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Mac OS X v10.7 Lion

This article summarizes the key technology changes and improvements that are available beginningwith Mac OS X version 10.7 Lion. The information about these changes is organized into sections bytechnology area:

“Major Features” describes overarching changes that span multiple technology areas or areotherwise of particular importance.“Framework-Level Features” describes changes to system frameworks.“BSD And Kernel Features” describes changes to the UNIX/POSIX portions of Mac OS X and to theMac OS X kernel, device drivers, and kernel extensions.“Application Features” describes changes in the behavior of included applications such as Safari.“Mac OS X Server” describes changes to Mac OS X Server.

Please file any bug reports about this seed or this documentation usinghttp://bugreport.apple.com/.

Major FeaturesThe following sections highlight features that span multiple technology areas or that are otherwise ofparticular importance in Mac OS X v10.7.

Application PersistenceIn Mac OS X v10.7, after a restart, the system automatically relaunches applications that were openwhen the user chose Log Out or Shut Down.

In addition, the system automatically restores the state of applications that are relaunched after arestart. That is, windows that are open when an application terminates are reopened with the samesize and location as before, their contents are scrolled to the same position, and their selectionsrestored.

When an application goes unused or has no open windows, Mac OS X may terminate it behind thescenes. When the user wants to use the application again, it usually relaunches instantly. Users whowant to quit applications manually can still do so, but it is no longer necessary.

For more information, see Mac OS X Application Programming Guide.

Automatic Document Saving and VersioningIn the applications that ship as part of Mac OS X v10.7, users no longer need to save documentsexplicitly or be concerned about losing unsaved changes. Document-based Cocoa applications canopt into this autosaving behavior with a simple override.

With automatic saving enabled, the system automatically writes document data to disk as necessaryso that data displayed in a document window is, in effect, always the same as the document data ondisk. A file coordination mechanism maintains sequential access to files. (See “Mac OS X FileCoordination.”)

Applications that support automatic saving also support document version history browsing. To

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browse previous versions of a document, choose Browse All Versions from the pull-down menu atthe right end of the menu bar.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

Mac OS X File CoordinationMac OS v10.7 includes a new mechanism, called file coordination, that allows your application toaccess files and directories in a way that is serialized with other processes’ accesses of the same filesand directories so that inconsistencies due to overlapping reads and writes don’t occur.

File coordination is an important part of the implementation of the Mac OS v10.7 modernizeddocument model that is described in Application Kit Release Notes (Lion).

Full-Screen Application EnhancementsMac OS X v10.7 includes support for full-screen mode through methods in the NSApplication andNSWindow classes, and the NSWindowDelegate Protocol protocol.

Full-screen support is off by default, but an application can turn it on with a simple method call.Turning on the support adds an Enter Full Screen menu item with associated action methods to theView menu if it exists. Otherwise, it adds it to the Window menu.

There is also a new full-screen presentation option. NSWindow full-screen support includes awindow style mask and notifications upon entering and exiting full-screen mode. It also providesprogramming interfaces for implementing custom animations that are shown when an applicationenters and exits full-screen mode.

The NSWindowDelegate protocol allows the window delegate to control the full-screen content sizeand to provide a custom set of presentation options to be in effect while its window is the primaryfull-screen window.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

Overlay ScrollbarsMac OS X v10.7 introduces overlay scrollbars similar to those in iOS. Unless the user overridesscrollbar appearance using System Preferences, the following behavior occurs:

If all of the user’s pointing devices support both horizontal and vertical touch scrolling, thescrollbars are hidden during normal use. They appear as an overlay on top of the window’scontent while the user is scrolling, and remain visible briefly to allow scrollbar dragging.If the user has at least one external pointing device that does not support scrolling, the scrollbaris displayed at all times and the usable space in the window is reduced, as in previous versions ofMac OS X. (These permanent scrollbars are referred to as legacy scrollbars.)If the user has no external pointing devices attached, the trackpad settings control the scrollbarbehavior; if the user has disabled scrolling for the trackpad in System Preferences, legacyscrollbars are used.

Compatibility Note: There are three situations in which legacy scrollbars are used regardless ofhardware or preferences:

An NSScrollView with accessory views inside its scroll trackAny subclass of NSScroller that does not declare itself to be overlay-scroller-compatibleAny NSScroller that is not managed by an NSScrollView

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In addition, the scrollbars no longer contain scroll arrows (in overlay mode or in legacy mode).

