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MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics 2

MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics

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Page 1: MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics

MACROECONOMICS

© 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved

N. Gregory MankiwPowerPoint

® Slides by Ron CronovichFall 2013 update

The Data of Macroeconomics

2

Page 2: MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics

IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL LEARN:

…the meaning and measurement of the most important macroeconomic statistics:

gross domestic product (GDP)

the consumer price index (CPI)

the unemployment rate

2

Page 3: MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics

3CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income

Two definitions:

Total expenditure on domestically-produced final goods and services.

Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production.

Expenditure equals income because every dollar a buyer spends

becomes income to the seller.

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4CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

The Circular Flow

Households Firms

Goods

Labor

Expenditure ($)

Income ($)

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5CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Final goods, value added, and GDP

GDP = value of final goods produced

= sum of value added at all stages of production.

The value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods, so including intermediate and final goods in GDP would be double counting.

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6CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

final goods and services Goods and services produced for final use.

intermediate goods Goods that are produced by one firm for use in further processing by another firm.

value added The difference between the value of goods as they leave a stage of production and the cost of the goods as they entered that stage.

Gross Domestic Product

Final Goods and Services

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7CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

In calculating GDP, we can sum up the value added at each stage of production or we can take the value of final sales. We do not use the value of total sales in an economy to measure how much output has been produced.

TABLE 6.1 Value Added in the Production of a Gallon of Gasoline (Hypothetical Numbers)

Stage of Production Value of Sales Value Added

(1) Oil drilling $3.00 $3.00

(2) Refining 3.30 0.30

(3) Shipping 3.60 0.30

(4) Retail sale 4.00 0.40

Total value added $4.00

Gross Domestic Product

Final Goods and Services

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NOW YOU TRY

Identifying value added

A farmer grows a bushel of wheat and sells it to a miller for $1.00.

The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $3.00.

The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $6.00.

The engineer eats the bread.

Compute value added at each stage of production and GDP

8

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9CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

The expenditure components of GDP consumption, C

investment, I

government spending, G

net exports, NX

An important identity:

Y = C + I + G + NX

aggregate expenditure

value of total output

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10CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Consumption (C)

durable goods last a long time e.g., cars, home appliances

nondurable goodslast a short time e.g., food, clothing

servicesintangible items purchased by consumers e.g., dry cleaning, air travel

definition: The value of all goods and services bought by households. Includes:

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11CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

U.S. consumption, 2013

46.9

16.2

7.9

71.1

7,499

2,599

1,273

11,372

Services

Nondurables

Durables

Consumption

% of GDP$ billions

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12CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

TABLE 6.2 Components of U.S. GDP, 2009: The Expenditure Approach

Billions of Dollars Percentage of GDP

Personal consumption expenditures (C) 10,089.1 70.8

Durable goods 1,035.0 7.3Nondurable goods 2,220.2 15.6Services 6,833.9 47.9

Gross private domestic investment (l) 1,628.8 11.4Nonresidential 1,388.8 9.7Residential 361.0 2.5Change in business inventories 120.9 0.8

Government consumption and gross investment (G)

2,930.7 20.5

Federal 1,144.8 8.0State and local 1,786.9 12.5

Net exports (EX – IM) -392.4 - 2.8Exports (EX) 1,564.2 11.0

Imports (IM) 1,956.6 13.7Gross domestic product 14,256.3 100.0

Note: Numbers may not add exactly because of rounding.

Calculating GDP

The Expenditure Approach

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13CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Investment (I)

Spending on capital, a physical asset used in future production

Includes: Business fixed investment

Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment

Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units

Inventory investmentThe change in the value of all firms’ inventories

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14CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

U.S. Investment, 2013

0.3

2.6

13.1

13.4

48

425

2,102

2,151

Inventory

Residential

Business fixed

Investment

% of GDP$ billions

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15CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

change in business inventories The amount by which firms’ inventories change during a period. Inventories are the goods that firms produce now but intend to sell later.

