MA Landscape Architecture: Part 3

Design Development 2

ABSORPTION

FLOW

FILTRATION

Mercia Mudstone

Bee & Penrith Sandstone

Carboniferous Limestone

Millstone Grit

Ordovician

LAMINEAR

Design Development 2AbsorptionFollowing DD1, this portfolio develops Absorption stage of the strategy. This is due to the fact it has the greatest impact on the system as a whole. It also takes the longest to establish because it depends on the natural population of the area. Once this stage has been implemented, better calculations can be made on water volumes in lower areas of the valley.Absorption has been analysed to what the stage needs in terms of built structures and these have been detailed in the following pages.

EdEn RivERN

Millstone Grit area50 ha

Ridge line 1

Ridge line 2

Design Statement

Ridge line 3

Kirkoswald

Ainstable

10m contours

This 50 ha site in the North East Pennines, contains a particularly significant geology in the form of Millstone Grit. This stone has the properties of acting as an aquifer, retaining water and aiding its movement.

This area could have a significant influence over the water cycle within the entire valley. The effects of the current poor water cycle management are felt particularly in Carlisle in the form of regular flooding.

The purpose of this scheme is to help to resolve the problems associated with water in the Eden valley, particularly flooding. By re-instating an ecology that retains water more effectively and produces a greater range and yield of crops than present systems, it will allow the anthropocentric to have a greater capacity too deal with extreme weather events that currently causes flooding.

How to achieve this? It all starts with blocking drainage ditches and allowing the natural vegetation to re-establish. Once this ecology is established, it will start to retain water, slowing the rate that rainfall enters the tributaries and reducing peak flows lower down stream. The production of crops (honey, energy and beef) can also take place while still providing unique views of the Eden valley and increasing biodiversity.

The details and construction elements outlined in the following pages are part of processes designed to help increase the anthropocentrics capacity to adapt. Each process has built forms it needs to function, these have been detailed in this document.

Area plan

Ridge line 2

Ridge line 1

Ridge line 3

Ridge area 3

Ridge area 2

Millstone Grit Area 50 ha

Drawing 0.1 1:10,000

Eden River

Ridge area 1Ainstable

600m

590m

560m

These three diagrams to the left, show the three ridge lines found in the 50 ha area, represented by the dashed line. Along the ridge line is where the focus of the construction is within the area, this is because it makes construction easier due to the surrounding topography and leads people to the summit of each ridge.

On each ridge is a wall line, this line meanders up the ridge, represented by a red line. The wall curves up to the summit to lead people to the viewpoint, but also provide shelter from a prevailing north westerly wind, creating points of greater shelter from the elements than if it was a simple straight line. When the weather is severe, extra shelter can be found in the form of a simple canopy over the wall, indicated by the circle on the diagram.

The curves have been created using the rule of proportions, each arc decreases in size as you move along the path, which follows the ridge line.

Ridge line 1Rule of proportion illustration

Ridge line 2

Ridge line 3

Introduction to the Design

510m

500m

490m

490m

480m

470m

460m

500m510m

520m

520m

530m

530m

540m

540m

550m

550m

560m

560m

570m

570m

580m

580m

580m

590m

590m

590m

600m

1:1000 @ A3 Plan Canopy shelter(See drawing 1.1-1.11)

Wind break(See drawing 3.1-3.9)

PathwayDry stone wall(See drawing A1s)

Pull out benches(See drawing 4.1 (A1))

Summit

Brief Introduction to the Design

Drainage on the site will soak straight into the surrounding earth. Very little or no chemicals will be used in the area, therefore it is safe to do so. Any surfacing in the design is grasscrete which allows water to drain through freely.

PathwayThe pathway cuts through the curved wall to give the users a direct route as opposed being lead around unnecessarily. By cutting through the wall it also gives the walker areas of exposure to the elements and shelter, therefore creating greater variety of experience along the route.

SummitA simple grasscrete paved area, in a shape that focuses the viewing direction in the same trajectory as the ridge line. The grasscrete will help drain the area and keep it from becoming a muddy patch.

Pull out benches(See drawing 4.1 (A1))The pull out benches allow the users of the area to adapt to changing weather. Each bench can be pulled out either side of the wall, therefore users can change which side of the wall to sit on depending on the wind direction or rain.Once the user is finished sitting, the bench can then slide back into the wall to keep the rain off and prolong its life span.

