M-hybrid Docs & Adds 16 Oct 08- English

8/2/2019 M-hybrid Docs & Adds 16 Oct 08- English

1/757

Vgmb 7 ia =25

GDGVT

/_bvirt Tetcb/Juored Qbjelcb Vi}br(Trge` Tbljìcimu

_bvirt \okbllt

_bvirt @i ?_babrb`lb| ia tjb Cetrgtrb \rqgu Vjg|b

Air Juored Qbjelcb Tbljìcimu *Vgrgccbc Juored Tivicimu%

*Hecd)Helri Vgrgccbc JUO_ED%R|e`m tjb E\M)E\G |u|tbh|

G||em`bbErg`(Njidri E`d|tregc Mriv@VD dbvgrthb`t

Li`trgltirGDGVTG||ilegtei` air dbqbcive`m Gtihiteqb Vridltei` Tbljìcimu

Airtj Bdetei`

?661Bdettbd Ou

MjicghJi||be` [gte

Tjb }jicb rbabrb`lb| b`tetcbd e` tje| dilhb`t jg| obb` |rqbubd# bqgcgtbd g`d lcg||eaebd g|tjb rbabrb`lb| air tjb Tbljìcimu Dbqbcivhb`t \trgtbmu _bvirt ia

@gtei`gc Juored Qbjelcb Dbqbcivhb`t


2/757

Vgmb ? ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

OEOCEIM_GVJEL \IR_LB\!

]jicb ]ircd Cetrgtrb \rqbu


3/757


4/757


5/757

Vgmb 2 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Ivtehe{bdVi}br G||e|t Tb|t vriaecbVi}br g||e|t Baableb`lu

Vi}br Hg`gmbhb`tLi`tric GcmiretjhDreqbgoecetuTirwb Vc|gtei` Dghve`mTrgltei` Gcmiretjh GJJJuuuooorrreeeddd LLLiii`tttrrriiiccc \\\uuu|||tttbbbhhh||| 7Juorede{gtei` Li`tric \u|tbh ?BH\ b`brmu hg`gmbhb`t |trgtbmuBH\ B`me`b Hg`gmbhb`t \u|tbhG(BLH\ Gdgvteqb Bweqgcb`t *Abc% Li`|hvtei` Heèhe{gtei` \trgtbmuBcbltrel Trgltei` Gcmiretjh|E\M Abc Bliìhu Ehvglt Vbrlb`tgmbhecd juored E\M qbjelcb|cg`lj g||e|t bcbltrel trgltei` g`d rbmb`brgteqb orgne`mGtv[BQAebcd(ireb`tbd li`tricderblt tirwb li`tric DTLB`me`b lrg`ne`m hidb

_BGC TehbLi`teì|Db|lrbtb%

?

*JLR%(.*(

%JLR*HLROLR

TLR% ....


6/757

Vgmb 1 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

i` tjb acu |tgrt *ITA\%acz lihvgrgtirtirwb lihvgrgtir

gdqg`lbd vi}brtrge` ivbrgtei` |trgtbmutrgdb(iaa *gcmiretjh ia ivtehe{gtei`%b`me`b ivbrgte`m vie`t|B`me`b ob|t baaeleb`lu ivbrgte`m lrqb Juored lgr li`tric hidbcA`ltei`gc Hg`gmbrTirwb Bzblteqbacz}bgnbè`mqictgmb |gabtu hgrme` dre`m trg`|eb`t|}ir|t(lg|b lrg`ne`m |lb`grei

*Bcbltrel% Hglje`b(}e`de`m tbhvbrgtrbobct |trbtlje`m cgm *cgm db ti obct |trbtlje`m%bcbltrelgc g`d tjb hbljgèlgc tehb li`|tg`t|helrivrilb||ir cgmtirwb gmhb`tgtei`qbjelcb ceablulcb li|t_btgec Mg|ice`b Vrelb\L6< lulcbR\61 gmmrb||eqb dreqe`m lulcb

Gctbrì(Dhgrrbr E tmr- *GDE%Lrg`n|jgat \tgrtbr Mb`brgtir L\Mli`qbz ivtehe{gtei`Ju|tbrb|e| lrrb`t rbmcgtei` JL_Dbctg lrrb`t rbmcgtei` DL_Vc|b }edtj hidcgtei` lrrb`t rbmcgtei` V]HL_trg`|he||ei` |u|tbh cilnv hidb *ia ivbrgtei`%Tirwb li`qbrtbr cilnvG`gcutelgc tgrmbt lg|lgde`m *GTL%; g hbtjidicimu tjgt lg` ob |bd dre`m tjb bgrcu dbqbcivhb`tvjg|b ia cgrmb g`d lihvcbz |u|tbh| air vrivgmgte`m db|ergocb iqbrgcc vridlt tgrmbt|

Mb`brel juored |u|tbh|_gved Vritituve`mBT_ 8 Bzvcirgtiru Tbljìcimu _b|bgrlj_JL _blbde`m jire{i` li`tric *Ti ivbrgtb g` b`me`b e IIC%_ODI _bcegoecetu(Og|bd Db|em` Ivtehe{gtei TA_H Trg`|qbr|b Acz _bcltg`lb Hglje`b


7/757

Vgmb = ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

*

% \I_ \tgtbhb`t ia _bwerbhb`tMG Mb`btel GcmiretjhBGL\ Bcbltrel G||e|t Li`tric \trgtbmuQ\L Qbjelcb \tgoecetu Li`tric

HIDBC\ ! \EHRCGTEI@ \IAT]G_B\GDQE\I_


8/757

Vgmb : ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Vutji` G` ivb` |irlb cg`mgmb# *g` bztrbhbcu vi}brac#iokblt(ireb`tbd cg`mgmb }etjvrimrghhe`m |u`tgz g`d |gmb qbru |ehecgr ti Og|el% qbru |bac air tb|t vrimrgh| e` JEC@\MG(EE @i`(dihe`gtbd \irte`m Mb`btel GcmiretjhHIBG| Hcte(Iokblteqb Bqictei`gru Gcmiretjh|

VGHQBL Vgrghbtrel G`gcutelgc Hidbc ia Qbjelcb B`brmu Li`|hvtei`V\VELB

NNNBBBUUU]]]III___DDD\\\ !!! \\\RRROOOKKKBBBLLLTTT\\\ 444 HHHIIIDDDBBBCCC\\\ !!! \\\EEEHHHRRRCCCGGGTTTEEEIII@@@ \\\IIIAAATTT]]]GGG___BBB\\\ ===

;;;

222

222

aecb(`ghb; 7?52vda 22?662 Hidbc Ubgr Gdqg`lbd Tblj`icimu ! Gctbr`gteqb Abc Qbjelcb Virtaicei 22

aecb(`ghb; 214?Q gtihiteqb vi}br |u|tbh| 21

H Bj|g`e# G Bhgde# g`d J Mgi \ilebtu ia Gtihiteqb B`me`bbr| *\GB% Kir`gc# \V(71


9/757

Vgmb 5 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

G Lg|b \tdu e` Jgrd}grb(E`(tjb(Ciiv Tb|te`m; Dbqbcivhb`t ia g` BLR air g Juored Bcbltrel Qbjelcb 12

aecb(`ghb; *EBBB _babrb`lb| % 11G lg|b |tdu ia |tgrte`m vi}br rbwerbhb`t; air Qe|tbi` E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr(Gctbr`gtir |u|tbh 11

Aecb(`ghb; 11

G lg|b |tdu ia |tgrte`m vi}br rbwerbhb`t; air Qe|tbi` E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr(Gctbr`gtir |u|tbh 11Aecb(`ghb; 1=

G lihvgrgteqb bqgcgtei` ia hitir dreqb tivicimeb| air ci}(qictgmb# jemj(vi}br BQ)JBQ vrivc|ei`|u|tbh| 1=

Aecb(`ghb; 1=G Lihvgrgteqb _bqeb} ia Abc Lbcc Qbjelcb| *Alq|% g`d Juored Bcbltrel Qbjelcb| *Jbq|% Vgrt E; Vbrairhg`lbg`d Vgrghbtbr Ljgrgltbre|tel|# Bhe||ei`|# ]bcc(Ti(]jbbc| Baaeleb`lu g`d Abc Bli`ihu# Gctbr`gteqb Abc|#Juorede{gtei` ia Alq# g`d Ogttbreb| air Juored Qbjelcb| 1=

Jg||g` Himjobcce# _b{g Cg`mgre# M Nhgr# Hbjrdgd Bj|g`e 1=Aecb(`ghb; JuoredVi}brTrge`|vda 1:

G Lihvgrgteqb \tdu ia tjb Vridltei` Gvvcelgtei`| ia Juored Bcbltrel Vi}brtrge`| 1:Aecb(`ghb; bvbYkjvda 1:

G Lihvgre|i` obt}bb` Vc|b ]edtj Hidcgtei` \trgtbmeb| e` tbrh| iaVi}br Ci||b| e` g Tjrbb(Vjg|bdE`qbrtbr ( Gvvcelgtei` ti g \tgrtbr Mb`brgtir 1:

aecb(`ghb;V ?


10/757

Vgmb 76 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

G Juored Ljgccb`mb =:

aecb(`ghb; =5G juored qbjelcb bqgcgtei` lidb g`d et| gvvcelgtei` ti qbjelcb db|em` _bqe|ei` 7 =5

aecb(`ghb; =5

G juored qbjelcb bqgcgtei` lidb g`d et| gvvcelgtei` ti qbjelcb db|em`# rbqe|ei` ? =5aecb(`ghb; :6

G CETB_GTR_B \R_QBU IA \TGTB(IA(TJB(G_T E@ HRCTEVJG\B GL D_EQB\ :6aecb(`ghb; :7

G Ci} Li|t VL Og|bd Dreqe`m \ehcgtir air Vritituve`m g`d Jgrd}grb(E`(Tjb(Ciiv Gvvcelgtei | :7aecb(`ghb; :7

G Hgtcgo(og|bd hidbce`m g`d |ehcgtei` vglngmb air bcbltrel g`d juored bcbltrel qbjelcb db|em` :7Otcbr# NC Bj|g`e# H Nghgtj# V :7aecb(`ghb; :?

G Hgtcgo)\ehce`n Hidbc og|bd i` Vi}br \u|tbh Ociln|bt ( G @b} Derblt Tirwb Li`tric \trgtbmu airVbrhg`b t Hgm`bt \u`ljri`i| Hitir Dreqb \u|tbh :?

aecb(`ghb; :?G Hgtcgo)\ehce`n Hidbc air g` E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr Gctbr`gtir air Atrb Gtihioecb| :?

aecb(`ghb; :?G Hgtrez Li`qbrtbr }etj [(\irlb air g` E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr Gctbr gtir air tjb 4?Q Vi}br@bt :?

Aecb(`ghb; :?G Hecd Juored Dreqb Trge` air 4? Q Gtihiteqb Vi}br \u|tbh(((Db|em`# Li`tric g`d \ehcgtei` :?

U Mgi g`d H Bj|g e :?aecb(`ghb; ?66?(67(7:=: :


11/757

Vgmb 77 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

G Hctevcb Vbr|vblteqb Vridlt Hidbce`m g`d \ehcgtei` Gvvriglj ti B`me`bbre`m Db|em` \vvirt ::

Aecb(`ghb; :5G @b} Ogttbru \u|tbh air tjb B|tehg Juored Heèqg` :5

aecb(`ghb; :5

G `b} li`tric tbljèwb air gljebqe`m }edb li`|tg`t vi}br |vbbd ivbrgtei` }etj g` e`tbreir VH gctbr`gtirhglje`b :5

aecb(`ghb; CB@E(LI@A(?667(662vda 56G @b} Hcte(Iokblteqb Ivtehe|gtei` Tbljèwb Gvvcebd ti g Qbjelcb Dreqb Trge` \ehcgtei` 56

aecb(`ghb; V Juored?66


12/757

Vgmb 7? ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

G \tdu ia tjb Trg`|eb t Objgqeir ia g 4?Q Vritituvb E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr Gctbr`gtir air \ddb` Cigd Ljg`mb|

77?aecb(`ghb; V :4VDA 77?

G \}etljbd _bcltg`lb Hglje`b(Og|bd \tgrtbr)Gctbr`gtir air Hirb Bcbltrel Lgr| 77


13/757

Vgmb 7< ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Gdqg`lbd Tblj`icimu QbjelcbHidbce`m e` VB_B 7?4

aecb(`ghb; ?664YgdqYqbjelcbYtbljVDA *?664YgdqYqbjelcbYtblj VDA \RHHG_UDIL% 7?4GDQG@LBD QBJELCB TBLJ@ICIMU G@GCU\E\ G@D BQGCRGTEI@ GLTEQETEB\ 7?4

aecb(`ghb; 7?4

Gdqg`lbhb`t| e` Tiic| g`d Hbtjid| air tjb Db|em` ia Vbrhg`b`t Hgm`bt E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr Gctbr`gtir| 7?4Gdqg`lbd Juored Qbjelcb Vi}brtrge`| ?661 7?4

aecb(`ghb; AgoeiVDA 7?2Gdqg`lb| e` Vrivc|ei` \u|tbh| ia Juored g`d Bcbltrel Qbjelcb| 7?2

aecb(`ghb; ?25?:VDA 7?1Gdqe|ir ?6; G \bli`d(Mb`brgtei` Gdqg`lbd Qbjelcb \ehcgtir air \u|tbh| G`gcu|e| 7?1

Aecb(`ghb; V ?1:


14/757

Vgmb 74 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; 74?

G`gcu|e| g`d Lihvgre|i` ia g \vbbd(Dbvb`dg`t g`d g Tirwb(Dbvb`dg t Hbljg`elgc Dbqelb air ]edbLi`|tg`t Vi}br\vbbd _g`mb e` GAVH \tgrtbr)Gctbr`gtir| 74?

aecb `ghb; 74?

G`gcu|e| g`d Li`tric ia Juored(Bcbltrel Qbjelcb| ]etj E`deqedgc ]jbbc Or|jcb|| Trgltei` Hitir| 74?aecb(`ghb; 74?

