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Lygus, Thrips, Corn Earworm
and Drosophila
Frank Zalom
Department of Entomology
University of California, Davis
11th Annual Strawberry Production Meeting in Ventura County
Camarillo, August 31, 2012
Pesticide Chemical Subgroup Target Site of Activity IRAC #
Lannate methomyl carbamate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1A
Malathion malathion organophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Dibrom naled prganophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibi tor 1B
Brigade bifenthrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Danitol fenpropathrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Assail acetamiprid neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Rimon novaluron benzoylureas inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis, type 0
15
Prevam borax borax nonspecific inhibitor uncl Belay clothianidin neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonist/
antagonist 4A
Beleaf flonicamid flonicamid nonspecific feeding blocker 9C Closer sulfoxaflor sulfilimine -- uncl -- tolyfenpyrad METI insecticide Mitochondral complex I electron
transport inhibitor 21A
Registered and Candidate Insecticides
Not registered
Registered
Not registered for use on strawberries, but under
study
Pesticide Chemical Subgroup Target Site of Activity IRAC #
Malathion malathion organophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Dibrom naled prganophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Brigade bifenthrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Danitol fenpropathrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Assail acetamiprid neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Rimon novaluron benzoylureas inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis, type 0
15
Prevam borax borax nonspecific inhibitor uncl Belay clothianidin neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonist/
antagonist 4A
Beleaf flonicamid flonicamid nonspecific feeding blocker 9C Closer sulfoxaflor sulfilimine -- uncl -- tolyfenpyrad METI insecticide Mitochondral complex I electron
transport inhibitor 21A
Nerve Poisons
Pesticide Chemical Subgroup Target Site of Activity IRAC #
Malathion malathion organophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Dibrom naled prganophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Brigade bifenthrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Danitol fenpropathrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Assail acetamiprid neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Rimon novaluron benzoylureas inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis, type 0
15
Prevam borax borax nonspecific inhibitor uncl Belay clothianidin neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonist/
antagonist 4A
Beleaf flonicamid flonicamid nonspecific feeding blocker 9C Closer sulfoxaflor sulfilimine -- uncl -- tolyfenpyrad METI insecticide Mitochondral complex I electron
transport inhibitor 21A
Insect Growth Regulator
Rimon Spray Timing
• Rimon is best used
early season as it only
affects Lygus nymphs
and there is more
synchronization of the
Lygus generations at
that time
• Later application is
best when tank mixed
with another product
• Timing is critical
Pesticide Chemical Subgroup Target Site of Activity IRAC #
Malathion malathion organophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Dibrom naled prganophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Brigade bifenthrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Danitol fenpropathrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Assail acetamiprid neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Rimon novaluron benzoylureas inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis, type 0
15
Prevam borax borax nonspecific inhibitor uncl Belay clothianidin neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonist/
antagonist 4A
Beleaf flonicamid flonicamid nonspecific feeding blocker 9C Closer sulfoxaflor sulfilimine -- uncl -- tolyfenpyrad METI insecticide Mitochondral complex I electron
transport inhibitor 21A
Contact Poison - Little Residual Activity
May be useful in a mixture
Pesticide Chemical Subgroup Target Site of Activity IRAC #
Malathion malathion organophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Dibrom naled prganophosphate acetylcholine esterase inhibitor 1B
Brigade bifenthrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Danitol fenpropathrin pyrethroid sodium channel modul ator 3
Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Assail acetamiprid neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonists/ antagonist
4A
Rimon novaluron benzoylureas inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis, type 0
15
Prevam borax borax nonspecific inhibitor uncl Belay clothianidin neonicotinoid nicotinic Ach receptor agonist/
antagonist 4A
Beleaf flonicamid flonicamid nonspecific feeding blocker 9C Closer sulfoxaflor sulfilimine -- uncl -- tolyfenpyrad METI insecticide Mitochondral complex I electron
transport inhibitor 21A
Unregistered Products
• Nerve poison
• Feeding blocker
• Affects insect’s energy metabolism
• ??