1:200 @ A3 Plan

1:2000 @ A3 Plan

Canopy shelter

Pathway

Shelter Construction

The canopy shelter is there to protect people during bad weather throughout the year. However, during very bad weather in the winter, not many people will venture up there, so the shelter doubles up as shelter for the cattle herd in the area. The cattle are an important part of the management of the area.

Bee Bole Wall(see drawings 2.1-2.2)


Wind break (see drawings 3.1-3.9)


1:200 @ A3 Plan

Glulam upright 1 (see drawing 1.6)

Cross beam (see drawing 1.9)



Baseplate 2 (see drawing 1.11)



Corrugated Iron Sheeting

Grasscrete

914x5000x0.5mm Iron steel sheet plain mill, finish galvanised. Grade G550. Coating is hot dip galvanisation with min 120g/m2 aluminium-zinc on each side. Approximately 20 nails per m2 to be used to tie sheets down due to high wind speeds. Sheets to be overlapped by 25% to increase strength in wind.

(Drawing 1.1) 1:100 Shelter from above with corrugated iron sheeting pattern

GC2 600x600x150mm. Topsoil coverage 14m2/m3. Expansion joints to be placed at 10x10m centres.

(Drawing 1.3) 1:100 Shelter under corrugated iron sheeting(Drawing 1.2) 1:100 Shelter with corrugated iron sheeting pattern

Dry Stone Wall950mm at base/ 500mm at top x 2200m height. From base to top a 1:14 rate back. 200mm min. foundation. Locally sourced stone to be used, Millstone Grit predominantly. Little excavation for the stone. A small horizontal gradient from centre to faces of the wall for drainage. Centre of wall to be filled with hearting (small stones) to help strengthen the wall. At 1m intervals along the wall at 0.5m from the ground, a through stone should be placed to help stabilise construction. No mortar to be used and slanted cope (top row of stones) to match local style. Facing stone should be selected for their clean, smooth appearance.




Glulam upright 3(see drawing 1.8)


Corrugated Iron Sheeting



(Drawing 1.4) 1:50 Shelter over dry stone wall

Not to scale

A

AA

A AA

Dry Stone Wall



Micropile foundations


Baseplate 1 (see drawing 1.10)Glulam upright 3(see drawing 1.8)

230x230x1000mm to be verified by structural engineer. 230x1000mm depth hole is drilled into the ground, then a reinforcing cage is dropped in made from steel. The cage then filled with concrete with connections set in place within, in this case threaded bar 16mm. Concrete cap sits above the cage to spread load at base of beams. A standard concrete mix ST1 to be used as it copes well with compaction, mix design also to be check by engineer.


GL

GL= Ground level

(Drawing 1.5) 1:50 Shelter over dry stone wall

GL

Not to scale

B BB

B

BB





Dry Stone Wall

Corrugated Iron Sheeting Cross beam (see drawing 1.9)


GL

(Drawing 1.6) 1:50 Glulam upright 1

Glulam wood100mm thick, radii and length vary. GL28c glulam code which refers to using C24 and C30 Oak grade timber, which has greater strength than C16. L40 Glue using a melamine resorcinol adhesive which is of strength class. Using typically 45mm thickness laminations to produce the timber. The curve will be made of thinner laminations to get the radius. Surface finish to be industrial meaning knots to be left on, therefore giving a rougher finish and suiting the area better. However, it is to be sanded and edges chamfered, therefore smooth to touch.



(Drawing 1.7) 1:20 Glulam uprights 2 (Drawing 1.8) 1:20 Glulam uprights 3



Glulam wood100mm thick, radii and length vary. GL28c glulam code which refers to using C24 and C30 Oak grade timber, which has greater strength than C16. L40 Glue using a melamine resorcinol adhesive which is of strength class. Using typically 45mm thickness laminations to produce the timber. The curve will be made of thinner laminations to get the radius. Surface finish to be industrial meaning knots to be left on, therefore giving a rougher finish and suiting the area better. However, it is to be sanded and edges chamfered, therefore smooth to touch.