G`gcu|e| g`d db|em` ia g hitei` li`tric |u|tbh air g` e tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr(Gctbr`gtir 74


15/757

Vgmb 72 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aecb(`ghb; V 4


16/757

Vgmb 71 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; 7=2

Gzecegru dreqb g`d gtihioecb bwevvbd }etj tjb |ghb 7=2aecb(`ghb; 7=1

Gzegc(Acz VH \tgrtbr)Gctbr`gtir Hglje`b }etj g @iqbc Hbljgèlgc Dbqelb air Bztb`dbd Acz ]bgnbè`m

Lgvgoeceteb| 7=1Aecb(`ghb; 7==

Gzegc Acz Qgregocb Mgv Hitir; Gvvcelgtei` e` Qbjelcb \u|tbh| 7==OOO 777======

Aecb(`ghb; 7==Ogtj Rèqbr|etu Tjb|e|# LQT g`gcu|e| *}etj rbmgrd ti E\G% 7==

aecb(`ghb; ATT17adil 7==Ogttbreb| air 4?)74 Qict Gtihiteqb Bcbltrelgc \u|tbh| 7==

aecb(`ghb; jbqYbqYmjmrbdltei`|vda 7=:Ogttbru(Vi}brbd Bcbltrel g`d Juored Bcbltrel Qbjelcb Vrikblt| ti _bdlb Mrbb`ji|b Mg| Bhe||ei`|; G_b|irlb Medb air Vrikblt Dbqbcivhb`t 7=:

aecb(`ghb; 7=:Ogttbru R|gmb g`d Tjbrhgc Vbrairhg`lb ia tjb Tiuitg Vre| g`d Ji`dg E`|emjt air Qgrei| Ljg||e|Du`ghihbtbr Tb|t Vrilbdrb|; Vrbvre`t 7=:

+++++ aecb(`ghb; ?667(67(6=?:vda 7=5Obct(Dreqb` \tgrtbr(Mb`brgtir airAtrb4?(Qict \u|tbh| 7=5

aecb(`ghb;


17/757

Vgmb 7= ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Ljgrgltbre{gtei` ia VH G||e|tbd _bcltg`lb \u`ljri`i| Hitir)Mb`brgtir *VH(_\H% Air g Hecd Juored

Qbjelcb 75?Ljgrmb g`d De|ljgrmb Ljgrgltbre|tel| ia Lgvgletir| air Juored Bcbltrel Qbjelcb| 75?

+++ aecb(`ghb; V ?666(67(67


18/757

Vgmb 7: ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Lihvgre|i` obt}bb` jgrd g`d |iat |}etljbd DL)GL EMOT E`qbrtbr| air |gmb e` R`e`tbrrvteocb Vi}br\vvceb| ?65

aecb(`ghb; ?65Lihvgrgteqb Bqgcgtei` ia Dgc(Qictgmb Gtihiteqb Gctbr`gtir| ?65

aecb(`ghb; baYqcVDA ?76Lihvgrge|i` db dbz hglje`b| gctbr`gteqb| vir gltei``br cbltrewb 4? qict| ?76

aecb(`ghb; ebhldYclvda ?76Lihvgre|i`| ia derblt g`d gdgvtgteqb ivtehgc li`tric| air e`tbreir vbrhg`b`t hgm`bt |u`ljri`i| e`tbmrgtbd|tgrtbr mb`brgtir ?76

aecb(`ghb; ELBHYArebdreljvda ?7?Lihvgre|i` ia t}i ivtehgc hglje`b db|em`| air e`tbmrgtbd |tgrtbr(mb`brgtir gvvcelgtei`| ?7?

aecb(`ghb; ?74Lihvgre|i` |tdu ia DL( DL(GL lihoe`bd li`qbrtbr| air e`tbmrgtbd |tgrtbr mb`brgtir gvvcelgtei`| ?74

aecb(`ghb; ?72Lihvrbjb`|eqb dreqb trge` baaeleb`lu g`gcu|e| ia juored bcbltrel g`d abc lbcc qbjelcb| og|bd i` hitir(li`triccbr baaeleb`lu hidbce`m ?72

\ \ ]eccegh|i`# \ H Cnel# g`d G Bhgde ?72aecb(`ghb; ?72

Lihvrbjb`|eqb Dreqb Trge` Baaeleb`lu G`gcu|e| ia Juored Bcbltrel g`d Abc Lbcc Qbjelcb| Og|bd i` Hitir(Li`triccbrBaaeleb`lu Hidbce m ?72

aecb(`ghb; V GtihiteqbYGvvcelgtei`Y(YCigdYDhvYg`gcu|e|vda ?72Lihvtbr Gedbd Cigd Dhv G`gcu|e| e` 4?Q Gtihiteqb Bcbltrelgc \u|tbh| ?72

aecb(`ghb; ?72Lihvtbr(G||e|tbd Tjbrhgc Db|em` ia g` E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr Mb`brgtir g`d Hidbc G||b||hb`t `dbr _bgce|telIvbrgte`m Li`detei`| ?72LIHVRTB_ G\\E\TBD TJB_HGC DB\EM@ IA G@ E@TBM_GTBD \TG_TB_ MB@B_GTI_*BZTB@DBD \RHHG_U% ?72

Li`lbvt db|em` air juored qbjelcb vi}br |u|tbh| ?72aecb(`ghb; vgeoii`vda ?71

Li`lbvt \tdu ia Bcbltrelgc \u|tbh| e` E`tbccemb`t Qbjelcb| ?71aecb(`ghb; 626:62DJY\ivtYqbr|cgmYae`gcvda ?71

Li`lbvtgc db|em` ia b`brmu bzljg`mb |u|tbh| air juored qbjelcb| ?71aecb(`ghb; G`tie`bYMeqgrljYTjb|e|?66


19/757

Vgmb 75 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; ??6

Li`treotei`| ti tjb Dbqbcivhb`t ia Gtihioecb Bcbltrelgc Vi}br \u|tbh ??6aecb(`ghb; ??7

Li`tric Gcmiretjh }etjit lrrb`t |b`|e`m air \u`ljri`i| \tgrtbr(Mb`brgtir Lli`tric ??7

aecb(`ghb; 1


20/757

Vgmb ?6 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; ?2


21/757

Vgmb ?7 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aecb(`ghb; bvbYkj EEvda ?1?

Db|em` ia g Vrbdelteqb Lrrb t Li`triccbr air g \bvgrgtbd \tgrtbr(Mb`brgtir Gvvcelgtei` ?1?Aecb(`ghb; bvbYkjVDA ?1?

Db|em` ia g Vrbdelteqb Lrrb`t Li`triccbr air g \tgrtbr Mb`brgtir Gvvcelgtei` ?1?

aecb(`ghb; ?1?Db|em` ia g` e`tbmrgtbd |tgrtbr(mb`brgtir; Lihvgre|i` ia g` e`dltei` hglje`b g`d g }i`d ritir|u`ljri`i| hglje`b ?1?

Aecb(`ghb; ?1


22/757

Vgmb ?? ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aecb(`ghb; ?=:

Dbqbcivhb t ia Juored \u|tbh air \q ?=:Aecb(`ghb; ?=:

Dbqbcivhbt ia IODEE \vbleaelgtei`| air g Vgrgccbc Juored Qbjelcb ?=:

Aecb(`ghb; V elvb646=?.vda ?=5Dbqbcivhb`t ia tjb Cimel Og|bd Li`tric GcmiretjhAir 4?Q Gtihiteqb \u|tbh ?=5aecb(`ghb; ?:


23/757

Vgmb ?< ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Dbqbcivhb`t ia Tiuitg Hecd Juored \u|tbh *TJ\ ( H% ]etj 4? Q Vi}br @bt ?52

Aecb(`ghb; V \uhv62Y7Yb`mcvda ?51Dbqbcivhb t ia Tiuitg| Juored Orgnb \u|tbh ?51

Aecb(`ghb; ?51

Dbqbcivhb t ia Tiuitg-| trg`|gzcb air he`e(qg` juored qbjelcb| ?51Aecb(`ghb; ?5=

Dbqbcivhb t ia Qbjelcb Du`ghel| Hg`gmbhb`t \u|tbh air Juored Qbjelcb ?5=Aecb(`ghb; ?5:

Dbqbcivhb`t ia qbjelcb du`ghel| hg`gmbhb`t |u|tbh air juored qbjelcb|( BLO |u|tbh air ehvriqbdb`qeri`hb tgc g`d qbjelcb du`ghel vbrairhg`lb ?5:

Aecb(`ghb; ?5:Dbqbcivhb t ia Qeorgtei` _bdltei` Hitir Li`tric air \breb|(Vgrgccbc Juored \u|tbh ?5:

Aecb(`ghb; V 74BY6


24/757

Vgmb ?4 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aecb `ghb;


25/757

Vgmb ?2 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aecb(`ghb;


26/757

Vgmb ?1 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

B`brmu G`gcu|e|; R`dbr|tg`de`m B`brmu E||b|> @gtei`gc _b`b}gocb B`brmu Cgoirgtiru *@_BC% B`brmuG`gcu|e| Iaaelb *BGI% *Oriljrb%


27/757

Vgmb ?= ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Bqgcgtei` ia Drgoecetu g`d _bcegoecetu ia Vi}br \bheli`dltir Dbqelb air Trgltei` Hitir Dreqbr ia JuoredQbjelcb


28/757

Vgmb ?: ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Abc Li`|hvtei` Hidbce`m ia Li`qb`tei`gc g`d Gdqg`lbd Tblj`icimu Qbjelcb| e` tjb Vju|elgc Bhe||ei`_gtb B|tehgtir *VB_B%


29/757

Vgmb ?5 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; _iobrt Oi|lj MhoJ [Q] Lirvirgtb Gdqbrte|e`m


30/757

Vgmb


31/757

Vgmb


32/757

Vgmb


33/757

Vgmb


34/757

Vgmb


35/757


36/757

Vgmb


37/757


38/757

Vgmb


39/757

Vgmb


40/757


41/757

Vgmb 47 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Vridlt g`d Hgrnbt Iqbrqeb} Air Bcbltrel ) Juored Bcbltrel Qbjelcb Gvvcelgtei | 212Vridltei` g`d Bqgcgtei` ia g Cemjt(}bemjt Juored Bcbltrel Qbjelcb 211

aecb(`ghb; 211Vrimì|e| air E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr Gctbr`gtir \u|tbh| e` Gtihiteqb Gvvcelgtei`| 211

aecb(`ghb; 4?6r6466?vda 21=Vrimrb|| rbvirt i` lcbg` g`d baaeleb`t gtihiteqb tbljìcimeb| `dbr dbqbcivhb`t gt BVG 21=

aecb(`ghb; 21=Vrimrb||b| Air \tgrtbrGctbr`gtir \u|tbh| E` Gtihiteqb Gvvcelgtei`| 21=

aecb(`ghb; Vi642lvda *% 21=Vrivc|ei` \u|tbh| air Juoerd Qbjelcb| 21=

aecb(`ghb; 21=Vrivi|bd Lihvi`b`t| *. Bzvcg`gtei`| ia ir Dbqbcivhb`t \trgtbmeb|% air LgcLgr|- Aer|t T}i V_ER\.Vritituvb| 21=

aecb(`ghb; 21=Vc|gte`m tirwb heèhe{gtei` tbljèwb| air vbrhg`b`t hgm`bt GL hitir dreqb| G rbqeb} 21=

___

222

111

:::

aecb(`ghb; arirbYridYhgvYae`gcvda 21:_!D g`d Tbljìcimu _igdhgv *Atrb _igd Qbjelc _bg|brlj% 21:

AR_I_B Tbljìcimu _igdhgv rbvirt 21:Aecb(`ghb; V rr6=(?664vda 21:

_gved Vritituve`m Net air Bhobddbd Li`tric Gvvcelgtei | 21:Aecb(`ghb; V rgvedvda 215aecb(`ghb; V Mb`brel rgved vritituve`mVDA 215

_gved Vritituve`m ia Mb`brel Juored Li`lbvt Qbjelcb| 215aecb(`ghb; \jgrbjicdbr|YHbbte`mY1(?:(62VDA 2=7

_g|br Tbljìcimeb|> G``gc Hbbte`m ia \jgrbjicdbr| 2=7Aecb(`ghb; 2=7

_gtei`gcb air Tbljìcimu \bcbltei`| e` Mb`brgc Hitir| Lirvirgtei`\ V`mq Vrblbvt Li`lbvt Lgr Og|bd i`

\u|tbh| G`gcu|e| 2=7Aecb(`ghb; \jgrbjicdbr|YHbbte`mY1(?:(62VDA 2=?gg|ghvcbVDA *Go|trglt% 2=?

_bgc(tehb liccgoirgteqb bzvbrehb`tgtei` qeg tjb e`tbr`bt; A{{u baaeleb`lu ivtehe|gtei` ia g juored bcbltrelqbjelcb |tgrtbr)gctbr`gtir 2=?

aecb(`ghb; Bj|gèY}64vda 2=?_bgc Tehb \ehcgtei` ia Qbjelcb Vi}br g`d Vrivc|ei` \u|tbh| R|e`m Ivgc(_T _bgc Tehb Tiic| 2=?

H Bj|gè# VjD# VB# A EBBB _iobrt H Nb``bdu B`di}bd 2=?aecb(`ghb; 2=?

_blbde`m Jire{i` \oivtehgc Li`tric air Abc Li`|hvtei` Ivtehe{gtei` ia Juored Qbjelcb| 2=?aecb(`ghb; @B\LLGA"?6}jetb"?6vgvbrvda 2=


42/757

Vgmb 4? ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

_bcegoecetu bqgcgtei` ia g vbrhg`b t hgm`bt hitir dreqb air g` gtihiteqb gvvcelgtei` 2:6

Aecb(`ghb; 2:6_b`b}gocb B`brmu Ehvglt ia Trg`|virtgtei` ! GDqg`lbd QbjElcb \ehcgtI_ *GDQE\I_% 2:6

Aecb(`ghb; 2:7

_b|bgrlj g`d G`gcu|e| ia E\M Obct(dreqb \u|tbh air Edce`m \tiv \u|tbh 2:7aecb(`ghb; 2:7

_b|bgrlj i` DTL Li`tric \trgtbmu ia E`dltei` \tgrtbr)mb`brgtir \u|tbh 2:7aecb(`ghb; AE@GC"?6JACT"?6_bvirtvda 2:7

_bqeb} ia Juored qbjelcb# abc lbcc g`d ci} lgroi` trg`|virt tblj`icimeb| e` 2:7Aecb(`ghb; 2:7

_elgrdi-| TQAB*TH% R|b| Lihvcbtb \u|tbh| Gvvriglj ti Jbcv Gtihgnbr| Gddrb|| @b} LGAB AbcBli`ihu \tg`dgrd| 2:7

Aecb(`ghb; _elgrdiRN\tdu@iq?66


43/757


44/757

Vgmb 44 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; 16


45/757


46/757


47/757


48/757

Vgmb 4: ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

T}i Ljg``bc \}etljbd _bcltg`lb \tgrtbr(Mb`brgtir _b|ct| 11:RRR 111111555

aecb(`ghb;


49/757

Vgmb 45 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Qbjelcb bcbltrelgc |u|tbh }etj lihoe`bd gctbr`gtir g`d |tgrtbr hitir 1:


50/757

Vgmb 26 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; 4=2:?6:vda 15?Gtihgtel obct tb`|ei`br air Qbjelcb lihoe`bd |tgrtbr(Mb`brgtir 15?

aecb(`ghb; 15?

