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Lymphatic VesselsLymphatic Vessels
Carry lymph away from tissuesCarry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillariesLymphatic capillaries
More permeable than blood capillariesMore permeable than blood capillaries Epithelium functions as series of one-way valvesEpithelium functions as series of one-way valves
Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System
LymphLymph Lymphatic vesselsLymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissueLymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodulesLymphatic nodules Lymph nodesLymph nodes TonsilsTonsils SpleenSpleen ThymusThymus
Functions of the Functions of the Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System
Fluid balanceFluid balance Excess interstitial fluid enters Excess interstitial fluid enters
lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymphlymph
Fat absorptionFat absorption Absorption of fat and other Absorption of fat and other
substances from digestive tractsubstances from digestive tract DefenseDefense
Microorganisms and other foreign Microorganisms and other foreign substances are filtered from lymph by substances are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleenlymph nodes and from blood by spleen
Lymphatic VesselsLymphatic Vessels Lymphatic capillaries join to formLymphatic capillaries join to form Lymphatic vesselsLymphatic vessels
Have valves that ensure one-way flowHave valves that ensure one-way flow Lymph nodes: Distributed along Lymph nodes: Distributed along
vessels and filter lymphvessels and filter lymph Lymphatic trunks: Jugular, Lymphatic trunks: Jugular,
subclavian, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar intestinal, lumbar
Lymphatic ducts: Right and thoracic Lymphatic ducts: Right and thoracic which connect to large veins which connect to large veins
Lymphatic Tissue and Lymphatic Tissue and NodulesNodules
Lymphatic tissueLymphatic tissue Consists mainly of Consists mainly of
lymphocyteslymphocytes Encapsulated or notEncapsulated or not
Lymphatic nodulesLymphatic nodules Numerous in loose Numerous in loose
connective tissue of connective tissue of digestive (Peyer’s digestive (Peyer’s patches), patches), respiratory, urinary, respiratory, urinary, reproductive reproductive systemssystems
TonsilsTonsils
Large groups of Large groups of lymphatic nodules in lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral nasopharynx and oral cavitycavity
Provide protection Provide protection against bacteria and against bacteria and other harmful materialother harmful material
GroupsGroups PalatinePalatine PharyngealPharyngeal LingualLingual
Lymph NodesLymph Nodes
Organized in cortex and medullaOrganized in cortex and medulla Substances removed by phagocytosis or Substances removed by phagocytosis or
stimulate lymphocytes or bothstimulate lymphocytes or both Only structures to filter lymphOnly structures to filter lymph
Afferent and efferent vesselsAfferent and efferent vessels
SpleenSpleen Located in left superior side of abdomenLocated in left superior side of abdomen
Can be ruptured in traumatic abdominal Can be ruptured in traumatic abdominal injuries resulting in bleeding, shock, deathinjuries resulting in bleeding, shock, death
Blood flows through at 3 different ratesBlood flows through at 3 different rates Fast (most), slow, intermediateFast (most), slow, intermediate
FunctionsFunctions Destroys defective RBCsDestroys defective RBCs Detects and responds to foreign substancesDetects and responds to foreign substances Limited reservoir for bloodLimited reservoir for blood
ThymusThymus
Located in superior mediastinumLocated in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medullaDivisions: Cortex and medulla Site of maturation of T cellsSite of maturation of T cells
ImmunityImmunity Ability to resist damage from foreign Ability to resist damage from foreign
substances as microorganisms and harmful substances as microorganisms and harmful chemicalschemicals
CategoriesCategories Innate or nonspecific resistanceInnate or nonspecific resistance
Mechanical mechanisms: Prevent entry or remove microbesMechanical mechanisms: Prevent entry or remove microbes Chemical mediators: Promote phagocytosis and Chemical mediators: Promote phagocytosis and
inflammationinflammation Cells: Involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals Cells: Involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals
Adaptive or specific immunityAdaptive or specific immunity Specificity: Ability to recognize a particular substanceSpecificity: Ability to recognize a particular substance Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a
particular substance and respond rapidlyparticular substance and respond rapidly
Innate Immunity: CellsInnate Immunity: Cells White blood cellsWhite blood cells
Most important Most important cellular cellular components of components of immune systemimmune system
MethodsMethods ChemotaxisChemotaxis Phagocytosis Phagocytosis
NeutrophilsNeutrophils Phagocytic and Phagocytic and
first cells to enter first cells to enter infected tissueinfected tissue
MacrophagesMacrophages Monocytes that leave Monocytes that leave
blood, enter tissuesblood, enter tissues Large phagocytic cellsLarge phagocytic cells
Basophils and mast Basophils and mast cellscells Promote inflammationPromote inflammation
EosinophilsEosinophils Reduce inflammationReduce inflammation
Natural killer cellsNatural killer cells Lyse tumor and virus-Lyse tumor and virus-
infected cellsinfected cells
Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response
Tissue injury regardless of type can cause Tissue injury regardless of type can cause inflammationinflammation
Response initiated by chemical mediators Response initiated by chemical mediators that produce vasodilation, chemotactic that produce vasodilation, chemotactic attraction, increased vascular attraction, increased vascular permeabilitypermeability
TypesTypes Local: Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, Local: Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling,
pain, loss of functionpain, loss of function Systemic: Symptoms are increase in Systemic: Symptoms are increase in
neutrophil numbers, fever and shockneutrophil numbers, fever and shock