GL

GL

(Drawing 1.9) 1:2 Glulam Connection to cross beam

(Drawing 1.11) 1:5 Baseplate 2 for uprights

(Drawing 1.10) 1:5 Baseplate 1 for upright

M16 Bolts

M16 Bolts

M16 Bolts



Upright baseplate

Upright baseplate

Connection fixing

Glulam wood

Glulam wood

Glulam wood

100mm thick, radii and length vary. GL28c glulam code which refers to using C24 and C30 Oak grade timber, which has greater strength than C16. L40 Glue using a melamine resorcinol adhesive which is of strength class. Using typically 45mm thickness laminations to produce the timber. The curve will be made of thinner laminations to get the radius. Surface finish to be industrial meaning knots to be left on, therefore giving a rougher finish and suiting the area better. However, it is to be sanded and edges chamfered, therefore smooth to touch.

16mm dia. head hex bolts which helps spread the load. Bolt head with washer on threaded bar and to be tightened on the other side using head hex bolt head and washer. Length to be cut on site.


30x100x200mm steel plate, pre-drilled to accept 8xM16 bolts at 44mm intervals. Plate to be inserted within upright and strut, groove is pre-cut during manufacturing of the glulam. Bolts secured each side of beam.

Welded steel plates 30x180x75mm (part within glulam beam)/ 10x150x50mm (base). Holes pre-drilled to accept M16 bolts at a dia. of 16mm. Plate to sit within glulam beam and bolts tightened on either side.

Welded steel plates 30x180x75mm (part within glulam beam)/ 10x150x50mm (base). Holes pre-drilled to accept M16 bolts at a dia. of 16mm. Plate to sit within glulam beam and bolts tightened on either side.

A lightweight roofing structure that give shelter from the weather. Within the 50 ha area a cropping rotation cycle will be implemented, as the cycle moves from ridge area to ridge area so does the cattle and the shelter with them (see landscape management section). Therefore when the roof is not in the particular ridge area, the circular dry stone wall will also give some protection and can act as an event space.

Not to scale

A

A Viewpoint

Viewpoint Diagram

B

C


B Viewpoint

C Viewpoint

1:2000 @ A3 Plan

1:500 @ A3 Plan

Canopy shelter (see drawings 1.1-1.11)

Pathway

Dry stone wall (see A1 drawings )

Bee Bole Wall

Bee Bole Wall



The bee boles is a Victorian idea of placing bee hives into shelves in stone walls. This allows the hive to be worked easily and provides the hive shelter from the elements. Bee boles have been incorporated into this design to provide bee hives to the area. Honey will then be produced and sold either locally or on site.

Bee Bole Construction

Average height of person 1.8m

1. Dry stone wall2. Lintel3. Niche

1.

1.

2.

2.2.

2.

2.

3.

3.3.

2. Lintel- a large flat stone to create the bole (shelf). Needs to be of significant thickness, approx. 100mm and to run from back of the wall to the front for support.

3. Niche- area to place bee hive 500x500x600mm, this area should be built to accept a standard bee hive comfortably. The niche should not be too deep within the wall or it may cause structural problems.

(Drawing 2.2) 1:50 Front view of Bee Bole

(Drawing 2.1) 1:20 Section of Bee Bole

A simple detail of a traditional design of bee bole (shelf within the wall to sit bee hives on). This design works effectively as it fits a single industrial standard bee hive (Langworth Bee Hive 50x50x40cm). The shelf must be south facing for the bees to thrive and sits behind the windbreak as previously detailed.

1. Dry stone wall- 950mm at base/ 500mm at top x 2200m height. From base to top a 1:14 rate back. 200mm min. foundation. Locally sourced stone to be used, Millstone Grit predominantly. Little excavation for the stone. A small horizontal gradient from centre to faces of the wall for drainage. Centre of wall to be filled with hearting (small stones) to help strengthen the wall. At 1m intervals along the wall at 0.5m from the ground, a through stone should be placed to help stabilise construction. No mortar to be used and slanted cope (top row of stones) to match local style. Facing stone should be selected for their clean, smooth appearance.

Not to scale

AB

AA BB

A AA

B BB

Average height of person 1.8m

Windbreak Construction

1:2000 @ A3 Plan

1:500 @ A3 Plan

Wind break

Wind break

Pathway



The wind break is a temporary structure, only there for a few months of the year to shelter bee hives situated at the base of the wall. Between August to October the bee hives will be producing honey from the flowering heather, the wind break is to protect the bees from direct wind during this time.The structure itself is lightweight and not imposing. Its simply two uprights with two metal mesh sheets, creating a box which is then filled with cut heather from the surroundings.The structure is lightweight, gives the correct porosity due to the heather and is of significant height to lift the wind above the hives.

