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Syallbus 2015-16FACULTY OF ARTS, EDUCATION & SOCIAL SCIENCES

MASTER OF ARTSGeneral Information for Students

ECONOMICSNew Examination Scheme:Part Total no. Q. Marks each Q. Total MarksA 10 2 20B 5 7 35C 3 15 45

Total 100

The examination for the degree of Master of Arts, education and Social Sciences shallconsist of two parts; (I) the Previous- Examination and (ii) The Final Examination.The examination will be through theory papers practical/viva. Pass marks for theprevious and final examinations are 36% of the aggregate marks in all the theory paperand viva/practical, and not less than 25% marks in the individual theorypaper/Viva/Practical a candidate is required to pass in the written and the practical vivaexaminations separately,Successful candidates will be placed in the following division’s oil the basis of the totalmarks obtained in previous and final examinations taken togetherFirst division 60%, Second division 48% and Third division 36%No student will be permitted to register himself simultaneously for more than one post-graduate course.

ATTENDNCE1. For all regular candidates in the faculties of arts, Education and Social Sciences,

Law, Commerce and engineering, the minimum attendance requirement shallbe that a candidate should have attended at least 75% of the lectures deliveredand tutorials held taken together as well as 75% of practice’s and sessionals fromthe date of his/her admission.

2. Condonation of shortage of attendanceThe shortage of attendance upto the limits specified below may be condoned onvalid reason:i) Upto 6% in each subject plus 5 attendances in all the aggregate of

subjects/papers may be condoned by the vice-chancellor on therecommendation of the Dean/Director/Principal for undergraduatestudents and on the recommendation of the Head of the Department forthe post-graduate classes.

ii) The N.C.C./NSS; Cadets sent our to parades and camps and such studentswho are deputed by the University to take part in games, athletic orcultural activities may,. For purpose of attendance, be treated as presentfor the days of their absence in connection with the aforesaid activitiesand that period shall be added to their subject wise attendance.

Note: 1. the attendance for supplementary students will be counted from hedate of their admission

2 In the Faculty of Engineering the attendance requirement willapply to each semesterHowever, in case of practical’s where examination is not held at

the end of the first semester but at the end of the second semester,attendance will be counted at the end of the second semester takinginto account attendance put in both the semesters (i.e first andsecond )taken together.

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MEDIUM

Candidates are not allowed to use any medium except Hindi or English for answeringquestion papers.For answering papers in the subjects of English/ Hindi the medium will be correspondingLanguage onlyFor answering question papers in the subject of Sanskrit the candidates are allowed touse Sanskrit, Hindi or English unless specified otherwise.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICSS.No

.Name Designation

QualificationQualification Specialisation

1.

Dr.(Mrs.) Rekha MehtaAssociate

Professor & Head

M.A. M PhilNET,Ph.D

Macro Economics

2.Dr. Madan Mohan

AssociateProfessor

M.A. M. PhilPh. D.

IndustrialEconomics

3Dr. L.L. Salvi

AssistantProfessor

M.A. ,NET,Ph.D.

Econometrics

4Mr. Parvez Ali

AssistantProfessor

M.A. NET Labour Economics

5Dr. Kanta Choudhary

AssistantProfessor

M.A. NETPh.D

Economicdevelopment

6Mrs. Rekha

AssistantProfessor

M.A. NET Labour Economics

7Dr. Jaya Bhandari

AssistantProfessor

M.A. M. PhilPh. D.

IndustrialEconomics

8Dr. Rajni Kant Trivedi

AssistantProfessor

M.A. M. PhilPh. D.

MathematicalEconomics

9Mr.Shravan Raj

AssistantProfessor

M.A. NETSLET

AgricultureEconomics

10Dr. Dev Karan Genwa

AssistantProfessor

M.A. NETSLET Ph. D.

Internationaleconomics

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION CLASSESClass Papers Periods per

weekMaximum

MarksMinimum pas

MarksDuration

hrs1 2 3 4 5

M.A. PREVIOUSCompulsory-4 Papers (Papers I to IV)Paper I : Micro EconomicsPaper II : Micro EconomicsPaper III : Economics of DevelopmentPaper IV : Quantitative Economics

6666

100100100100

25252525

3333

36% in aggregateM.A. FINALCompulsory-3 Papers (Papers V to VII)Paper V : Public FinancePaper VI : International EconomicsPaper VII : Comprehensive EconomicsOptional-Papers of One GroupOptional-GROUPA: AgriculturalEconomics

Paper I

66

66

100100

100100

2525

2525

33

33

3

Paper II

1 2 3 4 5 6GROUP C Industrial EconomicsPaperPaper

III

66

100100

2525

33

GROUP D Labour EconomicsPaperPaper

III

66

100100

2525

33

1 2 3 4 5

GROUP H :Mathematical EconomicsPaper IPaper II

66

100100

2525

33

36% in aggregate

M.A. Economics (Previous) ExaminationPAPER I

MICRO ECONOMIC THEORYUnit 1 : Elasticity of Demand-Price, Cross and income; Elasticity of Supply;

Theories of demand-utility, indifference Curves (income and substitutioneffects-Hicks and slutsky methods)compensated demand curves and theirapplication; Revealed Preference theory, Consumer’s choice involvingrisk, Hicks Version of Demand Theory ; Consumer SurplusREQUIRED READINGSGould and Lazear : Micro Economic Theory, Sixth Edition( Richard D Irwin Inc. Illinois) Ch 2.3.4Joshi, J.M.& Joshi, Rajendra: Ch. 6,7,8,9,&10Koutsoyiannis : Modern Micro Economics Ch.2

Unit 2 : Production Function-Short period and long period; Law of variableproportions and returns to scale; Isoquants-least cost combination ofinputs, Returns to factors; Economics of Scale; Elasticity of substitution;Euler’s theorem; Technical Progress and Production function, Cobb-Douglas Production function, Cost CurvesREQUIRED READINGSGould and Lazear:Chaps 6,7,8,Joshi and Joshi : Chaps. 12,13, 14 and 15Koutsoyiannis : Chaps.3,4,

Unit 3 : Marginal analysis as an approach to Price and output determination,Perfect Competition- Short run and long run equilibrium of the firm andindustry, price and output determination,supply curveMonopoly-Short run and long run equilibrium, price discrimination,.Welfare aspects, Monopoly control and regulation; MonoplistiteCompetition-general and Chamberlain approaches to equilibrium;equilibrium of the firm and the group with product differentiation andselling costs, excess, capacity under monopolistic competition, criticismof monopolistic competition; Oligopoly-Noncollusive (Cournot,Bertrand, Edgeworth, Chemberlin, Kinked demand curve andStackelberg’s Solution) and collusive models; bilateral monopolyREQUIRED READINGSGould and Lazear: Chaps. 9.10,12,13

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Joshi & Joshi : Chaps 11,17,18.19.20Koutsoyiannis,: Chaps. 9,10

Unit 4 : Boumol’S Sales revenue maximization model; Williamson’s model ofmanagerial discretion; Marris’s model of managerial enterprise: Factorprice and employment determination under Competitive and imperfectlycompetitive marketsREQUIRED READINGSGould and Lazear: Chaps. 14,15Joshi & Joshi : Chaps 22,23Koutsoyiannis,: Chaps. 15,16,17,21

Unit 5 : Theory of General equilibrium: General Equilibrium of Exchange,.General Equilibrium of Exchange and Production; General Equilibriumin a two good economy, Walras’s Law. Welfare economics: Paretooptimality, conditions for maximum welfare; New Welfare Economics;social welfare function. Theory of the second best and compensationcriteris;REQUIRED READINGSGould and Lazear: Chaps. 16,17Joshi & Joshi : Chaps 27Koutsoyiannis,: Chaps. 22,23

RECOMMENDED READINGSHicks, J.R. : Vaule and CapitalFriedman Milton : Price TheoryChamberlin : Theory of Monopolistic CompetitionLeftwich ; The Price System and Resource AllocationBoumoul : Economic Theory and Operational AnalysisBilas, R.A. : Micro Economic Theory

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PAPER IIMACROECONOMICS

Unit 1 : General Macro Economics Concepts-Equilibrium, Exogenous andEndogenous variables, Stock and Flow. Concept of GNP: Its variouscomponents, Different forms of National income accounting- Socialaccounting, Input-output accounting, Flow of Funds accounting andBalance of Payments accountingClassical Macro EconomicsREQUIRED READINGSAckley, G.: Macro Economic Theory and Policy, 1987 chs 1,2,3,4,5Demburg, T.F. and Mc Dougall, D.M. : Macro Economics 5/e, 1997 Chs2&3N. Gregory Mankiw: Macro Economics, 5/e, 2006, (Herein after referredas text) chs. 2&3

Unit 2 : Keyne’s Macro Economics, supply side Economics, IS and LMframework, _ Derivition of IS and LM Curve, Equilibrium in the Goodsand Money market, Mundell-Fleming Model, Asset Markes Expectationsand exchnge rates, The Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand.REQUIRED READINGSTex Chs 10.11.12 and 13Dornbusch, Ficher and Startz ; Macro Economics, 9/e, 2005 Chs. 5,10,`12Rosalind, Leavcic and Rebmann : Macro Economics _ An Introduction to

