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LYMPHANGIOMA
Lymphangiomas are benign tumours of lymphatic
vessels showing marked predilection for head and
neck region.
•They are extremely rare in the oral cavity.
• The common site of occurrence for lymphangiomain the oral cavity is the anterior dorsum and lateral border of tongue.
Other parts of oral cavity such as the palate, cheeks, floor of the mouth, gingiva and lips.
Classification of lymphangioma,
Watson and McCarthy
1) Simple lymphangioma
2) Cavernous lymphangioma
3) Cellular lymphangioma
4) Diffuse systemic lymphangioma
1) Cystic lymphangioma
LM divided into two types
1. Macrocystic
2.Microcystic Superficial seated
Deep seated
Serres et al.
A staging system based on the location and extent of the lesions:
stage I is unilateral infrahyoid,
stage II is unilateral suprahyoid,
stage III is unilateral infrahyoid and suprahyoid,
stage IV is bilateral infrahyoid,
stage V is bilateral infrahyoid and suprahyoid.
Management of lymphangioma
Various methods have been reported for the
treatment of lymphangiomas.
Procedures such as
1)Surgical excision
2)Radiation therapy,
3)Cryotherapy,
4)Electrocautery,
5)Sclerotherapy,
6)Steroid administration,
7)Embolisation,
8)Ligation,
9) Laser surgery
Conservative treatments including radiotherapy,
electrocoagulation, cryotherapy, ligation,
embolization, sclerotherapy and laser therapy
have been recommended as a primary or adjunctive
treatment for lymphangioma.
LASER THERAPY-
Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser is the most commonly
used laser for treatment of lymphangioma due
to its affinity with water and high absorption by the
oral mucosa.
The interaction of the laser light with the tissue
occurs by the transformation of the light into heat
in the presence of fluids, mainly water.
Besides CO2 laser, Nd:YAG laser, pulsed dye laser
and diode laser can also be used.
Advantage of laser in lymphangioma
Coagulation of small blood vessels and lymphatic
vessels, making the surgical field drier.
Reducing the risk of metastasis.
Decreasing postoperative pain and discomfort due
to the formation of thermal neuromas at the nerve
endings.
Immediate sterilization of wound surface due to
the high temperature generated during the
irradiation.
Minimal or no wound contraction and scarring due
to the presence of small amount of myofibroblasts.
No need of sutures or wound dressings,
Disadvantages of laser in lymphangioma
Slightly delay on wound healing that occurs due to
the thermal damage around the irradiation site.
High cost of the equipment,
Need of surgeon training on laser use
Sclerotherapy
Intralesional injections of sclerosing agents such
as 25% dextrose, hypertonic saline, bleomycin,
aethoxysklerol, or OK-432 (picibanil) are
recommended for treatment of lymphangioma.
Eight milligrams of Pingyangmycin powder is dissolved in 5 mL normal saline with addition of 2 mL 2% lidocaine hydrochloride and 1 mLdexamethasone.
The dosage per injection is 1 mL/cm2 of the lesion as determined by clinical measurement,
The maximal dose for one injection is 8 mg, and the total dose should not exceed 40 mg in an adult patient.
Disadvantage
Very few patients develop low grade fever,
loss of appetite and skin rash.
Cryosurgery
Cryotherapy, also known as cryosurgery, is a
commonly used for the treatment of
lymphangioma..
The mechanism of destruction in cryotherapy is:
Intracellular ice formation that leads to cell rupture.
An increase in solute concentration within
the damaged tissue.
Inflammation in the damaged tissue.
Liquid nitrogen apparatus (CRY-AC; Brymill,
Ellington, CT, USA) was used to perform the
cryotherapy.
Lymphangiomas are thought to be very suitable for
treatment by cryosurgery because of their high
fluid content and poor blood supply.
Surgical management
Complete surgical excision remains the most
accepted treatment option for lymphangioma.
Most adult lymphangiomas are encapsulated or partially circumscribed and thus surgical removal is facilitated
Successful treatment requires the inclusion of a
surrounding border of normal tissue, provided that
vital structures are not damaged.
Complication of surgery
Damage to surrounding vital structures, nerves and blood vessels,
Prolonged lymphatic drainage from the wound, wound infections, and unacceptable scar formation
The chances of recurrence following the surgery may be high, (10% to 38%)
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