Canopy shelter (see drawings 1.1-1.11)

Dry stone wall (see A1 drawings )

Average height of person

GL

570m

567.5m

(Drawing 3.1) 1:40 Section of Windbreak

Not to scale

A

AA

A AA

Dry stone wall- 950mm at base/ 500mm at top x 2200m height. From base to top a 1:14 rate back. 200mm min. foundation. Locally sourced stone to be used, Millstone Grit predominantly. Little excavation for the stone. A small horizontal gradient from centre to faces of the wall for drainage. Centre of wall to be filled with hearting (small stones) to help strengthen the wall. At 1m intervals along the wall at 0.5m from the ground, a through stone should be placed to help stabilise construction. No mortar to be used and slanted cope (top row of stones) to match local style. Facing stone should be selected for their clean, smooth appearance.

Bee Bole Wall (see drawing 2.1)

Airfoil (see drawing 3.3)

Timber upright (see drawing 3.6)

Baseplate (see drawing 3.4)


GL

570m

567.5m

(Drawing 3.3) 1:10 Airfoil section


GL

570m

567.5m

(Drawing 3.2) 1:20 Windbreak Section

1050A H14 grade 2000x1075x230mm. 1.50mm thick aluminium to be used, shape to be created either through using a mould or sheets bent to shape. A lip to be bent at edge to connect to metal struts.

aluminium round bar 10mm dia.x varying lengths. Ends to be flattened and drilled to accept M16 bolts and 8mm dia bar to secure to airfoil. Galvanised finish.

230x230x1000mm to be verified by structural engineer. 230x1000mm depth hole is drilled into the ground, then a reinforcing cage is dropped in made from steel. The cage then filled with concrete with connections set in place within, in this case threaded bar 16mm. Concrete cap sits above the cage to spread load at base of beams. A standard concrete mix ST1 to be used as it copes well with compaction, mix design also to be check by engineer.


Baseplate (see drawing 3.4)

Airfoil (see drawing 3.3)

Aluminium airfoil

Metal Struts

M16 Bolts




GL

570m

567.5m

(Drawing 3.4) 1:5 Baseplate Connection

(Drawing 3.5) 1:10 Baseplate for windbreak

unequal angle steel sections 10x160x150mm base. Holes pre-drilled to accept M16 bolts at a dia. of 16mm.


Baseplate

Baseplate

M16 Bolts

M16 Bolts HolesMicropile foundationsMicropile foundations

(Drawing 3.7) 1:20 Metal Mesh

(Drawing 3.8) 1:50 Illustration of mesh movement

(Drawing 3.6) 1:10 Wooden upright profile

expanded stainless steel mesh 2500x1800x1.5mm. 39mm aperture, large enough gap so decreases its visual impact but small enough to hold biomass within.

Oak beams 2500x100x500mm. 2 slots to be cut to accept metal mesh. Quarter sawn to decrease the woods likeliness of splitting. To be coated in clear wood preservative, should be applied regularly. Pre-drilled at top to accept M16 bolts for airfoil connection and at base to accept M16 bolts for baseplate.

Timber Upright

Timber Upright

Metal Mesh

Metal Mesh


(Drawing 3.9) 1:20 Windbreak with airfoil

Timber Upright

Timber Upright

Metal Mesh

Baseplate

Aluminium airfoil

Metal Struts


Curved kitchen draw construction An image of a piece of kitchen design which inspired the idea behind the sliding bench in the scheme. The curved front face will be emulated in the bench design as well as the pull out function.

Richness & Romance> Shima Kitchen: Atelier Ryo Abe



Shima Kitchen by Atelier Ryo Abe A direct influence to the design of the shelter. Its an elegant structure and appears to be easily dismountable, something the shelter is going to emulate.

Taking a wall for a Walk by Andy Goldsworthy Inspiration for the curve of the dry stone wall which will meander in a similar way. Instead of it being for an art piece, it works as a sheltering element.

Glulam construction connections A simple piece of glulam design, but very effective. It directly influenced the design of the shelter structure, the curve of the beams particularly, they draw your eye.