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Keynesian –Neo Classical Controversies 2/e, reprint 1991, Chs. 2,3,,10Unit 3 : Consumption Function : Keynes Psychological law of Consumption, short

run and long-run consumption function; Income–consumption relationship-Absolute Income, Relative Income, Life Cycle and Permanent incomeHypothesis, Investment Function-Marginal efficiency of investment andlevel of investment; Marginal efficiency of Capital and investment; Theaccelerator theory of Investment; The impact of inflation.REQUIRED READINGSTex Chs. 16 & 17Dornbusch, Ficher and Startz ; Chs,13 &14

Unit 4: Demand for Money : Keyne’s liquidity Preference approach, post-Keynesian apporaches to demand for money; Patinkin and the RealBalance effect, Approaches of Baumol and Tobin; Friendman and themodern quantity theory; Crisis in Keynesian economics and the revival ofmoneatrism Supply of Money; Financial intermediation a mechanisticmodel of bank deposit determination – A behavioral Model of moneysupply determination, a demand determined money supply, Process, RBIapproach to money supply; High powered money and money multiplier;budget deficits and money supply; money supply and open economy;control of money supply. Theory of Inflation- classical, Keynesian andMonetarist approaches to inflation structuralize theory of inflation; Philipscurve- short run and long run philips curve; Samuelson and Solow- thenatural rate of unemployment hypothesis; Tobin’s modified Philips Curve;Adaptive expectations and rational expectations; Policies to Controlinflation;REQUIRED READINGSTex Chs, 13 &18Rosalind, Levacic and Rebmann: Chs 8,9, and 18Gupta G.S. : Macro Economics- Theory and Applications, 2001 Chp.4

Unit 5 : Business Cycles : Theories of Schumpeter, Kaldor Samuelson and Hicks,Real Business cycle theory and Godwin’s Model; Control of BusinessCycles- relative efficency of Monetary and Fiscal policy.New classical Macro Economics : The new classical critique of MicroFoundation, the New classical approachREQUIRED READINGSTex Chp. 19Dornbusch, Ficher and Startz : Chp. 20Hicks, J.R. (1950): A contribution to the theory of Trade cycle.Lucas, R. : Studies in Business Cycle Theory, 1981RECOMMENDED READINGSTaigan, R.L. : Readings In Money, National income and StabilizationPolicyTurnovsky, S. I. : Macro Economic Analysis and stabilization PolicyHeijdra, B.J. andj Derploege, F.: Founations of Modern Macro EconomicsFriedman, M. : The theory of Consumption FunctionMankiw, N.G. and D. Romer (eds)(1991) New Keynesian Economics

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M.A. PrePaper III

PAPER IIIECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT

Unit 1 : The Development Gap and Income Distribution; Per capita Income as andindex of Development; measuring Poverty; Tackling Poverty. HumanPoverty Index and Human Development IndexCharacteristics of Underdevelopment; Stages of Development andStructural Change, Rostow’s Stages of Growth, Industrialization andGrowth, Kaldor’s Laws of Growth.REQUIRED READINGSThirlwall, A.F. (2004)- Growth & Development, Wiled Palgrave McMillanChs 1.2.3Todaro, M.P. Smith, S.C. (2004)-Economic Development (8th ed)PearsonEducation LPE Cha 2,4

Unit 2 : Classical Growth Theory, Schumpeter’s Unstable Growth Theory, Harrod& Domer Growth Models, Neoclassical Growth Theory, Solow’s Model ofGrowth, Production Funtion Approach to the Analysis of Growth, New(Endogenous) Growth Theory and the Macro determinants of Growth,Romer’s Model of Economic GrowthREQUIRED READINGSThirlwall, Cha 4 ; Todaro Cha, 4,5

Unit 3 : Land: Role of Agriculture, Organization of Agriculture and Land Reforms,Supply Response of Agriculture, Transforming Traditional Agriculture,Interdependence of Agriculture and Industry, Economic Development withUnlimited Supplies of Labour, Rural/Urban Migration and UrbanUnemployment,Disguised Unemloyment Incentives and Costs of Labour Transfer:Role of Capital, Capital/output Ratio, Technical progress, Capital-LabourSaving Technical progress, Technological Progress in Societies,Investment in Human Capital-Education, Women’s Education,Infrastructure InvestmentFinancial Systems and Economic Development, Monetization and MoneyMarket Integration, Developing Banking System, Special DevelopmentBanks and Micro Credit Financial Intermediaries, Fiscal Policy andTaxation, Inflation, Saving and Growth; Kaynesian approach to FinancingDevelopment, Reconciliation of Prior Saving and Forced SavingApproach, Quantity Theory approach, Non-inflationary Financing ofInvestment, Inflation and GrowthREQUIRED READINGSThirlwall, Cha 5,6,4, Todaro, Cha 10.9.

Unit. 4: Dualism, Cumulative Causation, Regional Inequalities InternationalInequalities and Center-Periphery Models, Prebisch Model, Seers Model,Export Growth Model of Regional Growth Rate Differences; Theories of

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Dependence and Unequal Exchange;The World population , Determinants of Fertility, Costs and Benefits ofPopulation Growth, Enkey’s Work, Simon’s Challenge; The OptimumPopulation, Model of Low Level Equilibrium Trap. The Critical MinimumEffort Thesis;Environment and Economic Activity, Market based Approach toEnvironmental Analysis; Externalities; Common Property Resources,Harvesting Renewable Resources, Non-renewable Resources, MeasuringEnvironmental Values, Risk and Uncertainty, Economic Growth andEnvironment , Sustainable Development; Natural Capital and Equity.REQUIRED READINGSThirlwall, Cha 7,8,11,Todaro,Cha 7,11

Unit : 5 The Market Mechanism and Market Failures, Role of the State,Development Plans, Policy Models, Projection Models, Allocation toIndustry versus Agriculture, The Comparative Cost Doctrine, PresentVersus Future Consumption, Choice of Techniques, Balanced versusUnbalanced Growth, Investment Criteria, Project Choice and the SocialWelfare Function.Project Appraisal; Financial Appraisal, Economic Appraisal, Divergencebetween Market Prices and Social Values, Economic Prices for Goods,Nontraded Goods and Conversion Factor, Traded Goods, Shadow Pricesfor Factors of Production, Social Rate of Discount, social Cost ofInvestment Shadow Wage Rates, Examination of Change in Consumptionin Industry and Agriculture, Valuaton of Production foregone and theincrease in consumption; Social Appraisal.Capital Intensity of Techniques in Developing Countries, Conflict betweenEmployment, Output and Employment & Saving in the Choice ofTechniques, Aggregative Implications of Factor Substitution Wages andthe Capital Intensity of production, Different Classes, Propensity toConsume, Support of Unemployment, Distinction between Consumptionand Investment, Taxes and Subsidies;RECOMMENDED READINGSThirlwall, Chs 9.10,12,Todaro, Chs.6RECOMMENDED ReadingsMeier, G.M. and Rauch,J.E (2006)- Leading Issues in EconomicDevelopment, Eighth edition, Oxford University Press, New DelhiBarrow, R. and Sala-I-Mirtin, X (2007)- Economic Growth, New York,McGraw HillCharles, Janes, Economic GrowthMishan, E.J.-Cost Benefit Analysis, Allen and Unwin, LondonAdelman, L-Theories of Economic Growth and Development, StanfordUniversity Press, StanfordBehrman, S. and Srinivasan, T.N.-Handbook of Development Economics.Vol. 3, Elsevier, AmsterdamChenery H.B-and Srinivasan T,N.-Handbook of Development EconomicsVol.1&2 Eisevier, AmistedamHyami, Y.-Development Economics Oxford University Press, New YorkSen, A.K.(Ed)- Growth Economics, Penguin, HarmondsworthSolo. R.M.-Growth Theory : An Exposition, Oxford University PressOxfordSchumpeter, J.A-Theory of Economic Development, Harvard Universitypress, Cambridge, MassTodaro, M.P-Development Planning : Models and Methods, Oxford

10

University Press, OxfordGupta, S.B-Monetary Economics : Institutions, Theory and Policy, S,Chand and Co. New DelhiMehrotra, S., Richard, J.,Development with a Human Face, OxfordUniversity Press New Delhi.

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13

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PAPER IVQUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR ECONOMICS

PART I : ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICSUnit I : Co-ordinate geometry : Rectangular and Polar Coordinates, Straight Line

Equations and Graphs of Parabola and Graphs of HyperbolaLiner Simultaneous Equations, Quadratic Equations, Determinants: BasicOperations and applications Matrices: Basic Properties, Elementaryoperations, adjoints, inversions; Simple Input output Systems,. Solution ofLinear Equations through matrix inversion and determinants (Cramer’sRule)Linear Programming-Basic Concepts. Solution of Linear Programmingthrough graphical and Simplex Methods (Maximization Problem)

Unit 2 : Elementary differential calculas : Meaning, Geometrical Interpretation,Standard results and Formulae, Derivatives of higher order, functions oftwo or more variable, Partial differentiation, Total Differential, MaximaMinima Points of Inflexion, Difference equation-First and Second orderElementary IntegrationREQUIRED READINGSDavid Huang : Introduction to the use of Mathematics in EconomicAnalysisParry Lewis : Mathematics for Students of EconomicsMehta&Madnanai : Mathematics for Economics, Part IChiang, A.C. : Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics.