GDP = Final sales + Change in business inventories

Change in Business Inventories

Calculating GDP

The Expenditure Approach

Gross Private Domestic Investment (I)

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16CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Investment vs. Capital

Note: Investment is spending on new capital.

Example (assumes no depreciation): 1/1/2012:

Economy has $10 trillion worth of capital

during 2012:Investment = $2 trillion

1/1/2013: Economy will have $12 trillion worth of capital

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17CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Stocks vs. Flows

A flow is a quantity measured per unit of time. E.g., “U.S. investment was $2 trillion during 2013.”

Flow Stock

A stock is a quantity measured at a point in time.

E.g., “The U.S. capital stock was $10 trillion on January 1, 2013.”

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18CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Stocks vs. Flows - examples

the govt budget deficitthe govt debt

# of new college graduates this year

# of people with college degrees

a person’s annual saving

a person’s wealth

flowstock

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NOW YOU TRY

Stock or Flow?

the balance on your credit card statement

how much you study economics outside of class

the size of your MP3/iTunes collection

the inflation rate

the unemployment rate

19

Page 20: MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics

20CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Government spending (G)

G includes all government spending on goods and services.

G excludes transfer payments (e.g., unemployment insurance payments), because they do not represent spending on goods and services.

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21CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

U.S. Government Spending, 2013

- Federal

18.93,023Govt spending

- State & local

Defense

7.3

11.5

4.8

2.5

1,177

1,846

768

408Non-defense

% of GDP$ billions

Page 22: MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics

22CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Net exports (NX)

NX = exports – imports exports: the value of g&s sold to other

countries imports: the value of g&s purchased from

other countries

Hence, NX equals net spending from abroad on our g&s

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23CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

U.S. Net Exports, 2013

$ billions % of GDP

Net exports of g & s –543 –3.4

Exports 2,203 13.8

Goods 1,545 9.7

Services 658 4.3

Imports 2,746 17.2

Goods 2,287 14.3

Services 459 2.9

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NOW YOU TRY

An expenditure-output puzzle?

Suppose a firm:

produces $10 million worth of final goods

only sells $9 million worth

Does this violate the expenditure = output identity?

24

Page 25: MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics

25CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Why output = expenditure

Unsold output goes into inventory, and is counted as “inventory investment”…whether or not the inventory buildup was intentional.

In effect, we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output.

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26CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

GDP: An important and versatile conceptWe have now seen that GDP measures:

total income

total output

total expenditure

the sum of value added at all stages in the production of final goods

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27CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

GNP vs. GDP Gross national product (GNP):

Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located

Gross domestic product (GDP):Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production, regardless of nationality

GNP – GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to

abroad

Examples of factor payments: wages, profits, rent, interest & dividends on assets

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28CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

From the perspective of the U.S., factor payments from abroad include things like

• wages earned by U.S. citizens working abroad

• profits earned by U.S.-owned businesses located abroad

• income (interest, dividends, rent, etc) generated from the foreign assets owned by U.S. citizens

Factor payments to abroad include things like

• wages earned by foreign workers in the U.S.

• profits earned by foreign-owned businesses located in the U.S.

• income (interest, dividends, rent, etc) that foreigners earn on U.S. assets

Page 29: MACROECONOMICS © 2014 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint ® Slides by Ron Cronovich Fall 2013 update The Data of Macroeconomics

GNP vs. GDP in select countries, 2011

Country GNP GDPGNP – GDP (% of GDP)

Bangladesh 122,061 111,879 9.1

Japan 6,041,592 5,867,154 3.0

China 7,305,440 7,318,499 -0.2

United States 15,211,300 14,991,300 1.5

India 1,856,807 1,872,840 -0.9

Canada 1,705,545 1,736,050 -1.8

Greece 281,225 289,627 -2.9

Iraq 111,865 115,388 -3.1

Ireland 178,195 217,274 -18.0

GNP and GDP in millions of current U.S. dollars

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30CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Real vs. nominal GDP

GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced.

Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices.

Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year.

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31CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

TABLE 6.6 A Three-Good Economy

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

GDP in GDP in GDP in GDP inYear 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2

in in in inProduction Price Per Unit Year 1 Year 1 Year 2 Year 2

Year 1 Year 2 Year 1 Year 2 Prices Prices Prices PricesQ1 Q2 P1 P2 P1 x Q1 P1 x Q2 P2 x Q1 P2 X Q2

Good A 6 11 $0.50 $0.40 $3.00 $5.50 $2.40 $4.40

Good B 7 4 0.30 1.00 2.10 1.20 7.00 4.00

Good C 10 12 0.70 0.90 7.00 8.40 9.00 10.80

Total $12.10 $15.10 $18.40 $19.20

Nominal GDPin year 1

NominalGDP

in year 2

Nominal versus Real GDP

Calculating Real GDP

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32CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Real GDP controls for inflation

Changes in nominal GDP can be due to: changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced

Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities, because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices.

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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

U.S. Nominal and Real GDP,1960-2013

(bill

ions

)

Nominal GDP

Real GDP(in 2005 dollars)

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34CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

GDP Deflator

Inflation rate: the percentage increase in the overall level of prices

One measure of the price level: GDP deflator

Definition:

Nominal GDP

GDP deflator = 100Real GDP

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NOW YOU TRY

GDP deflator and inflation rate

35

Use your previous answers to compute the GDP deflator in each year.

Use GDP deflator to compute the inflation rate from 2010 to 2011, and from 2011 to 2012.

Nom. GDP Real GDPGDP

deflatorInflation

rate

2010 $46,200 $46,200 n.a.

2011 51,400 50,000

2012 58,300 52,000

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NOW YOU TRY

Answers

36

Use your previous answers to compute the GDP deflator in each year.

Use GDP deflator to compute the inflation rate from 2010 to 2011, and from 2011 to 2012.

Nom. GDP Real GDPGDP

deflatorInflation

rate

2010 $46,200 $46,200 100.0 n.a.

2011 51,400 50,000 102.8 2.8%

2012 58,300 52,000 112.1 9.1%

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37CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Chain-Weighted Real GDP

Over time, relative prices change, so the base year should be updated periodically.

In essence, chain-weighted real GDP updates the base year every year, so it is more accurate than constant-price GDP.

Your textbook usually uses constant-price real GDP, because: the two measures are highly correlated. constant-price real GDP is easier to compute.

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38CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

A measure of the overall level of prices

Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

Uses: tracks changes in the typical household’s

cost of living

adjusts many contracts for inflation (“COLAs”)

allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time

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39CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

How the BLS constructs the CPI

1. Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumer’s “basket” of goods

2. Every month, collect data on prices of all items in the basket; compute cost of basket

3. CPI in any month equals

Cost of basket in that month

Cost of basket in base period100

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NOW YOU TRY

Compute the CPI

40

Basket: 20 pizzas, 10 compact discs

prices:

pizza CDs

2012 $10 $15

2013 11 15

2014 12 16

2015 13 15

For each year, compute the cost of the basket the CPI (use 2012 as

the base year) the inflation rate from

the preceding year

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NOW YOU TRY

Answers

41

Cost of Inflationbasket CPI rate

2012 $350 100.0 n.a.

2013 370 105.7 5.7%

2014 400 114.3 8.1%

2015 410 117.1 2.5%

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The composition of the CPI’s “basket”

15.3%

41.0%

3.6%

16.9%7.1%

6.0%

3.2%

3.6%

3.4%

Food and bev.

Housing

Apparel

Transportation

Medical care

Recreation

Education

Communication

Other goodsand services

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43CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Why the CPI may overstate inflation Substitution bias:

The CPI uses fixed weights, so it cannot reflect consumers’ ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen.