Precedent

Glulam construction connections An image that helped to configure the shelter glulam connections. By hiding some of the baseplate connections creates a better fixing in appearance.

Croatia Bee Harvest Technique This technique inspired me to think outside of the conventional bee hive keeping techniques.

British technique of bee keeping A more traditional setting of bee hives within heather, however, they have little shelter. They are often spread across large areas which makes it difficult to manage as a whole.

Glulam construction connections A series of small illustration of glulam connections, that influenced the baseplate and fixings in the shelter.

Two way ball bearing slider This two way slider section drawing is the construction design emulated in the two way slider in the bench. However, this is for a kitchen draw and has been scaled up to take the load in the bench.

Cattle Shed in Broughton Moor Again this heavily influenced the design of the shelter. Its simple, yet does draw your eye unlike the classic cattle sheds. By using these raditional materials but in an unconventional way (or rather re-inventing an old one in this case) it creates something special.

North Pennines A typical view within the North Pennines within the Yorkshire boundary, a fantastic environment for wildlife, but has little other function. It does not perform to its full potential, it could provide the anthropocentric world with a great deal, but also benefit itself. Such as the heather needs cutting back or burnt in order for it to put on healthy new growth. A greater partnership could be created, without spoiling the view.

Classic Cattle Sheds Unlike the other examples of shelters these are bland and could be anywhere. However, they are very popular because they work, they are effective. From images and drawings similar to these, the shelter design could draw practicality tips from, such as size and pitching.

Freyas Cabin by Studio Weave This particular shelter did feed into the design process, but notin an obvious way like the others. The reason why this design works is because it is simple in its overall shape, but the high quality finishes and craftsmanship is what fed into the schemes shelter design. A shelter similar to this would not preform in the way the scheme needs.

08/05/2013 Cattle Shelters - Warman Home Centre

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06/04/2013 www.northpennines.org.uk/Pages/WhereistheNorthPennines.aspx

www.northpennines.org.uk/Pages/WhereistheNorthPennines.aspx 1/2

Where is the North Pennines?The North Pennines AONB and Global Geopark is a distinctive landscape of high moorland and broad upland dales in the North of England.

The North Pennines is one of the most remote and unspoilt places in England. It lies between the National Parks of the Yorkshire Dales and Northumberland, with the former West

Durham Coalfield to the east and the Eden Valley to the west.

The Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is mostly within the boundaries of five Local Authorities: the Unitary Authorities of Durham and Northumberland County Councils, Cumbria

County Council and the districts of Carlisle and Eden, with 2.6 square kilometres in North Yorkshire around Tan Hill. The North Pennines also crosses the boundaries of two English

regions the North East and the North West.

Second largest

The North Pennines is the second largest of the AONB Family (only the Cotswolds is bigger) and it is bigger than all but two of the English and Welsh National Parks (only the Lake

District and Snowdonia are larger).

Small bothy in Scotland This image and similar ones particularly influenced the thinking and design behind the shelter. They are simple, understated and do not have a huge presence in the landscape, but function well.

16/06/2013 Bee Boles, Heligan Gardens (C) Robin Lucas :: Geograph Britain and Ireland

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Geograph - photograph every grid squareSW9946 : Bee Boles, Heligan Gardensnear to St Ewe, Cornwall, Great Britain

Bee Boles, Heligan GardensThese Bee-boles are part of a large wall with 15 vaulted chambers to house bees - the forerunner ofmodern beehives - bees were very important to gardens as they pollinated the plants and supplied honeyand wax. Bee boles were used used by beekeepers in Britain before the introduction of the modernwooden hive in the late 19th century. The international Bee Research Association lists this one in theirBee Boles Register at Link

Copyright Robin Lucas and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence.year taken2004

Find out how to reuse this image For example on your webpage, blog, a forum, or Wikipedia.

Start a discussion on SW9946 Suggest an update to this image Contact the contributor

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Bee Boles in Heligan Gardens, St. Ewe, Cornwall A historic bee bole construction in a double row. This particular image allowed me to visualise the wall with the bee hives. It is also of similar height to the structure in the proposal.

Precedent

Patricks Patch, Beaulieu, Hampshire This simple construction using heather bales in a wooden frame with metal netting was a key influence on the appearance of the windbreak within the scheme. It allowed me to picture how the windbreak may look and be constructed. However, this wall is more of a permanent feature than for the windbreak proposed which has moved the design and construction away from this precedent.

