Madeleine LeiningerTranscultural Nursing Theory:

Sunrise Model

What is Transcultural Nursing?

"a discipline of study and practice focused on comparative culture care differences and similarities among and between cultures in order to assist human beings to attain and maintain meaningful and therapeutic health care practices that are culturally based" (Leininger, 2008, p.9).

Motivation for theory development

In the 1950's working as a clinical nurse specialist with disturbed children in the Midwest United States, Leininger noticed recurrent behavioral differences among the children and hypothesized the differences had a cultural base. This experience led Leininger to becoming the first nurse to earn a doctorate in anthropology and precipitated the development of Transcultural nursing.   

(http://nursingtheories.info/biography-of-madeleine-leininger/)

 

Cont...

Through interactions with patients and conversations with peers  Leininger identified "two major missing dimensions in nursing, namely knowledge of diverse cultures and the meaning and practices of care in diverse cultures" (Leininger, 2008, para 4).

Philosophical Roots of Leininger's TheoryLeininger states that the philosophical roots of her theory are:•   extensive and diverse nursing experiences•   anthropological insights•   life experiences and values•   reflection upon spiritual insights and beliefs

The theorist created a theory to develop "new practices for nursing to meet diverse cultural needs and to provide therapeutic care with comprehensive and holistic care practices in a caring discipline" Leininger, 2008, p.10)

    

Transcultural Nursing Theory Concepts

Transcultural nursing theory incorporates research from numerous scientific disciplines:      1.  Nursing    2.  Medicine    3.  Education    4.  Psychology    5.  Public Health    6.  Epidemiology

(Murphy, S. C., 2006)    

INTERRELATIONSHIP

Culturally Competent Nursing Care

-promote human rights and     quality health care through     cultural awareness

-centered on universal aspect    of human caring as     defined within each culture

-assess cultural needs  and    integrate nursing care that     is congruent with cultural     values      

Transcultural Nursing Research

-address cultural conflicts     within healthcare beliefs

-nursing care that is beneficial    and meaningful to all cultures

-increase knowledge base to     improve cultural competence

-impact global healthcare     policy and practices

(Transcultural Nursing Society, 2012)

Culturally Congruent Nursing Care

Culturally congruent nursing care occurs when nurses integrate information from individuals, family, community, or institution based on cultural:

•  beliefs•  values•  norms•  patterns/lifeways•  practices

to provide appropriate and meaningful nursing care.

(Leininger, M. M., 1997)

Metaparadigm Concepts

CARING (not Nursing)

• essence of nursing

• universal concept within all cultures  • assisting, supporting, or enabling behaviors to improve a

person's condition • essential for survival, development, ability to deal with

life's events • greater level of wellness is achieved when caring is in line

with patient's cultural values and beliefs(Andrews, M. M., Boyles, J. S., 2002)

Metaparadigm ConceptsPERSON

 Some cultures  do not recognize the concept of "person".  Leininger's definition includes:

• individuals

• families

• groups

• communities 

(Andrews, M. M., Boyles, J. S., 2002)

Metaparadigm Concepts

ENVIRONMENT

 The environmental context includes any events• physical• ecological• sociopolitical• cultural

Diversity and Universality Theory: The Origins of Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Theory

"During the 1950's, while working in a child guidance home, Leininger experienced what she describes as a culture shock when she realized that  recurrent behavioral patterns in children appeared to have a cultural basis.   Leininger identified a lack of cultural and care knowledge as the missing link to  nursing's understanding of the many variations required in patient care to  support compliance, healing, and wellness.  These insights were the  beginnings of a new construct and phenomenon related to nursing care called   transcultural nursing".                                                                                    (Jones & Bartlett, 2012)

Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory

Clarification of Origin

• Originally developed in 1950s• Leininger's 1st book, Cultural Care Diversity and

Universality - Published 1991• Transcultural Nursing (2nd ed.) - Published 1995• Transcultural Nursing (3rd ed.) - Published 2002

    •  Though the transcultural nursing theory model is

applicable to nursing, its principals can be thought to be important in most professional circumstances.

• To achieve the highest degree of patient compliance, healing, and wellness, the theory accounts for the cultural aspects of the patient.                      (http://nursing-theory.org)

                                                                        

Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing TheoryContent

• Human being- Nurses need humanistic and scientific transcultural knowledge in order to adequately care for patients in the 21st century.

• Environment-  Care values are influenced by many things including worldview, spirituality, and environment.

• Health- Care specific to one's culture promotes health, as valued and defined by each culture.

• Nursing- Since 1989 nurses have been able to receive global certification in transcultural nursing, gaining knowledge and awareness of the cultural needs of patients, making them able to provide culturally congruent, responsible and compassionate care.                         (Leinninger, M. M., 1997)

Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory

View

• The transcultural nursing model can be used in  all aspects of nursing care, but proper use of the    model can only be achieved 

      if the patient's values are       known and meaningfully      used in an appropriate way      by the nurse with the patient.

                                                                                                                          (http://nursing-theory.org)

Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory

                    Practice situations

• Transcultural Nursing Theory should be      practiced in all professional situations. • Examples:

o Dietary restriction (kosher) for people of Jewish faith. 

o Providing vegetarian meal options for Catholics          on Fridays.

o Direct eye contact for Asian/Vietnamese means a challenge and should be avoided.

o It is customary to address elder Americans as well as people of Arabic and Muslim faith formally. 

Weblinks

http://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Madeline-Leininger.php

ReferencesLeininger, M. (1997, Winter). Transcultural nursing research to tranform nursing education          and practice: 40 years. Image:  Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 29(4), 341+.Retrieved        from http://0-go.galegroup.com.mel.org/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA20125511&v=2.1&u=        lom_accessmich&it=r&p=AONE&SW=w