Because these changes may affect your application layout, you should test your applications withboth standard and scrolling pointing devices.

For more information, see Application Kit Release Notes (Lion).

PopoversIn Mac OS X v10.7, Application Kit provides support for popovers. A popover is a unit of content thatis positioned relative to some other content on the screen. You use an anchor to express the relationbetween these two units of content.

Each popover has an appearance that specifies its visual characteristics, as well as a behavior thatdetermines which user interactions cause the popover to close.

A transient popover is closed in response to most user interactions.A semitransient popover is closed when the user interacts with the window containing thepopover’s positioning view.Popovers with application-defined behavior are not usually closed on the developer’s behalf.

AppKit automatically positions each popover relative to its positioning view and moves the popoverwhenever its positioning view moves. For additional granularity, you can specify a positioningrectangle within the positioning view.

If you implement the appropriate delegate method, your application’s popovers can be detached tobecome a separate window by dragging them.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

Sandboxing and Privilege SeparationMac OS X v10.7 provides built-in support for application sandboxing and privilege separation.

Sandboxing allows the developer of a particular application, tool, or other binary to specify a list ofthings that it is expected to do during normal operation. The operating system then enforces thatlist. For example, a text editor might need to edit files on disk that have been opened by the user,but it probably does not need to open arbitrary files in other locations or communicate over anetwork.

Privilege separation is another common technique for improving security. Privilege separation meansbreaking up a complex application, tool, or daemon into pieces that individually require fewer rights.

Modern applications are becoming progressively more dependent on networking. Users viewwebpages from untrusted sources, download documents from untrusted sources, and obtaininformation via network connections to untrusted sources. The growing reliance on untrusted datarepresents an ever-growing attack vector for viruses and other malware.

With traditional applications, if the application becomes compromised through a buffer overflow orother security hole, its attacker also gains the ability to do anything that the user can do. There aretwo common solutions to this problem: sandboxing and privilege separation. These can be usedindependently or together to improve security.

For example, if the text editor mentioned above needs to update its help files, it might include ahelper that has the right to download help files from the Internet, but only the right to write filesinside the application’s container.

Because of the reduced privileges of the helper and the main application, any flaws in either part ofthe application that might otherwise be exploitable are ultimately of limited utility to the attacker

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because neither part of the application runs with the complete privileges and capabilities of the user.

For more information about sandboxing and privilege separation, read Mac OS X ApplicationProgramming Guide. Then read Daemons and Services Programming Guide.

Framework-Level FeaturesThe following sections highlight changes to frameworks and technologies in Mac OS X v10.7.

AV FoundationThe AV Foundation framework, previously available in iOS, is now also part of Mac OS X. You use theAV Foundation framework to play and create time-based audiovisual media. It provides anObjective-C interface you use to work on a detailed level with time-based audiovisual data. Forexample, you can use it to examine, create, edit, or reencode media files. You can also get inputstreams from devices and manipulate video during realtime capture and playback.

For more information, read AV Foundation Programming Guide and AV Foundation FrameworkReference for Mac OS X.

Cocoa AutolayoutMac OS X v10.7 introduces a new layout system to Cocoa, reworking the springs and struts model.

Instead of using autosizing masks, you define layout constraints that express your intent, such as“these views line up head to tail,” or “this plus/minus button segmented control should move withthis split view subview.”

This model provides the following benefits:

Localization by just swapping strings, not adjusting layout in the majority of cases.Mirroring of UI for right-to-left languages, such as Arabic and Hebrew.Simpler expression of existing concepts in UIs.Better layering of responsibility between view and controller layers.Pixel-perfect layout at all scale factors with resolution independence.

Future updates of Interface Builder may add built-in support for Autolayout.

For more information, see Cocoa Autolayout Release Notes.

Core DataMac OS X v10.7 adds support for ordered relationships. It also introduces an incremental store. Thisincremental store suport allows you in principle to write a Core Data store for a relational databasesuch as MySQL.

Both of these features have been frequently requested over the years.

For more information, see Core Data Framework Reference.

