M2U3Grammar and usage

Past perfect tense

Can you tell me something about Howard Carter? • Not long after the tomb of King

Tutankhamen had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangely.

What verb tenses are used in the sentence?

Past Perfect Tense

How can we form the past perfect?

had + v-ed

The usage of the past perfect

Upon their entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which he had left in Cairo, was swallowed by a snake.

Carter left his lucky pet bird in Cairo.

Carter’s lucky pet bird was swallowed by a snake.

Past Present

过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。它表示动作发生的时间为“过去的过去”。

“We hid the entrance to the tomb,” said Carter.Carter said that they had hidden the entrance to the tomb.

Past Present

They hid the entrance to the tomb.

Carter said.

过去完成时常用在主句是一般过去时的间接引语中。

I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.

Past Present

I had done my homework this morning.

I went to the museum.

过去完成时表示在过去的两个动作或事件中，一个先于另一个发生，当相隔时间不久。

过去完成时常与 by, for, before, since 等介词短语或由 after, before, since, when, by the time, until等引导的时间状语从句连用。

An amazing person ---Amelia Earhart

What happened to her ?

Read the notes about Amelia Earhart on page 49.

Complete the story on page 49.

Amelia Earhart was born on 24th July 1897. She had an exciting childhood. Before she moved to Des Moines, she ⑴ had already seen her first airplane. She ⑵_______home again, back to Chicago, six years later.

She worked as a nurse in the First World War and became interested in flying. She ⑶______ already _______ flying lessons before she bought her first plane .

Then her interest in flying really began to grow. In 1929, she organized an air race for women. A year earlier, she ⑷______________ the first woman air passenger to fly across the Atlantic.

moved

hadtaken

had become

She married George Putnam in 1931. They ⑸_________ three years before when he interviewed her in New York. In 1932, she became the first woman to fly alone across the Atlantic.

On 1 June 1937, she ⑹____________ her round-the-world flight. The flight went well in June. She reached New Guinea on the 29th. She ⑺_____________ flying nearly a month earlier.

When the base tried to get in touch with Amelia at 9.30 p.m. 0n 2nd July 1937, she ⑻_____ already ________ missing.

had met

started

had started

had gone

the simple past tense or the past perfect tense

When the Titanic was built, people thought it would never sink. However, this passenger ship ⑴__________(surprise) everyone when it sank on its first journey. The Titanic was built in Belfast, Ireland. Its makers

_________(spend) a great deal of money building ⑵the ship. When it was finished, it was the largest and most comfortable ship ever built. The Titanic set sail on 10th April 1921. ‘I ⑶_____________ (want) to set foot on the Titanic ever since it was built,’ said Molly Brown, a Titanic survivor. ‘I never thought it would sink.’ On 13th April, the Titanic was sailing at full speed towards New York.

surprised

spent

had wanted

The captain ⑷ ______________(receive) warnings about icebergs all day, but had paid little attention to the warnings as they ⑸ __________(arrive).

At 2.20 a.m., the Titanic sank into the sea. It ⑹__________(hit) an iceberg just over two hours before. Of the 2,200 people on the ship, only 705 ⑺___________(survive).

Explorer Robert Ballard _____________(search) for ⑻the Titanic for more than 20 year before he found it. ‘When new technology was developed, we ⑼________(use) it to send cameras down into sea. Finally, we found the ship.’ With his cameras, he was able to find the hole along the side of the ship which (10) ______________(cause) it to fill with water and sink.

had received

arrived

had hit

had searched

used

had caused

survived

Summary: Whether the simple past tense or the past perfect tense is used depends on the sequence of the events.

Another amazing person ---Cai Lun

What did he say? And what did he do?

Read the sentences on page 51 and then complete the article .

The present perfect or the past perfect

The inventor of paperCai Lun is a famous Chinese inventor, known for inventing paper. Cai invented paper in AD 105, but

_____________ many other times. Before his ⑴invention worked, Cai ___________ using many ⑵different parts of trees and plants, and old fishing nets to make paper! After Cai invented paper, people all over Asia used it. At that time in the West, no one ___________ of Cai ⑶or paper. They did not learn how to make paper until AD751. Westerners who _____________ several ⑷Chinese paper makers during a war told people in the West about Cai's invention. Once the paper makers

___________⑸ people how to make paper, it was used all over the world.

had failedhad tried

had heard

had caught

had shown

Part C1 and C2 on page 104 in Workbook.