PART II: STATISTICSUnit 3 : Measures of Dispersion-standard Deviation, Skewness, and Correlation:

Karlperson and spearman’s Rank. Regression: Concept of the least squaresand the lines of regression, The standard error of estimates, Index Numbersand Time Series Analysis

Unit 4 : Elementary Theory of Probability: Definition, marginal and ConditionalProbability, Addition and multiplication Theorems, Baye’s Theorem,Density functions; expectations, Moments and moment generatingfunctions. Theoretical distribution: normal distribution, PoissonDistribution, Binomial distribution

Unit 5 : Elementary Sampling Theory, Sampling distribution of mean, Estimation:Point estimation and interval estimation, Properties of a goad linearestimator (without Proof)Test of Hypothesis’s Large sample test; Mean and difference of Means,

14

small sample tests, chi-square, ‘t’ and ‘F’ TestREQUIRED READINGSCroxton, Cowdon and Klein : Applied General StatisticsRECOMMENDED READINGSAllen, R.G.D: Mathematical Analysis for Economics : An ElementarysurveyTaro Yammance : StatisticsArchibald and Lisey : An Introduction to Mathematical EconomicsWaugh : Elements of Statistics (H.E)Ellhance, D.N. : Fundamentals of Statistics (HE), Sankhyiki ke Mool Tatva(H)Umarji, R.R. Probability and Statistic MethodsMills, J. : Statistical MethodsHeel, H, el. P.P. Introduction of Mathematical Statistics

isij IV

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15

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16

M.A. Economics (Final) Examination

New Examination Scheme:Part Total no. Q. Marks each Q. Total MarksA 10 2 20B 5 7 35C 3 15 45

Total 100

.

COMPULSORY PAPERS(Three Papers) V, VI, VII

M.A. FINAL ECONOMICSPAPER V

PUBLIC FINANCE

UNIT 1 Introduction: Normative Approach to Public Finance—The Theory ofOptimum Budget.Role of Government in Economic Development; Private goods, Publicgoods and Merit goods; Market Failure – imperfections, decreasing costsand externalities.

REQUIRED READINGSMusgrave, R.A. 1959: “The Theory of Public Finance”, McGraw Hill,Chaps.1 & 2Herber, B.P. 2004 “Modern Public Finance”, (Fifth Edition): Richard, D.Irwin,Chaps. 1,2 & 5Browning E.K. and Browning J.M. 2004: “Public Finance and the PriceSystem”, Pearson Education,Chaps 2Bagchi, Amaresh.2005 : “Readings in Public Finance”; OxfordUniversity Press,Chaps 4,5,6,7 & 9

UNIT 2 Taxation: Theory of incidence, Alternative Concepts of incidence,Principles of Taxation—Benefit appraoch (The Lindhal and BowenModel), Ability to pay approach (subjective and objective approach,Musgrave and Samuelsons’s solution). Theory of optimal taxation.Excess Tax Burden, Theory of measurement of dead weight losses.

REQUIRED READINGSMusgrave,R.A., and Musgrave, P.B.1989(Fifth edition): “Public Financein Theory and Practice”, McGraw-HillChaps 14,.15,16 & 17Musgrave R.A. : Chaps.4,5, & 7

17

Herber, B.P. : Chaps. 5,6,7Bagehi A.: Chaps 11,12,13,14

UINIT 3 Public Expenditure and Public Debt -Wagner’s law of increasing state activities ; Wiseman Peacockhypothesis, Pure theory of public expenditure; Structure and growth ofpublic expenditure; Reforms in expenditure budgeting; programmebudgeting and zero base budgeting.Classical view of public debt; Compensatory aspect of debt policy;Burden of public debt; Sources of public debt; Debt through createdmoney; Principles of debt management and repayment

REQUIRED READINGSMusgrave R.A.; Chaps. 23,24Musgrave R.A & Musgrave P.B.: Chaps. 8.9.& 32Herber, B.P.: Chaps. 4, 22

UNIT 4 Fiscal Policy and Fiscal Federalism :Objectives of fiscal policy—full employment, anti inflation, economicgrowth, redistribution of income and wealth; Interdependence of fiscaland monetary policies; Budgetary deficits and its implications; Fiscalpolicy for stabilization—automatic vs. discretionary stabilization,Balanced budget multiplier. Fiscal Federalism : Finance Commission.Devolution of resources and grants; Resource transfer from union tostates—Criteria for transfer of resources; Centre—States financialrelations in India; Problems of State’s resources from Union and States tolocal bodies.

REQUIRED READINGSHerber B.P. : Chaps. 20,21Bagchi, A : Chaps. 16,19,20,21,22,23Browning E.K. & Browning J.M.: Chap.8Govt. of India: Reports of Various Finance CommissionMusgrave R.A.: Chaps 17,18, 20

UNIT 5 Indian Public Finances : Indian tax system ; Revenue of the Union, Statesand Local bodies; Major taxes in India ; Base of taxes, direct and indirecttaxes, Reforms in direct and indirect taxes, Taxes on services; Non-taxrevenue of Centre, State and Local bodies.Trends in Public Expenditure and Public Debt, Fiscal Crisis and FiscalSector Reforms in India.

REQUIRED READINGSDutt and Sundram (Latest edition): “Indian Economy”, S.Chand & Co.,New Delhi.Kaushik Basu, eds (2007) : Economics in India – OUP, New Delhi.Govt. of India, Ministry of Finance: Indian Public Finance statisticsGovt. of India, Ministry of Finance: Raja J. Challiah Committee ReportGovt. of India, Ministry of Finance: Kelkar Committee ReportRBI Bulletins : Various IssuesEconomic and Political Weekly : Various IssuesMusgrave, R.A.: The Theory of Public Finance, McGraw HillHerber, B.P: Modern Public Finance

18

Cornes, R and T. Sandler(1986) The Theory of Externalities, PublicGoods and Club Goods, Cambridge University Press, CambridgeDulf, L.(1997) : Government and Market, Orient Longman, New DelhiBird, R. and O. Olodman(1967) : Reading in Taxation in DevelopingCountries, John Hopkings University Press, BoltimoreCutt, J(1969) : Taxation and Economic Development in India, Fridrick APralger Publisher, New YorkChelliah, Raja J (1971):Fiscal Policy in Under-developed Countries,George Allen and Unwin, LondonStigliz, Joseph.E (2000) : Economics of Public Sector, Norton.RECOMMENDED READINGSKaul. I. & Conceicao (Eds)2006: “The New Public Finance”, OxfordUniversity Press, New York.Mishan, E.J.(1982): Cost Benefit Analysis: An Informal Introduction,George Allen and Unwin, LondonPhyrr, P(1970): Zero Base Budgeting : A Practical Management TourTool for Evaluating Expenses, John Weiley, New York.Sahni, B.S.(Ed)(1972) : Public Expenditure Analysis : Selected Readings,Rotherdam, University Press.Barman, K (1986) : Public Debt Management in India Uppal PublishingHouse, New DelhiPeacock, A and G.K. Shaw (1976) : The Economic Theory of FiscalPolicy, George Allen and Unwin , LondonChelliah, Raja, J et. Al. (1981): Trends and Issues in India, FederalFinance, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New DelhiChalliah, R.J.(Ed) (1997): Towards Sustainable Growth, OxfordUniversity Press, New DelhiJha Raghbendra 1989: Modern Theory of Public Finance, Wiley EasternLtd., New DelhiDutt, R (ed) (2001) : Second Generation Economic Reforms in IndiaDeep & Deep Publication, New DelhiGovernment of India: Reports of the Tax Reforms Committee Interim andFinal (Chairman:Raja J. Chelliah )Tyagi B.P.: Public Fiance(Latest ed) Relavant chs., Jai Prakash Nath &Co., Meerut.Govt. of India: Report of Finance Commission Economic Survey(Latested)Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003R.B.I : Report of Currency and FinanceMusgrave, R.A. and P.B. Musgrave (1976) : Public Finance in Theoryand Practice, McGraw Hill Kogakusha, TokyoShome.P(ed) (1995) : Tax Policy Handbook, Tax Division, Fiscal affairsDepartment International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C.Bagchi, A and Stern N(Eds) (1989) : Tax Policy and Planning inDeveloping Countries (OUP)Bagchi A.(ed)2005: Readings in Public Finance, OUP.Kaushik and Basu (2007) : Economics in India. OUPMundle S. 2000: Public Finance Policy – Issues for India”, OxfordUniversity Press.

