Macromolecules-Test 1 Winter 2013-14

8/13/2019 Macromolecules-Test 1 Winter 2013-14

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CY 3012 MACROMOLECULES-TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

WINTER 2013-2014


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Devotion to Duty

I would like to request the students of IndianInstitutes/Universities to develop a greater sense ofdevotion to duty and hard work. The force, the character,mind, heart, or soul, that a man can put into any work is

the most important factor in that work. In the case of anation, the greatest asset is the spirit of its people (andthe greatest danger that can menace it is a breakdown ofthat spirit!!!), the will to do work and the courage to dowork. A nationswelfare depends on its ability to master

the world, on its power of work and on its power ofthought.

-S. S. BHATNAGAR


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The Essence- Unity is strength

You call them macromolecules or

polymers. After all, what is in a name!
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=NWsZD55ApAkXLM:&imgrefurl=http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/synth.htm&docid=3V-IgkLQn-yJ4M&imgurl=http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/images/paulmake.gif&w=349&h=288&ei=oO3sUNKlLMfPkwWi5oEo&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=156&sig=111074418618254241189&page=7&tbnh=152&tbnw=184&start=99&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:99,s:0,i:457&tx=116&ty=67http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=3sy2SLVPfOqgIM:&imgrefurl=http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/4309?e=averill_1.0-ch12_s08&docid=Og_ydMLM3IvXPM&imgurl=http://images.flatworldknowledge.com/averillfwk/averillfwk-fig12_031.jpg&w=686&h=621&ei=oO3sUNKlLMfPkwWi5oEo&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=265&sig=111074418618254241189&page=4&tbnh=147&tbnw=162&start=51&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:61,s:0,i:343&tx=64&ty=51


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Macromolecular architecture
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=338&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=6MeoLqqc8NobrM:&imgrefurl=http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Pl-Pr/Polymers-Natural.html&docid=0zdEYcgWAm9cLM&imgurl=http://www.chemistryexplained.com/photos/polymers-natural-3317.jpg&w=420&h=420&ei=bvLsULWCE4WfkQWh0IDoDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=372&vpy=76&dur=2042&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=133&ty=126&sig=111074418618254241189&page=21&tbnh=151&tbnw=151&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:56,s:300,i:172http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=200&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=x_7PhlG2RSkd5M:&imgrefurl=http://metallurgyfordummies.com/do-you-know-polymer/&docid=tNRKCp_-FbJ1kM&imgurl=http://metallurgyfordummies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Various-polymer-architectures..jpg&w=819&h=534&ei=M_DsUJ73NcnFkQXd1IHoCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=187&sig=111074418618254241189&page=13&tbnh=131&tbnw=201&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:200,i:19&tx=107&ty=56


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Architecture

Degree of polymerisation

Functionality

Molecular masses Strategies
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=184&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=dIXpsPeIQ1Qo6M:&imgrefurl=http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/3/4/2772&docid=tee3geQRnNB7pM&imgurl=http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/3/4/2772/ag&w=357&h=201&ei=ru_sUOO6B4PukQWFp4DYBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=204&vpy=24&dur=3183&hovh=160&hovw=285&tx=157&ty=122&sig=111074418618254241189&page=12&tbnh=143&tbnw=255&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:96,s:100,i:292http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=rUhYT3GptysyhM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer&docid=kmZNWebzFw4vwM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Single_Polymer_Chains_AFM.jpg/175px-Single_Polymer_Chains_AFM.jpg&w=175&h=175&ei=oO3sUNKlLMfPkwWi5oEo&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=265&sig=111074418618254241189&page=2&tbnh=140&tbnw=140&start=12&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0,i:208&tx=84&ty=79


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We find them as:

Plastics

Rubbers

Fibres

Adhesives
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=adhesives&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=MAggb5kVF7KfwM:&imgrefurl=http://www.capricorncolours.com/adhesives-546355.html&docid=1Ut6O8bt3DK0rM&imgurl=http://pimg.tradeindia.com/00546355/b/3/Adhesives.jpg&w=354&h=283&ei=N_bsUIqsMsrClQXLiICgAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=109&sig=111074418618254241189&page=3&tbnh=144&tbnw=180&start=30&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:33,s:0,i:203&tx=111&ty=83http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=271&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=QRy_5uMFJJQ4aM:&imgrefurl=http://www.chemistryland.com/PolymerPlanet/Polymers/PolymerTutorial.htm&docid=6n0H_KevR_YM2M&imgurl=http://www.chemistryland.com/PolymerPlanet/Polymers/CottonMix.jpg&w=500&h=339&ei=M_DsUJ73NcnFkQXd1IHoCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=265&sig=111074418618254241189&page=17&tbnh=137&tbnw=225&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:85,s:200,i:259&tx=109&ty=49http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=238&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=cFzCJI3Tm8albM:&imgrefurl=http://www.indiamart.com/perfect-polymers/&docid=8HAzbHVQ_jJJfM&imgurl=http://2.imimg.com/data2/JB/JB/MY-2494463/153.jpg&w=500&h=500&ei=M_DsUJ73NcnFkQXd1IHoCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&sig=111074418618254241189&page=15&tbnh=142&tbnw=135&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:49,s:200,i:151&tx=83&ty=73http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=Lm0nxCN7m_awJM:&imgrefurl=http://www.monash.edu.au/eresearch/showcase/dendritic-polymers.html&docid=gzriOIiCQUKpwM&imgurl=http://www.monash.edu.au/eresearch/assets/images/dendritic-polymers.gif&w=400&h=300&ei=oO3sUNKlLMfPkwWi5oEo&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=109&sig=111074418618254241189&page=3&tbnh=142&tbnw=127&start=30&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:48,s:0,i:304&tx=42&ty=75http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=TN6q01-oI06b6M:&imgrefurl=http://www.materialsviews.com/single-polymer-chain-folding-a-review/&docid=3m9RQfpUkdrloM&imgurl=http://media.materialsviews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/single-chain-folding-of-polymers1-e1334669818456.jpg&w=947&h=807&ei=oO3sUNKlLMfPkwWi5oEo&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=476&vpy=171&dur=515&hovh=207&hovw=243&tx=120&ty=211&sig=111074418618254241189&page=3&tbnh=140&tbnw=164&start=30&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:37,s:0,i:271http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=qUcC9-FsuFPzjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.ims.uconn.edu/~avd/PhysicsGroup/polymers.html&docid=V8GckCexlbd4VM&imgurl=http://www.ims.uconn.edu/~avd/PhysicsGroup/images/polymers1.JPG&w=627&h=333&ei=oO3sUNKlLMfPkwWi5oEo&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=327&vpy=230&dur=4509&hovh=163&hovw=308&tx=123&ty=76&sig=111074418618254241189&page=2&tbnh=132&tbnw=249&start=12&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:27,s:0,i:241


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How long they are?

N small molecules

We have seen that they grow to nano ormicro
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://olenka.med.virginia.edu/CrystUVa/images/research_02.png&imgrefurl=http://krzys.med.virginia.edu/CrystUVa/wladek.htm&usg=__7C7FRHEGvTjPRo-fo6_fo2t-RTA=&h=317&w=450&sz=121&hl=en&start=24&zoom=1&tbnid=D85mA2-SWdlehM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=127&ei=SsOQULLSDuSk0QXa2oGAAg&prev=/search?q=macromolecular+structure&start=20&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&tbm=isch&um=1&itbs=1http://media.photobucket.com/user/imagoodone4sure/media/smileys/weightlifter.gif.html?filters[term]=weight%20lifting&filters[primary]=images&filters[secondary]=videos&sort=1&o=0


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How much they weigh?

Average concept

Different chains grow to different extent

during polymerization

So, we have to go for an average Four averages are there
http://media.photobucket.com/user/imagoodone4sure/media/smileys/weightlifter.gif.html?filters[term]=weight%20lifting&filters[primary]=images&filters[secondary]=videos&sort=1&o=0


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1. Number Average Molecular Weight

Niis the no. of molecules of molecular weight Mi

Determined by methods which depend on the number of

molecules in the system.


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1. Number Average Molecular Weight

Niis the no. of molecules of molecular weight Mi

Determined by methods which depend on the number of

molecules in the system.


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2.Weight Average Molecular Weight

Mw = NiMi2

NiMi
http://media.photobucket.com/user/Green_Mariner/media/0010.gif.html?filters[term]=weight%20lifting&filters[primary]=images&filters[secondary]=videos&sort=1&o=23


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Polydispersity Index

MwPDI =

Mn
http://media.photobucket.com/user/islandgurlz_10/media/workout/weight-lifting.gif.html?filters[term]=weight%20lifting&filters[primary]=images&sort=1&o=35


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Determined by measurement of the radial distribution of

the refractive index gradient.

3. Z- Average Molecular Weight
http://media.photobucket.com/user/melindaalbelo/media/vocab/weight_lifting_07.gif.html?filters[term]=weight%20lifting&filters[primary]=images&sort=1&o=33


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4. Viscosity Average Molecular Weight

is an exponent

Generally, 0.5< < 0.9
http://media.photobucket.com/user/thehuy94/media/SEA%20Games%2025%20Mascot/Weight-lifting.jpg.html?filters[term]=weight%20lifting&filters[primary]=images&sort=1&o=53


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Problem

A macromolecular system has 100 molecules of molecularmass 1000, 200 molecules of molecular mass 2000 and500 molecules of molecular mass 5000 g/mol. Find thepolydispersity index.