Gzecegru dreqb g`d gtihioecb bwevvbd }etj tjb |ghb 15?aecb(`ghb; 4=5=256vda 15?Or|jcb|| mb`brgtir }etj he`ehgc gzegc cb`mtj 15?

aecb(`ghb; 1


51/757

Vgmb 27 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; 4=?61


52/757


53/757

Vgmb 2< ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

\tgrtbr)Gctbr`gtir Li`tric \u|tbh =75Qbru EHVI_TG@T rbabrb`lb *vrb|b tgtei` ia vrikblt|% =?6\RVB_ LG_ V_IKBLTBBL 2tj A_GHB]I_N =?6

aecb(`ghb; =?6aecb(`ghb; =?7

\vblegc bcbltrelgc hglje`b }etj diocb ricb# |tgrtbr g`d mb`brgtir air gtihioecb|# g`d et| lihhg`d g`dli`tric |u|tbh \tdu ia tjb vi||eocb |ictei`|# db|em`# vritituve`m g`d cgoirgtiru tb|te`m =?7

aecb(`ghb; =?7Tjbirbtelgc g`d bzvbrehb`tgc |tdu ia tjb e`tbmrgtbd |tgrtbr ) gctbr`gtir |u|tbh air `b}(mb`brgtei` gtiqbjelcb| =?7

aecb(`ghb; =?7Vrgltelgc ehvcbhb`tgtei` ia g` e`tbmrgtbd |tgrtbr ) gctbr`gtir |u|tbh air `b} mb`brgtei` gtiqbjelcb| |e`m gderblt(dreqb` bcbltri`elgccu(lihhtgtbd Hglje`b =?7

aecb(`ghb; =?7\vblegc bcbltrelgc hglje`b }etj diocb ricb# |tgrtbr g`d mb`brgtir air gtihioecb|# g`d et| lihhg`d g`d

li`tric |u|tbh# \tdu ia tjb vi||eocb |ictei`|# db|em`# vritituve`m g`d cgoirgtiru tb|te`m =?7aecb(`ghb; =??TJB E@T_BM_GTBD \TG_TB_ GCTB_@GTI_ *E\G% =??

\vbrqe|ir; Dr H A _gjhg`# Vji`b; 6?(5


54/757


55/757


56/757

Vgmb 21 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

jttv;))}}}gv}g`bt)hbbte m|)li`mrb||)?664)jg`dit|)dilhb`t|)7?52vda

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb;

4?Q gtihiteqb vi}br |u|tbh|H Bj|gè# G Bhgde# g`d J Mgi \ilebtu ia Gtihiteqb B`me`bbr| *\GB% Kir`gc# \V(71 g`d e` Vril \GB ?667 Atrb Trg`|virtgtei` Tbljìcimu Liàbrb`lb# Li|tg Hb|g# LG# Gm ?667

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((jttv;))=?74?62764)|bgrlj9w8lgljb;lq?ZLY]lbuEK;cbb|(}bohetbd)vocel)]irnmriv|)Khv|tgrte`m)?666(6:(?7)ATT:2adil.E`tbmrgtbd.\tgrtbr.Mb`brgtir."??vi}br.hg`gmbhb`t.|trgtbmu"??!jc8b`!lt8lc`n!ld8?

aecb(`ghb;ATT:2a.DIL

66ATT(:24?Q Db|em` Vrilb||Kigljeh Cg`mb`}gctbr# Vridlt Hg`gmbr# Gqg`t' Lirvirgtei`GO\T_GLTDbhg`d| air `b} abgtrb|# e`lrbg|e`m bcbltrelgc cigd|# g`d ehvriqbd abc(bliìhu grb dreqe`mdbqbcivhb`t ia 4?Q Vi}br@bt| e` gtihioecb| \jirtbr db|em` lulcb|# e`lrbg|bd lihvcbzetu g`d gail| i` wgcetu grb hgne`m rio|t db|em` vrilb||b| g |trgtbmel gdqg`tgmb air lihvbteteqbhgàgltrbr| Jgrd}grb vritituvb| grb oitj tehb(li`|he`m g`d e`gdbwgtb air tjb tg|n iaqbreaue`m vbrairhg`lb iqbr g origd rg`mb ia ivbrgte`m hidb|# b`qeri`hb`tgc li`detei`| g`d vgrt(ti(vgrt qgregtei`| Tje| vgvbr itce`b| tjb |b ia g` gdqg`lbd db|em`(aci}# arih edbg ti hgàgltre`m#air qbjelcb vi}br |u|tbh| Et |tgrt| }etj tjb g`gcu|e| ia deaabrb`t tivicimeb| di}` ti tjb |o|u|tbhhidbce`m ia g vi}br }e`di} |u|tbh Ae`gccu et e`tbmrgtb| bqbrutje`m ti g Demetgc Hiln(Rv *DHR%g`d g`gcu|e| ia tjb b`terb |u|tbh Du`ghel e`tbrgltei`| ghi`m tjb qgrei| |vvceb|# li`qbrtbr| g`dcigd| grb bzghe`bd \u|tbh |tgoecetu g`d vbrairhg`lb grb g||b||bd `dbr ìrhgc g`d bztrbhbivbrgte`m li`detei`|Tivicimu Trgdb Iaa|
http://www.apwa.net/meetings/congress/2004/handouts/documents/1295.pdfhttp://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:cv2XC_WceyIJ:lees-web.mit.edu/public/Workgroups/Jumpstarting/2000-08-21/FTT85f.doc+Integrated+Starter+Generator+%22power+management+strategy%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:cv2XC_WceyIJ:lees-web.mit.edu/public/Workgroups/Jumpstarting/2000-08-21/FTT85f.doc+Integrated+Starter+Generator+%22power+management+strategy%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:cv2XC_WceyIJ:lees-web.mit.edu/public/Workgroups/Jumpstarting/2000-08-21/FTT85f.doc+Integrated+Starter+Generator+%22power+management+strategy%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:cv2XC_WceyIJ:lees-web.mit.edu/public/Workgroups/Jumpstarting/2000-08-21/FTT85f.doc+Integrated+Starter+Generator+%22power+management+strategy%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2http://www.apwa.net/meetings/congress/2004/handouts/documents/1295.pdf


57/757


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61/757


62/757

Vgmb 1? ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

( Orgnb(ou(}erb( \tbbr(ou(}erb( Bcbltrihgm`btel qgcqb li`tric

( _edb li`tric |u|tbh|( Hioecb Hctehbdeg

4 Licd Lrg`ne`m _bwerbhb`t air tjb 4?Q Vi}br@btG vitb`tegc ob`baet ia g ljg`mb e` ogttbru qictgmb arih 7?Q ti


63/757

Vgmb 1< ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

|em`eaelg`t rbdltei` e` lgocb |e{b| *Tjb jbgte`m baablt e` tjb lrrb`t lgrrue`m lgocb| e| e`qbr|bcuvrivirtei`gc ti tjb |wgrb ia tjb lrrb`t%

2 Ogttbru Vbrairhg`lb _bwerbhb`t| air L\G g`d E\M

\tgrt(\tiv lg` ob ehvcbhb`tbd }etj g ci}(li|t ger(liicbd \tgrtbr(Gctbr`gtir *\G ir L\G% rgtbd gt


64/757

Vgmb 14 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Tjb Tiuitg TJ\(H hecd juored |u|tbh |bd e` tjb Tiuitg Lri}` ^7=X g`d |ji}` e` Aemrb ?< |b|g hitir mb`brgtir vi}brbd ou g g`d Cetjeh ei` Tjb gdqg`tgmb| g`d de|gdqg`tgmb| ia bglj ogttbru |u|tbh grb |hhgre|bde` Gvvb`dezjttv;))}}}demgtri`db)lihhi`)di}`cigd)4?qYcgrmbvda

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb;

4?Q Vi}br`bt Ehvcbhb`tgtei` E||b|V @elg|treE`|tettb ia Bcbltrelgc g`d Bcbltri`el| B`me`bbr|# E`l# *EBBB%(]irn|jiv i` Vi}br Bcbltri`el| e`Trg`|virtgtei` *]VBT% ?666# vv


65/757

Vgmb 12 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb; *EBBB _babrb`lb| %

jttv;))elgg|eetbd)vocelgtei`|jthc

2n] vbrhg`b`t hgm`bt e`tbmrgtbd |tgrtbr)gctbr`gtir air gtihioecb|

_g`ket# _ Kgugogcg` g`d G Bhgde#e` Vril?664 EBBB Qbjelcgr Vi}br g`d Vrivc|ei` Liàbrb`lb# Vgre|# Arg`lb Ilt ?664

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((G

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb;

jttv;))}}}eralih)tbljèlgc(eài)vgvbr|jthc,gti

G 4?Q E`qbrtbr)_blteaebr air E\G R|e`m De|lrbtb \bheli`dltir Lihvi`b`t|G`tjiù AKHrrgu# Vbrtbr ]iid# @bbrgk Nb|ngr#Ke`mdi`m Ljb`# Gcobrti Mbrrg# ?667# g| vrb|b`tbd gtAtrb Trg`|virtgtei` Tbljìcimu Liàbrb`lb# Gm|t ?667#jttv;))}}}eralih

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb;?664(67(6


66/757


67/757

Vgmb 1= ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

|tgrt(|tiv|# tjb abgtrb tjgt tjgt dib| ìt dbtbr dreqbr-| lihairt ubt b`gocb| |o|tg`tegc abc |gqe`m g`dbhe||ei` rbdltei` Tjb tb|t rb|ct| grb vrb|b`tbd e` tje| vgvbr(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((jttv;))ebbbzvcirbebbbirm)zvc)arbbgo|Ygcck|v9gr`hobr87?1=?=:

Aecb(`ghb;

G lihvgrgteqb bqgcgtei` ia hitir dreqb tivicimeb| air ci}(qictgmb# jemj(vi}brBQ)JBQ vrivc|ei` |u|tbh|]bcljni# OG @gmg|jehg# KH# Dbvt ia Bcbltr ! Lihvt B`m# ]e|li`|e` Rèq# Hgde|i`# ]E# R\G>Tje| vgvbr gvvbgr| e`;E`d|tregc Bcbltrièl|# ?66


68/757


69/757


70/757


71/757

Vgmb =7 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Tje| vgvbr vrb|b`t| g lihvgre|i` obt}bb` tjbrhi|tgt g`d bcbltrelgccu g||e|t li`tric li`lbvt|

air vrb(trg`|he||ei`# vi|t(trg`|he||ei` g`d LQT vgrgccbc juored| Tjb vgvbr e| irmgè{bd g|aicci}| Aer|t# tjb bhverelgc hidbc| ia tjb vi}br trge` lihvi`b`t| g`d tjber ljgrgltbre|tel| grb

vrb|b`tbd# }jelj e| aicci}bd ou g db|lrevtei` ia tjb t}i vi}br aci} li`tric gcmiretjh| \bli`d# tjbb`me`b# hitir# g`d ogttbru |e{b| grb b|tehgtbd }etj deaabrb`t juorede{gtei` rgtb| ti hbbt tjb BVGdbae`bd eètegc gllbcbrgtei` rbwerbhb`t Tjerd# tjb b`brmu li`|hvtei` g`d bzjg|t bhe||ei`|grb lgclcgtbd |e`m tjb \GB K7=77 vgrtegc ljgrmb tb|t *VLT% vrilbdrb ^1X G`d airtj# tjb tb|trb|ct| grb g`gcu{bd Og|bd i` tjb |ehcgtei` rb|ct|# tjb vgvbr dbae`b| tjb ob|t li`tric |trgtbmu#trg`|he||ei` liàemrgtei` g`d g` ivtehh rg`mb ia juorede{gtei` agltir air tjb t}i li`tricli`lbvt| Tjb acc juored vrivc|ei` |u|tbh e| |ehcgtbd |e`m t}i BQ(JBQ |iat}grb vglngmb|;Q(BCVJ dbqbcivbd ou Tbzg| G!HRèqbr|etu ^=X g`dGDQE\I_ arih @_BC ^2X

Juorede{gtei` rgtb e| cehetbd }jbrb artjbr rbdltei` e` b`me`b |e{b agec| ti rbvcbè|j tjb cgrmb

ogttbru vgln dre`m tjb tb|t vrilbdrb| Tjb hgzehh juorede{gtei` agltir e| ai`d 16" airgcc lg|b| bzlbvt tjb LQT juored }etj tjbrhi|tgt li`tric# }jbrb et e| =6" *aemrb 76.g%.

Tjb aemrb| gc|i |ji} tjgt hgzehh abc bliìhu ceb| }etje`


72/757


73/757


74/757


75/757

Vgmb =2 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

G `iqbc derblt tirwb li`triccbd e`tbmrgtbd |tgrtbr)gctbr`gtir }etj |vglb qbltir hidcgtei` iae`dltei` hglje`b jg| obb` vrivi|bd e` tje| vgvbr air atrb 4?Q gtihioecb| gvvcelgtei` Ouli`tricce`m tjb |tgtir acz ce`ngmb qbltir vrivbrcu# tjb rbwerbd DL o| qictgmb lg` ob vridlbd g|

}bcc g| tjb tirwb ia e`dltei` hglje`b \ehcgtei` rb|ct| ia tje| |ljbhb grb vrb|b`tbd e` tje|vgvbrE` tjb vocelgtei`| rbcgtbd ti E\G# hi|t rb|bgrljbr| vt tjber e`tbrb|t i` e`derblt)derblt qbltirli`tric *Aebcd Ireb`tbd Li`tric% ia GL hglje`b| ^?#


76/757

Vgmb =1 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

jttv;))}}}etbbwbdg)pgvbl)gvbl64)vgvbr|)VgvbrED76


77/757


78/757


79/757


80/757

Vgmb :6 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

vbrairhg`lb Tjb judrimb` juored qbjelcb g`gcu{bd e` tjb vgvbr jg| g rg`mb ia 4:6 nh *


81/757


82/757


83/757


84/757

Vgmb :4 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

" ti hgzehe{b vriaet e` tjb vrb|b`lb ia tjb itjbr

" lihvbtetir| vridlt|# }jecb jicde`m tjb lihvbtetir

" vridlt| g`d vrelb| li`|tg`t.

