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Machismo & Parental Discipline in Central American & Mexico CSWE
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Seediscussions,stats,andauthorprofilesforthispublicationat:http://www.researchgate.net/publication/269464609
Machismo&ParentalDisciplineinCentralAmerica&Mexico.PreliminaryResults&Reflections.pptx
CONFERENCEPAPER·OCTOBER2014
DOI:10.13140/2.1.5062.8169
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7AUTHORS,INCLUDING:
NelsonPortillo
BostonCollege,USA
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XiafeiWang
TheOhioStateUniversity
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Availablefrom:RenéOlate
Retrievedon:14September2015
René Olate, PhD
NOVEMBER 12th, 2014
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Objectives
Present preliminary results of a cross-
national research about machismo and
parental discipline
Gender differences
Associations with religiosity and spirituality
Discuss implications of this research for
social work interventions
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
How machismo is reproduced?
sexism
hypermasculinity
aggressive
domination
masculine force
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Research partners:
Nicaragua & El Salvador
Julio Argueta, JD MA
Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de Nicaragua, León
Departamento de Trabajo Social
Nelson Portillo, PhD
Universidad Don Bosco
El Salvador
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Research partners: Mexico
Víctor Hugo Aguilar Gaxiola, PhD
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Facultad de Trabajo Social
Marisa Mesina, PhD
Universidad de Colima
Facultad de Trabajo Social
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Machismo and Parental Discipline among University Students in Central America & Mexico
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
OBJECTIVES
What is the prevalence of different types of
parental discipline? (Dimensions of Discipline Inventory, Straus & Fauchier, 2007)
What are the relationships among different
discipline strategies and youth’s adjustment,
attitudes, spirituality, machismo, community
violence and other variables?
What factors influence parental discipline
strategies and machismo? Factors being investigated
include individual-level, family-level, community-level and
culture-level variables.
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Gender and Patriarchy Sociology (Walby, 1989)
Masculinity Perspectives (Connell, 1995, 2000; Gilmore, 1990)
Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1991, 1981)
The self-efficacy mechanism in human agency (Bandura, 1982)
The Capability and Emancipation Approaches (Sen, 1999; Nussbaum, 2010; Welzel, 2013)
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
METHODS Sample. A quasi-random, stratified and proportional
by school and gender sampling of university students from: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua Leon
(UNAN–Leon: #1 N = 965; #2 N=958)
Universidad Don Bosco, El Salvador (UDB N = 950)
Universidad de Colima (UCOL N = 891)
Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa (data collection stage)
The survey instrument was translated from English into Spanish by a team of bilingual researchers in the United States and pilot tested in Nicaragua.
Data were collected between December of 2012 and November of 2014. The OSU Institutional Review Board approved all study procedures.
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Scales
Dimensions of Discipline Inventory (DDI) (Straus & Fauchier, 2007)
Machismo and caballerismo (Arciniega, Anderson,
Tovar-Blanco, y Tracey, 2008)
Intrinsic spirituality (Hodge, 2003)
Religiosity (Genia, 1993)
Generalized self-efficacy (Schwarzer y Jerusalén, 1995)
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Machismo Scale
1. Men are superior to women.
2. In a family a father’s wish is law.
3. The birth of a male child is more important than a female child.
4. It is important not to be the weakest man in a group.
5. Real men never let down their guard.
6. It would be shameful for a man to cry in front of his children.
7. A man should be in control of his wife.
8. It is necessary to fight when challenged.
9. It is important for women to be beautiful.
10. The bills (electric, phone, etc.) should be in the man’s name.
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Caballerismo (Chivalry) Scale 1. Men want their children to have better lives than themselves.
2. A real man does not brag about sex.
3. Men should respect their elders.
4. Men hold their mothers in high regard.
5. The family is more important than the individual.
6. Men should be willing to fight to defend their family.
7. Men must exhibit fairness in all situations.
8. A woman is expected to be loyal to her husband.
9. Men must display good manners in public.
10. Men should be affectionate with their children.
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE)
1. I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough.
2. If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what
I want.
3. It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals.
4. I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.
5. Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen
situations.
6. I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort.
7. I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my
coping abilities.
8. When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several
solutions.