Mn ( Average) = 3.75 x 103 g/mol

Mw

( Average) = 4.46 x 10 3g/ mol

PDI= 1.19
http://media.photobucket.com/user/sppaddict44/media/PIG%20ITEMS/weightliftingpiggy.gif.html?filters[term]=weight%20lifting&filters[primary]=images&sort=1&o=76


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A polymer sample consists of 10% by weight

of macromolecules of molecular weight

10,000 and 90% % by weight ofmacromolecules of molecular weight 100,000

Calculate Mn and Mw

Given that W1=10g, W2= 90g

Therefore, Wi= 100g

Again,

=

Mn =

; Wi weight of ith

component

Ni=

; N1=

N2=


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Mn= =

+

,

+ ,

=5.26*104

Mw =

2

=

+

+

=

,,+

,,

+= 9.1 10 4


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Effect of molecular weight on strength

and viscosity
http://media.photobucket.com/user/TheWhite_WOLF/media/Me%20to%20you%20bears/weightlifting.gif.html?filters[term]=weight%20lifting&filters[primary]=images&sort=1&o=136


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Representative stress-strain plots

Hard, brittle

Hard, strong

Hard, tough Soft, tough
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=184&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=-Jmvvwk8xP6b5M:&imgrefurl=http://www.snpinc.com/&docid=7KdD6iLAlQoZhM&imgurl=http://www.snpinc.com/images/home-promo-think-green.jpg&w=442&h=402&ei=ru_sUOO6B4PukQWFp4DYBw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=16&sig=111074418618254241189&page=12&tbnh=146&tbnw=160&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:94,s:100,i:286&tx=86&ty=105


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Glass transition, flow and melting

Glass transition shows the boundary between

rubbery phase and glassy phase

Flow- Amorphous

Melting-Crystalline feature


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Density measurements

Crystalline areas are generally more densely

packed than amorphous areas.

This results in a higher density, up to 15%

depending on the material.

For example, polyamide 6 (nylon) has

crystalline density c= 1.24 g/cm3and

amorphous density a= 1.08 g/cm3.
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=360&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=L8Lh9oCohnjJ5M:&imgrefurl=http://www.chemistryland.com/nucleus.html&docid=wPnyu8naWA6ilM&imgurl=http://www.chemistryland.com/PolymerPlanetLogo.jpg&w=231&h=193&ei=bvLsULWCE4WfkQWh0IDoDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&sig=111074418618254241189&page=22&tbnh=154&tbnw=184&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:68,s:300,i:208&tx=107&ty=67


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s- a

v =--------------

c- a

c

m = v --------

s
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=338&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=mBJxXby6iCbc0M:&imgrefurl=http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/polymerbasics/crystallinity.php&docid=0Z54AJl63NDtNM&imgurl=http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/polymerbasics/images/Crystallinity.gif&w=526&h=387&ei=bvLsULWCE4WfkQWh0IDoDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=265&sig=111074418618254241189&page=21&tbnh=136&tbnw=186&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:51,s:300,i:157&tx=115&ty=77


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Find the mass and volume crystallinities of a

sample of PP of density 910 kgm-3.

Given that the densities of the crysatlline and

amorphous regions are 936 and 853 kgm-3.

v= 0.69 and m = 0.71
http://www.freenaturepictures.com/baby-tiger-pictures.php?pic=1677


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Hope you had a pleasant new year opening! ! !
http://media.photobucket.com/user/decode_yourself/media/Florida%20sunrise/PICT0025.jpg.html?filters[term]=Beautiful%20Sunrise&filters[primary]=images&filters[secondary]=videos&sort=1&o=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solitary_Oil_Rig_In_The_Arabian_Sea.jpg


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Rubbers

Vulcanization

Cross linking

reinforcement
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=338&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=ejrCEF-W1mkw1M:&imgrefurl=http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/lab.htm&docid=hG6ArsZNaqipJM&imgurl=http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/images/paullab.gif&w=323&h=302&ei=bvLsULWCE4WfkQWh0IDoDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=250&sig=111074418618254241189&page=21&tbnh=143&tbnw=153&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:46,s:300,i:142&tx=89&ty=96


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Visco-elastic Models


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Schematic diagrams of a simple

spring (left) and dashpot (right).