Curved Kitchen Drawer Images of curved kitchen units were a particular help in designing and construction detail drawing of the pull out bench. The principle of the idea is simple, however the construction of the components is not, but detail drawings of the sliders and curve of the wood helped. The components found on these draws have been used to construct the pull out bench, but have been scaled up to take extra weight.

East Eden Valley An important precedent, this image shows the typical materials used in the valley. This is the type of wider landscape the scheme will sit within. Much of the inspiration came from looking at the valley itself, such as the corrugated iron barns and the dry stone walls with the slanted cope. Looking at the local materials gave me a starting point, however a straight forward copy of this construction would be a cliche. Therefore the use of the same materials but with a twist would make the scheme visually more appealing.

Grouse Butt, Westerdale Moor, North Yorkshire A simple design of shelter used in game shooting. A small stone wall is constructed and earth mounded up to the top. This form of shelter inspired the design thinking behind the whole scheme, from the dry stone wall, windbreak and shelter. It helped me picture how the materials might sit together and mature sat side by side.

Planting Philosophy

The planting scheme in this area is simple, to let the true and more beneficial ecology back into the area.By blocking drainage ditches it will create wetter areas of the land, bog plants will slowly populate these areas. As the surrounding land retains more water, the grasses will die out and more water tolerant species will take over in the drier areas of the bog, predominantly heather (Calluna vulgaris).The heather is to be encourage to cover as much of the area as possible. Management will be key to the success of the heather spread, because it is in the management of the invasive species that will mean if the heather is out competed or not.Alien/ invasive or pioneering species all need to be removed and their biomass disposed of, off site. This is to keep the nutrient level down in the soils, which is the conditions the bog plants thrive in.

Major plants of a peat bog ecology. These plants can cope with very wet conditions, low nutrients soils and are low growing:

Key points about peat bog ecology:

1mm of peat is laid down per year Retains water well, within the peat Low nutrients Peat is made from compacted vegetation Low pH levels (acidic) Purifies water 13% of the worlds Peat Bogs are in the UK Little or no trees Often invasive species try to take over: Rhododendron Conifers Birch Bracken And other pioneering species. Drainage ditches were dug in the second World War to create more farming land, it is of poor quality and gives little yield.

Planting PlanPeat Bog Habitat Explanation

Key plants found in peat bog areas:1. Heather Calluna vulgaris2. Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus3. Hares-tail Cottongrass Eriophorum vaginatum4. Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi5. Dwarf birch Betula nana 6. Sphagnum mosses Sphagnum spp7. Sundews Drosera tokaiensis8. Ribbed Bog Moss Aulacomnium palustre

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

0m

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0.2m

0.2m

0.3m

1m1m

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Heather - Calluna vulgarisPopulates drier areas and in large sweeps.

Bilberry - Vaccinium myrtillusRuns between the heather in clumps.

Ribbed Bog Moss - Aulacomnium palustreCreates a carpet in wetter area.

Sphagnum mosses - Sphagnum sppDominates wetter areas, creates thick carpet.

Hares-tail Cottongrass - Eriophorum vaginatumCreates sweeps in wetter areas.

Bearberry - Arctostaphylos uva-ursiLow shrub in wetter areas.

Sundews - Drosera tokaiensisDotted through wetter area.

Dwarf birch - Betula nana Small shrub, dotted through wetter area.

Planting PlanPeat Bog Habitat Explanation

Heather - Calluna vulgaris

Ribbed Bog Moss - Aulacomnium palustre

Hares-tail Cotton-grass - Eriophorum vaginatum

Sundews - Drosera tokaiensis

Sphagnum mosses - Sphagnum spp

Dwarf birch - Betula nana

Water Water

Bilberry - Vaccinium myrtillus

Bearberry - Arcto-staphylos uva-ursi

Manually cutting and collecting of bracken biomass after the use of herbicide. This is to control the spread and keep the nutrient level low within the soil.

Machinery used to cut the heather. Used to create a mixture of aged heather. This is the same process to be used when cutting and collecting the heather for biomass burning on the site.

This is the heather after its been cut. It quickly rejuvenates and wildlife moves back to the area.

Part of the management team, through grazing out large shrubs and trees they will maintain the ecology of blanket bog and heather.

