weys’,r revered as Varuna’s queen Wh„ • T reg,on

immune to the injurious influence of drinktogV ^ “

The minds of ,000^^^^™-^

53 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

7. The lotus ponds with closed flowers of lotuses

looked as if offering their prayer with folded hands for

the return of the sun who had left them for another hemisphere.

TAe ocean, with the folds of evening clouds

reflected in the waves raised by the wind, looked as if

putting up steps of gems for the sun to descend from the sky.

9. The globe of the setting sun. as it. touched its

own reflection in the waves of the western ocean, raised

in one’s mind the idea of the Golden cymbals, for the evening dancer, Siva.

10. Cakravaka couples with their pitiful looks at

the setting sun, and with bits of lotus-stalk dropping

down from their beaks, looked very miserable on the

eve of their mutual separation at nightfall.

11. A few streaks of light still lined the sky even

? fihriSUnL Had SUnk in the ocean waters. These looked like the remnant branches of the tree of Day which the elephant Time had uprooted.

12. The ocean, with the beams of the setting sun,

reminded one of the time-honoured anecdote of its

avmg been stained with the blood of Madhu and Kaitabha.

u *he sun> with its lustre gone, rolled, scattered by the ocean waves. Sea-fishes licked

i o ten and often, mistaking it for the broken remains of a fruit.

54 madhuravij ay am

14. Small remnants of light j , dark shadows of trees to be oaf, ^ hundreds of these looked like the forces of 1'l 6 S''0Und And the army of the sun fle“feaf ’

of the day^ntnrsiedT”8 <’"-t -°" 3 l0urney at thr- end to be kept b” 'be he- t ^ fantapa (Jleat, also distress)

lovers, ind his lm S W°men Separated ‘hi

(tha«,,sed,„;l0tlt:i;;;mb:;af-'a*d by herbs

stepping VisnupSda (the feet of v‘ , °* ^ °Vei"

other khagas (birds! , T °J V‘Snv’ sls° »*»). the nests in trees. q ‘y hld themselves in their

eonsidLd1TL.CSTIr 1l0tUSeS Which “

hees going roun a„d ro Jd “g ^ tha “«* role of n,vht wafnu d’ humming, enacted the -- t- w a tchrnen

- js»•

part of Night havins taken

fancied that it should have got its characterise!W

MADHURAVIJAYAM 55

by coming into contact with the dust raised by the hoofs

of the sun’s horses as they trod on the red layers of the

western mountains.

21. Red clouds travelled in the evening sky, and

their colour was imitative of the hue of the red dye

adorning the face of the Damsel, Night, who was about to set foot on the horizon.

22. The reddish hues of twilight, as of tender

leaves, began to show themselves in the western horizon

like coral reefs revealed by the western ocean in the

agitation caused by the rapid fall of the sun into its depth.

23 to 25. Then darkness began to set in. now

obscuring trees, now the sky, now the regions; and it

gave rise to various fancies such as: that they were

tendei leaves of lamala with which the regions deco-

lated their ears; or thgt they were musk-paste draw¬

ings on the face of the lady called Night; or that they

were smokes rising from the quenching of the sun’s

heated surface; or that they were black bees disguised

as darkness filling the regions after leaving the closing

lotuses, or the black waters of the Jumna rising up, tall

as trees, when disturbed by Sri Krsna.

26. People’s eyes suddenly lost their power (of

seeing). It seemed as if the burning lamp of the sun

was put out, and from the lamp-pot of sky. lamp-black was being scattered all round.

27. The stars began to show themselves in the

dark sky, and people fancied that God Siva was lettin-

go his elephant-skin clothing dotted with drops of blood (after his dance was over).

50 MADHURAVIJAYAM

28. The stars looked as if they were beads of

ZZnl T "g “ ‘he ““ Sky “ a "»* of it day. ning hea‘ °f the su" durinS

29. Time was certainly the ploughman; the stars

",7 WejWajhed Seeds °f grain; *he dark skies were

hv Wm? f mUddy' Wherei" those wo- sown y in order to raise the crop of moon-light. Such

Vvcts the fancy m the mind of all.

30- F^cy the horizon as a tree. Twilight was the

ro™ iJ TV!0 aPPear ** was the fut giown ieat. The regions were its branches wherein one saw the numberless buds of little stars.

But ILdTt'TT1 !° their loveis rendezvous.

ware tv tt f ” '* ^ *hat were " 6 by the fragrance of breath in the darkness.

„t 'tu Lamps bt m houses’ which were the children

tho f , .. . \ \ Lcnuea with great care which took ^h6 of oil-fed widc^ > .. - 'dam’ wick). ( Sneha means ot! also, and

33. Lady Darkness decking her plait of hair with oweis of stars waited for a short time for her lover,

;e ™°°,n’ S™lmg> as ,l were, with the blossoms of the white lily.

34. Then a few rays of the moon, like glitterin-

ocean-waves, were to be noticed in the eastern horizon.

35. The eastern quarter, hiding the moon about

to rise, with her pale appearance, looked like a woman

oig with child of whom she was about to be delivered.

M AD HU RAVI J A Y A M 57

36. A portion of the reddish orb of the moon

appeared on the eastern region like the mark on the

forehead of a beautiful maiden whom that region (of

Indra) might be imagined to incarnate.

37. The reddish globe of the rising moon looked

like the victorious umbrella of Cupid made of red sandhyaka flowers.

38. Just as a new king who after the departure of

the poweiful peisonality of an old monarch ministers

consolation to the world by his gentle levies, so also, the

moon, after the splenderous sun had disappeared,

pleased the world with his cool pleasant rays.

39. Then the dutiful king Kampana duly per¬

formed the worship of sandhya, and afterwards,

addressed his queen who was near and whom the world

was delighted to call Ganga, thus:

40. “Oh, my lotus-eyed dear, let this hour be

honoured by your sweet description. This servant of

yours eagerly waits to drink the nectar of your expres¬ sion with his ears.”

41. Thus spoken to by her Lord, the queen slightly

lowered her lotus-like face in bashfulness, and slowly

began to give utterance to her charming words.

42. “Oh, my dearest, see how pleasant is this hour

and how propitious to Cupid, with fragrant breeze

gently blowing and with the charming moon just rising.

43. “The lord of night hugs the eastern region to

his bosom m an ardent embrace, and with his nail-like

rays unties her braid of hair which incarnates darkness. H

58 M AD HU RAVI JAY AM

44. Having got up the eastern mountain, the

moon looks as if sucking darkness from the cup of sky

his rays acting as lotus stalks to suck through.*

45. The moon who is the lord of miraculous herbs,

practises alchemy, as it were, by transforming the

lion called darkness into the ‘silver' called moonlight

by sunjectmg the former to a fire-process called ud!ya- ra9a (redness of dawn). U

46. The damsel called the Eastern Region draws

°U , Aei W lte si^ m°onlight presented to her by - & L iom the conch-white box of moon-globe and dresses herself with it, and looks splendid.

47. The moon embraces with his hands of rays

the damsel ot Eastern Region, and at the same time,

also touches another called Kumudvati (bed of night

lotuses). This shows, that lustful men ought not to be trusted.

Though the moon touches incessantly with

15 rays, as with hands, the lotus clusters, the latter

do not look up to him nor return his attentions. That

proves how virtuous women are firm in their vow of chastity.

49. The sun enters the moon every new-moon,

and so, the latter is also endowed with the heating qua¬

lity of the former. And this, he exhibits in the case of lovers in separation.

50- The bee-black spot that is observed in the

centre of the moon’s globe is not the sign of deer as

* In Sanskrit, unlike in English, ‘moon’ is masculine.

MADHU RAVIJ AY AM 59

some suppose. But what it evidences is the applica¬

tion of lamp-black which he had while being used as

one of the wheels of Rudra’s chariot at the time of Tri¬

pura destruction.

51. Or, you may even consider that spot blue as

indra-nlla gem, as night herself who is his beloved lying

there is love’s repose.”

Thus ends the seventh canto of Virakamparaya

garitam, called Madhuravijayam composed by Ganga

Devi.

Canto : VIII

The condition of the Tamil

occupation. country after the Muslim

..Ven> has become the abode of tigers, true to its name. . . . (incomplete).

In Srlrangam the lord of serpents is seen

ll r °f n !-tUmbIing debl’is of b-k with his hood 16U 3 dl£LUrb tbe sleep of yoga in which Hari

is wrapped up there.

Whe.. I look at the state of the temples of other

go s a so my distress knows no bounds. The foldings

of their door are eaten up by wood worms. The arches

over their inner sanctuaries are rent with wild growths ot vegetation.

Those temples which were

the sounds of mridanga drums.

fearful howls of .jackals-

once resonant with

are now echoing the

“ nver haven, uncurbed by proper bunds or dams, has become deflected very much from her

time-honoured course, and flows in all sorts of wrong

directions as if imitating the Turuskas in their actions

The Brahmin streets, where once the sacrifi¬

cial smoke was ever seen rising, and the chanting of

Vedas always greeted the ears, now exhude the musty

odour of meat, and resound with the Iion-roars of drunken Turuskas.