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Ideal Solid ( Hooke)

Spring


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Ideal Liquid ( Newton)

Dash pot


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Maxwell model: connected a spring

and dash pot

E


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Voigt model: Spring and dash pot in

parallel


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Burger Model

Instantaneous elongation

Delayed elongation

Instantaneous recovery

Delayed recovery

Permanent set


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Maxwell-Wiechert model

Proposes that relaxation does not occur at a

single time but at a distribution of time

Due to molecular segments of varying length

there is a varying time distribution

Shorter chains contribute lesser than the

larger ones

As many as springs-dash pots elements are

required to describe a system fully


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Welcome to the lessons of this week.
http://www.hickerphoto.com/picture/autumn-full-moon-quebec-canada-39089.htm


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GSLV-D5 launch

places India in the elite League

Indigenous cryogenic engine

puts 1982 kg communicationsatellite in orbit

Salutation ISRO team!
http://isro.org/gslv-d3/Imagegallery/launchvehicle_images/firststage.jpg


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VulcanizationIngredients

Fillers

Composite making
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=238&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=y6N9AxLVEeS0kM:&imgrefurl=http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/wiap.htm&docid=1KqzOYiK2tg0wM&imgurl=http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/images/sitting.gif&w=246&h=288&ei=M_DsUJ73NcnFkQXd1IHoCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=5&sig=111074418618254241189&page=15&tbnh=138&tbnw=114&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:45,s:200,i:139&tx=36&ty=96


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Rubber Compounding

Basic ingredients

Rubber

Vulcanizing

agents Accelerators

Activators

Fillers

Antidegradaants

Raw Rubber

Compounded Rubber

Vulcanized Product

Basic tread formulation

NR -100

Carbon black -47.5

Sulphur -3.0

MBT -0.85ZnO -5.0

Stearic Acid -3.0

Cure time -30 min

Temperature -140

Press

Mixing

Mill


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Fillers

Fibrous

Powderous
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=unity+is+strength&start=168&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=rpuL3M6JmIRySM:&imgrefurl=http://www.jobjasoos.com/blog/why-teamwork-is-important-in-our-work/&docid=MBCPkdIcbO8AcM&imgurl=http://www.jobjasoos.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Teamwork-important-work.jpg&w=318&h=400&ei=l_3sUNKxNMOekwXvlIHIAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&sig=111074418618254241189&page=11&tbnh=145&tbnw=115&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:70,s:100,i:214&tx=30&ty=104http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=rubber+reinforcement&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=nknxRsNHHKSx7M:&imgrefurl=http://surfworld.ie/online/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=9&docid=KVpvGn-h0XXplM&imgurl=http://surfworld.ie/online/images/CSkins_Session_Round_Toe_Boot_Black-6cb7d.jpg&w=1386&h=1386&ei=JPjsUOyEBI_ZkQXcjIDgBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=234&sig=111074418618254241189&page=4&tbnh=131&tbnw=115&start=43&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:44,s:0,i:222&tx=70&ty=93


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Fibrous reinforcement

Matrix + Reinforcement

Composites

o Rule of mixtures

o Load carried by thefibres
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymer+composites&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=ptzsq7jIGyzokM:&imgrefurl=http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/composit.htm&docid=lbo3XudzS8MPVM&imgurl=http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/images/composex.gif&w=270&h=216&ei=mfjsUPTCKoyMkgWux4HwDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=238&vpy=129&dur=983&hovh=172&hovw=216&tx=-130&ty=-1&sig=111074418618254241189&page=2&tbnh=134&tbnw=168&start=10&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0,i:115


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Fraction of the load carried by the

fibres Pf/Pc = (Ef/Em)/ [( Ef/Em) + (Vm/Vf)]
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=stretching+load&start=553&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=DsYaXH79Su8hiM:&imgrefurl=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/21962/2009-melbourne-motor-show-hyundai-i30cw&docid=t1BYaw37D7DscM&imgurl=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/i30cw_01_s.jpg&w=480&h=220&ei=hvvsUOHvEY_LkgWCuICoDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=402&vpy=2&dur=250&hovh=152&hovw=332&tx=150&ty=66&sig=111074418618254241189&page=32&tbnh=138&tbnw=276&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:61,s:500,i:187http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=stretching+load&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=K4guh9cETOuf4M:&imgrefurl=http://www.intelligenttrainingsystems.com/plantar-faciitis.php&docid=ff8efcFtDvOtHM&imgurl=http://www.intelligenttrainingsystems.com/gs_media/image/articles/jacks%20stretch.jpg&w=551&h=537&ei=OPnsUIjSIIu7kQWszIDQDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=327&sig=111074418618254241189&page=2&tbnh=148&tbnw=133&start=17&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:23,s:0,i:159&tx=54&ty=77http://media.photobucket.com/user/hangerxviii/media/SKY%20KINGS/DSCF1091_small.jpg.html?filters[term]=carrying%20the%20load&filters[primary]=images&filters[secondary]=videos&sort=1&o=1


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Calculate the fraction of the load carried by the fibres

in two composites of glass fibres and epoxy matrix oneof them containing 20% fibres by volume and the other

one 60 %

Given that:

Elastic moduli of glass fibres and epoxy resin are 72

GN/m2 and 3.6 GN/m2 respectively.
http://media.photobucket.com/user/hangerxviii/media/SKY%20KINGS/DSCF1091_small.jpg.html?filters[term]=carrying%20the%20load&filters[primary]=images&filters[secondary]=videos&sort=1&o=1


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Ef/Em=72/3.6 = 20

For 20% fibres by volume, Vm/Vf= (1-0.2)/0.2 =4

Pf/Pc = (Ef/Em)/ [( Ef/Em) + (Vm/Vf)] = 20/(20+4)=

0.83

Similarly, for 60 % fibres, Pf/Pcis 0.97.


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RULE OF MIXTURES

C = m m + f f
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=stretching+load&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=3RoG2xuC14QWxM:&imgrefurl=http://www.weight-lifting-complete.com/weighted-stretching/&docid=DlTpQ0D1z9FpMM&imgurl=http://www.weight-lifting-complete.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/weighted-stretching.jpg&w=300&h=400&ei=OPnsUIjSIIu7kQWszIDQDw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=718&sig=111074418618254241189&page=2&tbnh=148&tbnw=105&start=17&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0,i:139&tx=44&ty=89


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A composite is being developed by a company by

using glass fibres ( reinforcement ) added into

polyester matrix.

The tensile strength of glass fibres is 1800 MPa andthat of polyester is 55 MPa. The ratio of volume

fraction of matrix to that of fibres is 1.5.

Find the tensile strength of thecomposite.


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Composite = Matrix + Fibre

Tensile strength of composite is given by:

Tensile strength of matrix ( m) x m + Tensile

strength of fibre ( f) X f


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Given that m/ f = 1.5

(m/ f) +1 = 1.5 +1

= 2.5

(m+ f) /f=2.5

1/ f = 2.5

f = 1/ 2.5 = 0.4

And hence m = 1- 0.4= 0.6


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C = m m + f f

C = 55 x 0.6 + 1800 x 0.4 = 33+ 720 =750 MPa


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Note, how it is being treated when

different strains are seen! When strain of the matrix at failure is higher than that

of the fibre,

Cu = ( m) f*(1- f ) + fufwhere ( m) f* = Emf*

When strain of the matrix at failure is lower than that

of the fibres, Cu = mu(1- f ) + ff

where f= Efm*


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A composite consists of 40 %, by volume, of

continuous, uni-axially aligned carbon fibres in

a matrix of epoxy. Predict the tensile strength

parallel to fibres. Take axial tensile strengthand modulus of fibres to be 3200 MPa and

230 GPa , and that of epoxy to be 60 MPa and

2.4 GPa respectiely.
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=stretching+load&start=143&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=4SCfAk8gDkY-RM:&imgrefurl=http://www.jaybirdgear.com/blog/stretching-can-perfect-your-muscles/&docid=obYAjA6xzCFiqM&imgurl=http://www.jaybirdgear.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/stretch.jpg&w=332&h=375&ei=n_rsUJWSM4bCkgWM2YHwCw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=296&sig=111074418618254241189&page=9&tbnh=128&tbnw=107&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:53,s:100,i:163&tx=61&ty=64


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Find the failure strains of fibres and matrix as:

f*= f/Ef = 1.39 x 10-2

m = m/Em = 2.5 x 10-2

m > f*, fibres fail initially and when this occurs thematrix carries a stress of

( m) f=Emf* = 2.4 x 10 9 x (1.39 x 10-2 )= 0.0334 GPa Cu = ( m) f (1- f ) + fuf

= 3.20 x 0.4 + 0.0334 x 0.6 = 1.3 GPa

G l d i i f
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=stretching+load&start=638&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=eOhMDGriEKlPrM:&imgrefurl=http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11-14/Matter/text/Stretching_things/index.html&docid=hFrkIWa4ntmZGM&imgurl=http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11-14/Matter/text/Stretching_things/images/2.gif&w=360&h=227&ei=4vvsUIXYDISJlAXFg4GoBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=405&sig=111074418618254241189&page=37&tbnh=134&tbnw=213&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:41,s:600,i:127&tx=55&ty=85


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General trend in reinforcement

Filler- Filler interactionsFiller-matrix interactions

Fib C it


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Fibrous Composites

Fibres-high strength and stiffness

Embedded in and bonded together by low modulus

continuous matrix

Provides strength and stiffness to the matrix

Load transfer to fibre by plastic flow of matrix

under stress

Glass fiberCarbon fiber


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POLYMER BLENDS

Two or more polymers mixed

Rubber/rubber, Rubber/Plastic, Plastic/Plastic

Modifies the properties of the componentsBlend components should be thermodynamically

compatible


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Flory-Huggins solution theory

Flory-Huggins solution theoryis a mathematical model of the

thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of

the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes in adapting the usual

expression for the entropy of mixing.