Introduction of new goods: The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and, in effect, increases the real value of the dollar. But it does not reduce the CPI, because the CPI uses fixed weights.

Unmeasured changes in quality: Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured.

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44CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

The size of the CPI’s bias

In 1995, a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 1.1% per year.

So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias.

Now, the CPI’s bias is probably under 1% per year.

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45CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

CPI vs. GDP DeflatorPrices of capital goods:

included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically)

excluded from CPI

Prices of imported consumer goods: included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator

The basket of goods: CPI: fixed GDP deflator: changes every year

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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Pe

rce

nta

ge

ch

an

ge

fr

om

12

mo

nth

s e

arl

ier

Two measures of inflation in the U.S.

CPI

GDP deflator

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47CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

employed Any person 16 years old or older (1) who works for pay, either for someone else or in his or her own business for 1 or more hours per week, (2) who works without pay for 15 or more hours per week in a family enterprise, or (3) who has a job but has been temporarily absent with or without pay.

unemployed A person 16 years old or older who is not working, is available for work, and has made specific efforts to find work during the previous 4 weeks.

Unemployment

Measuring Unemployment

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48CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

not in the labor force A person who is not looking for work because he or she does not want a job or has given up looking.

labor force The number of people employed plus the number of unemployed.

labor force = employed + unemployed

population = labor force + not in labor force

Unemployment

Measuring Unemployment

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49CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

Two important labor force concepts unemployment rate

percentage of the labor force that is unemployed

labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that “participates” in the labor force, i.e. is working or looking for work

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NOW YOU TRY

Computing labor statistics

50

U.S. adult population by group, May 2013

Number employed = 143.9 million

Number unemployed = 11.8 million

Adult population = 245.4 million

Use the above data to calculate the labor force the number of people not in the labor force the labor force participation rate the unemployment rate

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NOW YOU TRY

Answers

data: E = 143.9, U = 11.8, POP = 245.4

labor forceL = E + U = 143.9 + 11.8 = 155.7

not in labor forceNILF = POP – L = 245.4 – 155.7 = 89.7

unemployment rateU/L x 100% = (11.8/155.7) x 100% = 7.6%

labor force participation rateL/POP x 100% = (155.7/245.4) x 100% = 63.4%

51

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52CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

TABLE 7.1 Employed, Unemployed, and the Labor Force, 1950–2009

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Population16 Years

Old or Over(Millions)

LaborForce

(Millions)Employed(Millions)

Unemployed(Millions)

Labor ForceParticipation

Rate(Percentage

Points)

UnemploymentRate

(PercentagePoints)

1950 105.0 62.2 58.9 3.3 59.2 5.3

1960 117.2 69.6 65.8 3.9 59.4 5.5

1970 137.1 82.8 78.7 4.1 60.4 4.9

1980 167.7 106.9 99.3 7.6 63.8 7.1

1990 189.2 125.8 118.8 7.0 66.5 5.6

2000 212.6 142.6 136.9 5.7 67.1 4.0

2009 235.8 154.1 139.9 14.3 65.4 9.3

Note: Figures are civilian only (military excluded).

Unemployment

Measuring Unemployment

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53CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics

The establishment survey

The BLS obtains a second measure of employment by surveying businesses, asking how many workers are on their payrolls.

Neither measure is perfect, and they occasionally diverge due to: treatment of self-employed persons new firms not counted in establishment survey technical issues involving population inferences

from sample data

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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

household survey

establishment survey

Two measures of employment growth

Per

cent

age

chan

ge

from

12

mon

ths

earli

er

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C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y

Gross domestic product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods & services.

Nominal GDP values output at current prices; real GDP values output at constant prices. Changes in output affect both measures, but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP.

GDP is the sum of consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.

55

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C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y

The overall level of prices can be measured by either: the consumer price index (CPI),

the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer, or

the GDP deflator, the ratio of nominal to real GDP

The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed.

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