Font CollectionsMac OS X v10.7 now provides the NSFontCollection API. NSFontCollection is an Objective-Cinterface to all of the functionality in the CTFontCollection API (described in CTFontCollection

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Reference), plus a few higher-level features to support font UIs. It is toll-free bridged toCTFontCollection.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

Icon Drag FlockingMac OS X v.10.7 introduces the notion of icon drag flocking. Drag flocking allows fine-grainedcontrol over icon dragging. The source application can change the image of the drag, as can thedestination of the drag. When multiple items are dragged, they “flock” together into a stack.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

Index Set Range EnumerationMac OS X v10.7 adds support for enumerating ranges within an index set.

NSIndexSet is an abstraction of a set of indexes. Developers often also view it as a set ofnoncontiguous ranges, which is a natural extension of this abstraction. As a result, developers oftenwant to be able to enumerate the contents of an NSIndexSet object in terms of ranges, instead ofindividual indexes. Beginning in Mac OS X v10.7, NSIndexSet includes convenience methods toprovide this enumeration functionality.

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference.

JSON SerializationIn Mac OS X 10.7, the Foundation framework adds a new class, NSJSONSerialization, to supportconversion of JSON data (http://www.json.org/) into Foundation types and vice versa.

For more information, see the NSJSONSerialization.h header file and Foundation FrameworkReference.

Linguistic TaggingMac OS X v10.7 introduces a linguistic tagging class, NSLinguisticTagger, that lets you breakdown a sentence into its grammatical components, allowing the determination of nouns, verbs,adverbs, and so on. This tagging works fully for English. The API provides a method to find out whatcapabilities are currently available in other languages as well.

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference.

NSFileWrapper Now In FoundationIn Mac OS X v10.7, the NSFileWrapper class is in the Foundation framework instead of the AppKitframework.

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference and Application Kit FrameworkReference.

OpenGL 3.2Mac OS X v10.7 now provides OpenGL 3.2 on hardware capable of supporting its feature set. ReadOpenGL Programming Guide for Mac OS X to learn about selecting the OpenGL 3.2 Core profile.

Ordered Sets Support

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Mac OS X v10.7 now provides support for ordered sets. An NSOrderedSet object contains eachelement at most once, and the elements can be accessed by a compact integer index space,numbered 0 .. (N-1). It thus combines two of the most salient features of the NSSet and NSArrayclasses.

The NSOrderedSet class similarly borrows a lot from both NSArray and NSSet (and the mutablesubclasses of each), but it is closer to an NSArray than to an NSSet.

The main client for NSOrderedSet is Core Data.

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference.

QTKitIn Mac OS X v10.7, the QTKit framework now provides export facilities to make it easier to exportmovies in different formats. It also provides APIs for reading movie and track metadata.

QTKit export support. QTKit adds two new export-related classes: QTExportOptions andQTExportSession. The overall intention is to provide a simple export facility to QTKit developers—one that takes advantage of the performance and quality improvements in export using the CoreMedia Authoring framework (as opposed to the old QuickTime component based export).

The QTExportOptions class is used to configure the desired output format and is intended to besimilar the existing QTCompressionOptions class.

The QTExportSession class provides a mechanism for transcoding QTMovie objects into theformats that QuickTime Player currently exports. It provides ways to specify the source QTMovie anda URL for the destination file. The class also provides for a delegate that can collect progress anderror information for the client.

QTKit metadata support. QTKit also adds the ability to read movie and track metadata (that is,snippets of info such as the author, title, and copyright information) without having to use theQuickTime C API (which is not available in 64-bit applications). This functionality involves new publicmethods in the QTMovie and QTTrack classes.

For more information about QTKit, see QTKit Application Programming Guide.

Quick Look ThumbnailsBeginning in Mac OS X v10.7, Quick Look provides a simple synchronous public method to create aQuick Look thumbnail or icon for a file.

Quick Look also now provides a public API for the Quick Look Preview panel, allowing the developerto display the panel.

For more information see Quick Look Programming Guide.

Regular ExpressionsMac OS X v10.7 adds a Unicode-compatible regular expression class, NSRegularExpression, alongwith related data detectors. This class is used to represent and apply regular expressions to Unicodestrings. An instance of this class is an immutable representation of a compiled regular expressionpattern and various option flags. The pattern syntax currently supported is that specified byInternational Components for Unicode (ICU).

The fundamental matching method for NSRegularExpression is a block iterator method that allowsclients to supply a block object which will be invoked each time the regular expression matches aportion of the target string. There are additional convenience methods for returning all the matchesas an array, the total number of matches, the first match, and the range of the first match.

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For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference.