9. If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.
10. I can usually handle whatever comes my way.
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
METHODS
Procedures
T-test was used to assess gender differences in
the adoption of machismo, caballerismo, and self-
efficacy
T-test was used to compare gender differences
among the 25% higher scores in each scale
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Traditional Machismo n % ♀ α ♂ ♀ t
El Salvador 950 45.0 .78 2.95 2.17 11.86***
México 891 46.7 .85 3.00 2.15 10.43***
Nicaragua I 965 57.6 .77 3.15 2.39 11.82***
Nicaragua II 958 55.5 .84 3.10 2.33 9.57***
n % ♀ α ♂ ♀ t
El Salvador 950 45.0 .71 6.05 5.87 3.31**
México 891 46.7 .81 5.61 5.25 4.47***
Nicaragua I 965 57.6 .79 5.88 5.71 2.54*
Nicaragua II 958 55.5 .86 5.61 5.63 -.19
Caballerismo
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Autoeficacia Generalizada
n % ♀ α ♂ ♀ t
El Salvador 950 45.0 .87 3.23 3.19 1.27
México 891 46.7 .93 3.31 3.28 .68
Nicaragua I 965 57.6 .87 3.17 3.11 1.9
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Measurements for Mexico Range Mean Mean ♂ Mean♀ t
Machismo 10-70 26.03 29.96 21.50 10.43***
Caballerismo 10-70 54.45 56.13 52.53 4.47***
Self-efficacy 10-40 32.94 33.08 32.80 .68
N 25%
higher % ♂ Mean ♂ Mean♀ t
Machismo 220 76.80 42.69 41.69 7.29
Caballerismo 271 66.11 65.15 63.44 4.9***
Self-efficacy 257 51.80 39.08 38.85 1.54
Comparing the 25 % higher in Mexico
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Measurements for Nicaragua Range Mean Mean ♂ Mean♀ t
Machismo 1-7 2.68 3.10 2.33 9.57***
Caballerismo 1-7 54.45 56.13 52.53 4.47***
Self-efficacy 1-4 32.94 33.08 32.80 .68
N 25%
higher % ♂ Mean ♂ Mean♀ t
Machismo 233 67.40 4.47 4.20 1.82
Caballerismo 271 66.11 65.15 63.44 4.9***
Self-efficacy 257 51.80 39.08 38.85 1.54
Comparing the 25 % higher in Nicaragua
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Traditional Machismo and Self-efficacy
by gender and school (UNAN-Leon I)
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Understanding Machismo
from Parental Discipline,
Religiosity and Spirituality
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Religiosity Religiosity
Types of Parental
Discipline
Types of Parental
Discipline
Demographics Demographics
MACHISMO
Spirituality Spirituality
Self-efficacy Self-efficacy
CHIVALRY
CONCEPTUAL MODEL (Olate, 2014)
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
CONCEPTUAL MODEL (Olate, 2014)
Religiosity Religiosity
Types of Parental
Discipline
Types of Parental
Discipline
Demographics Demographics
MACHISMO
Spirituality Spirituality
Self-efficacy Self-efficacy
CHIVALRY
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
CONCEPTUAL MODEL (Olate, 2014)
Religiosity Religiosity
Types of Parental
Discipline
Types of Parental
Discipline
Demographics Demographics
MACHISMO
Spirituality Spirituality
Self-efficacy Self-efficacy
CHIVALRY
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
DIMENSIONS OF DISCIPLINE INVENTORY
1) Psychological Aggression I. Aggressive Discipline
2) Corporal Punishment
3) Deprivation of Privileges
II. Penalty 4) Penalty tasks and restorative
behavior
5) Diversion
III. Positive Discipline 6) Explain/Teach
7) Reward
8) Ignore Misbehavior IV. Supervision
9) Monitoring
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
METHODS Procedures.
Linear regression (OLS) was employed to explore
the association between the endorsement of
traditional machismo, caballerismo (chivalry) and
types of discipline, religiosity and spirituality.
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Parental Discipline: Mexico
1) Psychological Aggression: 91.8 I. Aggressive
Discipline 2) Corporal Punishment: 85.9
3) Deprivation of Privileges: 89.7 II. Penalty
4) Penalty tasks and restorative behavior: 91.9
5) Diversion: 88.6 III. Positive
Discipline 6) Explain/Teach: 97.8
7) Reward: 89.4
8) Ignore Misbehavior: 81.2 IV. Supervision
9) Monitoring: 78.4
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Summary: OLS predicting Machismo
and Caballerismo in Mexico
TRADICIONAL MACHISMO CABALLERISMO
Female Male Female Male
Father Supervision (+) Deprivation of
privileges (+)
Religion (+)
-- Penalty T &
Restorative (+)
Corporal
punishment (-)
Spirituality (+)
Mother Penalty T &
Restorative (+)
Corporal
punishment (+)
Religion (+)
Religion (-)
Spirituality (+)
Penalty T &
Restorative (+)
Spirituality (+)
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Implications
Community intervention with clergy:
Raising awareness of the cultural
dimensions of the patriarchal culture
Individual intervention: Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Thoughts
Emotions
Behavior
Body’s Physical Reactions
Any EVENT: related to gender roles expectations
and manhood
What when through his mind?
What did he feel?
What did he do or have an impulse to do?
How did his body react?
Olate, Argueta, Mesina, Portillo, Aguilar, Wang, & Jani, 2014
Situation: a new Latino immigrant father dealing with authorization for his daughter to a pajama party Core beliefs about being a man and acceptable behaviors for his daughter Men don’t accept
this situation
Anxiety
Irritable, kick furniture
Muscle tension, sweaty