Lygus Control - Insecticides - 2011
Treatment Chemical name Rate (form/ac)
Untreated Brigade WSB bifenthrin 16 oz Actara 25 WG + Brigade
thiamethoxam + bifenthrin
4 oz + 16 oz
Rimon 0.83 EC novaluron 12 oz Rimon + Brigade novaluron + bifenthrin 12 oz + 16 oz Beleaf 50SG flonicamid 2.8 oz Belay 2.13 EC clothianidin 4.0 oz Belay 2.13 EC clothianidin 6.0 oz tolfenpyrad 15 SC tolfenpyrad 27 oz tolfenpyrad 15 EC tolfenpyrad 27 oz sulfoxaflor (L) sulfoxaflor 2.85 oz sulfoxaflor (M) sulfoxaflor 4.28 oz sulfoxaflor (H) sulfoxaflor 5.7 oz Treatments applied September 30, 2011, to first year 'Albion' field
All include Dyne-amic
Lygus Control - Small Nymphs - 2011
* Means are significantly different from control at P<0.05 using Dunnett's test.
Mean ± SE small Lygus bug nymphs per plant
Treatment 10/6/11 10/13/11 10/20/11 10/27/11 Untreated 0.08 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.06 0.06 ± 0.04 0.04 ± 0.01 Brigade 0.02 ± 0.02* 0.06 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.04 Actara + Brigade 0.03 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.06 0.08 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.04 Rimon 0.01 ± 0.01* 0.06 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.04 Rimon + Brigade 0.03 ± 0.01* 0.04 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.02 Beleaf 0.03 ± 0.01* 0.03 ± 0.00* 0.04 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.05 Belay (L) 0.03 ± 0.01* 0.03 ± 0.01* 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 Belay (H) 0.02 ± 0.01* 0.01 ± 0.01* 0.03 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.02 tolfenpyrad 15 SC 0.02 ± 0.01* 0.03 ± 0.03* 0.01 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.04 tolfenpyrad 15 EC 0.01 ± 0.01* 0.06 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.03 sulfoxaflor (L) 0.00 ± 0.00* 0.04 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.04 sulfoxaflor (M) 0.02 ± 0.01* 0.04 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 sulfoxaflor (H) 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.02
Lygus Control - Total Lygus - 2011
Pre-treat count = 0.061 small Lygus nymphs per plant, 0.022 large Lygus
nymphs per plant, and 0.015 Lygus adults per plant, for a total of 0.098 Lygus
per plant
Mean ± SE Total Lygus bugs (adults + nymphs) per plant
Treatment 10/6/11 10/13/11 10/20/11 10/27/11 Untreated 0.11 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.06 0.17 ± 0.05 0.23 ± 0.05 Brigade 0.08 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.03 Actara + Brigade 0.05 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.06 0.11 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.03 Rimon 0.06 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 Rimon + Brigade 0.04 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.05 0.10 ± 0.04 0.10 ± 0.03 Beleaf 0.08 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.07 Belay (L) 0.04 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02 Belay (H) 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.03 tolfenpyrad 