A aerial view of a patchwork of heather cut strips. The Absorption area will eventually appear similar to this, once the cutting cycle is established.

Landscape Management

Statement of Vision

As previously mentioned in the design statement, this 50ha area in the North East of the Eden Valley could provide many benefits for the people living in the valley: such as flood alleviation, crops and providing experiences. All as a result of simply allowing the anthropocentric to cope with unpredictable change.The vision for the area is for a static cycle. Static in terms that the ecology will need to be managed to minimise change. Shrubs, pioneering

species, non-native invasive species are excluded or at a minimum, while heather and bog plants will thrive and continue to grow.The cycle is maintained by annual cropping/ cutting of the heather in different areas. Moving from ridge area to ridge area each year. This will create a varied age and structure of heather which is much more beneficial to wildlife.This management, while keeping the process of succession in check

will also allows the ecosystem to lock in CO2 and retain more water, therefore providing added benefits in the form of ecosystem services. The management of invasive species will be carried out with minimal use of chemicals, such as herbicides are often used to specifically target bracken, this is effective but could be harmful to the wider ecosystem. As the area proposed is fair small in size, manually removing of key species is feasible.

Rhododendron is often an invasive species in this ecology and is difficult to remove. It has to be cut and the stump chemically treated.

Conifers often populate peat bog ecology because they thrive in the acidic soils and their seed carry far in the wind.

Helicopter spreading herbicides across a large area, however this can spread to unwanted areas and is expensive.

Part of the management of the ecology is the belted Galloway cattle. They can survive the harsh environment in the area, but also graze out small shrubs and trees that could out compete the heather. If trees are allow to grow, they will shade out bog plants and dry out the soils, therefore decreasing the ecology.

Vegetation graph- population against timeShowing the goal of the management after it being implemented

Calluna vulgaris/ Heather

Various bog plants

Ulex europaeus/ Gorse

Pteridium aquilinum/ Bracken

Mixed GrassesScheme introduced

Low levels of these species

Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursiDwarf birch Betula nana Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillusSundews Drosera tokaiensisSphagnum mosses Sphagnum sppRibbed Bog Moss Aulacomnium palustreHares-tail Cottongrass Eriophorum vaginatum

TIME

Current situation

Rhododendron ponticum/ Rhododendron

Pop

ulat

ion/

dis

tribu

tion

Vegetation Development

Ridge area 3

Ridge area 1

Ridge area 2

A cutting rotation cycle of 7 years is implemented across the 50 ha area. The area of each ridge has been added and divide, to give 1/7th of the total area, this 7th gets cut then the following year 1/7th is cut in the next ridge area.Each ridge area has been divided into two halves, one is cut that year and the next wont be cut for another 3 years. The halves have been split down again into blocks, these blocks are given a number and randomly ordered to give the pattern of cropping.The landscape manager will follow the grid pattern, cropping the correct grid numbers each year, moving from ridge area to ridge area.

Grid numbers key

Heather Cropping Plan 1:10,000

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Ridge Area 1

Ridge Area 2

Ridge Area 3

Year 5

Year 61:5000 Ridge area 1Each ridge area boundary has been drawn using contour lines. The heather plantation grid has been place in areas where the gradient is at its lowest within the Millstone Grit area, for easy access to cut.

Cutting cycle movement diagram, from one ridge to the next.

Heather Cropping Cycle

1:5000 Ridge area 2 1:5000 Ridge area 3Each ridge area boundary has been drawn using contour lines. The heather plantation grid has been place in areas where the gradient is at its lowest within the Millstone Grit area, for easy access to cut.

Each ridge area boundary has been drawn using contour lines. The heather plantation grid has been place in areas where the gradient is at its lowest within the Millstone Grit area, for easy access to cut.

12

3

4

5

6

7

A simple illustration of crop rotation cycle for the three ridge areas. The red highlighted areas is the area that is cropped that year. The illustration also shows the heather crop growing from previous cropping year.The heather crop is them utilised to produce electricity for the lower valley or where it is needed. Through cropping these areas, it will create a varied age of heather which is significantly better for biodiversity.The illustrations run from 1-7, each represent a different year. The final image is back to the beginning, where the cycle has gone full circle.

Heather Cropping Cycle

Documents

MA Landscape Architecture: Part 3