The result is an equation for the unfavourable Gibbs Free

Energy.


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Flory-Huggins Model


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Flory- Huggins Equation

G = H- TS --------------------------------(i)

H = kTNs p -----------------------------(i)

k= Boltzmann constant, = interaction parameter, Ns=

number of molecules of first species, p= volumefraction of the second species

S = - k(Ns lns + Nplnp ) -----------------------------(iii)

From the above,

G = kT ( Ns p+ Nslns + Nplnp)


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Utracki-Jukes Equation

W1ln (Tg/Tg 1) +W2ln (Tg/Tg 2) =0

W1and W2are wt. fractions of the components

Tg1and Tg2are their glass transition

temperatures


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A polymer blend obeys Utracki- Jukes equation. It

consists of equal fractions by weight of two

polymers with glass transition temperatures 50

and 190 degree centigrade. What is the Tg of theblend?


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Under the given conditions..

ln (Tg/Tg 1) + ln (Tg/Tg 2) =0

ln [Tg2

/(Tg1Tg2)] =0

Tg = Tg1Tg2

Tg = (50+ 273) (190 +273)

= 387 K or 114 degree centigrade

Critical solution temperature


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Critical solution temperature

(LCST and UCST)

The lower critical solution

temperature (LCST) is the critical

temperature below which the

components of a mixture aremiscible for all compositions.

The word lower indicates that

the LCST is a lower bound to a

temperature interval of partialmiscibility, or miscibility for

certain compositions only.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/LCST-UCST_plot.svg


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LCST and UCST

The upper critical

solution temperature

(UCST is the critical

temperature abovewhich the components of

a mixture are miscible for

all compositions.

More features of


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Plastics
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=481&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=9KSZY4zDVNG01M:&imgrefurl=http://www.calcitech.com/s/Markets.asp?ReportID=394490&docid=l9rzmxyvqT_Q0M&imgurl=http://www.calcitech.com/i/misc/Polymers.jpg&w=370&h=285&ei=zfTsUPeLJ4nilAWby4CQBw&zoom=1&iact=rc&sig=111074418618254241189&page=29&tbnh=141&tbnw=165&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:83,s:400,i:253&tx=84&ty=38http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=polymers&start=220&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1069&bih=495&tbm=isch&tbnid=h4VIhRRinp5E_M:&imgrefurl=http://polyacs.net/workshops/13sustainable/home.htm&docid=GOWbXdSBMaNnmM&imgurl=http://polyacs.net/images/Copy%20of%20Blue%20P%20copy.gif&w=397&h=575&ei=M_DsUJ73NcnFkQXd1IHoCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=218&sig=111074418618254241189&page=14&tbnh=155&tbnw=107&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:32,s:200,i:100&tx=52&ty=86


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Tacticity

Isotactic

Syndiotactic

Atactic
http://www.crystalgraphics.com/powerpictures/Image.Search.Details.asp?product=cg3p3073970c


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Plastic compounding

Plasticisers

Stabilisers

Fillers

Antidegradants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg


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Spherulites

Spherulites viewed

between crossed polarizers

in an optical microscope

Spherical semi-crystalline regions inside non-branched linear polymers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spherulite1.jpg


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Quasi-crystalline state

A quasiperiodic crystal, quasi-crystal, is a structure that is ordered butnot periodic. A quasicrystalline pattern can continuously fill all available

space.

In 1982 , Dan Shechtman observed that certain Aluminium-Manganese

alloys produced the unusual diffractograms which today are seen as

revelatory of quasicrystal structures.

Due to fear of the scientific community's reaction, it took him two years

to publish the results for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in

Chemistry in 2011.
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://72.32.204.61/2009/feb/14-what-is-this-psychedelic-place-mat/quasicrystal.jpg&imgrefurl=http://72.32.204.61/2009/feb/14-what-is-this-psychedelic-place-mat&h=391&w=620&sz=351&tbnid=0rw6kBU2iSd1PM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=137&prev=/search?q=Quasi-crystal&tbm=isch&tbo=u&zoom=1&q=Quasi-crystal&usg=__kwND548Ohmi5Ms5KAzUrd0oZh2U=&docid=9rWEfw9wje7xVM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sQXxUK-AAoe00QXLv4DgBQ&ved=0CD8Q9QEwAw&dur=156


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Melting Temperature

We look in to the change in Gibbs free energy

Change in Gibbs free energy (G per unit

mass) during melting is zero

G = H-TS

0= H-Tm S; TmS = H =

H

S

Polymers with high H and Low S are having

high melting points


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Example

PE(mp 418K)