15 SC 0.09 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.07 0.06 ± 0.05 0.11 ± 0.07 tolfenpyrad 15 EC 0.03 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.04 0.09 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.04 sulfoxaflor (L) 0.06 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.06 0.15 ± 0.06 sulfoxaflor (M) 0.02 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.03 sulfoxaflor (H) 0.08 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.03
Percent fruit damage at 3, 4 and 5 weeks Percent fruit damaged per plot
Treatment 10/20/11 10/27/11 11/3/2011 Untreated 16.09 ± 1.22 8.64 ± 2.84 24.35 ± 7.33 Brigade 11.66 ± 1.03 9.85 ± 3.94 9.57 ± 4.91 Actara + Brigade 9.79 ± 0.25 8.45 ± 0.17 11.55 ± 2.78 Agri-flex 11.55 ± 2.06 7.16 ± 2.55 9.90 ± 2.80 Rimon 7.77 ± 1.29 4.24 ± 1.34 9.31 ± 1.19 Rimon + Brigade 5.17 ± 0.78 4.19 ± 0.97 7.23 ± 0.33 Beleaf 10.73 ± 2.28 8.99 ± 1.06 12.83 ± 1.30 Belay (L) 9.59 ± 3.04 5.78 ± 2.52 6.31 ± 2.80 Belay (H) 13.17 ± 2.16 4.91 ± 1.32 11.36 ± 3.99 tolfenpyrad 15 SC 10.74 ± 1.10 7.03 ± 2.60 11.73 ± 2.40 tolfenpyrad 15 EC 12.08 ± 1.97 4.76 ± 1.88 8.16 ± 0.91 sulfoxaflor (L) 12.37 ± 2.86 7.42 ± 1.86 7.06 ± 2.16 sulfoxaflor (M) 10.57 2.04 7.77 1.79 10.03 3.00 sulfoxaflor (H) 10.53 ± 2.28 7.59 ± 1.21 10.25 ± 2.72
Percent fruit damage reduction at 3, 4 and 5 weeks
Percent damage reduction
Treatment 10/20/11 10/27/11 11/3/11 Average
Untreated Brigade 27.52 (14.11) 52.57 21.99 Actara + Brigade 39.16 2.10 59.33 33.53 Agri-flex 28.21 17.08 61.76 35.68 Rimon 51.72 50.90 70.30 57.64 Rimon + Brigade 67.87 51.44 47.30 55.54 Beleaf 33.34 (4.15) 74.08 34.42 Belay (L) 40.39 33.02 53.34 42.25 Belay (H) 18.14 43.18 51.83 37.72 tolfenpyrad 15 SC 33.26 18.55 66.50 39.44 tolfenpyrad 15 EC 24.93 44.88 70.99 46.93 sulfoxaflor (L) 23.13 14.11 58.81 32.02 sulfoxaflor (M) 34.30 9.98 57.88 34.05 sulfoxaflor (H) 34.55 12.10 60.69 35.78
Causes of Type 3 Bronzing
Koike, S.T., F.G. Zalom, and K.D. Larson. 2009. Bronzing of
strawberry fruit as affected by production practices,
environmental factors, and thrips. HortScience. 44(6): 1-6.
Causes of Type 3 Bronzing
Koike, S.T., F.G. Zalom, and K.D. Larson. 2009. Bronzing of
strawberry fruit as affected by production practices,
environmental factors, and thrips. HortScience. 44(6): 1-6.
Elevated temperature and solar radiation
Mitigated by:
overhead sprinkling
certain foliar pesticides
lignin
Western Flower Thrips Control, Orange Co.
* Treatment differs from untreated by pairwise t-test at P<0.05.
Treatment Feb 18 Feb 27 Mar 4 Mar 16
Untreated 1.14 ±0.62 5.29 ±1.94 6.90 ±2.72 11.10 ±3.52
Lannate 0.47 ±0.46 0.73 ±0.35* 1.87 ±1.16* 6.87 ±3.10
Entrust 0.45 ±0.30 1.39 ±0.45* 2.98 ±0.81* 6.15 ±0.89*
Success 0.60 ±0.72 1.58 ±0.86* 3.70 ±2.29 7.87 ±2.14
Number of thrips per flower
• Problem - concern for resistance and restriction on number of
applications per season by Dow Agrosciences for all spinosyns (Entrust,
Success and Radiant) on strawberries in the Monterey Bay area.
• Other registered insecticides are not very effective.