"" E@VRT;

" `hgz 8 hgzehh `hobr ia vridlt| tjgt g |e`mcb

" vridlbr lg` jgqb e` et| vridlt ce`b

" ètbr 8 `hobr ia tehb| ti etbrgtb bglj vridlbr

" lihvbtetir 8 ce|t ia lihvbtetir vridlt| eètegccu

"

" IRTVRT;

" tgocb 8 tgocb ia lbcc| |hhgre{e`m rb|ct|

" ivtehh 8 vridlbr dble|ei`|; ivtehh*etbrgtei`# vridlbr%

" |lb`grei 8 |lb`grei rb|ct|; |lb`grei*etbrgtei`# |lb`grei,# vridlbr%

" Tgnb tr`| ivtehe{e`m tjb dble|ei`| air bglj vridlbr.

" Bglj tehb# jicd tjb itjbr vridlbr-| vridlt| li`|tg`t.jttv;))}}}b`me`heljbd)cgo|)BG\T)hb2:5)mgccbru)heljgcbnYviceluvda

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb; VLDGtiY67.vda

Lcg||eaelgtei`; Juo Qbjel \EH ! HIDBCE@M

G HIDBC AI_ TJB B@B_MU HG@GMBHB@T E@ G VG_GCCBC JUO_EDQBJELCBE Gr|eb# L Veg`b|b# M _e{{i# H \g`tiri# Dbvgrthb`t ia Hbljgèlgc B`me`bbre`m ( Rèqbr|etu ia \gcbrì :46:4Ae|legì *\G% Etgcu# b(hgec; veg`b|bFè|get

Go|trgltG hidbc air tjb |ehcgtei` ia g vgrgccbc juored vi}brtrge` e| vrivi|bd Tjb hidbc e| ireb`tbd ti|vvirt tjb dbqbcivhb`t ia i`(oigrd b`brmu aci}| li`tric |trgtbmeb| ti rbdlb oitj abcli`|hvtei` g`d bhe||ei` cbqbc| g`d ti ehvriqb bcbltrel dreqe`m rg`mb bcbltrel tjrimj ivtehgc

ogttbru rbljgrme`m lulcb| Tjb hidbc jg| obb` dbqbcivbd e` Hgtcgo)\ehce`n b`qeri`hb`t }etj ghidcgr |trltrb Tjb gdivtei` ia g hezbd hidbce`m gvvriglj# og|bd i` deaabrb`t lcg||b| ia hidbc|rg`me`m arih ocgln(oiz @brgc @bt}irn ti mrbu(oiz hbg`qgcb du`ghel hidbc|# gcci}| g|gte|agltiru gllrglu }etj rbg|i`gocb lihvtgtei`gc dbhg`d Hirbiqbr# A{{u li`triccbr| jgqbobb` ehvcbhb`tbd ti |ehcgtb tjb Dreqbr(Qbjelcb e`tbrgltei`# tjb tirwb hg`gmbhb`t |trgtbmu *ebtjb |vcette`m obt}bb` bcbltrel hitir g`d tjbrhgc b`me`b% g`d tjb ogttbru rbljgrme`m |trgtbmu \e`lb tjbhge` migc ia tjb rb|bgrlj e| tjb ivtehgc hg`gmbhb`t ia i`(oigrd b`brmu aci}|# g` ivtehe{gtei`vrilbdrb e| `dbrdbqbcivhb`t ti db|em` tjb hi|t |etgocb li`triccbr| E` tje| vgvbr# g dbtgecbdb|lrevtei` ia tjb }jicb hidbc e| vrb|b`tbd g`d tjb |ehcgtei` rb|ct| lgrrebd it air g rbgc dreqe`mlulcb grb rbvirtbd

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb;

G Hideaebd \}etlje`m \trgtbmu air G|uhhbtrel Jgca(Oredmb Li`qbrtbr| air\}etljbd _bcltg`lb Hitir Dreqb|V Ljg`ljgrib`|iin g`d H A _gjhg`# e` Vrilbbde`m| ia tjb G|trgcg|eg` Rèqbr|eteb| Vi}br B`me`bbre`m Liàbrb`lb*GRVBL ?66


85/757


86/757

Vgmb :1 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

hidcgr ogttbru hg`gmbhb`t |u|tbh air JBQ| Tje| hidcgr `et e| g ? `d mb`brgtei` |u|tbh# g|lihvgrbd ti g vrbqei| 7|t mb`brgtei` lb`trgce{bd |u|tbhTje| ?`d mb`brgtei` vritituvb lg` ogcg`lb g ogttbru vgln og|bd i` lbcc(ti(lbcc hbg|rbhb`t| g`d

glteqb bwgce{gtei` Tjb |u|tbh }g| db|em`bd ti }irn }etj |bqbrgc ogttbru tuvb|# e`lcde`m cetjehei`# @eHJ# ir cbgd gled \raglb hi`t tblj`icimu e| |bd tjrimjit ti rbdlb qichb# hg||# g`dli|t Tjb }bemjt g`d qichb ia tjb ?`d mb`brgtei` grb b|tehgtbd ti ob =6" g`d :="# rb|vblteqbcu#cb|| tjg` tjb 7|t mb`brgtei`Ti vriqedb tjb mrbgtb|t acbzeoecetu# tje| OH\ }g| db|em`bd ti jgqb tjb `blb||gru abgtrb| rbwerbdair Ce(Ei`# @eHJ ir cbgd gled ogttbreb| \ihb ia tjb|b e`lcdb#

7 Hidcgre{gtei` e| |bd ti gqied g cgrmb }ere`m jgr`b||# g`d bglj cilgc hidcb lg` |brqelbv ti 7? lbcc| Tje| vriqedb| g cgrmb rbdltei` e` tjb `hobr ia hidcb| g`d tjb li|t

? @b} tuvb| ia qictgmb g`d lrrb`t hbg|rbhb`t lerlet| grb |bd ti vriqedb jemjbr gllrgluTje| e`lcdb| g` gtihgtbd lgceorgtei` vrilbdrb tjgt |tirb| lirrbltei` agltir| e` acg|j

hbhiru


87/757


88/757


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91/757


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93/757


94/757


95/757

Vgmb 52 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

( _bdlbd jemj(|vbbd ti}e`m lgvgletu; G| }etj g|lb`de`m g mrgdb# ti}e`m g oigt ir trgecbr vt| g

|emèaelg`tcu jbgqebr cigd i` g qbjelcb tjg` ìrhgc Juored trln| lg` ob db|em`bd ti ti} g tjrbb(wgrtbr ir i`b(ti` oigt ir lghvbr trgecbr# ot hgu ìt ob tjb remjt ljielb air ti}e`m g t}i(ti`

cigdHecd Juored

Tjb aer|t |bt ia juored| li`|edbrbd e` tjb bqgcgtei` grb hecd juored| rgtbd gt 72" vbgn vi}br# }etjvgrgccbc juored dreqbtrge`| |ehecgr e` db|em` ti tjb Ji`dg Leqel ir Ji`dg E`|emjt Tjb hecd juored#ou dbaeètei`# dib| ìt jgqb tjb goecetu ti dreqb |e`m bcbltrel vi}br gci`b Tjb 72" vbgn vi}brrgte`m e`delgtb| tjgt tjb qbjelcb| bcbltrel dreqb li`treotb| rimjcu72" ia et| vrivc|ei`1


96/757

Vgmb 51 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Gt tje| |e{b# tjb hitir e| gocb ti vriqedb|emèaelg`t rbmb`brgteqb orgne`mlgvgoecetu Tjb b`me`b e| di}`|e{bdarih tjgt ia tjb og|b li`qb`tei`gcqbjelcb |i tjgt tjb 6(16 hvj gllbcbrgtei`gljebqbd |e`m oitj tjb b`me`b g`d tjbhitir hbbt| ir obgt| tjb gllbcbrgtei` ia

et| og|bce`b li`tbrvgrtE` tje| liàemrgtei`# tjb hitir e|gttgljbd derbltcu ti tjb mg|ice`b b`me`bg`d vriqedb| edcbiaa lgvgoecetu *Aemrb2%Tjb hecd juored e| bqgcgtbd `dbr t}i db|em` |lb`grei|# i`b |e`m hidbrgtb tbljìcimu air tjbbcbltrel dreqb lihvi`b`t|# b`me`b# trg`|he||ei`# g`d og|b qbjelcb *bm# gbridu`ghel|%# tjb itjbr|e`m gdqg`lbd tbljìcimu air tjb|b |u|tbh|

?676 Hidbrgtb Hecd Juored Lihvglt Lgr*72" Vbgn Vi}br%Tjb hg||(hgrnbt hecd juored lihvglt tjgt licd ob hgdb |e`m hidbrgtb tbljìcimu ciin| g citcenb tjb Ji`dg Leqel Juored gqgecgocb tidgu Oitj jgqb g vbgn vi}br rgte`m lci|b ti 72" @betjbrlg` dreqb |e`m bcbltreletu gci`b G`d tjber }bemjt| grb `bgrcu tjb |ghb Tjb hgàgltrbr||mmb|tbd rbtgec vrelb *H\_V% e| cenbcu ti ob goit $?#166 goiqb tjb vrelb ia tjb og|bce`b lihvgltlgr# e`lcde`m |tg`dgrd oect(e` dbgcbr g`d hgàgltrbr vriaet| *Aemrb 72%5 ]jecb tjb ceabtehbabc li|t |gqe`m| *$4#2


97/757


98/757

Vgmb 5: ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

tbljìcimu# ot tjb driv e` li|t hgugvvbgr |rvre|e`m Lbrtge`cu tjbehvriqbd b`me`b g`d }bemjt

rbdltei` lg` gdd li|t ti tjbgdqg`lbd qbjelcb# ot ou ?672 tjbrbtgec vrelb ia tjb ogttbreb| |bd airtje| qbjelcb e| vrikbltbd ti driv arihgoit $:6 ti $=2 vbr neci}gtt db titbljìcimu gdqg`lb|Ia gcc tjb tbljìcimeb| li`|edbrbd e` tje| |tdu# ogttbreb| grb tjb cbg|t hgtrb# g`d hi|tvrbdeltei`| e`delgtb g vitb`tegc air bqb` mrbgtbr li|t rbdltei`| tjg` |ji}` jbrb E` gddetei`# tjb}bemjt ia tje| qbjelcb# bzlcde`m tjb dreqbtrge`# jg| obb` rbdlbd ou 5" |e`m gdqg`lbd jemj|trb`mtj |tbbc tbljìcimu7: Tje| driv e` }bemjt gcci}| air tjb |ghb qbjelcb vbrairhg`lb g| tjb

hidbrgtb hecd juored# ot }etj cb|| vi}br Tjb rbdltei` e` vi}br trg`|cgtb| derbltcu e`ti ci}brlihvi`b`t li|t| Tje| |u`brmu jemjcemjt| tjb ehvirtg`lb ia ìt ore`me`m juored| ti tjb hgrnbt|gddcbd }etj it(ia(dgtb oidu db|em` g`d hgtbregc|


99/757

Vgmb 55 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((jttv;))ebbbzvcirbebbbirm)zvc)arbbgo|Ygcck|v9gr`hobr846=:=22


100/757

Vgmb 766 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aecb(`ghb;

G @b} \ljbhb ti Derblt Tirwb Li`tric ia E`tbreir Vbrhg`b`t Hgm`bt\u`ljriì| Hglje`b Dreqb| air Li`|tg`t E`qbrtbr \}etlje`m Arbwb`lu g`d

Ci} Tirwb _evvcbK` [jg`m Ag{ _gjhg`# H Mrg`tjgh# L\ljiic ia Bcbltrelgc B`me`bbre`m g`d Tbcblihhèlgtei`|# Tjb Rèqbr|etu ia @b} \itj ]gcb|# G|trgceg Bhgec;k`.{jg`mF|tdb`t.`|}.bd.g># Tje| vgvbr gvvbgr| e`;Vi}br Bcbltrièl| g`d Hitei` Li`tric Liàbrb`lb#?661. EVBHL -61. LB\)EBBB 2tj E`tbr`gtei`gcVocelgtei` Dgtb; Gm ?661Qichb;


101/757


102/757

Vgmb 76? ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Tj| tjb rbwerbd hgm`bt acz ce`ngmb lg` ob dbtbrhe`bd arih tjb vbrhe||eocb cbqbc ia DL ce`nqictgmb gt tjb hgzehh |vbbd |e`m *7% Tjb |mmb|tbd DL ce`n qictgmb cehet ou tjb 4?QVi}br@bt#e| 2? Q e`lcde`m gcc tjb |venb| Tjb li`detei` air ivtehgc acz }bgnbè`m e|#

VH d| | 8C E*?%]jbrb#Cd| ; d(gze| e`dltg`lb ^JX#E| ; Hgzehh lrrb`t ia tjb |u|tbh ^GX

4? d(gze| e`dltg`lb lgclcgteiÀeètb Bcbhb`t }g| |bd ti b|tehgtb tjb d(gze| e`dltg`lbTjb gaablt ia qgregtei` e` d(gze| e`dltg`lb iqbr tjb lrrb`te| gc|i b|tehgtbd Tjb aemrb 2 e| |ji}e`m tjb d(gze| acz dbti tjb |tgtir lrrb`t gci`b g`d Aemrb 1 e| |ji}e`m qgregteiìa tjb e`dltg`lb }etj lrrb`t E` li`qb`tei`gc E`tbreirVbrhg`b`t Hgm`bt Hglje`b# qgregtei` iaCd| }etj lrrb`t e|gchi|t li`|tg`t# vriqedbd oredmb| grb accu |gtrgtbd ou tjbhgm`bt acz E` |bmhb`tbd hglje`b db|em`# oredmb| obt}bb`hgm`bt |bmhb`t| |jicd ob i` qbrmb ia |gtrgtei` |i tjgttjbu lg` gaablteqbcu b`jg`lb tjb acz(}bgnbè`m ^=X Jb`lb#tjb d(gze| e`dltg`lb e| qgrue`m }etj lrrb`t |ji}e`m baabltia eri` oredmb| iqbr tjb d(gze| acz

4< w(gze| e`dltg`lb lgclcgtei`Tjb aemrb= e| |ji}e`m tjb w(gze| acz g`d tjb aemrb : e||ji}e`m tjb qgregtei` iaCw| }etj lrrb`t Tjb w gze| ia tjb