Scrolling BehaviorThe scroll views in Mac OS X v10.7 allow developers additional control over scrolling behavior withrespect to the Magic Mouse device and trackpads. Specifically, new methods allow the developer tocontrol the stretching behavior of NSScrollView objects (auto or on/off in horizontal and verticalaxes) and provide content hints to prevent unintentional scrolling drifts.

Additionally, new NSEvent events have been added to support mouse momentum in scroll views.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

Text AutocorrectionMac OS X v10.7 provides expanded UI for text autocorrection, similar to the functionality in iOS, withthe opportunity for the user to accept or reject a proposed correction. As in iOS, the spell checkerlearns from the user’s responses, such as whether a correction was explicitly rejected, implicitlyaccepted, accepted at first and then revised, and so on.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

View-Based Tables and OutlinesNSTableView and NSOutlineView in Mac OS v10.7 now support the use of NSView objects insteadof NSCell objects for content. This extension allows applications to easily provide a much richerinterface for the content of cells within a table view.

Mac OS X v10.7 also adds new functionality to provide animation of rows as they are added anddeleted from the table view, providing a more context-based user experience.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

Window SupportSafari, Xcode, and other applications support an in-window find. In Mac OS X v10.7, thisfunctionality has been extended to allow it to be used in views other than NSTextView.

In addition, user-editable window titles allow the developer to programmatically begin editing thewindow title, typically in response to a user interaction.

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference.

XML Streaming ParserPrior to Mac OS X v.10.7, NSXMLParser always read the entire XML document into memory.Beginning in Mac OS X v10.7, the class allows you to stream the data into memory as required.

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference.

BSD And Kernel FeaturesThe following sections highlight changes to the UNIX/POSIX portions of Mac OS X, includingcommand-line functionality and libSystem. They also highlight changes to the kernel, device drivers,and kernel extensions.

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64-Bit Kernel SupportThe list of computers that boot K64 by default has grown to include the following hardware:

Mac Mini (early 2009 and later)MacBook (Aluminum late 2008 and later)MacBook Air (late 2008 and later)MacBook Pro (mid 2007 and later)iMac (mid 2007 and later)XServe (early 2008 and later)

Folder Permissions and OwnershipA number of folders in the System and Local file system domains now have different ownership andpermissions. Specifically:

Many folders in the System domain that were previously owned by the admin group are nowowned by the wheel group.Permissions for the root directory (/) are now mode 755 (writable only by root) instead of mode775 (writable by the admin group).Permissions for /Applications/Utilities are now mode 755 (writable only by root) instead ofmode 775 (writable by the admin group).Permissions for /Library are now mode 755 (writable only by root) instead of mode 775 (writableby the admin group), no longer sticky.

All subdirectories within /Library now have mode 755 (writable only by root) permissionsinstead of mode 775 (writable by the admin group) except:

/Library/Caches

/Library/Fonts

/Library/Java

/Library/QuickTimeStreaming

/Library/Receipts

/Library/Tomcat

The subdirectories listed above have the same permissions as in previous versions of Mac OS X(usually mode 775, sometimes with the sticky bit set).Permissions for /Network/Applications and /Network/Library are now mode 555 (unwritableeven by root) instead of mode 755 (writable only by root).Permissions for /var/log/DiagnosticMessages are slightly more lax, with mode 770 (writableby the admin group, unreadable by non-admin users) instead of mode 750 (writable only by root,unreadable by non-admin users).

Disk EncryptionIn Mac OS X v10.7, Core Storage provides built-in support for encrypted root volumes. When youenable encryption, the system’s root volume is encrypted in the background, and you can continueto use the system normally. Once encryption is enabled, on reboot or wake from sleep, you must login before you can access any data on the drive.

Although this feature has limited developer impact (there is no public API for Core Storage), there are

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two things you should notice:

Assumptions that “boot = root” are much more likely to be wrong. (You should be allowing MacOS X to handle KEXT caches, so in general, this change should not cause problems.)The Mac OS X UI may disallow enabling encryption if you have a particularly exotic driver stack.For example, if it is not possible to map a volume-relative block number to a physical blocknumber.

IT developers should also be aware that the FileVault UI is disabled.

In general, if your driver worked correctly with AppleRAID in previous versions of Mac OS X, it shouldalso work correctly with Core Storage.

I/O Kit–launchd IntegrationBeginning in Mac OS X v10.7, you can use launchd to automatically launch an application whenevera specific device is detected by I/O Kit.

