MACROMOLECULES

SB1c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins,

lipids, nucleic acids).

The Chemistry of Life

Vocabulary of the Day• carbon

• macromolecule

• element

• nucleotide

• hormone

• monomer

• polymer

• saccharide

• hydrophobic

• enzyme

Which atoms are found in all living things?

CHNOPS

C = carbon

H = hydrogen

N = nitrogen

O = oxygen

P = phosphorus

S = sulfur

Importance of Carbon• Carbon (C) is the basis of all life.

• Carbon can form covalent bondswith as many as 4 other atoms (elements).

• Carbon atoms bond to form chains, branches, and rings.

CH4=methane

Common Substances Made of Carbon

• Diamonds• Coal• Graphite (pencil lead)

What are organic compounds?

• Compounds that contain CARBON• Macromolecules are large organic

molecules. (macro=large; molecule=atoms that hook up)

Macromolecule Make-up• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called

MONOMERS. (Mono=one)• Many monomers put together make a

POLYMER. (Poly = many)

Monomers combine to form polymers.

4 Types of Macromolecules1. CARBOHYDRATES

3. PROTEINS

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

2. LIPIDS

ELEMENTS

MONOMERS(Building Blocks)/

POLYMERS

FUNCTION(Job)

EXAMPLES OTHER INFO

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates• FUNCTION:

– Provide immediate energy for cells

• MADE OF:– rings of carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen (C, H, O)

• CHARACTERISTICS– MONOMER: monosaccharides– POLYMER: polysaccharide– most sugar names end in -ose

3 Types of Carbohydrates

1. Monosaccharide: one sugar unit (mono=one, saccharide=sugar)

Examples:– glucose (C6H12O6)

– fructose (C6H12O6)

*Glucose is the most common monosaccharide!

3 Types of Carbohydrates

2. Disaccharide: two sugar unit (di=two)

Examples: • Sucrose

(glucose+fructose)

• Lactose

(glucose+galactose)

• Maltose

(glucose+glucose)

3 Types of Carbohydrates

3. Polysaccharide: many sugar units (poly=many)

Examples:• starch (bread, potatoes)

• glycogen (muscle cells)

• cellulose (cell wall of plants)

Lipids

Lipids• PRIMARY FUNCTION:

– Long-term energy storage for cells

• MADE OF:– long chains of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C, H, O)

• EXAMPLES:– fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, triglycerides

• CHARACTERISTICS– MONOMER: fatty acids and glycerol– not soluble in water (HYDROPHOBIC)

Other Functions of Lipids1. Protection against heat loss (insulation)2. Chemical messengers (hormones)3. Major component of cell membranes

LipidsTriglycerides: Fats and oils composed of 1

glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH

Proteins

Proteins• MADE OF:

– long chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, sulfur

(C, H, O, N, S)

• CHARACTERISTICS– MONOMER: amino acids– POLYMER: polypeptides– 9 of 20 amino acids must be

ingested (eaten).

Protein Functions & ExamplesTypes of Proteins Function Where

AntibodiesDefend against bacteria

and virusesThroughout the body

Contractile Proteins(actin and myosin)

movement Muscles

EnzymesSpeed up chemical

reactionsThroughout the body

Hormones (insulin, oxytocin)

Regulate body activities Throughout the body

Structural Proteins (keratin, collagen, elastin)

Provide supportHair, nails, feathers, horns,

beaks

Storage Proteins (albumin, casein)

Store amino acids Egg whites, milk

Transport Proteins (hemoglobin)

Transport blood

4 Levels of Protein Structure1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternary

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids• PRIMARY FUNCTION:

– contain instructions to build proteins

• MADE OF:– long chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

and phosphorous (C, H, O, N, P)

• EXAMPLES:– DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – RNA (ribonucleic acid)

• CHARACTERISTICS– MONOMER: nucleotides

Nucleotide StructureNucleotides have 3 parts: 1. phosphate group2. Pentose (5C) sugar3. nitrogen base

ELEMENTS MONOMERS(Building Blocks)

FUNCTION(Job)

EXAMPLES

Carbohydrates C, H, O

Mono-Saccharides

(polymer: polysaccharides)

Primary source of IMMEDIATE

energy

Glucose, fructose, table sugar, corn,

rice, bread

Lipids Video Clip

C, H, O

fatty acids and glycerol

(polymer: triglycerides)

Long-termenergy storage

Cooking oil, bacon grease,

butter, oil, wax

ProteinsVideo Clip

C, H, O, N, S

amino acids(polymer:

polypeptide or amino acid

chain)

Cell growth and repair,

enzymes speed chemical reactions

Meat, cheese, enzymes

Nucleic AcidsVideo Clip

C, H, O, N, P

Nucleotides(polymer:

polynucleotides)

Contain genetic

informationDNA, RNA

What macromolecule is most closely associated with the picture?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Lipid

C. Protein

D. Nucleic Acid

Ticket Out the Door (3-pointer)1. Organize these 5 words into a list with a heading: lipid,

nucleic acid, macromolecule, protein, carbohydrate. (1

point)

2. Explain the relationship between carbon and organic

compounds. (1 point)

3. Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids. (2 points)

4. Compare and contrast proteins and lipids. (2 points)

5. How is the arrangement of carbohydrate elements different

from the arrangement of the elements in the other three

macromolecules? (1 point)

6. List the monomer and polymer for each of the

macromolecules. (2 points)

7. Describe the primary function of each of the

macromolecules. (2 points)