I very much lament for what has happened to

I lie groves in Madhura. The cocoanut trees have all

M A D II U R A V I JAY A M 61

been cut and in their place are to be seen rows of iron

spikes with human skulls dangling at the points.

In the highways which were once charming

with the sounds of anklets of beautiful women, are now-

heard ear-piercing noises of Brahmins being dragged,

bound in iron-fetters.

vVebs worn by spiders have since taken the

place of silk veils with which the dolls adorning the

outei-towers of the city were once covered. Royal

couit-yaius which were once cool with the spraying

of ice-cold sandal, now distress me, wet as they are with

the tears of Bx-ahmins taken as prisonei-s.

Screechings of owls in worn-out pleasure groves

do not afflict me so much as the voice of parrots

taught to speak Persian in the houses of Yavanas

(Turuskas).

The waters of Tambraparni

white with sandal paste rubbed _

breasts of charming girls are now flowing red with the

blood of cows slaughtered by the miscreants.

which were once

away from the

Eaxth is no longer the producer of wealth.

Nor does Indra give timely rains. The God of death

takes his undue toll of what are left lives of undestroyed

by the Yavanas-

I am very much distressed by looking at the

tearful faces of Dravidas, their lips parched by hot

sighs, and their hair worn in utter disorder.

The Kali age desei-ves now deepest congratu¬

lations for being at the zenith of its power: for, gone is

62 MAD HU RAV IJ AYAM

sacred learning; hidden is refinement; hushed is the

voice of Bharma; destroyed is discipline, and discounted is nobility of birth.

Having thus narrated the sickening career of

the Yavanas, she (the strange woman that appeared

before Kampana) by her wonderful power of magic

caused a terrible-looking sword to appear.

The description of the sioord presented to Kampana. The

exhortation of the female Apparition to Kampaixa to rid Madhurai of the Muslim rule.

In its shining silver sheath and handle, it looked like

a serpent that had recently sloughed. In its darkish

brilliance 7t resembled the ogam paste that one might

imagine on the person of Bhadrakali whose advent

marks the end or this universe. With the images of

burning lamps reflected in its surface, it looked like a

fresh cloud bright with lightening within it. This

sword, efficacious in drawing tears of sorrow from the

eyes of enemies spouses, she placed before the king,

as if it were the personification of the Prosperity-God¬

dess of C5las and Pandyas and began to further address him thus :

“Oh king, in olden times, this sword was made by

Viswakarma with the melted splinters of all divine

missiles, and he gave it as a present to God Siva for the

destruction of asuras.”

“And that God gave it as a boon to the

Pdndya king, pleased with his severe austerities. And

his successors had it for a long time and were the

unchallenged rulers of their earth.

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM 63

“Sage Agastya, seeing that the Pandya race

has lost its old virility by the wearing influence of time,

has new sent this scimitar to you, oh powerful king.”

You are by nature daring and wedded to risky

enterprises. The possession of this weapon will

make you formidable in battle. Forest fire is terrible

enough, and if -high winds also assist it, who can gauge its all-consuming ferocity?”

By the wonderful virtue of being armed with this

weapon you will never flag in the field of battle; nor

would any haim result fi’om enemy missiles such as sword, disc or bow.”

As you wave this lightning-like sword in battle,

not even the God of death can dare oppose you. let alone, others.”

Do you now proceed to Southern Madhura and

destroy the cruel king of Yavanas who is the enemy

of the world, even as Sri Krsna killed the demo¬

nic Kamsa who once ruled there (viz., Northern Madhura).”

Not for the first time will you now be wear¬

ing this bracelet on your hand, which has been (even

on prior occasions) the emblem of your vow of protect¬

ing the three worlds, bracelet which none but you can wear.”

Do you scatter the heads of Turuskas, heads

w t t ose swinging tufts, those blood-shot eyes, those

erocious beards and furious-browed foreheads.”

MAD HU R A V IJ AY AM 64

‘May the sun of your prowess in battle wipe

off the smile of moon-light from the faces of the drunken Yavana ladies.”

Dhaima is in great distress by being now sub¬

jected to the scorching influence of the evil-natured

\ avanas, and earth in consequence looks parched, as

it were; and so may you, by the rain of enemies’ blood, allay the latter’s sufferings.”

‘May this sword of yours feast the evil spirits

such as katas, pulanus and yatudhanas with the blood

flowing down from the headless trunks of your evil adversaries.”

i.mj 3,0m erect many a pillar of triumph in

the middle of Ramasetu by dealing destruction to the

Turuska lord who is wedded to nothing but evil do¬

ings and who therefore is to be regarded as the thorny shrub of the three worlds-”

The Kaveri like a tamed female elephant will

tegain her normal course in the proper pace only

if when you become supreme Governor, Oh Your Majesty”.

(N. B. Only the slokas available in the printed

book in ivhole are translated here and as in the original no numbers are given.)

Thus ends the eighth canto of Virakamparaya

Saritam, called Madhuravijayam, composed by Ganga Devi.

The Concluding Canto

(Translation of slokas available completely in the

concluding canto)

Slokas 1 to 20: The final battle xoith the Muslims.

1. Bow^men severed the hands of elephant riders

with Ardhachandra arrows; and they fell down in the

pool of blood in the battle field like serpents in the

sacrificial fire of Parikshit’s son.

2. Pearls from the broken heads of elephants in

lut attacked by heroic warriors, fell down blood-tinged

like sparks produced in sudden collision.

3. No sooner did a horseman begin to return after

having cut with his sword the frontal globe of an

elephant than that elephant was seen seizing his horse

between his legs and squeezing him.

4. The blood flowing from the wounded frontal

globes of elephants was seen, being drunk through

their trunks by some night-prowling demons in great

glee, spitting the pearls that also came with the blood stream.

5. Birds of prey with a view to taste the inner

flesh entered into the body of a dead elephant making

it quiver; jackals that mistook it for sign of life fled

away, though they very much loved to feast on the body.

6. Just as the heads cut by wheels were about to

fall down, they were snatched away quite afresh with i

66 MAD HU RAVI JAY AM

life by Rakshasa women who desired to wear them as

wreaths on their ears.

7. A certain elephant having seized by the foot,

and thrown up a warrior with his trunk, wanted to

catch him again, as he fell, with his pair of tusks.

8. A certain brave warrior thrown up by his

adversary’s elephant alighted on his back with his

sword with which he despatched the enemy rider, and

installed himself in his place.

9. A certain warrior, after having been killed by

the rain of arrows of his angry adversary, became a

god and from his place in swarga rained flowers upon

the latter praising his valour with genuine delight.

10. A certain warrior was struck with a (double-

edged) lance by his opposing foe. and by embracing

the latter with the same lance sticking in his body,

wounded him. This act evoked great admiration.

Who is there that is not moved by real exhibition of

daring qualities?

11. Two warriors, meeting in single combat, cut

each other’s head with their swords after a long fight;

leaving their bodies there, they went up together at

once to celestial regions as close friends.

12. Some royal warriors, like lions, wandered in

the field of battle, and tore the heads of their adver¬

saries with their sharp nails as if the latter were oppos¬

ing elephants.

M AD HU R A V1J A Y A M 67

13. With one blow of his sword he (king) split

in two both the elephants and their riders with their

coat of mail. Their bodies, lying mingled, gave but a

slender clue for distinguishing the ranks of elephants

from those of foot-soldiers.

14. The king, by smiting the elephants on their

globes, produced many a river of blood scattering the pearls on their head like sands.

15. One thought, by looking at them, that there

was not only one lamraparni river out several hun¬ dreds of Tamraparnis.

16. The heads of other elephants he pierced with

his javelins and pearls came out from them. This

reminded one of Subrahmanya boring a hole in the

kroionga mountain through which hosts of swans came out.

17. The agile king cut and wounded the bodies

of those that opposed him, even as a hyena destroys,

with his sharp nails, deer caught in front of him-

18. The brave king pounded the turbaned heads

of his enemies with his mace in such a way that the

eyes which came out of the sockets sank again in their old places.

19. When the king, thus began to work destruc¬

tion in the enemy ranks with his several weapons, the

opposing army fled before him and disappeared like

rains in the huge fires that are started at the end of universe fPralaya).

6S M A D H U RAVI J A Y A M

20. Nol even Parasurama, Rama, Bhima or Arjuna provided such entertainment as the king did to that sage (Narada) who always loved the sight of good battle.

Stilcas 21 to 40: Kampana met the Sultan in a duel and

killed him. The conquest of Madhurai was accomplished.

21. Then seeing all his Turuska forces routed in battle, the Yavana king, stringing his fearful bow, met

the king Kampa in single comba: even as Vritra did the king of the gods.

22. The warriors regarded him as the embodi¬ ment of both anger and intoxication, his eyes red with the drink of vlra-pdna, and knitted brows on his fore¬ head fearful to look at.