To use this feature, you add a simple property list file to the /Library/LaunchAgents folder. Theproperty list has the standard structure of a launchd property list file (see launchd.plist), with oneadditional item: an I/O Kit matching dictionary.

The I/O Kit matching dictionary contains a separate dictionary for each distinct device that you wantassociated with your application. Each of these device dictionaries should provide the productnumber, vendor number, and provider class for its device.

The I/O Kit matching plug-in watches for IOService objects that match any of the devicedictionaries you provide and launches your application when at least one is detected. If yourapplication terminates when there is at least one matching IOService object, the I/O Kit matching

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plug-in relaunches it automatically.

Although your application is automatically launched when a corresponding device is detected, it isnot automatically terminated when a device is removed. Therefore, you should configure yourapplication to listen for notifications and respond appropriately when a device is removed. See theUSBPrivateDataSample sample code for more information.

If your application is already running when a corresponding device is attached, no action is taken.

In-Kernel Video CaptureMac OS X v10.7 provides a new kernel-level programming interface for writing video capture devicedrivers, I/O Video, that is intended to replace the QuickTime sequence grabber API as the primarymeans of getting video into Mac OS X.

I/O Video consists of the IOVideoDevice class on the kernel side (along with various related minorclasses) that your actual driver should subclass and a user space device interface for communicatingwith the driver.

For more information, see the header file in the Kernel framework.

Application FeaturesThe following sections highlight changes to the behavior of built-in applications such as the Finderand Safari.

Safari

New Process ArchitectureBeginning in Mac OS X v10.7, Safari includes a new process architecture that separates its renderingprocess from its application process. As a result, Safari is more responsive, stable, and secure.

Plug-in Support in SafariIn Safari on Mac OS X v10.7, all browser plug-ins run in their own process, improving browserstability and security. Netscape plug-ins continue to work in Safari with no modification. However,Safari does not support WebKit plug-ins. The WebKit plug-in API is not compatible with this newprocess architecture and is being deprecated. Plug-in developers currently using the WebKit plug-inAPI should adopt the Netscape plug-in API in order to be compatible with Safari on Mac OS X v10.7.You can find the documentation at WebKit Plug-In Programming Topics.

Note: Some WebKit plug-ins can also be replaced by Safari Extensions. To learn about SafariExtensions, read Safari Extensions Development Guide in the Safari Reference Library.

The FinderIn Mac OS X v10.7, the following files and folders are now hidden:

/lost+found

$HOME/Library

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Mac OS X ServerThe following sections highlight changes to Mac OS X Server.

Database Server ReplacementBeginning in Mac OS X v10.7, Mac OS X Server ships with PostgreSQL instead of MySQL as itsdatabase server. If you are using other software that requires MySQL, you must install it yourself.

You can find downloads and installation instructions for MySQL at the MySQL Community Editionsite, http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/.

In addition to the directions linked to above, you must manually reconfigure PHP if you use it to workwith MySQL databases. Previous versions of PHP obtained their default values formysql.default_port and mysql.default_socket from the mysql-config command-line tool.Because this tool is no longer available, you must explicitly define these values in /etc/php.ini.

The default port for MySQL is traditionally 3306, and the traditional socket on Mac OS X was/var/mysql/mysql.sock. For more information about the available directives, seehttp://us3.php.net/manual/en/mysql.configuration.php.

Profile ManagementMac OS X now supports configuration profiles similar to those on iOS-based devices. As part of thisfunctionality, Mac OS X Server provides a full mobile-device-management (MDM) server. Thisconfiguration service provides the ability to administer both Mac OS X clients and iOS clients.

To enable the MDM server, launch Server Center and enable the Device Config service. Then managedevices using the device-configuration web interface. There is no need to use the iPhoneConfiguration Utility when working with this service.

Although iOS configuration profiles are mostly compatible with Mac OS X clients, there are someminor differences. Specifically, Exchange accounts behave differently because iOS uses ActiveSyncwhereas Mac OS X uses Exchange Web Services. Also, the following features are not currentlysupported in Mac OS X:

Certain advanced network settings such as GPRSPasscode policiesCalendar subscriptions (iCal)The Clear Passcode commandFind My Mac

As with iOS mobile device management, all managed computers must be able to reach the ApplePush Notification servers in order to receive push notifications.

© 2005, 2011 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. (Last updated: 2011-02-21)

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