EVH hglje`b e| gaabltbd ou tjb |gtrgtei` ia tjb lirb eri`db ti tjb w(gze| lrrb`t

2 \EHRCGTEI@ _B\RCT\Tjb ociln degmrgh ia tjb E\G |u|tbh }etj g qbltir li`triccbr e| |ji}` e` aemrb 5 E` tuvelgc jemjvbrairhg`lb qbltir li`tric liàemrgtei`# rbabrb`lb ed| + g`d ew| + lrrb`t| air li`tric# grb dbreqbd arihg rbabrb`lb tirwb lihhg`d ^2X Air tjb E\G |u|tbh Tb + lg` ob dbreqbd betjbr arih |tgrte`m tiwblihhg`d dre`m hitire`m ir arih DL o| rbmcgtir dre`m mb`brgtei` Tjb |tgrte`m ivbrgteiìllr| gt ci} |vbbd i`cu# jb`lb tjb qictgmb li`|trge`t ia tjb |u|tbh dib| ìt gaablt tjb |u|tbh g`dhgzehh tiwb vbr ghvbrb *HTVG% gcmiretjh lg` ob |bd ti vridlb tjb rbwerbd tirwb dre`m}jicb hitire`m rg`mb Tjb aemrb76 e| |ji}e`m tjb tirwb |vbbd ljgrgltbre|tel ia tjb hglje`b

dre`m hitire`m ivbrgtei` Tjb vi}br lgvgoecetu ia tjb hglje`b v ti 1666 r)he` e| |ji}` eàemrb77 Tjb vbgn vi}br lgvgoecetu ia tjb hglje`b e| gri`d : n] Tjb aemrb7? e| |ji}e`m tjbrbmcgtbd DL o| qictgmb gt 7666 r)he`


103/757


104/757


105/757

Vgmb 762 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

]jb` true`m ti heèhe|b tjb r`è`m li|t| ethgnb| |b`|b ti ae`d tjb go|ictb heèhh#meqb` g ci|| a`ltei` g`d g dreqe`m lulcb

Bqb` ea et e| ehvi||eocb ti ehvcbhb`t tje||trgtbmu et e| |bac ti nì} tjb heèhhair lihvgre|i`|Tjbrb bze|t hgù edbg| i` ji} ti rbgce{bvi}braci} li`tric Tjb edbg| grb lci|bculi``bltbd ti }jgt ne`d ia qbjelcb tjgt e|`dbr li`|edbrgtei` g`d et| e`tb`dbd |b\ihb tje`m| tjgt gablt tjb li`tric grb;Y Bhe||ei` arbb dreqe`m ir gllbcbrgtei`|vvirt#

Y \e{b ia lgr# letu |b ir gcc(ri`d |b#Y Gtiìhi| ivbrgtei` ir ìt#Y Letu(o|# de|treotei` trln lihvgrbd tilgr|#Y Tuvb ia juored# |breb|# vgrgccbc ir|breb|~vgrgccbc#

2? Vi}bri} Li`tric Og|bd i` Ivtehe{gtei`Vi}braci} li`tric og|bd i` ivtehe{gtei` e| ai`d e` ^Qicchbr bt gc# 755:X# ^\becbr g`d \ljridbr#

755:X# g`d ^[ibclj g`d \ljr

idbr# 755=X Gcc ia tjb|b dbgc }etj e`tbmrgtbd dreqbtrge` g`d vi}bri}li`tricTjb tjbiru ia ivtehgc li`tric iaabr| g }gu ti e`qb|temgtb tjb |u|tbh g`d et| |b`|eteqetu ti vgrghbtbrqgregtei`| e` tjb ci|| a`ltei` e` g |u|tbhgtel }gu Li`|edbr g ci|| a`ltei` tjgt db|lreob| tjb vi}brci||b|

}jbrb Vhblj 8 Vhblj*t% 8 T*t% Y'*t% e| hbljgèlgc vi}br i` tjb |jgat# YELB dbìtb| tjb ELB bableb`luarih ljbhelgc b`brmu ti hbljgèlgc b`brmu# YMb` e| mb`brgtir g`d e`qbrtbr baableb`lu arihhbljgèlgc ti bcbltrelgc vi}br g`d e| g }bemjte`m agltir obt}bb` ogttbru ci||b| g`d mb`|bt ci||b|


106/757


107/757

Vgmb 76= ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

G li`triccbr tjgt hehel| tjb rb|ct iotge`bd ou ivtehgc li`tric jg| obb` |u`tjb|e|bd g`d |bd oitjair |ehcgtei` g`d air qbreYlgtei` i` g acc |lgcb bzvbrehb`tgc |btv Gctjimj |ehvcb hidbc| jgqbobb` |bd tjb gmrbbhb`t obt}bb` bzvbrehb`t| g`d lgclcgtei`| grb |gte|agltiru

Ivtehe|gtei` ia JBQ| jg| trgdetei`gccu obb` vbrairhbd betjbr i` tjb lihvi`b`t|# |lj g| ogttbreb|g`d |e{b ia ELB# meqb` g vi}bri} |trgtbmu ir i` tjb vgrghbtbr| ia g vi}bri} |trgtbmu meqb` glihvcbtb qbjelcb Tjb |bd hbtjid Y`d| g |trgtbmu meqb` g lretbreg g`d g lihvcbtb qbjelcb otàirt`gtbcu ìt g| g abbdogln li`triccbr

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((jttv;))}}}ekber)go|trglt)"=OQichb;7?(Trg`|gltei`|;@(@hobr;7"=D)8?=6

aecb(`ghb;G _BQEB] IA TJB LI@T_IC TBLJ@EWRB\ AI_ O_R\JCB\\ DE_BLTLR__B@T HITI_\ *_BQEB] VGVB_%

K. Age{ g`d H. Goicmjg|bheg`(G{ghe# Dbvgrthb`t ia Bcbltrelgc B`me`bbre`m# Rèqbr|etu ia Tgore{Tgore{# Erg`

Go|trgltTje| vgvbr |rqbu| tjb cetbrgtrb ia tjb or|jcb|| DL hitir |vbbd li`tric tbljèwb| Tjb vgvbr|jicd vriqb |bac ti oitj rb|bgrljbr| g| }bcc g| vrglte|e`m b`me`bbr| g| g |em`vi|t ti tjb lrrb`t|tgtb ia tjb grt Og|bd i` tjb rbqeb} |ihb artjbr |tdeb| grb |mmb|tbd

DL.

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Nbu}ird| Or|jcb|| DL Hitir|# Li`tric Tbljèwb|

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb;V6766


108/757

Vgmb 76: ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb;

G |lgcgocb gvvriglj air b`brmu li`qbrtbr hidbce`m g`d |vbrqe|iru li`tricdb|em`Ze ]be# Meirmei _e{{iè# Vril. ia G\HB EHBLB?667# @iqbhobr ?667

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb;V?664(Liivbr#btgc(\GB(Glwe|etei`_bwQgcedgtei`.VDA

Lcg||; Juo qbjel tb|t(\EH QGCED64G@@RGC(:6=

G \ehcgtei`(Og|bd Qbjelcb Db|em` \trgtbmu air Glwe|etei` g`d _bwerbhb`t|

Qgcedgtei`Gdgh O Liivbr# Vg`gueite| Mbirmeivici|# Kbrbhu K Heljgcbn# Vgì| U Vgvgcghori|# Rèqbr|etu ia Heljemg`#Livuremjt ?664 \GB E`tbr`gtei`gc

GO\T_GLTTi glwerb g `b} acbbt ia qbjelcb|# Grhu dble|ei`hgnbr| h|t li`|edbr hgù liàcelte`mbwerbhb`t| e`lcde`m tjb `bbd| ia |br|# tjb qbjelcb| ceab lulcb ehvcelgtei`| e` tbrh| ia rbcegoecetu#hge`tge`goecetu# g`d |rqeqgoecetu# g`d tjb db|em` g`d vridltei` lgvgoeceteb| ia tjb li`trgltir Grhudble|ei`(hgnbr| ljii|b gvvrivregtb qbjelcb ljgrgltbre|tel tgrmbt| ti hgzehe{b hecetgru iokblteqb|}etje` g` glwe|etei` odmbt Tje| odmbtgru li`|trge`t e| b|vblegccu ehvirtg`t }jb` li|tcu `b}tbljìcimu e| li`|edbrbd I`lb vridlt ljgrgltbre|tel tgrmbt| grb dbledbd# li`trgltir| oed air tjb

db|em` g`d vridltei` li`trglt Tje| gvvriglj e| cehetbd ea tjb hecetgru dib| ìt derbltcu glli`t airtjb li`trgltir| db|em` lgvgoeceteb| }jb` tgrmbte`m |vbleael qbjelcb ljgrgltbre|tel| Tje| cehetgtei`lg` rb|ct e` tjb e`goecetu ia tjb }e`è`m li`trgltir ti hbbt |ihb ir gcc ia tjb vridlt tgrmbt|# cbgde`mti li|tcu dbcgu| e` vridlt dbceqbru g`d vitb`tegccu |o(ivtehgc vbrairhg`lbG` g`gcutelgc tiic tjgt lgvtrb| tjb trgdbiaa| ghi`m hecetgru iokblteqb| g`d hidbc| tjb db|em`lgvgoeceteb| ia |vvcebr| lg` ged dble|ei`(hgnbr| dre`m tjb glwe|etei` vrilb|| Tje| grtelcb oecd|i` tjb G`gcutelgc Tgrmbt Lg|lgde`m hbtjidicimu ou dbqbcive`m bztb`|ei`| ia G`gcutelgc Tgrmbt\btte`m ti aglecetgtb rbwerbhb`t| qgcedgtei`# dbqbcive`m glwe|etei` dble|ei` hidbc|# g`d bzgheè`mg lg|b |tdu air dgc(|b tbljìcimu Tjb|b hbtjid| |b lihvrbjb`|eqb qbjelcb |ehcgtei` hidbc|#}jelj rbvrb|b`t tjb li`trgltir| db|em` lgvgoeceteb|# ti dreqb qbjelcb tgrmbt |btte`m dble|ei`|Li`lc|ei`| }ecc ob drg}` arih vrbqei| rb|bgrlj gvvcebd e` tjb lihhbrlegc |bltir ti |ji} ji} tjbhecetgru lg` tgnb gdqg`tgmb ia airhgce{e`m tjb ce`n| obt}bb` b`me`bbre`m db|em` dble|ei`| g`d ì`(tbljèlgc dble|ei`| ti rbdlb re|n g`d ehvriqb wgcetu ia tjb ae`gc vridlt

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb;

jttv;))}}}vb|l61irm)hb`1Y7jthc jttv;))ebbbzvcirbebbbirm)zvc)arbbgo|Ygcck|v9gr`hobr846?2


109/757

Vgmb 765 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

G \cede`m Hidb Acz Io|brqbr air Derblt Tirwb Li`triccbd E`tbmrgtbd\tgrtbr)Gctbr`gtir

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110/757

Vgmb 776 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

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|vvcu g` bcbltrièl b`qeri`hb`t |ehecgr ti tjb gltgc qbjelcb Tjb rbgc tehb jgrd}grb(e`(tjb(ciiv|ehcgtei` aglecetu vriqedb| g du`ghel g`d rbvbgtgocb tb|t b`qeri`hb`t }etj e`tbmrgtbd dgtgglwe|etei` Ti aglecetgtb tb|te`m# |bqbrgc |trgtbmeb| jgqb obb` airhcgtbd }jelj vbrhet tjb derbltli`tric ia li`triccbr g`d)ir dreqbr e`vt| dre`m g tb|t G` bzghvcb tb|t vcg` g`d |bt ia vrilbdrb|}ecc ob dbqbcivbd air t}i ce`bgr bzjg|t mg| rblerlcgtei` qgcqb |u|tbh| rbwerbhb`t|

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/940492http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/940492


111/757

Vgmb 777 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aecb(`ghb;

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112/757

Vgmb 77? ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aecb(`ghb;

G \tdu ia tjb Trg`|eb`t Objgqeir ia g 4?Q Vritituvb E`tbmrgtbd\tgrtbrGctbr`gtirair \ddb`CigdLjg`mb|

L V Hdg``gugnb# H A _gjhg`# \lj. ia Bcbltr. B`m. ! Tbcblih# R@\]# \ud`bu# @\]# G|trgceg># Tje| vgvbr gvvbgr| e`;E`d|tregc Bcbltrièl| \ilebtu# ?664. EBLI@ ?664. Ke` Jr#

Qbjelcb Vi}br g`d Vrivc|ei` Liàbrb`lb# ?661 QVVL gvi|>61 EBBBQichb # E||b # 1(: \bvt ?661 Vgmb*|%;7 2

\hhgruTjbrb grb cit| ia gttbhvt| e` gtihiteqb aebcd ti |vbr|bdb hbljgèlgc vgrt| }etj bcbltrelgc i`b|i}e`m ti e`lrbg|e`m `bbd| ia dreqbr|- |gabtu# lihairt g`d li`qbèb`lb g| }bcc g| rblb`t temjtb`bdb`qeri`hb`tgc rbmcgtei` E` gddetei`# li`teì| ehvriqbhb`t| ia |bheli`dltir tbljìcimu hgnbet |vbbd v ti |b bcbltrel lihvi`b`t| e`|tbgd ia li`qb`tei`gc hbljgèlgc g`d judrgcel i`b| E`gllirdg`lb }etj tjb|b tb`db`leb|# tjb dbhg`d ia bcbltrel vi}br g`d b`brmu |bd e` qbjelcb jg| obbè`lrbg|e`m |tbgdecu# g`d et }ecc lg|b iqbrordb` ia li`qb`tei`gc 74 Q vi}br mb`brgtei` g`dde|treotei` |u|tbh G rb|bgrlj i` jemjbr qictgmb |u|tbh |tgrtbd e` bgrcu 7556| g`d 4? Q vi}br

|u|tbh jg| obb` e`tridlbd air g atrb gtihiteqb vi}br(`bt E` tje| vgvbr# tbljèlgc trb`d e`b`brmu |tirgmb |u|tbh }jelj ehvceb| i`b ia tjb nbu tbljìcimeb| ti ehvcbhb`t 4? Q vi}br(`bt e|rbqeb}bd# g`d dbqbcivhb`t rb|ct| ia tjb ehvriqbd b`brmu |tirgmb |u|tbh li`|e|tbd iactrglgvgletir# ogttbru g`d hg`gmbhb`t li`triccbr| grb vrb|b`tbd

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb; V:4.VDA

Lcg||eaelgtei`; JUO qbjel BCBLT_EL hitir TbljSJuo qbjel \_H
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentCon.jsp?punumber=9792http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentCon.jsp?punumber=9792http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentCon.jsp?punumber=9792


113/757

Vgmb 77< ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

jttv;))vi}breetbd)vocelgtei`)kir`gc)jttv;))11?455


114/757

Vgmb 774 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

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G |u|tbhgtel }gu ia ljii|e`m dreqbce`b li`aemrgtei` g`d |e{e`m lihvi`b`t| e`juored qbjelcb|Jbccmrb`# K g`d O Kglio|i`# \GB tblj`elgc vgvbr `hobr ?666(67(


