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GENERATING STATIONSGENERATING STATIONS
LMF PSLMF PS
3/6/20113/6/2011
GENERATING STATIONSGENERATING STATIONSGENERATING STATIONSGENERATING STATIONS
Thermal Power StationThermal Power Station Hydro Power Station
N l P St ti Nuclear Power Station Diesel Power Station Gas Power Station Combine cycle Power StationCombine cycle Power Station
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Electricity GenerationElectricity GenerationElectricity GenerationElectricity Generation
Other Waste
Municipal Solid Waste and Landfill Gas
0.6%WoodNuclear
20%
Hydroelectric7.2%Natural Gas
16%
Wind0.1%
0.1%0.6%Wood
1.0%
Petroleum2.9%
Solar0.02%
Other Gas and G th l
Other2.6%
Coal52%
Waste Heat0.4%
Geothermal0.4%
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THERMAL POWER STATIONTHERMAL POWER STATIONTHERMAL POWER STATIONTHERMAL POWER STATION
Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion in electrical energyelectrical energy.
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Thermal Power PlantThermal Power PlantThermal Power Plant Thermal Power Plant
1) The fuel (pulverized coal, atomized oil or gas) is mixed with pre-heated air and injected into the boiler, where the high temperature ignites the fuelignites the fuel.
2) The fuel burning produces ashes and sulfur dioxide. The ashes are filtered out from the exhaust and washed away by water. The
lf di id i h d b bb P f l h t fsulfur dioxide is washed by scrubbers. Powerful exhaust fans drives the smoke out to the atmosphere through the stack.
3) Pre-heated water is pumped through the tubes covering the boiler ) p p g gwalls. The high heat evaporates the water and generates steam, which is collected in the steam drum.
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Thermal Power PlantThermal Power PlantThermal Power Plant Thermal Power Plant
4) The high pressure steam drives the turbine, which has a high pressure and a low pressure stage. For some turbines the steam is re-heated between these two stages.
5) The water-cooled condenser condenses the steam into water. The water is pumped back to the boiler.
6) B th th i d th t h t d t i ffi i6) Both, the air and the water are preheated to increase efficiency.
7) The turbine drives the generator which produces electricity.
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Main Components of TPSMain Components of TPSMain Components of TPSMain Components of TPS
Coal & Ash handling plantg p Steam generating plant
Boiler Superheater Economiser
Air preheater Air-preheater Steam turbine Feed waterFeed water Cooling arrangement Electrical apparatus
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Electrical apparatus
Choice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site Selection
Availability of WaterAvailability of Water Supply of fuel
T t ti f iliti Transportation facilities Nature & cost of land Distance of populated area Near by load centersNear by load centers
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EfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiency
Thermal EfficiencyThermal Efficiency Electrical Efficiency
O ll Effi i Overall Efficiency
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Heat equivalent to Mech. EnergyHeat equivalent to Mech. Energy produced at Turbine shaft
THERMAL EFFICIENCY = ---------------------------------------------Heat equivalent to coal combustion
Heat equivalent to Elect. Energy produced at generator terminals
ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCYELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY = ---------------------------------------------Heat equivalent to Mech. Energy
produced at Turbine shaft
Heat equivalent to Elect. Energy produced at generator terminals
OVERALL EFFICIENCY = ---------------------------------------------OVERALL EFFICIENCY = Heat equivalent to coal combustion
OVERALL EFFICIENCY = THERMAL EFFI. * ELECTRICAL EFFI.