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19

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20

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PAPER VIINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

UNIT 1 The pure theory of International Trade : trade under absolute and comparativecost differences, opportunity cost doctrine, the specific factors model, theHeckscher-Ohlin theory, factor-price equalization theorem; Empirical testing ofthe Ricardian theory and the H.O. theory, Kravis and Linder’s thesis; Role ofdynamic factors : Changes in tastes, technology and factor endowments; theRybczynski Theorem, Stolper-Samuelson theorem and the Concept ofimmiserizing growth

REQUIRED READINGS

Krugman, P.A. and Obstfeld, M. : International Economics : Theory andPolicy, 6/e Pearson Education, 2003 (Herein after referred as text),Ch.2,3,4Chacholiades, M : International Economics, 1990, Chs. 4,5

UNIT 2 Terms of trade : Different Concepts of terms of trade, factors affecting terms oftrade and importance of the concept; hypothesis of secular deterioration of termsof trade, Instruments of trade intervention : Tariffs: effects of tariffs in partialand general equilibrium, effective rate of tariff, the Optimum tariff; Effects ofImport quotas; Differences in the operation of Tariffs and quotas, the concept ofequivalence between them, other non-tariff instruments of trade policy;Voluntary exports restraints and export subsidies etc.Trade under imperfect competition : The effect of increased market size;economies of scale and comparative advantage, the significance of intraindustrytradeREAQUIRED READINGSText : Chaps 5 and 8Chacholiades, M : International Economics, Chs, 3,7 and 9

21

UNIT 3 Balance of Payments : Meaning and components, Current account andcapital account, surpluses and deficits; Measures to correctdisequilibrium; Automatic measures, Quasi-adjustment measures andpermanent therapy; Theories of devaluation: Elasticities, absorption andMonetary approaches; Foreign Trade Multiplier with and without foreignrepercussionsExchange rate: Determination of exchange rate under floating exchangerate system, Purchasing Power Parity theory; Fixed versus Flexibleexchange ratesREQUIRED READINGSText : Chs. 12,15 and 19Chacholiades, M : International Economics, Chs. 12,13,14,15,17,18 and19

UNIT 4 Forms of Economic Cooperation: the theory of Customs Union; the theory ofoptimum Currency areas, rationale and progress of SAARC/SAFTA andASEANRegionalism versus Multilateralism, EU, NAFTA,GATT and WTO : WTO asan organization, TRIPS, TRIMS, Agricultural sector and Agreement on Textilesand clothing, Dispute Settlement understandingIMF : Objectives, Quotas, Par-values, Causes of the breakdown of theBretton woods system; role of gold, SDR : their creation; working of theSDRs system, SDR valuation, the present system of managed flexibility,IMF financial facilities, conditionality Clause of the IMF; Reforms of theInternational Monetary system; World Bank, IDA and IFC, AsianDevelopment Bank, Theory of short-term Capital Movements and East-Asian crisis and lessons for developing countries

REQIRED READINGSText : Chs. 9,18.20,22Chacholiades, M : International Economics, Chs. 10 and 20

UNIT 5 Trade Problems and Trade Policy of India : Recent Changes in the value,composion and direction of India’s exports and Imports, Reforms inIndia’s external sector since 1991, India’s forex reserves; recent export-import policies

REQUIRED READINGSJoshi, V. and Little, I.M.D : India’s Economic Reforms 1991-2000, OUP,1998Verma, M.L.: International Trade, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, 1995RBI Bulletin : Various IssuesEconomic and Political Weekly : Various Issues, Bombay.

RECOMMENDED READINGSAmerican Economic Association : Readings in International Economics,Richard D. Irwin Inc., 1968Bhagwati, J.N., Panagaria, A. and Srinivasan, T.N. : Lectures onInternational Trade 2nd ed OUP-2003Caves, R.E.: Trade and Economic Structure, Cambridge, Mass, HarravardUniversity Press, 1960Grauwe, R.D. : Economics of Monetary Union, 4th ed., Oxford UniversityPress, 2000

22

Haberler G : The Theory of International Trade, London, Mecmillan Co.,Ltd., 1937Kemp, M.C. : The Pure theory of International Trade and InvestmentPrentice Hall, 1969Pugel, T.A.: International Economics 12th ed., McGraw Hill, 2004Jones, R.W. and Kenen P.B.(ed) : Handbook of International Economics,Elsevier Science Pub. Vol. I, 1984Kenen, P.B. : The International Economy, 4th ed. Cambridge Univ. Press,2000.Kreinin, M.E.: International Economics, 9th ed., South-western, ThomsonLearning, 2002Meade, J.E.: The Balance of Payments, London, Oxford UniversityPress,1951Mundell,R.A.:International Economics,Macmillan Publishing Co.,NewYork,1968Ohlin, B: Interregional and International Trade, 2nd ed., HarvardUniversity Press, Cambridge Mass, 1967Venek, J: International Trade and Economic GrowthViner,J: Studies in the Theory of International Trade, New York, Harperand Broth Publisher, 1937Falvey, R. and Kreickemier, U.(ed) Recent Development in InternationalTrade Theory:, Edward Elger Publishing Ltd,.2005

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23

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bdkbZ 3 % Hkqxrku larqyu % vFkZ ,oa oxhZdj.k] pkyw [kkrk ,oa iw¡th [kkrk] ?kkVk

,oa vfrjsd] Hkqxrku larqyu vlkE; dks Bhd djus ds mik;]

Lopkfyr mik;] v)Z lek;kstd mik; ,oa LFkk;h mik;

eqnzk voewY;u dk fl)kar% yksp mikxe] vo'kks"k.k mikxe ,oa ekSfnzd

mikxe] fons'kh O;kikj xq.kd jsijdqflu@izR;korZu lfgr ,oa

vlfgrA

fofue; nj % fLFkj ,oa yphyh fofue; nj] Ø; 'kfDr lerk

fl)kar] yphyh fofue; nj iz.kkyh }kjk fofue; nj dk fu/kkZj.k

bdkbZ 4 % vkfFkZd lg;ksx ds :i % vkpkj la?k ¼pqaxh la?k½ ds fl)kar] b"Vre

eqnzk {ks= dk fl)kar] SAARC/SAFTA ,oa ASEAN ds ekSfyd rdZ

,oa izxfr

{ks=h;okn ,oa cgqi{kh;okn EU, NAFTA, GATT ,oa WTO fo'o

O;kikj laxBu laLFkk ds :i esa] O;kikfjd ckSf)d laink vf/kdkj]

O;kikj ls lEc) fuos'k] d`f"k {ks= ls lEc) le>kSrk] diM+k ,oa oL=

le>kSrk] fookn fuiVkjk iz.kkyh

vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k % mn~ns';] vH;'ka] lerk ewY;] czsVuoqMl~

O;oLFkk ds <g tkus ds dkj.k] Lo.kZ dh Hkwfedk] SDR : SDR iz.kkyh

dh dk;Z iz.kkyh] ewY;kadu ,oa orZeku fofue; nj iz.kkyh] IMF dh

foÙk lqfo/kk,a] 'krsZ] vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd O;oLFkk esa lkEizfrd ifjorZu

fo'o cSad] IDA ,oa IFC ,f'k;u fodkl cSad] y?kq vof/k iwath

xfr'khyrk dk fl)kar ,oa iwoZ ,f'k;u ladV rFkk fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa

dks ikB

bdkbZ 5 % Hkkjr dh O;kikj uhfr ,oa leL;k,¡] ewY; esa orZeku ifjorZu] Hkkjrh;

vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr ds Lo:i ,oa fn'kk] lu~ 1991 ls Hkkjrh; ckgjh

{ks= esa lq/kkj] Hkkjr esa vkjf{kr fons'kh eqnzk fuf/k] orZeku vk;kr

fu;kZr uhfrA

24

Paper VII

COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMICS

Unit I: - Research Methodology:- Meaning, objectives and Scope of Research, Steps ofSocial Research, formulation of Research problems, Ethics in Social Research.

Required Readings

Gopal, M.H. An introduction to Research in Social SciencesGoods & Hatt : Methods in Social Research, Mc Graw.

Unit II: - Demography :- Meaning, scope and importanceMeasures of population Growth, population structure and populationdistributionCharacteristics of Indian population though recent census.

Required Readings

Jhingan, M.L.: Demography, Vrinda DelhiAsha A. Bhende, Tara Kanitkar – “Principals of Population Studies” HimalayaPublishing house.

Unit III :- Indian Economy :- Current trends of National Income.Current five year plan:- priorities and strategy.Poverty and unemployment.

Required Readings

Dutt, Ruddra and sundharam, KPM : Indian Economy, Latest edNathuram, Laxmi Narayan: - Indian EconomyB.L. Ojha: - Indian Economy

Unit IV :- Growth and producitivity trends in Indian Agriculture.W.T.O. and sustainable agriculture development.Globalization, Liberalization and New Industrial policy.Co-operative movment in India- structure and development.

Required Readings

Dutt, Ruddra and Sundharam, KPM :- Indian EconomyNathuram, Laxmi Narayan :- Indian Economy

Unit V :- Economy of Rajasthan :-

Current trends of State Income

25

Current five year plan :- priorities and strategy Major irrigation projects Financial promotion policies of state government for Industrial sector,

Co-operative movement in Rajasthan.