115/757

Vgmb 772 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

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gljebqbd tjrimj tjb e`tbmrgtei` ia oitj tjb jgrd}grb g`d tjb li`tric ia |lj vi}brtrge` |u|tbh|

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G Tirwb g`d \vbbd Livce`m Juored Dreqbtrge Grljetbltrb# Li`tric# g`d\ehcgtei`\ \ ]eccegh|i`# \ H Cnel# g`d G Bhgde

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116/757

Vgmb 771 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

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117/757

Vgmb 77= ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Tjb bzvbltgtei`| ia tjb hgrnbtvcglb grb hgù Aer|t g`d airbhi|t tjb hgrnbt bzvblt| ehvriqbdwgcetu# jemjbr a`ltei`gcetu# g`d cb|| tehb ti hgrnbt gt g lihvbteteqb vrelb Tjb hgrnbt gc|i bzvblt|mciogce{gtei` ia vridlt|# ot }etj rbmei`gc deaabrb`tegtei` @b} vridlt| h|t ob e`tbmrgtbd e`ti

|u|tbh| g| hidcb| tjgt lg` qgrebd ti aet e`deqedgc gvvcelgtei`| Tbljìcimu e| gìtjbr hgkirde|lrehe`gtir Tbljìcimeb| h|t ob vriqb` rbcegocb# ot `b} |tgtb(iatjb(grt tbljìcimeb| grbvrbabrrbd Bcbltrièl jgrd}grb h|t ob |ehcgtbd }etj |iat}grb tjb` qgcedgtbd tjrimj li`triccbdli`detei`| ti g||rb vrivbr a`ltei`gcetu...G| vridlt| grb heègtre{bd# vi}br g`d hg`gmbhb`t db|em` e||b| oblihb jgrdbr ti |icqbVridlgoecetu# hgàgltrgoecetu# g`d tb|tgoecetu }ecc oblihb |emèaelg`t ljgccb`mb|

GDQG@LBD B@B_MU \U\TBH\Ivbrgtei` ia tjb jemjcu gtihgtbd qbjelcb| ia tjb atrb }ecc tgnb hirb iòigrd b`brmu E` irdbr ti

vi}br tjb gddetei`gc bcbltrièl ivtei`| obe`m li`|edbrbd tidgu# jemjbr qictgmb| *|lj g| 4? Qict|%grb obe`m li`|edbrbd Tje| rbwerb| `b} b`brmu mb`brgtei`# |tirgmb# g`d li`tric |u|tbh| G|gtihioecb b`me`b| hiqb ti}grd juored g`d accu bcbltrel db|em`| `b} hitir|)mb`brgtir|#li`qbrtbr|)e`qbrtbr|# g`d |tirgmb ogttbreb| `bbd ti ob dbqbcivbd Tjb|b |u|tbh| }ecc vriqedb tjbvi}br g`d rg`mb tjb gtihioecb `bbd| }etj agr cb|| b`brmu li`|hbd

LI@LCR\EI@\Et e| bztrbhbcu ehvirtg`t air vrimrb||eqb bcbltrièl| gtihiteqb lihvgèb| ti jgqb g lcbgr qe|ei` iaatrb vridlt| Tje| qe|ei`# tjrimj tjb |b ia g dbaeè`m vrilb||# e| |bd ti mb`brgtb tbljìcimurigdhgv| tjgt edb`teau tbljìcimu dbqbcivhb`t vrikblt| Tjb|b vrikblt| b`gocb vridlt qe|ei`

rbgce{gtei` tjrimj e`ìqgteqb vridlt db|em`| Tbljìcimeb| dbqbcivbd lg` ob |bd# ir rb|bd# iìtjbr `b} ir bze|te`m vridlt db|em`|# }jelj rb|ct| e` bzvg`dbd ob`baet| arih tjb `b} db|em` rcb|g`d hgàgltre`m vrilb||b| dbqbcivbdjttv;))dbcvjelih)vda)tbljvgvbr|)?666(67(7 g`d tjb Diltir ia B`me`bbre`m dbmrbbarih tjb Rèqbr|etu ia Heljemg`# G`` Groir Jb e| lrrb`tcu g` g||ilegtb vriab||ir gt tjb ]gu`b \tgtb Rèqbr|etu Jbjg| iqbr 72 ubgr| ia e`d|tregc vrgltelb| e` tjb gtihiteqb |bltir vreir ti oblihe`m g aglctu hbhobr Ljej(Ve`m Ubj#]gu`b \tgtb Rèqbr|etu Kghb| \g}ubr# Hgliho Lihhètu Liccbmb

Go|trgltMeqb` jbemjtb`bd li`lbr`| iqbr tjb b`qeri`hb`tgc g`d cehetbd ai||ec abc|# g lcbgr trb`d ti}grdjuored bcbltrel qbjelcb| *JBQ% e| bhbrme`m Juored bcbltrel qbjelcb| grb deaabrb`t arih trgdetei`gcgtihioecb| e` tjgt g` JBQ tece{b| t}i vrivc|ei` |u|tbh| e` et| vi}brtrge` g`d e`qicqb| jemj
http://delphi.com/pdf/techpapers/2000-01-1358.pdfhttp://delphi.com/pdf/techpapers/2000-01-1358.pdf


118/757

Vgmb 77: ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

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gtihioecb hgàgltrbr| grb trgeè`m tjber JBQ b`me`bbr| g`d tbljèleg`| b`terbcu e`(ji|b#}jelj cehet| tjb `hobr ia b`me`bbr| g`d tbljèleg`| gqgecgocb air tjb mri}e`m juored hgrnbtTjbrb e| g lcbgr `bbd air g |u|tbhgtel trgeè`m vrimrgh i` JBQ Tje| vgvbr db|lreob| g a`dbdvrikblt }ji|b migc e| ti aecc tje| `bbd ou dbqbcive`m g` e`tbmrgtbd cbgrè`m b`qeri`hb`t air JBQtbljìcimu Tje| vrikblt tgrmbt| b`me`bbre`m)b`me`bbre`m tbljìcimu |tdb`t| e` 4(ubgr èqbr|eteb|#gtihiteqb tbljìcimu |tdb`t| e` lihhètu liccbmb|# gtihiteqb b`me`bbr| g`d tbljèleg`| eè`d|treb|# g`d N(7? tbljìcimu tbgljbr|

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb; V(v7 67(znre{b64vda

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GL E@DRLTEI@ HGLJE@B HIDBC\Tih NBN# Ogljbcir Dbmrbb Vrimrghhb *k|b||eièd8trv6rb2gc:l:gcelb

Gllbcbrgtei` |vvirt ou e`tbmrgtbd |tgrtbr ) gctbr`gtir air gtihiteqb gvvcelgtei`|Gtjir|;_ Kgugogcg`7> G Bhgde7

\irlb;Vrilbbde`m| ia tjb E HBLJ B Vgrt D Kir`gc ia Gtihioecb B`me`bbre`m# Qichb ?7:# @hobr 5# 7 \bvtbhobr ?664# vv5:=(55


119/757

Vgmb 775 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

aecb(`ghb;

Glteqb li`tric ia dreqbgoecetuLU Hi# GK Obghi`t# g`d @@ Vi}bcc Tblj rbvirt# \GB E`t Li`m g`d Bzvi|etei`# 51(66(41

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb; Ob|ljbc# Heljgbc> \ljrdbr# Debrn# Devc(E`m Heljgbc Ob|ljbc# Devc(E`m Hgrte` _g# Vria Dr(E`m Dr(E`m jl Debrn \ljrdbr# Cbjr|tjc ar Bcbntre|ljb G`trebo||u|tbhb> TBLJ@E\LJB R@EQB_\ETT H@LJB@>Grle||trgb ?7# D(:6


120/757

Vgmb 7?6 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

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trg`|eb`t b`me`b ivbrgtei`L Lihvb`|gtei` \trltrbG||he`m g` edbgc hbg|rbhb`t |u|tbh# glihvb`|gtei` |trltrb e`lcde`m tjb goiqbgdgvteqb cg} lg` ob gvvcebd *|bb Aem ?% Tjb b`me`btirwb Tb`m li`tge`| tirwb vc|gtei` g`d g` iaa|btdb ti hbg` b`me`b vi}br itvt Tjb deaabrb`lbobt}bb` b`me`b tirwb g`d lihvb`|gtei` tirwbTou tjb |tgrtbr mb`brgtir e`tbrglt| }etj tjb b`me`b g`d

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121/757

Vgmb 7?7 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Aem 4 |ji}| tjb vrilb|| ia edb`teaelgtei` gt eètegc |tgmb Obairb gdgvtgtei` |tgrt| gt 67 | |vbbddbqegtei` ia tjb liho|tei` b`me`b *7|t mrgvj% e| vrb|b`t db ti tjb tirwb vc|gtei` *?`d mrgvjY % Tjb lihvb`|gtei` tirwb ia tjb |tgrtbr mb`brgtir *?`d mrgvj % e| tjb` gdgvtbd dre`m

trg`|eb`t b`me`b ivbrgtei` Et |jicd ob ìtbd tjgt tjb hbg` qgcb ia tjb liho|tei` b`me`b tirwb * % e| ihettbd e` tjb lihvb`|gtei` |em`gc *% air ogcg`lbd b`brmu e`vt g`d itvt ia tjb |tgrtbrmb`brgtir

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb;144?422.vda

Gdgvteqb abc |trgtbmu air g juored bcbltrel qbjelcbRètbd \tgtb| Vgtb`t 144?422Nitrb# \tbvjb` Kij`> _ioeljgz# Kbrru D>

Tje| e`qb`tei` e| g hbtjid g`d |u|tbh air g juored bcbltrel qbjelcb gdgvteqb abc |trgtbmu ti welncuhgtrb g` gdgvteqb abc tgocb Tjb |trgtbmu gdgvteqbcu gctbr| tjb ghi`t ia abc dbceqbrbd ti gè`tbr`gc liho|tei` b`me`b ti ivtehe{b b`me`b baaeleb`lu g`d bhe||ei`| |e`m b`me`b |b`|ir| Obairbtjb gdgvteqb abc |trgtbmu e| vbrhettbd# g` b`me`b /i`/ edcb groetrgtei` cimel rbwerb| tjb JBQ ti ob eèdcb li`detei`|# }etj ìrhgc ogttbru |tgtb ia ljgrmb# ìrhgc qglh e` tjb lcehgtb li`tric g`d orgnb|u|tbh rb|brqier> g`d# tjb qgvir lgè|tbr ìt `bbde`m vrme`m Tjb |trgtbmu irdbr| tjb b`me`b tjrittcbti |}bbv deaabrb`t geraci} rbmei`| ia tjb b`me`b ti gdgvt lbcc| }etje` tjb gdgvteqb abc tgocb E` tjbvrbabrrbd liàemrgtei`# g mb`brgtir gttgljbd ti tjb qbjelcb dreqb trge`# gdd| g`d |otrglt| tirwb tihge`tge` li`|tg`t b`me`b |vbbd dre`m tjb tjrittcb |}bbv|

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Aecb(`ghb; ==1?464


122/757

Vgmb 7?? ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

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(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((jttv;))ebbbzvcirbebbbirm)zvc)arbbgo|Ygcck|v9gr`hobr8=?5:6?

Aecb(`ghb;

Gdqg`lbd mbgr |jeate`m g`d lctlje`m |trgtbmu air vgrgccbc juored qbjelcb }etjgtihgtbd hg`gc trg`|he||ei`Jubi`(Di`m Cbb \b`m(Ne \c Jg`(\g`m Lji Kg`m(Hii Cbb# Dbvt ia Bcbltr B`m# \bic @gt Rèq>#Tje| vgvbr gvvbgr| e`;E`d|tru Gvvcelgtei`| Liàbrb`lb# 755:. Tjertu(Tjerd EG\ G``gc Hbbte`m. Tjb 755:

EBBB# Vocelgtei` Dgtb; 7?(72 Ilt 755:# Qichb;


123/757

Vgmb 7?< ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

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124/757

Vgmb 7?4 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb;4?6d6466?.vda

Gdqg`lbd Tbljìcimu QbjelcbHidbce`m e` VB_B

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GDQG@LBD QBJELCB TBLJ@ICIMU G@GCU\E\ G@D BQGCRGTEI@GLTEQETEB\R\ Dbvgrthb`t ia B`brmu Iaaelb ia ArbbdihLG_ ! Qbjelcb Tbljìcimeb| 7666 E`dbvb`db`lb Gqb`b# \]]g|je`mti`# DL ?62:2(67?7

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Gdqg`lbhb`t| e` Tiic| g`d Hbtjid| air tjb Db|em` ia Vbrhg`b`t Hgm`bt

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?661(67(6447 G \ehcgtei` Hidbc air tjb \gtr` QRB Mrbb` Ce`b Juored Qbjelcb ?661(67(644? \ehcgtei` ia g` E`tbmrgtbd \tgrtbr Gctbr`gtir *E\G% \u|tbh air tjb JHH]Q ?661(67(644< B`me`b(e`(tjb(Ciiv Tb|te`m air Bqgcgte`m Juored Vrivc|ei` Li`lbvt| g`d

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_b|vblt ti Abc Li`|hvtei` g`d Bzjg|t Bhe||ei`| ?661(67(611? Jbgt _bliqbru g`d Oittihe`m Lulcb| air \E g`d LE B`me`b| ( G Vbr|vblteqb ?661(67(611< Li`tric \trgtbmu Ivtehe{gtei` air g \breb| Juored Qbjelcb ?661(67(6114 Wg`teaue`m tjb Vitb`tegc Ehvglt| ia _bmb`brgteqb Orgne`m i` g Qbjelcb-|

Trglteqb(Abc Li`|hvtei` air tjb R\# Brivbg`# g`d Kgvg`b|b Dreqe`m \ljbdcb| ?661(67(6112 Abc Bliìhu \b`|eteqetu ti Qbjelcb Hg|| air Gdqg`lbd Qbjelcb Vi}brtrge`| ?661(67(6111 G` G`gcutel Ai`dgtei` air tjb Tiuitg Vre| TJ\(EE Vi}brtrge` }etj g

Lihvgre|i` ti g \tri`m Vgrgccbc Juored(Bcbltrel Vi}brtrge` ?661(67(611= E`tbmrgte`m Dgtg# Vbrairhe`m Wgcetu G||rg`lb# g`d Qgcedgte`m tjb Qbjelcb

Hidbc air tjb ?664 Vre| R|e`m V\GT ?661(67(611: G \tdu ia tjb Vi}br Trg`|abr \u|tbh| air JBQ| ?661(67(77?? @elnbc Hbtgc Judredb Ogttbreb|- Qictgmb Dbvrb||ei` Dbtbltei` e` Qbjelcb