No specific Interaction (Low H)

High flexibility (High S)

Nylon (mp 543K)

No specific Interaction (High H)

Relatively low flexibility (Low S)

Equilibrium melting point Tm0

( ibb h i )


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q g p m(Gibbs-Thompson Equation)

For crystallites, the Gibbs free energy is proportional

to its volume (crystalline regions). It also depends onthe external energy involved in forming the surfaces

If is the surface free energy per unit area and H the

increase in enthalpy per unit mass on melting, then

Tm= Tm0[1-

cH

]

Tm:Mp of crystalline substance of specific thickness

: the surface free energy per unit area

l: lamellar thickness

: density of the crystal

H: the surface enthalpy energy per unit area


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Samples of polyethylene containing lamellae of

thicknesses 30 and 15 nm are found to melt at T1

= 131.2 C and T2= 121.2 C.

The surface free energy is 93 mJm-2. Density of

crystallites is 1000 kg/m3. "H is given as 2.55 x

105J/Kg.

Determine the equilibrium melting temperature.


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Solution

Form expressions for T1 and T2.

Find

T1-T2= (2T0

m ) /(cH) * (1/l2) - (1/l1)]

T1-T2= T0

m (2x93x10-3/1x 103 x2.55x105) [(1/15x 10-9) -(1/30 x 10-9]

T1 -T2 =0.0243 T0m

T0m = 411 K 0r 138 C


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Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs)

Solid Liquid crystal Liquid
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://image.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/07/23/crystals.gallery.jpg&imgrefurl=http://jurisdynamics.blogspot.com/2008/07/engineered-beauty.html&usg=__BbDtCnS_-P5w7-SfGBAO0_cja-E=&h=390&w=630&sz=41&hl=en&start=61&zoom=1&tbnid=lzyQkP2fOOvD2M:&tbnh=85&tbnw=137&ei=Fc41UZGwEaaYiAfynoDACA&prev=/search?q=liquid+crystals&start=60&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&tbm=isch&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CCkQrQMwADg8


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Lyotropic and Thermotropic LCs

Liquid crystallinity in polymers may occur

either by dissolving a polymer in a

solvent (lyotropicliquid-crystal polymers)

or by heating a polymer above its glass or

melting transition point (thermotropic

liquid-crystal polymers)


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Order Parameter

= (3 cos2 -1)/ 2

Preferreddirection of

orientation

Reference axis

Rigidity modulus, extensional


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Rigidity modulus, extensional

modulus and order parameter

I/E = I/E max + sin2 /G

where E is the extensional modulus and

Emax the modulus of full aligned units.

is the angle between the major axis and

the major orientation.

G is the rigidity modulus.


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The following values of tensile modulus E and rigidity

modulus G expressed in Gigapascals were found for a

random copolyester fibre at two differenttemperatures.

E= 125, G = 1.1 and E= 62 and G = 0.28.

Calculate the value of Emax and then the order

parameter.


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1/E = 1/E max + sin2 /G

1/E - 1/E max = sin2

/G Inserting values for two temperatures

gives us two expressions.


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Thus we get

[(1/E2)(1/Emax)]/ [(1/E1)-(1/Emax)]= G1/G2

Appropriate substitutions, lead to Emax as 191 GPa.

Substitution of this value into any one of the equations

you formed earlierwill give sin2 as 0.00304.


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We know that

= (3 cos2-1)/ 2 or

= 1- (3/2) sin2

= 0.995

Ti D ( ) d P i


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Time Depe(a)ndent Properties

Creep - Change in strain at constant stress

Stress Relaxation- Change in stress at constant

strain

Si M d l Th


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Site Model Theory

Site 2

Site 1

The two sites are having different free energyvalues.

M h l d M i


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Morphology and Motion

Molecular shape and the way molecules arearranged in a solid are important factors in

determining the properties of polymers.

See the descriptions we had on Plastics,

Rubbers and Fibres

N it


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Nanocomposites


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Nanoparticles

Kodaks color film(Source: www.kodak.com )

H k l d d t ?


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How we make low dense products?

?While maintaining Vm = 30%, addition of carbonfibres shall double the modulus of a glass/ epoxy

laminate. What is the % reduction in the density ofthe composite?