Required Readings

Nathuram, Laxmi Narayan: - Economy of RajasthanB.L. Ojha: - Indian Economy

iz'u i= VII

o.kZukRed vFkZ’kkL=

bdkbZ 1- vuqla/kku izfof/k%& vuqla/kku dk vFkZ] mn~ns’; ,oa {ks=] lkekftd vuqla/kku dk Lrj]vuqla/kku leL;k dk fuekZ.k] lkekftd vuqla/kku esa uSfrdrk

lgk;d iqLrdasaohjsUnz izdk’k 'kekZ % fjlpZ esFkksMksyksthvkj- ,u- f=osnh] Mh- ih- 'kqDyk % fjlpZ esFkksMksyksth] ds-,u- ukxj % lkaf[;dh ds ewy rRo

bdkbZ 2- tukafddh % vFkZ] {ks= ,oa egRo] tula[;k of)] tula[;k lajpuk ,oa tula[;kforj.k ds eki] tux.kuk ds }kjk Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh eq[; fo’ks"krk,sa

lgk;d iqLrds,l-lh- JhokLro&tukafddh v/;;u ds izk:i&fgeky; ifCyds’ku gkmlf’koukjk;.k xqIr % tukafddh ds ewy rRoMkW- t;izdk’k feJk % tukafddh ds fl)kUr&lkfgRo Hkou ifCyds’ku

bdkbZ 3- Hkkjrh; vFkZ’kkL= % jk"Vªh; vk; dh orZeku izo`fr;ka] pkyw iapo"khZ; ;kstuk %izkFkfedrk,a ,oa O;wgjpuk] xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh

lgk;d iqLrdsa:nznÙk] lqUnje] ds-ih-,e- & Hkkjrh; vFkZ’kkL=y{ehukjk;.k ukFkqjke & Hkkjrh; vFkZ’kkL=ch-,y- vks>k & Hkkjrh; vFkZ’kkL=¼v?kru laLdj.k½

bdkbZ 4- Hkkjrh; d`f"k esa o`f) ,oa mRikndrk izo`fÙk;ka] fo’o O;kikj laxBu ,oa la/kkj.kh; d`f"kfodkl] oS’ohdj.k] mnkjhdj.k rFkk ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] Hkkjr esa lgdkfjrkvkUnksyu& lajpuk ,oa fodkl

lgk;d iqLrdsa:nznUr] lqUnje] ds-ih-,e- & Hkkjrh; vFkZ’kkL=y{ehukjk;.k ukFkqjke & Hkkjrh; vFkZ’kkL=ch-,y- vks>k & Hkkjrh; vFkZ’kkL=¼v?kru laLdj.k½

bdkbZ 5- jktLFkku dh vFkZO;oLFkkjkT; vk; dh orZeku izo`fr;kapkyw iapo"khZ; ;kstuk & izkFkfedrk, ,oa O;wgjpuk ogRr flapkbZ ;kstuk

26

vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa jkT; ljdkj dh foÙkh; izksRlkgu uhfr;k¡] jktLFkku esa lgdkfjrk vkUnksyu

lgk;d iqLrdasy{ehukjk;.k ukFkqjkedk & jktLFkku dh vFkZ O;oLFkkvuq’kaflr lkexzh ¼v|ru laldj.k½

OPTIONAL PAPERS

Group A: Agricultural EconomicsPAPER I

PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSUnit 1 : Nature and Scope of agricultural economics: Peculiarities of Agriculture and

their effects on production, employment and income. Problems ofAgriculture. Role of Agriculture in Economic Development. AgriculturalDevelopment, poverty and environment.

Unit 2 : Agricultural Production function: Relationship between Resources andProducts; Principles of choice and Resources allocation: Resourcesubstitution and Factor relationship; Choice between products and resourceuses, Returns to scale and Farm Size.

Unit 3 : Farm incomes and agricultural prices: Reasons of Price fluctuationsMeasures of stabilisation, Cobweb Theorem and State policies with respectto agricultural prices. Economic efficiency in the Agricultural Industry,Tenure system and farm efficiency.

Unit 4 : Agriculture and economic growth: Product Market and factor contribution ofAgriculture to economic growth. State and Agriculture : Need for and goalsof State intervention. The role of state with special reference to credit,marketing and prices.

Unit 5 : Salient features of agriculture in U.S.A. Price support and surplus disposalpolicies.Erstwhile U.S.S.R : Organisation of collective farms and its contribution toSoviet economic development.Japan : The role of agriculture in modern Japanese economic developmentW.T.O. and Agriculture: Domestic support to Agriculture in U.S and E.Uand Hong Kong agreement on reduction in export subsidies in U.S. &E.U. Countries.

RECOMMENDED READINGS;

Ahuja, Astha(2006):Agriculture and Rural Development in India. New CenturyPublications, New Delhi – 110002.John, W.Mellor : The Economics of Agricultural DevelopmentChoen : Economics of Agriculture.Heady, E.O. : Economics of Agricultural Production and Resources Use, Prentice Hall ofIndia (Chaps. 1,2,3,4,5,8,12,20 and 24)Eicher and Witt : Agriculture in Economic Development, Vora & Co. Publishers Pvt.Limited, Bombay (Chaps 1,2,5, and 15), 1970Halcrow, H.C. : Contemporary Reading in Agriculture, Mc-Graw Hill Prentice Hall,N.J., 1955Gulati, A and T. Kelly (1999) Trade Liberalisation and Indian agriculture, OxfordUniversity Press, New Delhi.Kahlo, A.S. and Tyagi D.S.(12983): Agricultural Price Policy in India, AlliedPublishers, New Delhi

27

N.L. Aggarwal(2003): Bhartiya Krishi Ka Arth Tantra, Rajasthan Hindi GranthAcademy , Jaipur (Hindi)Schultz, T.W. : Transforming Traditional Agriculture, Yale University,1964Sadhu, A.N and Singh, A.(2000): Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics, HimalayaPublishing House, New Delhi

,e-,- ¼vfUre o"kZ½d`f"k vFkZ'kkL= ds fl)kar

izFke iz'u i=

bdkbZ 1 % d`f"kxr vFkZ'kkL= dh izd`fr ,oa {ks=] d`f"k dh fo'ks"krk,a ,oa mRiknu]

jkstxkj rFkk vk; ij mlds izHkko] d`f"k dh leL;k,a] vkfFkZd fodkl

esa d`f"k dh Hkwfedk] d`f"kxr fodkl] xjhch rFkk i;kZoj.kA

bdkbZ 2 % d`f"kxr mRiknu Qyu % mRiknu o lk/kuksa ds e/; lEcU/k] p;u ds

fl)kar ,oa lk/ku vkoaVu] lk/ku izfrLFkkiu ,oa lk/ku lEcU/krk]

mRikn o lk/ku iz;ksx ds e/; p;u] iSekus ds izfrQy ,oa QkeZ

vkdkjA

bdkbZ 3 % QkeZ vk; ,oa d`f"kxr dhersa % dher mPpkopuksa ds dkj.k]

fLFkjhdj.k ds mik;] edM+h tkyk fl)kar ,oa d`f"kxr dherksa ds

lanHkZ esa jkT; uhfr;k¡] d`f"k m|ksx dh vkfFkZd n{krk] Hkw /kkj.k

O;oLFkk ,oa QkeZ n{krkA

bdkbZ 4 % d`f"k ,oa vkfFkZd o`f) % vkfFkZd of) esa df"k mRikn] cktkj ,oa

lk/ku ;ksxnku] jkT; ,oa d`f"k % jkT; gLr{ksi ds mn~ns'; ,oa

vko';drk] lk[k] foi.ku ,oa dherksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa jkT; dh

HkwfedkA

bdkbZ 5 % ;w,l, esa d`f"k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a] dher leFkZu ,oa vfrjsd izk;ksT;

uhfr;k¡

;w,l,lvkj % lkewfgd [ksrh dk laxBu rFkk lksfo;r vkfFkZd fodkl

esa bldk ;ksxnku]

tkiku % vk/kqfud tkikuh vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k dh Hkwfedk

28

MCY;wVhvks ,oa d`f"k % ;w,l rFkk bZ;w esa d`f"k o ?kjsyw leFkZu ,oa

;w,l rFkk bZ;w ns'kksa esa fu;kZr vuqnku esa dVkSrh ij gk¡xdk¡x

le>kSrkA

PAPER II

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF INIDIAN AGRICULTURE

Unit 1 : Main Characteristics of Indian agricultural economy. Agricultural resources ofIndia. Land reforms measures and Performance.

Unit 2 : Agricultural Policy since Independence: Policy of increasing production andProductivity in agriculture; New Agricultural Technology—diffusion andimpact. Agricultural labour and Minimum wages policy; Foodgrains and pricepolicy, Cattle and Cattle insurance, Live stock and dairy development; FarmMechanisation, Agricultural taxation and subsidies.

Unit 3 : Agricultural problems of India : Problem of share tenancy, Size of the farm,Small and marginal farmers, marketed and Marketable Surplus, Unemploymentand underemployment, Capital formation, Irrigation, Problem of surplus cattle,Agricultural marketing and processing, Agricultural finance. Dryland farming.

Unit 4 : A review of India’s agricultural growth: Contribution of various factors—Integrated Rural Development Programme. Special agriculture developmentprogrammes for weaker sections such as SFDA, MFAL, Rural employmentschemes, Tribal development etc.

Effects of agricultural growth on employment, wages, Income distribution,regional disparities, Surplus mobilisation, foreign trade etc.

Unit 5 : WTO and Agriculture: AOA: Domestic support: AMS Product specific andNon-Product specific support in India. IPRs and Agriculture.

Farm Management and budgeting in India.

RECOMMENDED READINGS:Ahuja, Astha(2006):Agriculture and Rural Development in India.New CenturyPublications, New Delhi – 110002.Agarwal, G.D. and Bansal, P.G.: Economic Problems of Indian AgricultureAgarwal, H.N.: Indian Agriculture (Latest edition)Chaudhari,Pramit : Problems of Change in Agriculture – The Indian EconomyMisra, G.P. : Some Aspects of changes in Agrarian StructureRao, C.H.: Technological change and the Distribution of Gains in Indian AgricultureVakil,C.N. and Shah, C.H. : Agriculture Development of India.Mellor, J.M., Weaver, T.F., Lele, U.J. and Simon, S.R. : Development of Rural India,Parts I-A and IVWadhwa, C: Some Problems of India’s Economic PolicyG.K.Chadha (Ed)(2003): WTO and Indian Economy,Deep and Deep Publisher New DelhiGulati, Ashok and sharma, Ani (1994) “ Agriculture under GATT: what it holds for India.Economic and political weekly, Review of Agriculture.Govt. of India: Report of the National Commission on Agriculture (Relevant vols)Govt. of India : Five Year Plans and their Progress Report .