Gvvcelgtei`
http://www.normas.com/SAE/pages/SP-2008.htmlhttp://www.normas.com/SAE/pages/SP-2008.htmlhttp://www.normas.com/SAE/pages/SP-2008.html


125/757

Vgmb 7?2 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

?661(67(77?< Ehvriqbd Ogttbru Ljgrme`m e` g` Rctrglgvgletir ( Cbgd Gled Ogttbru Juored

B`brmu \tirgmb \u|tbh air Hecd Juored Bcbltrel Qbjelcb| ?661(67(77?4 Hi`etire`m g`d Degm`i|tel| air Bcbltrel Dreqbtrge` Lihvi`b`t| e` JBQ| ?661(67(77?2 Dbqbcivhb`t ia Qeorgtei` _bdltei` Hitir Li`tric air \breb|(Vgrgccbc Juored

\u|tbh ?661(67(77?1 Li`|edbrgtei` ia Deaabrb`t Juored Vi}brtrge`| }etj tjb Jbcv ia g Hidbc e`

Ci`metde`gc Du`ghel| R|e`m DuhicgTH ?661(67(7


126/757

Vgmb 7?1 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

qbjelcb tjb judrimb` `blb||gru ti vi}br tjb abc(lbcc mb`brgtir I` tjb itjbr jg`d# qbjelcb|bwevvbd }etj g juored dreqb(trge` *JBQ|% grb ubt obe`m dbqbcivbd ou hi|t ia tjb gti hgnbr| ti obiaabrbd g| g lihhbrlegc vridlt# g`d tjbrbou e` g |jirt(tbrh qe|ei` JBQ| hgu vriqb ti ob tjb }gu

air}grd air tjb tehb obe`m gt cbg|t#`tec AL(BQ tbljìcimu e| accu dbqbcivbd Tje| vgvbr itce`b||ihb gdqg`lb| e` qbjelcbvrivc|ei` |u|tbh| rb|cte`m arih rb|bgrlj dbqbcivhb`t| e` hitir dreqb|g`d vi}brbcbltrièl| _gtjbr tjg` vriqede`m g` bzjg|teqb iqbrqeb} ia |lj g }edb aebcd# tje| vgvbrgeh| ti meqb gtjir| qe|ei` ia atrb trb`d| e` rigd qbjelcb dreqbce`b| g`d rbvirt| bzghvcb|iatbljìcimu dbqbcivhb`t| obe`m `dbrmie`m gt tjb Vi}br Bcbltrièl| g`d Dreqb| cgoirgtiru iatjbRèqbr|etu _IHG T_B# _ihb# Etgcu

? Vrivc|ei` \u|tbh| e` @bzt(Mb`brgtei` Qbjelcb|G |emèaelg`t `hobr ia bcbltrel g`d bcbltrièl vi}br gvvgrgt| grb ubt bhvciubd e` tidgu|rigd qbjelcb| air g`leccgru cigd| g`d tjb |b ia |lj dbqelb| }ecc ob artjbr e`lrbg|bd e` g |jirt tbrhvbreid E` irdbr ti hbbt tjb mri}e`m gzecegru bcbltrel vi}br rbwerbhb`t| g jemjbr itvt vi}br

gctbr`gtir e| `bbdbd g`d et jg| obb` vrivi|bd tjgt tje| |ghb hglje`b gc|i ob |bd ti |tgrt tjb b`me`b|e`lb tjb hitire`m g`d mb`brgte`m tirwb rbwerbhb`t| grb mrgdgccu li`qbrme`m g| tjb gctbr`gtirvi}br rbwerbhb`t| e`lrbg|b R|e`m g` e`tbmrgtbd|tgrtbr)gctbr`gtir *E\G% licd vridlb g ci}br|u|tbh li|t g| }bcc g| vriqedb bztrg a`ltei`gcetu |lj g| gcci}e`m tjb b`me`b ti ob gtihgtelgccu|tivvbd }jb` et }icd itjbr}e|b ob edce`m g`d tjb` rb|tgrtbd |ehvcu ou vrb||e`m tjb gllbcbrgtirvbdgc Tje| licd vriqedb |emèaelg`t abc |gqe`m| g`d rbdlb bhe||ei`| e` letu trgaael li`detei`| TjbE\G( bwevvbd lgr e| gc|i ia e`tbrb|t oblg|b et rbvrb|b`t| g jgca}gu vie`t obt}bb` li`qb`tei`gcvrivc|ei` |u|tbh| g`d JBQ dreqbce`b| }jelj |b jemjbr vi}br bcbltrel dreqb |u|tbh| g`d rbwerbcgrmbr b`brmu |tirgmb lgvgletu i` oigrd Tjb`# e` vgrgccbc }etj dbqbcivhb`t ia E\G |u|tbh|# |e`lb

tjb vg|t dblgdb tjb e`tbr`gtei`gc rb|bgrlj g`d dbqbcivhb`t baairt| jgqb obb` e`lrbg|e`mcu ail|bd i`g }edb qgrebtu ia juored dreqb(trge` liàemrgtei`| e` }jelj tjb rbwerbd trgltei` vi}br e| gljebqbdarih tjb lihoe`bd ivbrgtei` ia oitj tjb ELB g`d g` bcbltrel trgltei` dreqb E` tjb|b juoredliàemrgtei`| tjb bcbltrel trgltei` dreqb jg| vi}br rgte`m tjgt mb`brgccu agcc| e` tjb rg`mb arih 76n] ti 766 n] dbvb`de`m i` tjb qbjelcb |e{b g`d tjb vrivc|ei` dreqb liàemrgtei` Juoredliàemrgtei`| e` }jelj tjb bcbltrel dreqb e| |bd ti g||e|t ELB ivbrgtei` i`cu dre`m qbjelcbgllbcbrgtei` trg`|eb`t| grb iatb` rbabrrbd ti g| hecd juored|# }jbrbg| e` acc juored dreqb (trge`|tjb bcbltrel dreqb vriqedb| g |o|tg`tegc virtei` iatjb qbjelcb trgltei` vi}brjttv;))}}}liobv?662thvor)agoeivda

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Lcg||; Juo Qbjel \EH ! HIDBCE@MSJUO Qbjel \EH ou GDQE\I_

Gdqe|ir ?6; G \bli`d(Mb`brgtei` Gdqg`lbd Qbjelcb \ehcgtir air \u|tbh|G`gcu|e|N ]evnb# H Lddu# D Ojgrgtjg`# \ Orlj# Q Kij`|i`# G Hgrnbc# g`d \ \vren# @gtei`gc _b`b}gocb B`brmuCgoirgtiru
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127/757

Vgmb 7?= ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Tjb @gtei`gc _b`b}gocb B`brmu Cgoirgtiru jg| rblb`tcu vocelcu rbcbg|bd et| |bli`d(mb`brgtei`gdqg`lbd qbjelcb |ehcgtir lgccbd GDQE\I_ ?6 Tje| |iat}grb vrimrgh }g| eètegccu dbqbcivbdair ubgr| gmi# g`d gatbr |bqbrgc ubgr| ia e`(ji|b |gmb g`d bqictei`# tje| vi}brac tiic e| ì}gqgecgocb ti tjb vocel tjrimj g `b} qbjelcb |u|tbh| g`gcu|e| ]ircd ]edb ]bo vgmb GDQE\I_jg| obb` gvvcebd ti hgù deaabrb`t |u|tbh| g`gcu|e| vriocbh|# |lj g| jbcve`m ti dbqbciv tjb \GBK7=77 tb|t vrilbdrb air juored qbjelcb| g`d jbcve`m ti bqgcgtb `b} tbljìcimeb| g| vgrt ia tjbVgrt`br|jev air g @b} Mb`brgtei` ia Qbjelcb| *V@MQ% tbljìcimu |bcbltei` vrilb||

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb; V?1:


128/757

Vgmb 7?: ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Tjb rbwerbd airlb e| tjb` trg`|cgtbd e`ti g tirwb *iatb` ou g||he`m |ihb baaeleb`lu% tjgt h|t obvriqedbd ou tjb lihvi`b`t derbltcu v|trbgh# g`d tjb qbjelcb| ce`bgr |vbbd e| cenb}e|b trg`|cgtbde`ti g rbwerbd ritgtei`gc |vbbd

Lihvi`b`t ou lihvi`b`t# tje| lgclcgtei` gvvriglj lgrreb| ogln}grd tjrimj tjb dreqbtrge`# gmge`|ttjb trglteqb vi}br aci} derbltei`# `tec tjb abc |b ir bcbltrelgc b`brmu |b tjgt }icd ob `blb||gruti hbbt tjb trglb e| lihvtbdTjb bzvcelet `gtrb ia tjb baaeleb`lu)ci|| lgclcgtei` gc|i gcci}| qbru |ehvcb e`tbmrgtei` rite`b|*eb# Bcbr% ti ob |bd }etj rbcgteqbcu cgrmb tehb |tbv| i` tjb irdbr ia 7 |]bgn`b||b| ia tjb ogln}grd(agle`m gvvriglj lihb arih et| g||hvtei` tjgt tjb trglb e| hbt g`darih tjb |b ia baaeleb`lu ir ci|| hgv| Oblg|b tjb ogln}grd(agle`m gvvriglj g||hb| tjgt tjbtrglb e| hbt# tje| gvvriglj e| ìt }bcc(|etbd ti lihvte`m ob|t(baairt vbrairhg`lb# |lj g| illr|

}jb` tjb gllbcbrgtei`| ia tjb |vbbd trglb bzlbbd tjb lgvgoeceteb| ia tjb dreqbtrge` Gc|i# oblg|bbaaeleb`lu hgv| grb mb`brgccu vridlbd ou |tbgdu(|tgtb tb|te`m# du`ghel baablt| grb ìt e`lcdbd e`tjb hgv| ir e` tjb ogln}grd(agle`m hidbc| b|tehgtb ia b`brmu |b G rbcgtbd cehetgtei` ia tjbogln}grd(agle`m hidbc e| tjgt et dib| ìt dbgc e` tjb wg`teteb| hbg|rgocb e` g qbjelcb Airbzghvcb# li`tric |em`gc| cenb tjrittcb g`d orgnb vi|etei` grb go|b`t arih tjb hidbc# artjbr je`dbre`mdu`ghel |u|tbh |ehcgtei` g`d li`tric |u|tbh dbqbcivhb`t

?% Air}grd(agle`m gvvrigljQbjelcb |ehcgtir| tjgt |b g air}grd(agle`m gvvriglj e`lcdb g dreqbr hidbc# }jelj li`|edbr| tjbrbwerbd |vbbd g`d tjb vrb|b`t |vbbd ti dbqbciv gvvrivregtb tjrittcb g`d orgnb lihhg`d| *iatb`tjrimj g VE li`triccbr% Tjb tjrittcb lihhg`d e| tjb` trg`|cgtbd e`ti g tirwb vriqedbd ou tjbb`me`b *g`d)ir hitir% g`d g` b`brmu |b rgtb Tjb tirwb vriqedbd ou tjb b`me`b e| e`vt ti tjbtrg`|he||ei` hidbc# }jelj trg`|airh| tjb tirwb gllirde`m ti tjb trg`|he||ei`| baaeleb`lu g`d mbgrrgtei E` tr`# tjb lihvtbd tirwb e| vg||bd air}grd tjrimj tjb dreqbtrge`# e` tjb derbltei` ia tjbvju|elgc vi}br aci} e` tjb qbjelcb# `tec et rb|ct| e` g trglteqb airlb gt tjb terb)rigd e`tbraglb Tjbrb|ctg`t gllbcbrgtei` e| lihvtbd arih g 8 A ) hbaa# }jbrb hbaa e`lcdb| tjb baablt ia ritgtei`gce`brteg| e` tjb dreqbtrge`Tjb air}grd(agle`m gvvriglj e| vgrtelcgrcu db|ergocb air jgrd}grb dbqbcivhb`t g`d dbtgecbd li`tric|ehcgtei` Oblg|b air}grd(agle`m hidbc| dbgc e` wg`teteb| hbg|rgocb e` g vju|elgc dreqbtrge`|lj g| li`tri

c |em`gc| g`d trb tirwb| *ìt tirwb rbwerbhb`t|%# qbjelcb li`triccbr| lg` obdbqbcivbd g`d tb|tbd baablteqbcu e` |ehcgtei`| Gc|i# du`ghel hidbc| lg` ob e`lcdbd `gtrgccu e` gair}grd(agle`m qbjelcb hidbc Ae`gccu# tjb air}grd(agle`m gvvriglj e| }bcc(|etbd ti tjb lgclcgteiìa hgzehh baairt gllbcbrgtei`|# g| tjbu grb b||b`tegccu }edbivb` tjrittcb bqb`t|

EE. @_BC\ OGLN]G_D)AI_]G_D D_EQBT_GE@ HIDBCGDQE\I_ |b| g juored ogln}grd)air}grd gvvriglj tjgt e| lci|bcu rbcgtbd ti tjb |treltcu ogln}grd(agle`m gvvriglj de|l||bd goiqb


129/757

Vgmb 7?5 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Tjb t}i iqbrrede`m g||hvtei`| tjgt db|lreob GDQE\I_| lihoe`gtei` ia tjb ogln}grd (agle`m g`dair}grd(agle`m gvvrigljb| grb;

7 @i dreqbtrge` lihvi`b`t }ecc rbwerb hirb tirwb ir vi}br arih et| v|trbgh `bemjoir tjg` et lg`|b? G lihvi`b`t e| g| baaeleb`t e` tjb air}grd(agle`m lgclcgtei`| g| et }g| lihvtbd ti ob e` tjbogln}grdagle`m lgclcgtei`|

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb;

GDQE\I_ Abclbcc> Ogttbru> B`brmu |tirgmb

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03787753http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03787753http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235269%232002%23998899997%23363240%23FLA%23&_cdi=5269&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=68c8a08f905adbf4e871e275368b0086http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235269%232002%23998899997%23363240%23FLA%23&_cdi=5269&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=68c8a08f905adbf4e871e275368b0086http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsourhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsourhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235269%232002%23998899997%23363240%23FLA%23&_cdi=5269&_pubType=J&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=68c8a08f905adbf4e871e275368b0086http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03787753mailto:[email protected]