Thrips insecticide efficacy - Watsonville, 2011
Tolfenpyrad and Closer are not registered for strawberries
Mean ± SE thrips adults per flower
Treatment Rate (form/ac) 10/7/111 10/13/11
2 10/27/11
3
Untreated NA 1.06 ± 0.24 0.61 ± 0.36 1.22 ± 0.47 Actara + Brigade 4.0 oz + 16 oz 1.11 ± 0.24 1.83 ± 0.38 0.94 ± 0.15 Tolfenpyrad 15SC 27 fl oz 0.39 ± 0.39 0.78 ± 0.46 1.22 ± 0.20 Tolfenpyrad 15EC 27 fl oz 0.28 ± 0.20 1.33 ± 0.33 0.94 ± 0.45 Closer 2.85 fl oz 1.28 ± 0.34 1.06 ± 0.24 1.44 ± 0.45 Closer 4.28 fl oz 1.28 ± 0.28 1.11 ± 0.87 1.61 ± 0.59 Closer 5.7 fl oz 0.78 ± 0.34 1.28 ± 0.45 1.33 ± 0.38
Application date 4/11/2008
Corn Earworm Control, Orange County, 2008
Trade name Chemical name Rate form./acre
Untreated -- --
Altacor chlorantraniliprole 3.0 oz
Altacor chlorantraniliprole 6.0 oz
Rimon novaluron 12.0 oz
Intrepid methoxyfenozide 10.0 oz
Synapse flubendiamide 2.0 oz
Synapse flubendiamide 3.0 oz
Radiant SG spinetoram 8.0 oz
Application date 4/11/2008
Harvest date 4/22/2008
ANOV statistics - F=6.4435, df=7,23 P=0.001
Corn Earworm Control, Orange County, 2008
Treatment Rate (form/A)
H zea damaged fruit per 20 plants
Untreated 3.31 ± 0.69
Altacor 3.0 oz 1.08 ± 0.21*
Altacor 6.0 oz 1.28 ± 0.39*
Rimon 12.0 fl oz 1.72 ± 0.35* Intrepid 10.0 fl oz 1.90 ± 0.23*
Synapse WG 2.0 oz 1.60 ± 0.58*
Synapse WG 3.0 oz 1.23 ± 0.64*
Radiant SG 8.0 fl oz 1.90 ± 0.47*
Corn Earworm Control, Watsonville, 2011
Treatment
chemical Rate
(form/acre) Mean ± SE damaged
fruit per 16 plants Untreated -- NA 5.25 ± 1.38a
DiPel DF 1 Bt 0.25 lb 1.75 ± 0.48b
DiPel DF 1 Bt 0.50 lb 1.25 ± 0.63b
DiPel DF 1 Bt 1.0 lb 2.50 ± 0.29b
Entrust spinosad 1.5 oz 1.50 ± 0.96b
• Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly by
Student’s t-test at P=0.05. 1 Applied in 40 gal. per acre
Application date 6/29/2011
Harvest date 9/6/2011
Corn Earworm Control, Watsonville, 2011
* Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly by
Student’s t-test at P=0.05.
Application date(s) 8/16/2011 and 8/23/2012 (Bt only)
Harvest date 7/19/2011
ANOV statistics - F=8.9714, df=5,23 P=0.0002
Treatment
chemical Rate
(form/acre) Mean ± SE damaged
fruit per 20 plants Untreated -- -- 6.5 ± 0.5a Altacor chlorantraniprole 4.5 oz 1.3 ± 0.6b Synapse flubendiamide 4.5 oz 1.5 ± 0.4b Intrepid methoxyfenozide 10 oz 2.0 ± 0.5b Rimon novaluron 12 oz 1.8 ± 0.4b Radiant spinetoram 10 oz 2.0 ± 1.2b
Vinegar flies - Drosophila spp.
Quality assurance protocol for export
to Japan developed in 1998
Cultural controls
More frequent harvests
Sanitation
An phytosanitary export and processing concern
Vinegar flies - Drosophila spp.
Traps contain either
baker’s yeast + sugar + water
or apple cider vinegar
Traps will capture many species and other flies, too
Vinegar flies - Drosophila spp.
Insecticides won’t control the maggots once fruit
are infested, they can only knock down adult flies
and protect uninfested fruit.
Organophosphates
Malathion
Pyrethroids*
Danitol, (Brigade, Bifenture)
Spinosyns
Entrust, Success, Radiant
* Using pyrethroids can exacerbate Lygus resistance
Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii
New species in North America
Attacks sound fruit
Problem for fresh market
Drosophila melanogaster
and other species
Always present
Attacks older fruit
Problem for processing
Identification and Biology
Male Female
Adults are 2-3 mm in size. Females and their larvae
(maggots) are easily confused with other Drosophila
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Other Drosophila
Drosophila suzukii
D. suzukii has a specialized sharp ovipositor, different from
other Drosophila.
Management is same as for all Drosophila
• Sanitation, remove mature and overripe fruit
• Sanitation, eliminate alternate habitat (culled
fruit, abandoned host fields) that sustains the
infestation
• Monitoring and trapping to quickly detect
infestations - get ahead of the damage
• Use insecticidal sprays or baits to suppress fly
populations
organophosphates, pyrethroids, spinosyns
Spotted Wing Drosophila