23. His jewelled tuft in a line of unbroken bril¬ liance as be rode on his fast horse looked like the wreath of his smoking anger which was about to blaze.

24. The sound produced by his forceful stringing of the bow seemed as if it were emanating from the anklets of the Goddess of Victory, who, after having

deserted him so long, was now returning to him in haste.

25. The brave king Kampa delighted in his hav¬

ing an opponent like the Suratrana (Sultan) who had

by his valour reduced the Colas and Pandyas and despoiled the wealth of Vira Ballala (the Third)-

26. The two proud opponents fought in a manner

befitting the respective might of their arms, by shower-

mi

III

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM 69

ing arrows on each other with their bows bent up to their ears.

27- The king of the Yavanas warded off the arrows

let fly by king Kampa, which were like the side glances

of the Goddess of Heroism. And the king, similarly,

checked the Parasika’s (Persian's) arrows which

resembled the ’eye-darts of Yama’s sister.

28. King Kampa let fly against the Yavana king

his arrows that had, like serpents, drunk the life-

breaths of Keralas, like fire had consumed the lords of

the Vanya Kingdom, and like the sun had destroyed the dark Andhras.

29. The scratches caused by the Yavana king’s

arrow on the person of king Kampa shone like the nail

marks of the Goddess of Victory that was so passionate to enjoy her privacy.

i , 3?‘1.1The Crow banner of the Yavana king which oo ed like the typification of the crown of Kali age

was destroyed by king Kampa, and with that the ormer s hope of victory also.

31. The king, with his arrow, cut the bow-string

° tbe Turuska king who was, in his fury, raining

arrows at the former. It was as if the knife was laid

on the auspicious chord round the neck of the Rajya-

laksmi (kingly prosperity) of the Turuskas.

32. The Turuska hero blazing with anger, then nrew away his bow, and hastily drew out his terrible

70 1 M ADHURAV1J AY AM

sword that was hanging on the side of his horse’s

saddle.

33. Determined to make an end of the Yavana

king, king Kampa also armed himself with that sword

which Agastya had sent him, and which looked as terri¬

ble as Yama himself.

34. That sword, grey-coloured like poisoned

fumes as it was being waved by the hand of king

Kampa, looked like a serpent about to drink the life-

breath from the Yavana’s body.

35. Seated on his agile horse, king Kampa, who

was the glory of the Karnata race, avoiding the sword

blow aimed by the Yavana, cut off in an instant the head of the latter.

36. The head of the Suratrana (Sultan) fell on

the ground, the head that never knew the art of cajol¬

ing servant-like, the head that had borne the royal

burden of the Turuska Samrajya (Supremacy) and

had not bowed down even to gods.

37. The hero, Kampa, was astonished to see that,

even after the head had fallen, the trunk on the horse¬

back still held the reins, checking the horse’s course

with one hand, while the other was uplifted to return

the blow of the adversary.

38. On the head of king Kampa, held high in

pride, fell heaps of flowers rained from the celestial

legions, and those heaps had the appearance of auspi-

M ADHURAV1JAY AM 71

cious yellow-rice (aksata) let fall by the Goddess of

Kingly Prosperity, on Her self-chosen Lord.

39. Like the beauty of the forest saved from

forest-fire, like the view of the sky after the vanishing

of an eclipse, or the calm appearance of the river

Yamuna after the eradication of the serpent Kaliya, the

legion of the South shone after the overthrow of the Parasikas.

40. King Kamparaya guaranteed the safety of the

lemaining men in his enemy ranks and was crowned with happiness and glory.

Thus ends the poem Virakamparaya garitam called

Madhuravijayam, composed by Ganga Devi.

I

1

II «ft: II

3mi

WT: HJ7: I

q^janq mi OT 5^ c{^R35ISR: I

SROTin^f^l ^qqi^qufjq; || 9 ||

4 [jpfqqH onng^Rswift^ i

SRif qftqtqiq foqq5RIl^ %l II < ||

qfaqfi^rfw5?, I

^d^3fofcj}]^ri §qf q^ in ii

aWNTOT#^ I

wwigTKhg^ II V ||

%flls*3 sjflfflq mi STT^cTHt sfq: I

Sf^qT q^qWqgpjf: qqq ^ II H II

frt g»% 3%ll^ I ?ra: si^T^r w- qffa qtfa ll ^ II

K

?roai ^qq: % q fqs# I

SSiqfafo q^iqfgqqiqnqql qq: || v3 ||

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

2122R2 wM 3i$ xzmzj II c n

f22^22^2l ER2t VTK%: #: |

22 ^m3 fcmi 3$w.m n ^ n

37K-l|^fi^?Tt 212f2r2Rtl22Eq;?l2 I

R222t 222: 2221 R3ieflf^q0T: || ||

21 Jfflfq 2?fa: m *T2^: 2tf22l !

=F-°13 35220I?2r 2rT 2*224f *J2f2[ || ^ ||

2R2 2IfI?2|2|3 wiq<T*3ftrj || ^ ||

T23RT?2 2-2: <g.fe: ^2^ 255)^: |

22cui: 2ftM: $t 22KR2 2?22 || ^ ||

5ttt^m 22c2f*S2 ^£22 2l 2 2lf32: || |>y ||

zm w Eii^fqq i

2122=^2! m 3m 2Rcif 221^ II H II

RR 2 R5l4t22ra; T2>22T'2: 2#&R: |

2*2 221212 2I#*2 2FR2 2f#ceffq || ^ |j

2>f222: eRR^Sc^: 2/2? 2|2: 2f%7 ?2: I

222 2(*2 22SR 2 RRR21 2 $5*22 || ^V3 ||

fir /7hr

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 75

gfo^qt mi |; ^ II

f^faRJFT! q fqgSR#;ft I

q ii ^ ii

3°t fw ^3 q^Rcf i

3^3 q»I# || =o ||

^qp?fa wm <pq: ,-

^ifiW q fot #rc: wfomv. ii ^ II

cTlf%^7 qp: STlfiqqjjsi |

f^5J: 3l% ?i^I3lcR5R5i: || 53 ||

q»^fq #foqfq w& tfe? i

f% q || ^ ||

q RT^Tqlq: ^^)f=qs^q 5f^: |

w.: 3*qft || \v ||

cCTsftqflft ^ Rpl: I

qR qTPT^: || ^ II

f5RTH ^ fto^ST: || ^ II

: *ta fq qinrct qnrqf ftqqjfcq i

cqjRfa §RRf iMig^ h ^ n

76 M A OH UR AVI J A Y A M

sftaraitfq to: i

»F*Sk: ’I^fq m fifo II ^ ||

ftoft yfei W? i

toflt V: fl£IWF7cf || ^9 ||

ftr-^i to? Hwfwi I

miivtfi vfwi w n 30 n

^ ^m: 1$ I

flcir ^ 3 to: II ^ II

m wi gwi 11 3= u

m to toffl WfTpIfto 1

II 33 II

qfto-JgWPNqgl^RW: I

HAUI Wl gHffl: || 3 V ||

^[^tjj: qjfuf; fjq|u('|i|^u|-r^5^[ |

^fto ftqa«T£oftto|to; n n

w, 1

%T%f5Tt fW$ || ||

‘O

ZfRJ ^RPf^ II 30 II

MADHURAVIJAYAM 77

^ ta: II \<C II

#fa: ntoijfa: II \Q II

13J: SWt *?FT 5? I

5RlfcII II Vo ||

^twIif^cT ^5T: I

3T^ || V? II

^ 3&7^STTfR:5l%: |

^ epjfe^tai ii vv |i

3?qrcft? ton ?nn f^5rqir%^: i

flSTCrft ft: «!8ff 5W#fRR^ II V5 II

qf&mrri im nftn n vv n

*W>TC3*ffifa[ RIOT II V'a II

ii vs ii

fen || V^ II

78 M AD HURAVIJ AY AM

II VC ||

qfei^ft: aft^i n yo u

#9: JR#3l3tor 5R^H^q|0?t: II V II

?faWfflIfl^#fi|^3|^|f2$I |! 'A? II

i"Pc^."cq«ii^^;ijf^^i^i^f^r II 'V„ II

11 *3 n

f^fg|#if 511^3 fTCSSfsfflp* |

m^i ^ ii ii

( gfiafa i)