PERIODICALSIndian Journal of Agricultural EconomicsAgricultural Situation in IndiaEconomic and Political WeeklyStatistical Abstract of Rajasthan

29

f}rh; i= LukrdksÙkj vfUre o"kZ lewg ^v^Hkkjrh; d`f"k dh vkfFkZd leL;k,a

bdkbZ izFke % Hkkjrh; d`f"k vFkZ O;oLFkk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a] d`f"k lalk/ku] Hkwfe

lq/kkj dk;ZØe] mik; ,oa izn'kZuA

bdkbZ f}rh;% LorU=rk i'pkr ls df"kxr uhfr % df"k esa mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk

c<+kus dh uhfr] ubZ d`f"kxr Jfed vkSj U;wure etnwjh nj uhfr]

[kk|kUu o dher uhfr] eos'kh ,oa eos'kh chek] i'kqikyu ,oa Ms;jh

fodkl] [ksr ;a=hdj.k] d`f"kxr dj ,oa vuqnkuA

bdkb r`rh;% Hkkjr dh d`f"kxr leL;k,a % Hkkxhnkj [ksrhckM+h dh leL;k,a] [ksr dk

vkdkj] NksVs o lhekUr d`"kd] cktkj ¼fofØr½ ,oa cktkj ;ksX;

¼foØ; ;ksX;½ vfrjsd] csjkstxkj o vYi csjkstxkj iwath fuekZ.k]

flpkabZ] vfrjsd eosf'k;ksa dh leL;k,a] d`f"kxr foi.ku ,oa izØe

¼izfØ;k½] xfrfof/k;k¡] d`f"kxr foÙk] 'kq"d Hkwfe [ksrhckM+hA

bdkbZ prqFkZ% Hkkjrh; d`f"kxr o`f) dk iqu% ijh{k.k % fofHkUu dkjdksa dk lg;ksx]

lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe] detksj rcdksa ds fy, d`f"kxr

fo'ks"k fodkl dk dk;ZØe tSls y?kq d`"kd fodkl ;kstuk] lhekUr

d`"kd ,oa d`f"k Jfed fodkl ;kstuk tutkrh; fodkl dk;ZØe]

jkstxkj] etnwjh] vk; forj.k {ks=h; fo"kerk] vfrjsd xeu] fons'k

O;kikj bR;kfn ij d`f"kxr o`f) dk izHkkoA

bdkbZ iape% fo'o O;kikj laxBu o d`f"k % d`f"k ij le>kSrk] ?kjsyw leFkZu] lexz

U;wure iwfrZ fo'ks"k mRikn ,oa xSj mRikn] fo'ks"k Hkkjrh; leFkZu]

O;kikj lEcfU/kr ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkj ,oa d`f"k] df"k [ksr izcU/k o

Hkkjr esa ctV fuekZ.k izfØ;kA

1- uUnyky vxzoky % Hkkjrh; d`f"k dk vFkZrU=

2- ,-,u- vxzoky % ^^Hkkjrh; d`f"k^

30

Group C : Industrial Economics

Paper I

ECONOMICS OF MODERN INDUSTRY

Unit 1 Nature and Scope of Industrial Economics. The Theory of the Industrial Firm,Profit Maximization Versus other objectives of the Industrial Firm,Economics of Scale of Plant and the Firm, Industrial Capital budgeting andfinancing.

REQUIRED READINGS

Robinson: E.A.G. : Structure of Competitive Industry (EH)Pasu, J.S.: Industrial OrganisationArchiboids, G.C.(ed): The Theory of Firm Selected ReadingBasil, S. Yamey(ed): Economics of Industrial Structure : Selected ReadingsHawkins, C J and Pearce, D.W.: Capital investment Appraisal, 1971Crucial, S.C: Financial Management : An Analytical and ConceptualApproach, 1975, Chap. 17R.R. Berthwal: Industrial Economics, Wiley Eastern, New Dehli.

Unit 2 Output, Product Mix and Pricing decisions by firms under different marketstructures, Competitive, monopolistic and oligopoly; monopoly indexes.

REQUIRED READINGS

Singer, E.M.: Antitrust Economics, Chaps. 3,8 and 10Leftwich, R.M.: The price system and Resources AllocationS.C.Kuchhal: Industrial Economy of IndiaBain, J.S: Industrial Organisation, 2nd Ed., 1958Machlup, F: Theories of the Firm : Marginalist Behavioral, Managerial,American Economic Review March 1967,, reprinted in Readings in theEconomics of Industrial Organisation, D. Needham(ed)

Unit 3 Economics of Industry at the Aggregate level, Concepts of Productivity andCost – Their measurement, Reasons for Productivity and cost differencesbetween firms, Industries and regions.REQUIRED READINGS

Mehta, M M : Measurement of Industrial ProductivityWalter Israd: Methods of Regional Analysis-An Introduction to RegionalScienceJohn, W. Kendrick: Productivity Trends in the United States, 1961,Introduction and Chap 1.Soloman, F.: A Primer on productivity

Unit 4 Theory of Location of Industries; Meaning and Measurement of Location,

31

Industrial concentration and policy towards industrial concentration.

REQUIRED READINGS

Walter Israd: Methods of Regional Analysis, Chaps 6 and 7Perlof, H Regions: Resources and Economic GrowthUttonm M.N.:Industrial Concentration, 1970

Unit 5 Introduction to the calculation and use of the input – output between theconsumer and capital goods industries, cost – benefit analysis: Net PersentValue (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return(IRR)

REQUIRED READINGS

Chenery, H. and Clark, P. Inter Industry Economics, Chaps. 1-2Sen, A.K. : Choice of Techniques, An Aspect of the Theory of PlaningEconomic Development, 3rd Ed., 1968Sinha and Shawhney:Wages and Productivity in selected Indian Industries,1970, Chaps. 1-3Theil Boot and Lock: Operations, Research and Quantitative EconomicsChap. 3, Input Output Analysis, pp. 53-72Dwivedi, D.N.:Managerial Economics, Chap-11 Capital Budgeting andinvestment Decisions P.279 to 287, 5th edition.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Car Keeysen and Turner, D.F.:Anti-Trust Policy, 1959Theory of Firm: Selected Reading, Archiblod(ed),1971

lewg&lh

vkS|ksfxd vFkZ’kkL=

izFke iz’u i=

vk/kqfud m|ksxksa dk vFkZ’kkL=

bdkbZ 1- vkS|ksfxd vFkZ’kkL= dh izd`fr ,oa {ks=] vkS|ksfxd QeZ dk fl)kUr] ,dQeZ dh ykHk vf/kdrehdj.k dh rqyuk vU; mn~ns’;ksa ls] IykaV ,oa QeZds vkdkj dh ferO;ork,a] vkS|ksfxd iwath ctfVx vkSj foRrh;u

bdkbZ 2- fofHkUu cktkj lajpukvksa ds vUrxrZ QeZ ds mRiknu] mRikn feJ.k ,ddher fu.kZ; % izfr;ksxh] ,dkf/kdkjkRed vkSj vYikf/kdkj] ,dkf/kdkjhlwpdkad

bdkbZ 3- lezx Lrj ij m|ksxksa dk vFkZ’kkL=] mRikndrk vkSj ykxr ds izo;; vkSjmuds eki] QeksZ] m|kxksa ,oa {ks=ksa esa mRikndrk vkSj ykxrksa esa vUrj ds

32

dkj.k

bdkbZ 4- m|ksxksa ds LFkkuh;dj.k ds fl)kUr] LFkkuh;dj.k dk vFkZ vkSj eki]vkS|ksfxd dsUnzh;dj.k vkSj vkS|ksfxd dsUnzh;dj.k dh uhfr

bdkbZ 5- miHkksDrk vkSj iwath oLrq m|kxksa ds e/; lEcU/kksa ds fy, vknk&iznkrduhd dk iz;ksx ,oa x.kuk dk izkjfEHkd Kku] ykxr ykHk fo’ys"k.k]'kq) orZeku ewY; ,oa vkUrfjd ykxr dh nj

PAPER II

INDIAN INDUSTRY

UNIT 1 Industrial growth in India since 1951, Rate of growth of industrialinvestment and output Structure of Industrial Growth: Rates and pattern ofgrowth, Policies of Liberalization and Globalisation, WTO and IndianIndustries.

REQUIRED READINGS

Malendaum, W.: Prospects for Indian DevelopmentRosen, G.:Industrial Change in IndiaMedhore, P.B.: The Industrial Growth since 1950-An AssessmentDue,John, F. and Frielandeur: Government Finance, Economics of thePublic Sector, 4th ed., Irwin,1969Mehta, M.M.: Structure of Indian IndustriesGadgil,D.R.:Industrial Evolution of IndiaBatra, G.S. & Dangwal, R.C: Globalisation and Liberalisation(NewDevelopment) Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.Chadda, G.K.: WTO and Indian Industries, Deep & Deep Publications Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.Sabade, B.R.(2001): WTO – A Threat or an opportunity.