Given that:

Moduli ( GPa)- Epoxy ( 3.5), glass ( 70) and C-fibres (350)

Density (g/cm3)- Epoxy ( 1.2), glass ( 2.5) and C-fibres (1.8)
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://gobackpackingkits.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Feather_d1-20100829-300x197.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gobackpackingkits.com/category/lightweight/&usg=__0S08zUMQh4-YZJ4mpbD5A2rNdrg=&h=197&w=300&sz=11&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&tbnid=-0w5g1F8T0Td9M:&tbnh=76&tbnw=116&ei=Hss1UYNu8a6JB7C4gIgM&prev=/search?q=light+weight+feather&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CC0QrQMwAQ


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Given that Vm = 0.3

Vf = 1- 0.3 = 0.7

Rule of mixtures :

Modulus of the composite = 50.05 GPa
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hdwallpapers.in/download/red_roses_flowers-1920x1200.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hdwallpapers.in/view/red_roses_flowers-1920x1200.html&usg=__Rf-kuE9ipR1k2hfZjQsydnodEgg=&h=1200&w=1920&sz=437&hl=en&start=20&zoom=1&tbnid=DECbsdyFX40V-M:&tbnh=94&tbnw=150&ei=s8w1UdKqE6aeiAeoyoG4Cw&prev=/search?q=flowers&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CE8QrQMwEw


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EC = 2 Ec

EC = 2 x 50.5 = 100.1 G Pa

Now glass/ epoxy acts as the matrix ( treated

as a single entity) with carbon as the

reinforcement

When C-fibres are added, the modulus of theresultant composite is 2 times the modulus ofglass/ epoxy system!!!!
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hdwallpapersdesktops.com/Flowers-HD-Wallpaper/images/Flowers-HD-Wallpaper-25.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hdwallpapersdesktops.com/Flowers-HD-Wallpaper/imagepages/image18.htm&usg=__6YVQK789IqBPUkG2ifx9h2lrpx4=&h=1200&w=1920&sz=598&hl=en&start=51&zoom=1&tbnid=0-KBVh6-zeKA6M:&tbnh=94&tbnw=150&ei=Kc01UYWJKfCXiAfYtIDoDA&prev=/search?q=flowers&start=40&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&tbm=isch&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CD0QrQMwCjgo


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EC = Ec( 1- Vf) + EfVf

Where Ec is the modulus of glass/ epoxy system and

Efis the modulus of carbon fibres

Thus

100.1 = 50.05( 1- Vf ) + 350 Vf

Vf = 0.16686 = Volume fraction of carbon fibre
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://images03.olx.in/ui/3/18/07/1348306947_440651107_1-Ultra-light-weight-batting-pads-Pitampura.jpg&imgrefurl=http://newdelhi.olx.in/ultra-light-weight-batting-pads-iid-440651107&usg=__BWLsB8TNQtlC-Tq62wMXF2c_rGI=&h=625&w=469&sz=29&hl=en&start=70&zoom=1&tbnid=h0XjT9paSGn3OM:&tbnh=136&tbnw=102&ei=wMo1UbLXHoahiAe1woHIBw&prev=/search?q=light+weight+-cartoons&start=60&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&tbm=isch&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CDsQrQMwCTg8


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However, Vf has to be maintained as 0.7

Vf = V ( Glass ) + V ( Carbon Fibre)0.7 = V ( Glass) + 0.16686

Hence, V ( Glass) = 0.533

Arent you ready forT t 1
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://blahtherapy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/flwr-therapy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blahtherapy.com/blog/2012/12/05/feeling-down-flower-therapy-for-depression/&usg=__cnlGBm4vW813sASgIM-Vj3oVqCY=&h=768&w=1024&sz=167&hl=en&start=8&zoom=1&tbnid=P8_ubBQ7yo0OFM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&ei=s8w1UdKqE6aeiAeoyoG4Cw&prev=/search?q=flowers&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CDcQrQMwBwhttp://www.crystalgraphics.com/powerpictures/Image.Search.Details.asp?product=cg4p5672607c


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Test-1

0n 31/1/2014 at 11.30 am? NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CY 3012 MACROMOLECULES- TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

Evaluation

( T1+T2+Assignment +End Sem.): 20+20 + 10 +10 = 100

Course Plan

Test-1

( Module 1 and a part of module 3)

New strategies for macromolecular architecture ( DP, Functionality etc.) macromolecular dimensions ( Length, weight), chain mobility, rubber

elasticity, time-dependent properties ( Crep, Stress relaxation) models, molecular sizes, shapes, and ordered structures( We saw the difference

between plastics, rubbers, fibres etc.) , morphology and motion, spherulites, Thompson-Gibbs equation, Quasi-crystalline macromolecules, site

model theory, introduction to compounding and processing-rubbers and plastics. Multi-component systems, composites-powderous and fibrous

reinforcement, nanocomposites, protocols for density reduction.

Courtesy
http://www.crystalgraphics.com/powerpictures/Image.Search.Details.asp?product=cg4p5672607c


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Courtesy

Relevant Websites , Textbooks and

Journals

Research Students of Polymer Science

and Technology Laboratory, NITC

Documents

Macromolecules-Test 1 Winter 2013-14