WU vmw 55JT

*m ^RTOf ^qot^ymfj II ^

*A^$T|55|§ ^t^JTf: I

II ||

«WPJi‘ cipg^R**t ftcRfcl II ^va ||

MAD HU RAVI JAY AM 79

STpaff ^ ^If^5T: li '-\d II

flaang m ftqffa sn^qt i

II ^ II

wi^fi ii ii

^55*x03Hf 5*Rf?fi |?q;qqiq; || ^ ||

#»if rai$g m iroftg i 3°wrt 3i^T ^ s^siq^: ii II

^lt^JT##fkni^TRt: I

SR5R§FR SfTt *& «: || ^ ||

w. 5^q: || ||

m 3R^RFR ^ifSR | VO

llfe^ +«l(Wft ^ ^ ^ II 5^ II

fWTRTt q WW^Igft^ II ^ II

fl aFIPTOPlf S^gcT f? fe I

3#^ ^«ft*WTOTOWI: II V9 II

^1 SP^TCI |

*?3*fa S1^ <WPF3 *TR3[: II %£ II

80 MAD HU RAVI JAY AM

s (4 fra ^ i

s^rer I*TRra: flR Rg giitfasr h ^ u

?H qpt: gR |

ggrwr q: #IR sRtS^I&JTScg^: II Vio II

3ii q q&iizmm q ?km i

R^fraftcrciq m^s W- ii w ii

k^: *R: I

3?gfrR Rg^ig qRRqjflrfra qg: II II

^mfr 5TP? qgqcfe i

wt qf#dT a 03 ii

?Rg arfo qpiRq: i

qf%f R^rrt g$Rfcrc gffofrg n o* n

sir m tizmjmm i

^Ri: gRift

fojrqrg^-wRR n o-^ u

rfq sfmwr^T Rtfqq rr^Trra^r-

qRPTOF7^r^

SHOT: ^f: I

4rJ$ W I

{

TOR qSIRfq^qfa q^gqt WRI qqi |

5TJM^fd^R^ct fqqj§: R’-Rfa ^fe: II $ II

g&q cRqt ^rrpst'r %qRqi« rqqq i

fq^i^qqqi ftqy;?T siqi5i5ii%q SR^qte n = n

q+#qq#q fsTJnfqqg q^q^R^Ri#snq; |

3$qqR qifqqqqqqT jrr ^q^wi^qq imi

3R^RiRRgqrqqR3^fqRiq qqq ^q I

3RRq qR^f^q^q Rqqq? f}f^q ^sq|: || tf ||

R g^f *#> q^qf gfRqreR gsiqqffjq; i

fq^q^s%q^qqi%q#q qiRfw qiwRT: n ^ n

wiRRcft qRaq^iq qteR^RFqqfq qqiqq; i

ri Irriwrir 35 fqt%q^£qqiRRq i

pqiRWi^Rt.u ^ n

^qf W RRfq^qgfq: R*q qgqfjRRT: |

5Rsi ^Ift: ^q ^q aq gqftrog gqifqg n t n

RRl^fe: q^R|qq%q%q 5^^^ I

qv-qq q qqqfeqqq %it q^qfq w qqr n » n

82 M AD H U R A VI .T AY A M

WIST cfRF WttfRlfo: l

rim& fogt ffagmfa II *0 11

wmm^fan W aiwtmw: i ii ?? n

mmf ^fan»RR#ra^ i

3RT9R5nfof Rg^WfJp^ || P3 II

rfcf: R* rf/R^T: SRffl gotten VfgRWl: !

^xf w& f^raigetf Rrt m. a: ii ?? ii

8W R5TRT ftRR RRR%ml: RlfttfWIVR I

^ R3 5TWi*n# »?crcfarcl^&: ii pv ii

r^^STl: I

R6RR*RR>f R?r ^WWRWFl fait 3®lfc Ii 9^ ||

flwff R?T ctR gj? qfqqf WlfaimW^: I ym^ZWWr'Jl q| II ^ II

Rta j^Nft ?f^rg i

R?mmAfoV!W4% RRd £R[fcR || {v8 ||

Fi^mi m R5rf m^imm i vo '

Rqfaprfq^q^qf: RFTR RRRFRFR&gR II ||

^Ir^RR RRRig R£R fRff RfRR |

zfinnojgaziwKl jwpt&ip^r: || ^ n

MADHURAVIJ AY AM

RTR^tfag RRRRT: I

TOfs^er^: 11 Ro n

SRSlf^t RIRsqjigtt: Rflfftfl*?ROIRI§Rlt: I

Rf^cfi cR srrt Rtsfq tfg^sprti \\ n

g^R^Rf rftwsrr 3RR i

RRig $sra*jjflqi3: || 5= II

f^Jf^RR pRI RCR: Riggl^R! fgjffii#?!: i

3gF^*R#RfR gwi^R SFstewrcru u \\ n

5fRR§t '4t$^R$ fl# gf? ?^UT fp+R: |

*##: 3^5R feg: Rf^cT^IRfq: II =<y II

^t^Tcf 5TIR5T{R^: fRRgcflWRR 3 3/Rf: i

^RcfRffRi ^ ^zimm n ^u> n

s?#JI^R%q^RnltfeR^PR^^#R: I

ftqfW 3|^felI%R¥Rt WtW ^|: II ^ II

3|9|: qggTC&T gSffRR %T^R qpm: I

aRifeqt^RRRRRW^^lft^ STRR'Rg 11 ^ ||

&j|c^<<ef|^q^|^s^-Tr^|^^>;R5T^f%|t I

ggRsawifl^Wft gRicroRtff r^i g^rg h ^ n

$[(&$) R=FI5I^^RRRR?Rg i

sSt^SISWI ^133 II <9 II

84 M AD H U RAVIJ AY AM

mms sssss^ n ^ h

(^: £3^ I)

fwn^wafaiim i

W fW[S*ft 5gcf*?H^^S^o[^Ri«r: || ^ i,

mi cFJSURr: RfW Wh^I | c ^

m ii ^ a

m q^esri sfcgqg: ^rniamf i

TO^IRR^qofl^j II S3

av&qfqvmqfofy: mm$ I

ftrajw a ^fe7 wr m mm iw-ffar n ^ tl

viiifowfc^ 'mtiwi i q^l qywigfar«gm mi #fa^l?: II ^ II

^ qjfeRi%cfifq mifo mifi ? mwfii 1

fw ssi ^ q fq#s'^ ii ^ i|

qgRq ctp? gvm im^i^-mmf^m^ i

q vmmmfa w mi mim m ?qrfeq n ^ u

mi q rf«gg%qit: i mimf£j?ew«? m n ^ n

MADHURAVIJAYAM 85

+^%=ni=a*iR)fsui)4, I

*11 ^ || ^ ||

3^ TO qjfqqqtf q^t |

^cT feflJ#q|ft5Tffi) qq:qq)^ qtfq^ejj || tf0 ||

** ^3,3; flf te«ri ifegqweR I

?il: iatagpffosq-

M |q m^qit: . ^ Is? g^iqqifaiqi^-

fafetfq wi^c^Hrcft^ ii ^ ii

fqtf^ ff^rrfq^q-

qife [^Jq^TOqft^

r^cfrl: ^R: |

3?*r Cjdfa: w]f: |

cffit ?T4Rcfcflte^^ ^ n;q &~qqft |

-T^m qiqqq vmq || $

'” nt'jqz'qi^qzftqf^qj jpiifaatfi q^yq rqif&q: i

sRRRlfaq^Gfy stit^H jhrtqfesq qjzqq || ^ u

3 fJrqqiq ^R# !