UNIT 2 Industrial Planning in India, Policies of self-reliance, import substitution andforeign collaboration, industrial Policy: Evolution of Industrial Policy,Evolution of Industrial and Licencing Policy, its critical assessment.

REQUIRED READINGSY.K.Alagh : Regional Distribution of Industry in Economics and K.K.Subrabmanyam : Economic and Political Weekly, April 10,1971Jail Ahmed : Import Substitution Change in Indian ManufacturingIndustries, 1965-66 (Mimeogrophed), Harvard Research CentreReserave Bank of India: Foreign Collaboration in Indian Industry(SurveyReport), 1968

UNIT 3 Large scale and small scale industries in private sector with particularreference to Financing, Regional distribution and Industrial Sickness;Concentration of economic power(MTRA)

REQUIRED READINGSP.D. Ojha : Putting Teeth into the Monopolies Act in Economic and PoliticalWeekly, July 1971(Special No.) and other articles by the same author inEPW, Jan. 1969(Annual No and 28th Feb. 1970.

33

Government of India:Report of the Industrial Licencing PolicyEnquiry - Committee(Dutt Committee) July, 1969Government of India: Industrial Planning and Licencing Policy (FinalReport R.K. Hazari, 1967, Role of Small Enterprise in Indian EconomicDevelopmentGovernment of India: Report of Steel Control Committee(K.N.Raj.),Krishana Swami, Oct.,1966

UNIT 4 Public Sector Industries: Growth, Structure, problems of Public Sector,Management, Pricing and overall efficiencyREQUIRED READINGS

ARC Report: Public Sector Undertakings, Oct., 1967Hanson, A.H.: Public Enterprises and Economic DevelopmentFlorence, P. Sargent: Industry and the StateGorawala, A.D.: Report on the Efficient Condust of State EnterprisesRamanadhan, V.V.:Structure of Public Enterprises in IndiaRaj K. Nigam (Ed.) Public Sector

UNIT 5 Industrial progress in Rajasthan since 1956, Policy and Programmes topromote large and small-scale industries, critical assessment of Industrialdevelopment during plans

REQUIRED READINGSEighth & Seventh Five Year Plans of Rajasthan Government of Rajasthan:Techno-Economic Survey of RajasthanNCAER:Perspective Planning of RajasthanDirectorate of Industries and Civil Supplies: Growth potential and Prospects,July, 1970

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Vadilal Dagli: A Profile of Indian IndustryNCAER: Industrial Programmes for the Fourth Plan Rajasthan, February,1969Hand-book of Information of public Enterprises, 1970(Bureau of PublicEnterprises, Ministry of Finance), Lokudyog (Ministry of Finance

f}rh; iz’u i=

Hkkjrh; m|ksx

bdkbZ 1- lu~ 1951 ls Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd o`f)] vkS|ksfxd fuos’k ,oa mRiknu lajpuk esavkS|ksfxd o`f) njksa vkSj of) dk Lo:i] mnkjhdkj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh uhfr;ka]fo’o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) vkSj Hkkjrh; m|ksx

bdkbZ 2- Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fu;kstu] vkRefuHkZjrk dh uhfr;ka] vk;kr izfrLFkkiu vkSj fons’khlg;ksx] vkS|ksfxd] vkS|ksfxd] vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk mn~xe %vkS|ksfxd ,oa ykblsaflxuhfr dk mn~xe] bldh vkykspukRed O;k[;k

34

bdkbZ 3- futh {ks= ds o`gr ,oa y?kq m|ksxksa ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa] foRrh;u] {ks=h; forj.k vkSjvkS|ksfxd :X.krk] vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk dsUnzh;dj.k (MTRA)

bdkbZ 4- lkoZtfud {ks= ds m|ksxksa] o`f)] lajpuk] lkoZtfud {ks= dh leL;k,a] izca/ku] dherfu/kkZj.k vkSj lEiw.kZ dq’kyrk

bdkbZ 5- lu~ 1956 ls jktLFkku esa vkS|ksfxd izxfr] o`gr ,oa y?kq m|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu djusdh uhfr;ka ,oa dk;ZØe] ;kstuk dky esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh vkykspukRed O;k[;k

Grop D : Lablur EconomicsPAPER I

TRADE UNIONISM AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Unit 1 : Theories of Labour Movement; Salient Features of Trade Union inGeneral; Functions, Structures and Finances of Trade Union.

Unit 2 : Silent Features of Trade Union in U.K. and U. S. A., Detailed study inTrade Union movement of India, Employers organization in India;Functions and Achievements of International Labour Organisation; ILOand India.

Unit 3 Collective Bargaining : Meaning, Scope and Implementation of theCollective Bargaining process; Measures to encourage CollectiveBargaining in India; Problems of Collective Bargaining of India.

Unit 4: Industrial Dispute : Prevention and Settlement; Negotiation and CollectiveAgreements; Conciliation; Mediation; Arbitration ; Strike-the last resort;Role of Government in Union Management Relations; Joint ManagementCouncils: Joint Consultation in Industry

Unit 5 : Prevention and settlement of Industrial Disputes in India with specialattention to : Grievance Procedure; Works Committees; Standing Orders;Worker’s Participation in Management in India; A Critical study of theworking of conciliation and Arbitration in India.

BOOKS RECOMMENDEDPaul Sultan : Labour Economics, Henry HoltGitlow, AL : Labour and Industrial SocietyPeling H : A History of British Trade Unionism.Singa, G.P. and Sinha, P.R.N. Industrial Relations and Lablur Legislation, Oxford, I.B.H.Pant, S.C. : Indian Labour Problems.Punekar and Nadhuri : Trade Union Leadership in IndiaHarold Orouch ; Trade Union and Politics in IndiaMiller, H,: The Political Role of Labour in Developing CountriesCollective Bargaining : A Workers Education Manual (ILO)Flanders, A.(ed.) : Collective Bargaining.Johari, C.K. : Unionism in a Developing EconomyYoder, D. and Heneman : Labour Economics and Industrial Relations,South Western Publishing Company.

lewg&*Mh* & vFkZ’kkL=

iz'u i= izFke

Jfed la?kokn vkSj vkS|ksfxd lEcU/k

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bdkbZ 1- Jfed vkanksyu ds fl)kar] Je la?k ds eq[; fo’ks"krk,] dk;Z <kapk vkSj Je la?k dhfoRrh; O;oLFkk

bdkbZ 2- la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ¼;w,l,½ vkSj ¼;wds½ esa Jfed la?k dh eq[; fo’ks"krk,¡ Hkkjr dsJe la?k vkanksyu dk foLrkfjr v/;;u] Hkkjr esa jkstxkj laxBu] vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBudh miyfC/k;ka vkSj dk;Z] vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu vkSj Hkkjr

bdkbZ 3- lkewfgd lkSnsckth % vFkZ] {ks= vkSj lkewfgd lkSnsckth izfØ;k] Hkkj esa lkewfgdlkSnsckth dk lQy cukus ds mik; A Hkkjr dh lkewfgd lkSnsckth dh leL;k,¡

bdkbZ 4- vkS|ksfxd fookn % lqy>kus ds rjhds vkSj mik;] ikjEifjd okrkZyki vkSj lkewfgdle>kSrk] lqyg rFkk e/;LFkrk] LoSfPNd fookpu ;k LosfPNd iap fu.kZ;] gM+rkyJfed la?k ds izca/k esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk] la;qDr izca/k ifj"kns] m|ksxksa esa la;qDrle>kSrk

bdkbZ 5- Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fookn dks lqy>kus ds mik;] fo’ks"kr% ifjosnuk fuiVku] dk;Zlfefr;ka] LFkk;h vkns’k] (standing order) Hkkjr esa Jfedksa ds izca/k esa Hkkxhnkjh]Hkkjr esa LosfPNd fookpu ;k iapfu.kZ; rFkk dk;Z lfefr;ksa dk foLrkfjr v/;;u

PAPER IIWAGES AND SOCIAL SECURITY

Unit 1 : Labour Market : Characteristics of Labour Market, Wage theories ;Marginal Productivity, Demand and Supply and Collective Bargaining.Wage Payment, Method of Wage Payment; Incentive wage payment,Systems of wage payment in India Exploitation of Labour, Cause ofwage differentials Economy of High Wages.

Unit 2 : Wage Regulation : State Regulation of wages in the U.K., U.S.A. andIndia.Wages of Industrial and Agricultural Workers in India, Standard ofLiving of Workers in India, Wage Policy.

Unit 3. Employment Service Organisation : Organisations, Functions andAchievement of Employments Sercice Organisation and functions inU.K. and U.S.A. (in general). Methods of Labour recruitment in India;National Employment Service Organisation in India, Man PowerPlaning; Concept, objectives and techniquesMan Power Planning in India.

Unit 4 : Social Security : Social Security in the U.K., U.S.A. and Erstwhile-U.S.S.R. ( in general) Social Security in India.