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Steam turbine and electric Steam turbine and electric generator with excitergenerator with exciter
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Flow diagram of a steam boilergHigh-
PressureTurbine
Low-PressureTurbine
Superheater
Exhaust
Feedwater
Electrical Power
SteamDrum
WaterWalls
Generator
Reheater
Exhaust
Burner Feedwaterpump
SteamCondenser
FlueIn
sula
ted
tube
Dow
ncom
ers
pump
Fresh Cooling Water
Fluegas
stack
Induceddraft fan
EconomizerWater heater
Header
Fuel
Air
Ash handling
FuelFuel
pump
Air
Forced
Airheater
Air
SO2 ScrubberPrecipitatorFabric filter
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Forceddraft fan
Feedwater
Cooling towerCooling tower
Vapor Outflow
Baffling
Mechanical FanWater Inflow
Drift
VaporOutflow
AirInflow
AirInflow Baffling
Eliminators
DriftEliminators
WaterReturn
WaterR
AirInflow
AirInflow
Cross-flow induced draft tower
Return
Water Inflow
Hyperbolic natural draft tower
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Electrostatic Precipitator Electrostatic Precipitator pp
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Steam TurbineSteam TurbineSteam TurbineSteam Turbine High pressure steam enters
through nozzles. The stationary blades direct
the steam flow towards the moving blades.
The direction of the steam flow changes as it flows through the moving blades.
The change of flow direction generates a force on the moving blades.
This force drives the turbine.
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Steam Turbine ConceptSteam Turbine ConceptSteam Turbine ConceptSteam Turbine Concept
MovingBl d
MovingBl d
StationaryBl d
StationaryBl dBlade BladeBlade Blade
N lNozzle
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Steam turbine openSteam turbine openSteam turbine openSteam turbine open
High-pressure turbine
Low-pressure turbine
Shaft with moving blades
Middle bearing
Stationary part
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Steam Turbine BladesSteam Turbine BladesSteam Turbine BladesSteam Turbine Blades
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Generator StatorGenerator Stator
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Generator RotorGenerator RotorGenerator RotorGenerator Rotor
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Salient Pole Rotor Salient Pole Rotor
NorthPolesPoles
South
Slipi
NorthPolei di
ring
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North winding
Generators station connection diagramGenerators station connection diagram
Circuitbreaker
Auxiliary transformer
High-voltage bus
Main transformer
Currenttransformer
Transmissi
Disconnect
Generator
ion Lines
Surgearrester
switch
Voltagetransformer
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Generation StationGeneration StationGeneration StationGeneration Station
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HYDRO POWER STATIONHYDRO POWER STATIONHYDRO POWER STATIONHYDRO POWER STATION
Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts potential energy of water in electrical energyenergy.
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Main Components of Hydro PlantMain Components of Hydro PlantMain Components of Hydro PlantMain Components of Hydro Plant
Hydrolic Structurey Dam Penstock Surge tank Surge tank Spill ways Head work
W t t bi Water turbines Impulse turbine Reaction turbineReaction turbine
Francis turbine Kaplan turbine
Electrical Apparatus
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Electrical Apparatus
Concept of Hydro Power Plantp y
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Hydro Power PlantHydro Power Plant (Power (Power H )H )House)House)
The turbine and generator are connected to a vertical shaft.Th filt d t t th h th t The filtered water enters through the gate.
The water flow is controlled by the wicket gate.
The head (difference between the water (levels) drives the water through the turbine and rotates the runner at a few hundred
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rpm.
Hydro power plant with Kaplan TurbineHydro power plant with Kaplan Turbine
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The water is stored in the lake, which is at higher ground (Lake Pleasant).g ( )
A canal and pipe system transfer the water to the power house.
The potential energy of the water is transformed to mechanical energy in the turbine.
The turbine drives the generator and converts the water mechanical energy to electrical energy.
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Large salient pole Hydro generator under Large salient pole Hydro generator under t tit ticonstructionconstruction
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Francis TurbineFrancis TurbineFrancis TurbineFrancis Turbine
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High Head Hydro power plantHigh Head Hydro power plant
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Pump Storage PlantPump Storage Plant
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Choice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site Selection
Availability of WaterAvailability of Water Storage of water
T t ti f iliti Transportation facilities Nature & cost of land
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NUCLEAR POWER STATIONNUCLEAR POWER STATIONNUCLEAR POWER STATIONNUCLEAR POWER STATION
Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts heat energy produced by nuclear materials to electrical energyto electrical energy.