R^f: m&mv w^ ft^af TO: II 3 II

<t qmmfiq^feznzm q^imqjmwqq i *o ?5Ifq || V ||

S ^a^qRRfcjsftrql f^parfiRTOt ?2R|3tf |

^nr%g'7W3S55: qf^fiqjqjf^q qmjfqfa: || ^ II

a «#cT: q#d^?l^q: I

jir4irqRq? fwwwt my n s u

a 'ZQUq7! &1WI *J? 5iqcf3Tq|7r^ff^ |

a $*T fl&sffl## g&*WE5$TO jft^FSTO; || u

Q=|U|j)(cf^ ^fi'^55 f?!j^f5lQ5ff?J3If2JJ I

^q^^^qrgqfl^qf^cTR^^Mz^ n <r u

=qqRq? a i

q^q;q^ffRdf%^t^ftViiN^%q%cfiwq n <> n

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM 87

cTT^rTI f%I55*n^ |

^fr^fRRfqq fRgq qjfq ^ TOT 3jf|: || ?0 ||

qqfq'ftii qsfewpt q§q^g! qfcn^ift^ I

*r|lTO9I gsfRq^iRrsngfosMt 5R: || ^ ||

%q qfe ?^%}qi qf|: qqjqq pfgqo-^ |

cT?I^%RTOf q^ II ^ II

fqfeq^f^q^qii^qiR qfqqtsqi ^mj i

^WRqwfa^fastfterWwIfa n ^ n

^3^™qpq^qqqR m-. *gz^ qjfqqqq; |

^j2p5^qiflq^,jiiqrq^q?iq;iKqfqq!<tqirlsii3; n »y u VO

arai^ qwc^q^ wst: ^i^^qqjq^ i

^i^iiFif^qT?5iiq3Rfqs ^qitqpqq n ^ n

qf qqiqq qprfq qgWqiq qsrar fi

gq: qq'q^qgcq wr wr qi^^qr^raq: n ^ n

3fliTOifterata3te$ q^^qifqqqmq^q: i

qw: q^q^qq? qqqqifaRftqRqiftq n ^ n

51% 5I^RI *FR 5f#CT: q% 5%.|

.II \C II

[#?^qqqi^qqqi qqi m fqf%fcf r i

qRTRRqra* % ftqtaqrcRfqqra^qq; n ^ n

88 M ADHUR A VIJAYAM

^ffqqJTR5^ f^cf | ’jqft: qffRftqgqife^ || 501|

fey: cfflt ft 5Rf; | ^3%3 • ^fcr qffcn^*] qqqqRfqj ^R|f^ u ^ n

g^qs^j: f%$ y,<ytf fq^fiqR fcyy i ytfew* ^yyy^y yyiwiyyi^^yy^y ^q: n ^ n

gf: yy^.yifehm: mifev^fe mmj: i

W \y *RTR^iRfl: m y ffR^RfftcR II ^ II

yw^w ft i yytfyxifeyysjyFyyii 5lfifTCTif ^ra^^ffqf 3&u || = y n

yy.y^ y^fiife yi q^ n ^ n

jhrwcMmww m^yyyy^ ^ i

fay %ufo siffyi^mi fetfefa yfe ^ Rqcfr n ^ n

arjfq^q^f^^ ^Pitalw^ig^: i wfe 3 fwq? qqifwif jRfrinzji^fm- Hot n u

qi^r #R^q ^ y^ir^im y m: i

fawziw y q^rpfl: q*i$fa gwsfcfri: ii ^<: n

f^RT q^ snfe^qq^f fq^p^r srof qj; I wizni mfeym^yyifey ft qrfr qfe fq^R: ii^n

MADHURAVIJAYAM 89

a ^ *^1^ JTflfH^ ^RJT|: II ^O II

ftfllft §#?!& 3RR 3^ q^q 5RJ ^q; |

qqffa q^TR R5 q #W: Effi: II ^ ||

plR pR|q q: qq§T w I

fl ITOST $3[{qRq qtffcT J^^RR <?RR: II ^ II

^ifr fF^qifq qjfefljqqiR q: i

fqqRqq ?r Rq;%qlfqq ^qfeRRRfq ^iqRR n n

Rqft%PRi ^SRRf! *o

cRR^Rqftqt ^qf: SRlRf qq^ f|qRS^Rq; II \V I!

3^qf ^qqfrq qqi i

*qwq otir qrqqt q$9Ri: gamfoq ^ n ^ ii

qqR5TK3 rr qq g^qi p^tiJfum^OT i

ftqi R*RRqR3qRqi R3)qq qqqiRT fqqig%?r n ^ n

qq;q»qqqiq q«qr rtrr qqqirq rrr i

q^q^f-iRqR qq^Rq ?m-. feRTRUR^ n Vs n vo

qRRR: W$$l\ RqR^RffqqRIRqtfRfqR: |

qf^qRR^ q^qi qqifR% ara ! qqfo RRqq; n ^ n

M qqRgqigqqqRqqt rr q?R qRsqq: u \* n

90 M A D H U RA V l J AY AM

svgai^spFg tfa sirar n «o n

3fa dn^^W?p?: w i

WiFi vrzfapiradm: qfofi'4ftm-mmi ii v? n

qq ^R: i

qmi^ IT 5^ ?TO: IIV^II

■'Trm 7%T7ng; fqq;qq fl$fflfl3|^|: I

Rm ^wq^TqffROTi fi-farf qmq n v^ n

riRmi im i

fflwm frm rJieir g$q^'i gfoT^rf gtffR: n vy n

ril mitiwi Pt^juj: wiftf: NlWffldlRA: I

Rs't fimihfcwl Pwif4w W: fWlff^ A V-*, II

*?4iFJ;viRpNiq AjpN 2% ^RFfRiW PjW: I

Viztwi tfa qra^gfirRIiq II VS ||

m gqgq: uf-n f^qfq w qqf qq:

mfa urw tw fim fiw r: i

fiwfiwmimR f%ra W.W ar-

q?qq mr 5i^iq| ws#^: n w n

ffq [^ftwt^tt fqtf%q a^afosTOr-

Rl’N 4tW7RTtTF$’]

?pr?q: qrq: I

VO

*m^f^ *fl3*nf&R II $ II

%q ftftqfwfcng&jfe I

anfiira^ gcffil«^ H: II ? II

5T4 ^Wqg$fo3pftfW33: I

RM ^Mlftfat *0|ft*fajg^Pl: || ^ ||

33E5F*icf JF# a^ffl: II V I!

Rjql i

fl ^lll 5j^iqi^if?c|fii^5T|f: !i U jj

ciFR. Rto srm^sRR^R: i

^ gn^fi^paraiMRl^iiq n fA 11

II vs n

f^f2q52TW1zf^J^&I: I

<R33I3 WtfzX faz|: ^R^ir sra: II <; II

3RRf: I

3BFI: §Hj5R5^Rif| R \fs$ || ^ ||

92 M AD HU R AV i J AY AM

flffll df^|: q?lcTC: If II

RP^Rlf%cffT7W^ fon^Il qipIlfSR: I

?i5p*nfal?»n*qof w n ?? n

a^wfjRp?ffiRi*na^?5n*icf ii ft ii

ftfFW q^R^RR^d 1

OTi ^i*rci$ft*fti$ft*w ll ft ii

^>?fllWlx@fJ*IR53f?tSpR&cR: I

3R*ii§ttaff #; *i sng #?*w: n ft n

_f' . _ p. 3|jF33ra5HR53 *F1*P3R I

RRR TO SRfllf *1551*131: H 9^ ||

qlfwt ^Iffd: i

^tsfq ii ft ii

cRl fdflRRR: ?R# 1

ffd: 3?ll|tqhl2^d TO^cT || ^ II

cWT^lM 231: I

n n

fcfT§§qi%qra; |

irw[ ll ft, ||

M AD HU RAVIJ AY AM 93

jpF^ngs^: 11 i

^ <n$H fl^lfafo %cRf: I

*isran« ?q n ^ 11

3mfewfa^Pcl%alf%: !

ftTOfoq *T^f ^J§: II ^ II

ITOF*H: || ^ ||

5fs?wi?mR^ i

leraq Ifira: w^t; ii

ti<5la: I

qgqjfi ii r’a ii

siswisjrc i

^gn ii ^ ii

S|: I

w^ier gfafiHf fefircq; ii ^ ii

^ ^If> ^^1^: I

*«?RT *t: || ^ ||

(*R^: £3^ i)

sMf sfcrfft II 5R, II

9*3 MADHURAVIJAYAM

ff cTef def tf^d: t'd: |

II 30 ||

ddP#fald^fted3Rff^d: |

quTg^ofrq^^.^fdd: II ^ II

): l

-iI c'i'i^'T’TI'Jdd lid fdR S7c^q€J=T || ^ ||

sfHRdwt: J^RRddlfd^d I

<*Fdfir R'^fil'.' ?I^$RIcj5I fdldoR, | 33 ||

3P-T TO$qj3: TOR; %dr "H: !

qiPiEd f^T %3t RSRR^Riq II 3^ ||

fl ddd R|drr ^df dRfsR: |

q^JflSRI^R; fd didd; |j 3H jj

^ftgp(S ? |)d%dR& -qA\ I

W#m Sddldlt 'fifadr q(d: II 3^ II

Ed|qif^cd#jf^dq^TI^I55f7: I

Wd: q^idigq^i^sRd^i: n ^ n

dR % RfetRf: 5IddI #Hfa: I

fdddR *3fftdW: || 3^ ||

qfgpTddsgta q^’dd ?fq: i

dlfd3^Id^ddRi^d5I%d: || 3^ ||

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 95

I pj E?

jj i

Wl: FRRiaei^

Rp33^l°if II »o II

qftcfrf I

3ffl[fcT II ^ II

flaf^ i

TO ^5fR3Rf: II VR II

^HHI^Plf qTfclfc^cTf I

ST^T^cT II V^ II

_ -p p _ 3RT c»vrH|*-cr^lT<->^i^rI«,,;*mmi

II V¥ II

n 5^' qfgs^ f V^ II

cl §W^^ite#RraW<te I

RiTORf/fa *n?er: 11 v^ n

3RT sffrffioifo qgf^q W I

RN3 W'TFRqftqq; n ws n

r ^ fTOR RfiRS: i

^TSTOcf || VC ||

#?qf *rrw5 11 v^ u

MADHURAVIJA YAM

^ 'Pprq irf^^ipqq^ |

;i u$> a

;#) sfRte’Eorfewl: 11 ^ n

qi^raRTOra sfei^cisif?^ j

ciqi: a ^3 a

fmr t

f^FcRRcRt S^feR S5|5|: II ^ II

tmpfc i

=RT ^2>fsSF{farcf: || /j

mw&mwfizwifazifa: i

fcy] wmn: % vnm m a ^ a

wm |

$3R=m f%fl ^ a ^ /j

3?remg ^ feng i

*iZRT mfiiwfalfafjRR: II v II

gwifftR. fo&gpswsifiiifm: i

&miwii wi &H ii ^ ii

Hir

ewsr

:.!,/.

,..