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Vgmb 7 Arbdbreln ]. *Agrhe`mti` Jecc|# HE%Go|trgltG lihoe`bd |tgrtbr hitir g`d gctbr`gtir air g qbjelcgr b`me`b |u|tbh lg` ob vi|etei`bd air derbltlivce`m ti g` b`me`b vi}br |jgat obt}bb` tjb b`me`b g`d trg`|he||i` G vger ia gzegccu iaa|bthgm`btelgccu vbrhbgocb de|n| grb oictbd ti tjb vi}br |jgat Tjb|b de|n| airh g` g``cgr ljg``bctjbrbobt}bb` G vcrgcetu ia rgrb bgrtj vbrhg`b`t hgm`bt| grb hi`tbd i` tjb e`|edb aglb ia i`b iatjb de|n| e` tjb ljg``bc Vi|etei`bd }etje` tjb ljg``bc e| g |tgtei`gru# eri`cb|| |tgtir g||bhocujgqe`m |trg`dbd li`dlteqb }erb }e`de`m| bhobddbd e` g` e`|cgtei` hgtrez Tjb|b }e`de`m|gctbr`gteqbcu vg|| arih tjb vbrehbtbr ia tjb de|n ti}grd| tjb e`tbreir ia tjb de|n g| bglj }e`de`mairh| g |e`mcb vg|| gri`d g ci`metde`gc gze| ia tjb vi}br |jgat E` g |tgrtbr hidb ia ivbrgtei`# g

vicgretu |b`|ir# |lj g| g Jgcc(baablt |}etlj hi`tbd gdkglb`t bglj |tgtir vjg|b }e`de`m# e| |bd tili`tric tjb dreqbr |}etljb| ia g li`qb`tei`gc J(tuvb grrg`mbhb`t air vriqede`m dreqb lrrb`t ti g|tgrtbr hitir |tgtir liec Tjb J(dreqbr lerlet abgtrb| |b ia |bheli`dltir |}etljb| lgvgocb ia}etj|tg`de`m jemj rbqbr|b oeg| qictgmb e` tjb J(cbm| bztb`de`m obt}bb` liec b`d| g`d tjb qbjelcb-|ogttbru ir derblt lrrb`t b`brmu |irlb

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb;266747?.vda

Gctbr`gtir |tgrtbrR`etbd \tgtb| Vgtb`t 2#667#47? Hgrlj 75# 7557Lgrtbr> Eqir ] *Mri||b Vie`tb ]iid|# HE%> Lrgcc> Arbdbreln ] *Agrhe`mti` Jecc|# HE% Ljru|cbr Lirvirgtei` *Jemjcg`dVgrn# HE%

Go|trgltG dgc vrvi|b gctbr`gtir |tgrtbr air g` gtihiteqb qbjelcb db|em`bd ti ob vi|etei`bd obt}bb` tjbb`me`b g`d trg`|he||ei` E` vcglb ia tjb re`m mbgr e` g li`qb`tei`gc dreqb trge` g||bhocu# g vger ia iaa|bt hgm`btelgccu vbrhbgocb de|l| grb oictbd ti tjb vi}br |jgat Tjb|b de|l| airh g` g``cgr ljg``bcobt}bb` tjbh G vcrgcetu ia rgrb bgrtj vbrhg`b`t hgm`bt| grb hi`tbd i` tjb e`|edb aglb ia i`b iatjb de|l| e` tjb ljg``bc I` tjb ivvi|etb |edb ia tje| de|l# g |bt ia re`m |jgvbd |}etlj li`tglthbhobr| grb hi`tbd Vi|etei`bd |tgtei`gru ti tjb b`me`b g`d }etje` tjb ljg``bc e| g |tgtei`grueri`cb|| |tgtir g||bhocu jgqe`m acgt livvbr }e`de`m| bhobddbd e` g` e`|cgtei` hgtrez Tjb|b}e`de`m| gctbr`gtbcu vg|| arih tjb vbrehbtbr ia tjb de|l ti}grd| tjb e`tbreir ia tjb de|l g| bglj}e`de`m airh| g |e`mcb vg|| gri`d tjb re`m |jgvbd de|l G |tgtei`gru or|j g||bhocu hi`tbd tiredb gmge`|t tjb |bt ia |}etlj re`m| i` tjb ritgte`m de|l| li`dlt| bcbltrelgc lrrb`t# }jb` ivbrgtbd g|g |tgrtbr hitir# tjrimj tjb eri`cb|| |tgtir }e`de`m| ti vridlb g tirwb e` i`b derbltei` i` tjbvi}br |jgat tj| |tgrte`m tjb e`tbr`gc liho|tei` b`me`b ]jb` ivbrgtbd g| g` gctbr`gtir# tjbhgm`btel acz arih tjb vbrhg`b`t hgm`bt| ltte`m tjb }e`de`m| ia tjb |tgtei`gru |tgtir vridlb|bcbltrelgc lrrb`t }etje` tjb |tgtir


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Vgmb 7 Gcarbd *_bec Hgchge|i`# A_% Qgcbi Bcbltrièwb *Lrbtbec# A_%

Go|trgltG |bca(vrivbccbd qbjelcb gctbr`gtir |bd oitj g| g mb`brgtir g`d g| g` bcbltrel hitir air |tgrte`m tjbb`me`b ia tjb qbjelcb G liec(lgrrue`m ritir g`d g hctevjg|b |tgtir li``bltbd ti g oredmb ia deidb|g`d |}etljb| air rblteaue`m g`d li`tricce`m tjb vjg|b| liivbrgtb air |bcblteqb ivbrgtei` g| gmb`brgtir ir |tgrte`m hitir G li`tric èt air tjb |}etljb| rblimè{b| g lidb |em`gc trg`|hettbd ou glidb trg`|hettbr g`d li`tric| tjb vjg|b| ia tjb |tgtir ti lg|b tjb gctbr`gtir ti ivbrgtb g| g` bcbltrel

hitir g`d |tgrt tjb b`me`b i`cu ea et rblbeqb| g lidb |em`gc arih tjb trg`|hettbr gtjire{e`m |tgrte`m(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Aecb(`ghb;

G` Gdgvteqb \cede`m \tgtir Acz Io|brqbr air g Derblt(Tirwb(Li`triccbd EVH\u`ljriì| Hitir Dreqb[ Z# A _gjhg`# Trg`|. i` E`d|tregc Bcbltrièl|# qic 24# ì 4# vv ?


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Vgmb 7


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Vgmb 7


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Vgmb 7


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Vgmb 7


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Vgmb 7


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Vgmb 7\b`mbr# 755=%# dbqbcivbd gt tjb R\ @gtei`gc _b`b}gocb B`brmu Cgoirgtiru *@_BC%# }g| |bcbltbdg| tjb juored(bcbltrel |u|tbh |ehcgtei` hidbc GDQE\I_ gcci}| bg|u rbli`aemrgtei` ia tjbqbjelcb g`d e`tbmrgtei` ia `b} lihvi`b`t hidcb|


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Vgmb 7


140/757

Vgmb 746 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

E` tjb cg|t ubgr|# tjb i`(oigrd bcbltrel vi}br rbwerbhb`t e| cenbcu ti e`lrbg|b arih 7n] ti 2n] airì`(vrivc|ei` cigd| \e`lb tjb gdgvtgoecetu ia tjb li`qb`tei`gc bcbltrelgc |u|tbh ti tjb `bbd| ia`bgr atrb g`d gltgc bcbltrelgc cigd| e| qbru cettcb# gctbr`gteqb grljetbltrb| ia vi}br`bt grb rbwerbd#

vgrtelcgrcu e` gvvcelgtei`| z(ou(}erb og|bd# }jbrb et e| ehvirtg`t ti ehvriqb |ihb ia ljgrgltbre|tel|ia vi}br |vvcu# |lj g| rbcegoecetu# è`tbrrvteocb vi}br abbd# agct(ticbrg`t lihvi`b`t|#gtiìhi| li`tric Air tjb|b rbg|i`|# deaabrb`t grljetbltrb| jgqb obb` vrb|b`tbd e` cetbrgtrb# eìrdbr ti iqbr|jit tjb vriocbh| ia tjb trgdetei`gc vi}br`bt Gctjimj g cgrmb `hobr ia gctbr`gteqbgrljetbltrb| jgqb obb` |mmb|tbd# tjbu jgqb ìt obb` remiri|cu bqgcgtbd. Jb`lb# et e|`t |tecc lcbgrji} ti dbtblt tjb ob|t grljetbltrb air g aezbd gtihiteqb gvvcelgtei` Tjb migc ia tje| vgvbr e| tie`tridlb g` ivtehe{gtei` tbljèwb air tjb ljielb ia gdqg`lbd bcbltrelgc |u|tbh| air gtihiteqbgvvcelgtei`|

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((jttv;))1176?7764)|ljicgr9`h8766!jc8b`!cr8!g|Ywdr8gcc!w8lgljb;biuR}[@(\:K;}}}qe|tbi`lih)tec|)}jetbvgvbr|)?664Y67Y7?46vda.Jgrd}grb(e`(tjb(Ciiv.\ehcgtei`.Tb|te`m.ia.Gtihiteqb.Li`tric

aecb(`ghb; V ?664Y67Y7?46.vda

Lcg||; Juo qbjel tb|t(\EH QGCEDSJuo tb|t(\EH QGCED ou JEC?664(67(7?46

G` Iqbrqeb} ia Jgrd}grb(E`(tjb(Ciiv Tb|te`m \u|tbh| gt Qe|tbi`\ubd @goe g`d Hgjb|j Ogcenb# Qe|tbi` Lirvirgtei`# Kglb Gccb` g`d Nbqe`# _{bheb`# d\VGLB E`l.GO\T_GLTTje| vgvbr de|l||b| ir bzvbreb`lb| i` tjb ehvcbhb`tgtei` g`d ob`baet| ia |e`m tjb Jgrd}grb(E`tjb(Ciiv *JEC% |u|tbh| air Vi}brtrge` li`tric |u|tbh |iat}grb qbreaelgtei` g`d qgcedgtei` TjbQe|tbi` JEC |u|tbh e`tbmrgtbd }etj |bqbrgc iaa(tjb(|jbca degmì|tel| g`d lgceorgtei` tiic| e| orebacu

bzvcge`bd Artjbr# de|l||ei`| i` tb|t gtihgtei` |bwb`lb li`tric g`d agecrb e`|brtei` grb itce`bdTjb lgvgoeceteb| g`d gdqg`tgmb| ia |e`m JEC air èt cbqbc |iat}grb tb|te`m# ivb` ciiv g`d lci|bd(ciiv |u|tbh tb|te`m# agct e`|brtei` g`d tb|t gtihgtei` grb db|lreobd JEC gc|i aglecetgtb| \iat}grbg`d Jgrd}grb E`tbraglb qgcedgtei` tb|te`m }etj ci}(cbqbc dreqbr g`d vcgtairh |iat}grb Tje| vgvbrgttbhvt| ti |ji} tjb bzvbreb`lb| }etj g`d lgvgoeceteb| ia tjb|b JEC |u|tbh|

TB\T GRTIHGTEI@ \BWRB@LB LI@T_IC G@D DB\EM@Vjg|b| ia tb|te`m g`d gtihgtei`Tjb tg|n ia vi}brtrge` jgrd}grb g`d |iat}grb tb|te`m |e`m JEC |ehcgtei` rbwerb| hgù vjg|b|g`d e`tbraglb| _babr ti Aemrb < ti |bb g dbveltei` ia |ihb ia tjb|b e`tbraglb| Obci} e| g ce|t ia k|t|ihb ia tjb vjg|b| rbwerbd ti vbrairh JEC tb|te`m;

Li`tric ia tjb tb|t |bwb`lb ti r` g`d goecetu ti rbmrb||eqbcu tb|t E`kbltei` ia tb|t |tehc| e` rbgc(tehb Gllb|| ti tjb hidbc vgrghbtbr| g`d dgtg g`d li`tric ia tjb |ehcgtei` |tgtb Gllb|| ti bztbr`gc dbqelb| *Tb|tbr|# Qicthbtbr|# btl.% Gllb|| ti g`d li`tric ia VLH e`tbraglb| *degmì|tel tiic|% Goecetu ti mb`brgtb tb|t dilhb`tgtei` g`d |gqb tb|t dgtg


141/757

Vgmb 747 ia =25

H(Juored*E\G%

Tb|t dgtg g`gcu|e| dre`m tjb tb|t

Tb|t |bwb`lb| g`d |lrevte`m }etj vutji`

Vutji` e| g` ivb` |irlb cg`mgmb# gqgecgocb i` tjb }}}.vutji`.irm }bo|etb. Et e| g` bztrbhbcu vi}brac#iokblt(ireb`tbd cg`mgmb }etj vrimrghhe`m |u`tgz g`d |gmb qbru |ehecgr ti Og|el Et jg| obb` |gedtjgt vutji` lg` |vbbd v dbqbcivhb`t ou g agltir ia 76 iqbr itjbr vrimrghhe`m cg`mgmb|# |lj g|L ^4X Vutji` vriqedb| gcc ia tjb li`tric li`|trlt| g`d hidcgr vrimrghhe`m a`ltei`gcetu `bbdbdair tjb dbqbcivhb`t g`d hge`tb`g`lb ia lihvcbz tb|t |bwb`lb| Tjb Li`tricDb|n |iat}grb jg| gè`tbmrgtbd vutji` e`tbrvrbtbr g`d g a`ltei` |bcbltir tiic# ti hgnb vutji` dbqbcivhb`t g| bg|u g|vi||eocb air tjb |br

OB@BAET\JEC E@ BQB_U DBQBCIVHB@TGC VJG\B]etj ir bzvbreb`lb dre`m tjb dbqbcivhb`tgc g`d ehvcbhb`tgtei` |tgmb| ia tjb JEC |u|tbh| }b

ai`d |bqbrgc gdqg`tgmb| ia |e`m JEC |u|tbh| e` tb|te`m g`d qgcedgte`m ir |iat}grb vridltGctjimj# tjb eètegc |livb air |e`m tjb JEC |u|tbh }g| cehetbd# }b ì} |b tjb |u|tbh e` bqbruvjg|b ia tjb VLH |iat}grb dbqbcivhb`t vrilb|| Aemrb 2 ecc|trgtb| tjb \u|tbh B`me`bbre`m Q }etjtjb vjg|b| ia |iat}grb dbqbcivhb`t g`d jemjcemjt| ji} JEC e| obe`m |bd e` bqbru |tgmb ia tjb|iat}grb dbqbcivhb`t

jttv;))}}}qe|tbi`lih)tec|)}jetbvgvbr|)?664Y67Y7?46vda

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((aecb(`ghb;

G`gcu|e`m Juored Dreqb \u|tbh Tivicimeb|Ngre` Ki`g||i`# C`d èqbr|etu# Celb`tegtb Tjb|e| Dbvgrthb`t ia E`d|tregc Bcbltrelgc B`me`bbre`m g`d Gtihgtei` Go|trgltE` tje| tjb|e| g |ehcgtei` hidbc e

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