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Main Components of Nuclear PlantMain Components of Nuclear PlantMain Components of Nuclear PlantMain Components of Nuclear Plant
Nuclear ReactorNuclear Reactor Heat Exchanger Steam turbineSteam turbine Alternator
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Nuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating Station Nuclear Generating Station The nuclear reactor is fueled by uranium dioxide and
moderated by watermoderated by water. The nuclear reaction produces heat. The reaction is controlled
by boron-based rods.Th l t d i t th h th t h th The coolant pump drives water through the reactor, where the nuclear reaction increases the coolant (in most cases water) temperature.
The steam is generated in the heat exchanger/boiler.
The high pressure steam drives the turbine, which in turn drives the generator. (usually at 1800 rpm)the generator. (usually at 1800 rpm)
The condenser condenses the steam to water, which is pumped back into the boiler.
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Nuclear VesselNuclear Vessel
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Nuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating StationPressurized water reactorPressurized water reactor
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Nuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating Station
Cooling towersReactor
containmentb ildi
Turbinegenerator
Cooling pondbuilding
gbuilding
Switchyard
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y
Boiling Water ReactorBoiling Water Reactor
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Choice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site Selection
Availability of WaterAvailability of Water Transportation facilities
Di l f t Disposal of waste
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DIESEL POWER PLANTDIESEL POWER PLANTDIESEL POWER PLANTDIESEL POWER PLANT
Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts heat energy produced by diesel in electrical energyelectrical energy.
Normal generators for hotels & commercial buildingscommercial buildings
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Main Components of Diesel PlantMain Components of Diesel PlantMain Components of Diesel PlantMain Components of Diesel Plant
Fuel systemy Air intake system Exhaust system
C li Cooling system Lubricating system Starting arrangement Starting arrangement
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GAS POWER PLANTGAS POWER PLANTGAS POWER PLANTGAS POWER PLANT
Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts heat energy produced by gas in electrical energyenergy.
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Main Components of Gas PlantMain Components of Gas PlantMain Components of Gas PlantMain Components of Gas Plant
Compressorp Regenerator Combustion Chamber
G T bi Gas Turbine Alternator Starting Motor Starting Motor
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COMBINE CYCLE PLANTCOMBINE CYCLE PLANTCOMBINE CYCLE PLANTCOMBINE CYCLE PLANT
Def : A generating station which usesDef : A generating station which uses more than one fuel for the production of electricityelectricity.
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REGENERATOR
C
C. C.
COMP STEAM TURCOMP. GAS TUR. STEAM. TUR.BOILER
FPFPF
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Combined Cycle Power PlantCombined Cycle Power Plant The plant contains a gas and a steam
turbine. The hot exhaust gases of the gas turbine
feed a steam generator which supplies a steam turbine. The gas turbine is similar t l i ft i
Gas/Oil Fuel
Gas Turbine (Brayton) Cycle
to a large aircraft engine. Both turbines drive a generator and
produce electrical power.
CompressorCombustion
Turbine
Hot
Generator
The plant efficiency is high.
Cooling Tower
ExhaustGases
Air
SteamTurbine
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Steam Line Generator
Steam (Rankine) Cycle
CondenserFeedwater Pump
WarmExhaustGases
Steam Generator
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Co de seFeedwater Pump
Adv. & DisAdv. & Dis--adv.of combine cycle adv.of combine cycle P Pl tP Pl tPower PlantPower Plant
AdvantagesAdvantages High efficiency
Less cost per unit(KW) Less cost per unit(KW) Dis-advantages
C Complexity Fuel requierement
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Generating Station Generating Station ggType of Generation stations Thermal Power Plant. Large plants carry constant load (base
load plant). Smaller plants loads are regulated but they operate continuously. Minimum down time is 20-35 hours.
Nuclear Power Plant. These plants carry constant load and areNuclear Power Plant. These plants carry constant load and are used as base loads plants.
Hydroelectric Plants. These plants are loaded to the maximum capacity because of the low operating cost (Water is free)capacity, because of the low operating cost. (Water is free)
Combined steam and Gas-Turbine Power Plants. High efficiency plants for variable load.
Gas-turbine. Peak load plants, high operating and low investment cost.
Solar Wind Loaded to the maximum capacity when sun or wind
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Solar, Wind. Loaded to the maximum capacity when sun or wind power available.
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