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 97

N

T: I

^Tlf^ II So

RRf: 3Tlf*R: ^T^^TF?%: I

ri|«ri asgon^ ii s? ii

■=h+M»iVs:R i

qsPJrl IRPP sjfairSpsMt !l %2 |l

3gf*iigf57 RRfeto jffeeRig^ i

STiai: R’-RfRItf ?m: %«RR^ If ^ II

ffTI3'f>T^°I; Rf%^ f^fol Rqw'nim: i

sri^r: q%RRn n sv n

fq^«ffelRmargqr: i

RR5 ?sf^r?y^ ^7fguJJ|a^D!!: I! V*. ||

switorc: 'wF$t vrfamrn:' I

3fflR5TfR m ?0lffe q=)R7 II 5£ II

zw m gflto to %^t =?q; i

^ Itoto II ^ II

VO RRRJTf^lR^^nff^q q#cT: || 5/ ||

RRRf%^f^t: q^RNffoiq^t: I

Sltora tf^sRl^RR W II ^ II

98 M A D H U R A VIJ AY A M

3W wr & I

|| VSo ||

mwi&r&m: mw^ i

%$fr: II vs^ ||

jJWcR^RR fctf: SttfifiTJ ?q || vs^ ||

|| vs^ ||

f^R5fJrvlfl2I,^t®ifG]fncirf^q§fe|; i

vwm R&f: II vs y 11

^gSJS^PI^cT^DpilP'.oi^ |

J{ vst. |j

.I

gfafl%gqgcR; || vs^ ii

(W I)

fa&IW fi5n*IRW»M9#sfi #R: I

fqpJiqifo]^^%|fe|i55 ?q I, VSVS ||

^irww 4fafi3t g^if|g i

vmiw(Ni&titq rac ^ ^ n vs^ n

It ftffecPj^ffft fjqf^i^t i

feR^llfo ^Ojq; || vs^ ()

MADHURAVIJAYAM 99

ii <:© n

3P3f^5R»^r ^F^llffigfofiT i

3RRl«I: ^fd II a II

3R>^Rri n ^ n

f?4

#TR SRftg: tfqRRPSRR^ |

3ki 3^^^^ ii c\ ii

i[fcl

5fif§T ^C*]13*TO^^

^i; ?tj?; I

m ^ jpymgwifo i

‘MzfiwqtfW'ti; II ? ii

gnwt wv: fiqziftw i

irfur* rt 5ra^ qqf: n ? n

qgoppi I^FF^Jv gong i

R3<Ji'4iR^RgqR% qgsgsrp jratfq^n 3 n

°^r gs^iftg ?r q i

5#rercnorc fto^i s&fai ii y :i

^qR3fqF^fr q$l g^q^JTtr I

jsfrfiq g^r n ^ n

^Fw%? ^S^FftfoT 3[RgoTt[r^*] |

FjqfRTTfSar ftqiflgfc? ii fa ii :

qfaziwj 5|fq3T^.FRFF^qf|^iq; i

f^rqgjFF n ^ n

^ftqrf'qqqFRqqisqt ^ t^RiwgRfg n c u

i

^Fr qf^F^q: q<iF: || 9 ||

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 101

|| ?o ||

WR3RR sfiUWftaB: fl# fl^f^f^IRRfl: || ?? ||

H*: I

5R?RRR W\ i7W<#a#cRSRT: II ?< II

sI^iw^f^tt frrRhwr&r n >3 11

fa-R§ qf^RnR* gfecl?| fr'lf^RRRfT 1

^fq^Rt q^q# Rqqra; sfRRirj; n ?v 11

m R^lf^R WJT: £Rq^Rf%: |

<>lRmR!*J f%5?T: ig^nT nSR 3*55^5; || ?’a II

R^qqR^n^RqR^i: flfe5%fi$RlR<JTfNt: i

II PSJ!

aiftwi^S^ifM fi ffcffliq f|w4ra^R 11 ^ 11

arflwira Tsn^rqfR^ii[|R t:; ]^rrt ^ u \<: n

r^r^rriRs Rfef^RR^iRg =3fRR 1

JRR^S ftTIRRl'ftT^ #TO; f-gRigRjpR: I! II

102 M AD HU R A V1J AY AM

srajjplfi iff^KK ^fd^Rfl^srl: II ^o II

3^1 II ^ ||

gspny 1

HlfftS 5V wrr || 3= ||

&VM 1

famwzmzw:1 s^sHat u ^ u

fiQft: ft® ^fcJ^RlIqfd^^TTT^iqj?: || ^y ||

tfcf |

^P^iqwIbrcf^lf^KT Rlftf: II ^ II

2^qq: ^R)r%*R?fefa: I

II \$ 11

wfm- 11 ^ 11

dead? £R^mm 1

u *<c n

R|7R q^fjrnm |

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 103

afford eft I

3|: WfSWRfl || ^o ||

'gafeSP^oifcn: g?t qzu pi fearer i

mfef: 5^3: II II

^f&re^ag^fijjr tjz^roilrala^q 1

3f^cRFcR^g^5|f|of Wa^RRT feiflH *RFcHH II ^ II

fRdlftq Rf|^%^qfgra^rR: 1

^RcTpfaPifeie^ ^qfd^wiiJifq; 11 n

g^.nNwr^Snf&flr: I

sf^iiR fq|Rf?fmt: 11 \v 11

cRi^f : I

qRi^r^fq^iRR: ’gaw^l 3<Rift§‘F?q: 11 ^ n

*tfwnft qglfoi RWfl: I

fm: y^imi %raq^: w^fafaf qg: 11 ^ n

^^rfwr^5R3^ Rftt: Rftq^qR 1

SRWcT Wli W: ft*5 q%i<q?R 11 ^ 11

*PWt 3R55IPW: II \£ II

fe3=reRrazT*RHig*: qqfctaqR'q^H: 1

-wq- SR#TO: TOWflft II ^ ||

104 M AD H U RAVI J AY AM

fJZgq'R <TT: ^R3R2W?5IR rfI?5Tg^f?^ || y0 ||

W^m S^flSIg: flfosiR i?l)5R: |

.q;rq75Tq5T[fi;'q RffHrpiggqi f?9IR zqifa ^M-1: || y^ ||

q$2%;rw^§7 ii y:> n

3Plft qW# qR#1^133'4^3 || V? ||

5R: qnrqsr q^rq J^]: gfj. |

Ml Wf 5RT cT&ftfPjjfaR^: II V* II

ii a-'R il

f^jq^fq^rnsRt jjs^ltijpn^qgsr i

R*frfroft%TOcT: II y? II

3?qft: T? ?fad! & zfW: || yo ||

qftoi^#g?T3l^3#iI|RJRl^grafi I: I

r%?qR 2T571 gqg: ^ q^qiqqgftRTRq n y<; |

^?g^^<^HR?i*q^#cJi qgqiqq: i

31fq:fiqq^R3R0TRi;qq f^ftgRcRROlR I| y^ ||

MADHURAVIJAYAM ids

qqgd: q%: I

qsmfa W || ^o ||

aw BBW E?gc?J^v%d^I [*RR fdc$lf?R: I

]wqra *TO3*h(?) n ^ n

%wtffe W3RS1 3fedq#d^R2J]3F3d: I

WRqftsnrRin n v n

'pST.^RR: *$Rd*fclifdft«l RcFjft: i '£>

^%d h m= h

fq^f^^iqqRt^qif^Ndf^^i^fq^Ff^ i

^RRRSiq q^fjR R3T srstisrij; || RV ||

5>R{RlR?d ?qOTT3R?JRRlfoq ^3JI3 B: II RR II

ffr f^R^T Wg'RR JR^dsfe I

fofwircqdtcqfq ?RdR Rfqq ^dTrS"§ItP fl: |j ^ |!

tfdfdSR^I: |

^^s^9tfqi^iwidigft3T sifadift b\ 11 ^ h

H^n^ef|.§%: i

RJR^RRRfm*RS# BBBWB *R: II R/

^qf^RSfa*lfd5Rs?l: qRRR%H: flRR dd: I

q^d^dR^qq: q5°%R33dd gRq'^dd: II ^ I! o

106 M A DHURAVIJ AY A M

faff; II ^o II

*o dSfa^W^jRISHg*} fqifc^ || ^ ||

3q^ jgqrfr Hftegr m?j: *f>i&ai&f&FPi: i

v&fagiiRtgmzn n ^ n

?Wi& t&zis.zfimmfaw: i

W?iqq?|^q|R^^^qRfe|ff^n II ^3 II

3q#^j?jfq^r ^i%$Z'j.?m: i

$fzPM: II w II

^ ”\ q^fe^q fimmfaw wixwfwviu a ^ n

qgft W'jzvi cT^qfiwqi 5f^ ^ i

3WWwmgw&K3$W'iik q^q; ii ^ u

gw*: f#gq%ckRfq n ^ u

q: i

sW^zfc^d^R: II $% ||

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM 107

SR^g^faRSWT ^TC3=[T 3>feT erfvft || v3o ||

I

f^rflwwfer TTcT FrR^RJTRih II V3^ II

(V]^ft (^T)Rpji 3*: %fdqfi gR^RR^l: I

^faqR^qqiftRRtPT ra^fRTsI: q?<: |; v3^ ||

SR^OTIfRW |

siftnWWR ^fasTT*#^ tl^ff || ||

3fe*mR?NFR!?T ^rKWR#}! !%q: |

^qRPRfRJR^RI qg: mgrgfiiqg f^BR || \3tf \\

%Rrh f%? rfrcrera'3 i

eqf^ ^qqiwsi £ RJifo.i ^ £&$ ^r: h ^ n

^33 Hgq^RR Rir%R faring; j

gqgiv^RqtJTR^feqifh^Rq

Rqgq 3?7R ^rcnr- 11 ^ u

fW [rRI^RT f^fecT JT^TTR^T-

;# %C] ^toRr

CI2JJT: m:

rn 15: rn: |

JRJRfRSRR: 11 $ ||

Rlf^qRI&rRRII^: I giiqifcuPKf.®! nwifewwiZH II 5 ii

qR^?^|J|q?f|q: qsirfgirtFSj qiqlt^R |

fltfWBRffa ifcff II 3 ||

im n y n

3}3RRcRRj7*3 %1RRR??ir

i I!