Unit 5 : Factory Legislation and labour Welfare ; Main Features of PresentFactory legislation in India.Housing of Labour : Problems and Policy in India Labour Welfare inIndia ; Policy and Measures

RECOMMENDED READINGSCarter,A.M. : Theory of Wages and Employment.Gitlow, A.L. Lobour and Industrial SocietySingh, V.B.(ed): Industrial Labour in India.Bloom and Northrup : Economics of Labour RelationsSunha, M.R. (ed) : The Economics of Manpower PlanningNigam. S.B.L : state Regulation of Minimum Wages.Podkar, S.A.: Problems of Wage Policy for Economic DevelopmentDobb, M, : Wages (E and H).

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Johri, C.K.(ed): Issues in Indian Labour Policy.Gilbert, B: The Evaluation of National Insurance in Great BritainYadav. S.L : Wages Policy and Social Security

lewg&*Mh* & vFkZ’kkL=

iz'u i= f}rh;

etnwjh vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk

bdkbZ 1- Je cktkj % Je cktkj dh fo’ks"krk,a] etnwjh ds fl)kUr] lhekar mRikndrk] Jeekax vkSj Je iwfrZ] lkewfgd lkSnsckth] etnwjh Hkqxrku] etnwjh Hkqxrku ds rjhds]izsj.kkRed etnwjh Hkqxrku] Hkkjr esa etnwjh Hkqxrku dh O;oLFkk] Jfedksa ds 'kks"k.k dhvo/kkj.kk] etnwjh vUrj ds dkj.k] vf/kdre etnwjh dh vFkZO;oLFkk

bdkbZ 2- etnwjh fu;eu % ;wds] ;w,l, vkSj Hkkjr esa etnwjh fu;eu A Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxdrFkk d`f"k Jfedksa dh etnwjh] Hkkjr esa Jfedksa dk thou Lrj] etnwjh uhfr

bdkbZ 3- lsok;kstdksa dk laxBu % laxBu dk;Z vkSj miuyfC/k;ka vkSj ¼lkekU;r%½ ;wds] ;w,l,esa dk;Z] Hkkjr esa Jfedksa dh HkrhZ ds rjhds] Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; lsok;kstdksa dk laxBu]ekuo 'kfDr fu;kstu /kkj.kk] mn~ns’; vkSj rduhdh] Hkkjr esa ekuo 'kfDr fu;kstu

bdkbZ 4- lkekftd lqj{kk ;wds] ;w,l, ¼la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk½ esa lkekftd lqj{kk] lkekU;r%;w,l,lvkj ds lanHkZ esa

bdkbZ 5- Je dY;k.k vkSj dkj[kkuk lfUu;e] Hkkjr esa orZeku dkj[kkuk lfUu;e ds eq[;fo’ks"krk,¡

Jfedksa dk vkokl % leL;k,¡ vkSj Hkkjrh; Jfed uhfr Hkkjr esa Jfed dY;k.k% uhfrvkSj izko/kku

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Group H : Mathematical Economics and Econometrics

PAPER IMATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS

Unit 1 : The theory of consumer behaviour : Utility and indifference curve analysis;Demand functions, elasticity of demand; Income and Leisure, Linearexpenditure system, theory of Revealed preference, compositecommodities; situations involving risk, behavior under uncertaintyREQUIRED READINGHenderson and Quandt : Micro Economic Theory. 3rd ed., Chaps. 2 and 3

Unit 2: The Theory of Firm, Production functions- Cobb-Douglas, CES Productionfunctions, Elasticity of substitution, input demands, cost functions, Euler’stheorem, Duality in production, production under uncertainty , Marketequilibrium, commodity market equilibrium, factor market equilibrium,Existence and uniqueness of equilibrium, stability of equilibrium: Staticstability, Dynamic stability

REQUIRED READINGHenderson and Quandt : Micro Economic Theory Chaps. 4,5 and 6

Unit 3 : Pricing under Monopoly : Monopsony, Monopolistic competition,Duopoly: Oligopoly and Bilateral monopoly, Game theoryREQUIRED READINGHenderson and Quandt :Micro Economic Theory chaps 7,8Chiang A, II ed: Chapter on Game-Theory

Unit 4 General equilibrium; welfare economics Input-output model (closed aswell as open)REQUIRED READINGSHenderson and Quandt : Micro Economic Theory, Chaps 9,10,11Dorfman , Samuelson, Solow : Linear Programming and EconomicAnalysis

Unit 5 Linear Programming : Simplex method and dual, Hicks_Samuelson model,Solow and Kaldor model (Application of difference and differentialequations)REQUIRED READINGSChiang, A.C.: Fundamental Methods of Mathematical EconomicsR.G..D.Allen: Macro-EcnonmicsDorfman. Samuelson and Solow : Linear Programming and EcnomicAnalysis

BOOKS RECOMMENDEDSamuelson. P.A. : Foundation of Economic AnalysisHicks,J.R. : Value and Capital (Mathematical Appendix)Dorfman, Samuelson and Solw : Linear Programming and Economic Analysi

38

lewg&*,p* & vFkZ’kkL=

iz'u i= izFke

xf.krh; vFkZ’kkL=

bdkbZ 1- miHkksdrk ds O;ogkj dk fl)kUr % mi;ksfxrk ,oa mnklhurk oØ fo’ys"k.k] ekax dhyksp] vkenuh ,oa vodk’k] js[kh; O;; iz.kkyh] izdV vf/keku dk fl)kUr] la;qDroLrq,¡] tksf[ke dh fLFkfr] vfuf’prrk ds vUrxZr O;ogkj A

bdkbZ 2- QeZ dk fl)kUr] mRiknu Qyu&dkWc MXyl] lh-bZ-,l- mRiknu Qyu] izfrLFkkiudh yksp] vkxr ekax] ykxr&Qyu ;wyj izes;] mRiknu esa }Snrk] vfuf’prrk dsvUrxZr mRiknu] cktkj larqyu] lewg cktkj larqyu] lk/ku cktkj larqyu] vfLrRo,oa vubD;wuksa dk larqyu dh n`<+rk % LFkSfrd n`<+rk] xR;kRed n`<+rk A

bdkbZ 3- ,dkf/kdkj ds vUrxZre dher fu/kkZj.k]

,dkf/kdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk] };kf/kdkj] vYikf/kdkj ,oa f}&i{kh; ,dkf/kdkj] [ksyfl)kUr A

bdkbZ 4- lkekU; larqyu] dY;k.kdkjh vkxr&fuxZr ekWMy] ¼can ekWMy o [kqyk ekWMy½ A

bdkbZ 5- jSf[k; izksxzkfeax % flaiysDl rjhdk ,oa }Sr] fgDl lWeqvYlu ekWMy] lksyks rFkkdWkYMj ekWMy ¼vUrj ,oa vodyu lehdj.kksa dk iz;ksx½

ECONOMICSGROUP H - PAPER II

STATISTICAL FOUNDATIONS ANDECONOMETRICS

UNIT I Probability : Conditional Probability and Independence, Random Variables,Density Function-Binomial, Poisson, Normal and Gamma Distribution-Expectations and Moments.

UNIT II Sampling and Sampling Distributions : Sampling, Sample Mean, Law ofLarge Numbers, Central Limit Theorem, Sampling from the NormalDistributions, Chi-Square, F and Student ‘T’ Distributions, Estimation :Parametric Point and Interval Estimation. Methods of finding estimator,Properties of Good Estimator. Testing of Hypothesis and analysis of Variance(Elementary treatment)

REQUIRED READINGS

Mood, Graybill and Boes : Introduction to the theory of Statistics (3rd ed.)Chaps. 1 to 4,6,8 and 9

PART IIUNIT III Econometrics : Simple two variable Models, Ordinary Least Square Estimates

Maximum Likelihood Estimates, Multi variate least SquareRegression, Assumption about Distrubance term

UNIT IV Important Single Equation Problems : Erros in Variables, Autocorelation,

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Multicollinerity, Lags, Hateroscedasticity. Dummy variable, the unit Root testand cointergation.

UNIT V Simultaneous Equation Model : Need, Problem of Identification, Estimationof Exactly Identified Equation-Indirect Least Squares, Estimation of overIdentified Equation-Two stage least Square, Acquaintance with other Methods

REQUIRED READINGS

Johnston : Econometric (II ed.) Chaps. 1,2, 3,5,6,7,8,9,10 and 12Gujarati, D.W. and Sangeeta : Basic Econometrics (4th ed.), Tata McGrawHill Publishing Co., 2007 Chap.21

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dsUnzh; lhek izes;] izlkekU; forj.k lsl izfrp;u dkbZ&oxZ] F rFkk LVwMsUV T

forj.k] vkdyu % isjkesfVªd] fcUnq ,oa vUrjky vkdyu] vkdyd ikus dh fof/k;ka]

vPNs vkdyd dh fo’ks"krk,¡] ifjdYiuk ijh{k.k ,oa fopj.k dk fo’ys"k.k ¼,fyesUVªh

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bdkbZ 4- egRoiw.kZ ljy lehdj.k leL;k,¡ % pjksa esa =`fV;ka] LolglEcU/k] cgqlajs[krk] I’prk]

fo"ke fopfyrk; ewd pj] bdkbZ :V ijh{k.k ,oa lglekdyu

bdkbZ 5- ;qxin lehdj.k ekWMy % vko’;drk] vfHkKkr dh leL;k] ;FkkZFkr vfHkKkr

lehdj.k dk vkdyu& vizR;{k U;wure oxZ] vfr vfHkKkr lehdj.k dk vkdyu

& f}pj.k U;wure oxZ] vU; fof/k;ksa ls ifjp;