RiRqRRqiF^qmr sfar^ftafcrcRra i

FHR^IF 1ffilJ#cT#cTF || S ||

q?c?3 ! 1R: Wife JR 3*1: RlffllRR; |

qfo qi 1 flf: II ^ II

! 31111 sfpiftf qfo33*feiflRi i^R i

?1JRlfl1RW#11JRt 11 q^q^f: || <T || V3

3R55If1f pff: I

^qiri ftmvmt u%! fiii i ftiii rq^; u ^ n

M ADHURAV1J AY AM 109

sifsigfe! RjRRftqj q q?R qq qqife i

fqfof q^f^Rif^ra q gqqqqfqtqfR: n $o n

fqmfo ^c[ qqira ! qg to: m *nfa i

qqfiq^qqsRq^toqiitftt qq ftqjft n ?? 11

m fqfqqfqq gen qf^cr RqqqRmg fq?R q§: I

q tow to cii^ toqw gfeif qqfra h ^ 11

RqSRR'qt qqifo ! 3R ^fq qfq^q*qi ?qqf tol |

q q^qfe fq to ftto gqM%*.11 \\ n

.q?ftr i

q^l^qRoiRisifT qqft qw q^toRRR ii ,j>,j. ii

^grofoags: m^riRT qftqftoftoq^RR i

.q^5F?toq RR3R: qtoftqto' II ^ II

toqftto^) qtftoF g^to to^q siftog i

fwfq qfwRq&toq q^qq^tow q?Rf; 11 *vs n

toft *to to i

qtowifttoito)to toqgtoftw qto n v II

qf^£fafcqR?TRT5RT: totowijH; q^RF: |

q#iqftto toto q^qRqto^qsqqtoR; n ^ n

110 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

TOZgfef: rift mf II So ||

fqsj^gq? qq: m^J....^ 'Wfa RRWw I

fqgfola^ qqfei qf|ri3^ qfcfei$fo*i n s^ n

fallow fetfr v?m i

?faftq ^%fesRRRqftq^: ^dtawRft^ n ^ n

qf?gfeqji#q^[cq*J^?^?Te^5i%^3 i f^35Trtzg ^Toltar ^ sfsRR^ II S3 II

fqiftRqfrspR # Rrc: i

# SJTt^fcffitefq sptsfq qfet: RR II

sifq ff^rfr}^ gifenftjJfHwt fqsrt * qjft cnf^r: i

qfefefi^iq^R^lRRlfdWI^fl^R^R^lft': II ^ I1

3W Hf RRR gq: fRlR: |

^3i55Rv>^q[r^^T%qcT^^q^fnPi': II ^ II

tTttwumzTimi qfo^it^f^rlrate i

qq^^^sici fsRRTt 5R5fm5Fg^iqfnigpni u s^ n

fqqw zFvmsr: u s/ n

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 111

cTcf:

3^fe: fRfi*rag5RR#: I

^qVntcf

*W§aifqRqW^|#WJPRI II ^ II

JT^Tirasra'-

'!&■ *T*7: I

3T«? |

m gSNSJRgfrf q^: |

n ? u

RqfRR/cqi ?fq; qqqf sr/foqqfq qfijqg n ? n

Tfiws&Rlffilfwt zfWRf:3&I*1$lsHJ: M II

Ff^or^afr^j: i

^riR^gqrc^ n » n

q^1% qRi i

*55# w risj q%# g q?: sfR faWQWi II 'A II

zm fftcf qqf# fq^RfRR mm qg 1

srnigw q 5f0 i?4 ^ qfq JiRT^rg n ^ n

q#?>qs? q^q: gq*r#q^q ^ff: 1

qf^q^jg^^qs^^Fmfssrqt 11 ^ 11

qfqfawq^q) qqql|qq?$rq%qt 1

qqqfsqqfcq^ Rjffamfaiqfqq <: n

q^ #: |

%*trrot ymtim 11 ^ 1

M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

!

113

^R^qrTfl^T^f^RIsnfqcT^IslIf^: I

*3Tftfosai*TI3^ TOligfopa II ?o II

35$l qfsETC? qiFR: SiSftfsRl I

17^ ?R^(^fe3Il|*RnfeTOW: II ft II

qg^qwtfengqfq: Rjq g^rif qsnq n n

qqfeqjfeqi 4ifoq f^r>?^}: j

TO: q^foSTOI tfRlfcT$fo§g|g§: 11 ^ II

^foTO^RqtRifq^smtfq ^ i

qqfq^TOfq^' PjffR: awq || $» ||

qqqq fqqqj^ i

1^3 fqqlfqqtfqqf qfcnq Rqqqtqq^ q n ^ n

^fr^q%Kq ^ qfera fqcjgqqif^fqi^ |

fqqq qfiar fqfof^rc; ^f: n ^ h

qzqR^Rlijj ?#q i

qftwft w hto qf^ qiftq^Rpq: n ^ n

3#q^|^Ri^ qf|?]#iq^q^5iq i

^IWSTO^I 3^1 sngqq || ^ ||

p

^q^qqqiR qiftqtagqi To: i

to figqqfqfq qqs-wta qizsi n ^ h

114 M AD HU RAVI J AY AM

flsawr WWJTfSf ?*W: II <o ||

are^ra qqtefl: tszflsanqfiqizafaq: i

vfevmfemfazviw'm^iRvr: n ^ n

flpsft ^ i

(RR??rq)qjci^ egfe^i^fc? fewto*: n ^ n

5&?rc <ral i n ^ n

,%S WR: qsTIR-lI |fTRRq-iqR nSRT: I

TO? f^^I^fTJqift'7Ic^ f%3 jft3^J}55|foflgq: || II

vo

qfe^?^ qRa: ^rRRcWtofl: II H II

3RR cROTtafe R cTO: I

#^q^si5rf>q^3?R5i^335T^^ n ^ u

^9R2R^3pg^iRfere? *RRH SRI: II ^vs

f^f^r.3R%: I

mWJiftWHt || =<^ ||

3?qqcj rjr i

^jrsbs^w0^ sR^raqawf?^ u ^ u

■-rrWl

ii'Jhi

■■ _

MADHURAVIJAYAM 115

wm--1

s# ^ ii \o ii

TOraPraifon i

31: 33:*#^ gnfcttl 3RI: II \\ II

SRqtoqswi qift^TRfqw^nMwi: I

^ J%7t 3J|^hl 3|?Sr5I ^ || ^ II

aiga^M 3*I:TOlt ^cft Fralfoft I

3i%if^wqq^ n ^ n

^ WI^l: SlfSTC: TO# II V* II

^ ^Rq^qp*^ 1

f%reftFrcFRi # iftoninPloSt n n

m 33*ij$wi#rtfw i

ii ii

qRfilroTOTOtf ft^rwi°^ i

to ^q^e^ilr%q^wqr^3T^: n v3 n

q^sfq m q»#tl Eg* qqgfq i

ttfl ^RT^ql^I: || \<1 ||

aw q-.S'H’fofq fc#q flTOJsmwqlfqafe?: I

3^ *#> feat fori gfq n \\\\

no MADHURAVIJAYAM

! $ZIWPf WftZfl I

m mm qrcfqg n v0 n

ei qifqqr ^ toi1^ i

q?rR m $1% mmwit ii ^ ii

I faftztfdm [&&:*] II II

qjfaw? u foam: wmm^i ftmfo: i

ii ii

a?*rag3Wfef>ig^f*lfft =f^ra>J sp^f: II *V II

Rfo^5*rcpi#n i

qswsprtMta?: ?wta # n w h

$rqqr i

§g^si? %^|qq ^ |lw? n 11

fftq qR^-q m ?fan$: vmvtwi i

mft *?« gptff sRf! fivim q n w n

qpjj^q qmiq/q ?w: & i

q?q qR qq^fFql IPR^ qfifangor: II || VO VO vo

'^^qjjqq^qqqi^Rwqiq qifq^H i

fqqq rtvinWm: ami imim n v% n

M AD HU RAV I J AY AM 117

II ^o II

^RR^RI ^1% 3: I

II ^ II

qf^lR 9Rq^. I *

[Cft sfriwr^n crgrr^sre-

^fc'-r.+'K^Rn ^THJT; I*]

*%$: qigqf^qgr>%tmfa qt q for%cfj* i ‘ssmi-

SlY wi^tt s*n«dti

I

mm: I

...II

^ftrcWRIRRfo? ifisgRcTTR siEPJtfa: I

qftci JisRWsiftfR rmkvj family n 'O '■*

.d’^^RW i

fq*aRqR^qq# rr i?ar 1 *rannnf«Rra: n

gw^RRiz^gjiR ^qf^efcrcRqift i

WMCifa qiR ^ ^5i*RRfq ^aipsift ii

S^ifoi 3*1 ^rrr i

33®IH RR taoif ^\rjr ||

3^55fsr fRSFcRi ^Rw^ffofasfflsRl: |

gp?w#^ ga^RR^ u-p^fs n

3TRR^ II

JT^rrq^R ft*lR fj 5?pi: #cHlfs%*q°3*C I

qf^al II

R#?R ^J'l qfrttf ?rM *#33*W: I

fg^ffeq^felfr: pR *RR: ||

MADHURAVIJAYAM 119

^ ^fa<RiRg°3^Rq; n

%Rq^Rir^#iRra qrft ^rg i

^ m aift ii

* cTs-n 7mi % ift #nfq^3 i qfti^aqK^qjJvqt 3T=RRT ^ m g%«I: ||

wR^JR]0! cTTWRTif^oiMfqq^ W q^R: ;

5T)fnRR ftfcTRRftat mi %W: ||

g# q mijt q#i fg# qqft ww. m: i swM 5H 5raaw& fqqqsfrR R^rfdiRfesg n

^FT#^a^I!R sfosRi qgqjft $ ||

gfefam swr; rsr) %a? «rfas*n i

g$? ftftRRg rr *ro: n

ffa si ftfsra ^ q^nf 5rt#t Rftsg i

a^tfWTRR: RRRR RRPT RI^STRRg Wig ||

3R 3 ^^[S: SI R5*]^5JT^^^R sregg |

3rf^^?g+igR^^^I^R^WTRT5Tq II VO

sisi TO^hrf {%Rfq eiFafa R$Ri*Rig n

120 MADHURAVIJA YAM

mwfii n

i

%fj^^ ii

(^c>5R^ /)

falWA ’ll-, wmipl! l^W 5F<ZIWt^ II

WW ! Ill ZlMj Kl^im&lll'JW: I

aq^srcrc oiRf fesim femivf n

37331^:^31?: ^ TP^g'7FT eisfa i

93^7 m i&tu n

m ^J55#3 crr^^^TT^ ?p>T5RI1

#terc! wzzmfa wz sferct 3513^7? n

^r # &*£ m era i

37$ort ^ffa: fogqra'WTktf^ II

arftfl^P? =E? qvTRI? »T%J ^ fj ^|fq flcTO-* I

57 *nftw: 11

3fg^?7i3#nr^feii^cifegzi^5TO^ 1

pasra %fs3 im^ mi^sfq wra f^t: 11

swig r5tr? $$mi irgmi ifi u

mW'JVicT zjilxllfli |%$«7f: l$Z^l&l3dllf^ II

•i"-'|,,|

-‘'iV

7ifif>

Tiinn

iinrl

-

MADHURAVU AY AM m

^f>: II

*HTg fcllll WTl# *ffil: 9aiq^: I

qgqFra^Rtass ^nfpTT n

RT^cTife^if^rn^^q^q! Fmrqq ?nqgt*raj: n

qf^Tfew^q^q: g^ref^qi^i w: i

atq 11

srnvmqi^r^m i — VO ’-S ^

qftifaq *m%rpT^ fq^f^nr^ifa g[|5Tife^ ! ||

I Fiq^r sm ?ci%jii f^^ippq^R 1

qgmmg^miJi^^RT^q q^csn^Ttg: \\ ”

[ffr foM JT^Tf^^r.

3TTJJT: I*

Q * qq: qr qqr vqrfor qr^^iq^r^ 1

122 madhuravijayam

%/^cJ qafiRf j

gqq^$q$: jj ||

srrafe ^rngm^Eq.gq% qs%:,

ZTIiWi-vW BfaffllR^q ||

nmfirfi: ^rM^f I

^qq^ *fwi: q$%i$g u

013^ f^I^R fqqpT fecf^ tirfiH’tffR: I

vifaw <img*ih n

RMI: p?*|0|f f^praife^wra^ I

fiff f^a^^RS^ot; 11

RT: q-W: RR&: jPN fgqSJ I

fWJWiefg ajg Bgwftsft # &V$: II

£rt% mzrfiwnt b i qcfisiR ferwOw: n

q^°r qj%i q?q^K^i fef fqqf^ ftfc?: i

qcFcWI^'3?r?W?fe: II

f$# f^OT? g^R# I

faqra qrlwiq s# II

?<T: 'iq itfni fcl?.>&l%lq-vii^<.iAVttzn *T j?l%jj ^T^qr

MADHURAVIJ AY AM 123

f§FF I

^ q*qiqft yqqq «|%iSlfqqqi§qR: II

f^R q>faj^ fgqm ftforcalq (

frq^q 3^3 # *rarc*TRqifa ii

%q ^3 q^iqqRiq;%q|||rqq^R$T)ff i

fq^l q?3W flotill fcq^tTOR n

fl^raqRjqfaf£R;% ^fel: %^T ?I^TT?F^T: I

WRT qifemi'JJr Rl?f^fe^5^R:[^l§':* II]

. I

....^ra fq^fqqlqi^ m sif&q qsiqfnqR; II

^£k°t ^fOTRi^Ri ^Roqf =q If: 1

fgR7 fqfttTO fqq^rtoq^si fqj&TRi: n

fR3 IRR ^q^rl^R Sniim- 5Rfc5FRlft: I

qiqfc? *qjq#oftft: qTOf; to crremf: u

?R fg3f#wi fqfefl: I

$lgR 5T|3^fipnqq#q^q^ siton ii VO

tifaq: *q[f%qR jftr q*ro w 1

gfq qqAwq §^Rq#*fftqiTgiqq n

qifq s^rctt %qf %rrf^r i

w fqrroqqift m reg amjsg: ^ li

M A D H U R A VI J A Y A M

qf*qfc#g|: i

strait ?qig ^[g^J n

a SIR^H a WI cT^TI ^ *flfo a I

^rcifcfp?R m agfo |qf q?q; raffora n

gfa [?lf^5jT]^R|^Rq |

'TTR%cfF? ?THRifq?|3I: |5f II

i 3ftqionftw3i$i i

m faw q mm mi: ii

^ 5?^%nr ^fuj^rat^PT^cft R^I5T I

3OTf#^rg?fRq ^ITcTfjfeWI ||

r ita mi ziiww Mfm^R I

i%77c^ qf?fqsq qg^^f ^qfspft gq?€iq?iffn u

qTRiqrq^q^n^nu^ij i

q>: ||

3WJT[f^5Rm^ It far: r%^D fq^Rof^ i

atft ^qjpf^swit^ mm mim u

mi fm mm afaswtwm & i

^f^hrrrmrmrctm mi: RZWl ?q qqeRR: ||

fr ^qiqq^r^iR i

apai^i^wf^RHTat mim? mrZ n

^r: TT qqqq rV^t ?qqFf I

MADHURAV1J A YAM 125

HTO 5lt: SRft gaprita I

Hlft TOIf^nsf Ht*IH3<?J^RI: II

3 q@g HR «PR>?5i$&I WfRTRR RHHft m «??4t II

aptffaflW sf^T I

H gg^|3qf«^ II

RfR 5TI^ ^3ft^Xl^^d'3!'^['^7'ta*]Rii\3^ri i

g^qqfDifqq^fq^(fH:?il) HR^ITfR II

3RRft^ R,T7dHRtR 4>$PR» I

RI*]RRHR q: RPR: Rffi ||

fRR^jnp#l%R ^McTI |

[f%i ^*]RRRfvKnrRiqiferR fsraffl^snt: n

H RlRR^IlfRRT RRlf#JRRq|qRiir: I

3T5IR2RTR fl?t R^lfef55RCn: II

^ i^rftRr: qqm ii

spsft #? ^^RFufHRRoiRi^THqifoR; i

Rf^RR?RP^ % 3RR II

HRls# qqjeT I vo °

* sissg^r^: i

1-2(5 M A D H U R A V i J AY A M

(Tfll^SR^ qRqfaR RTqof. |

. II

[ffn WlJlf,i3ci([ fq^f%Fj

^nriHn i * j

^ i