Ly Thuyet Day Du Ve Polime - Vat Lieu Polime

8/3/2019 Ly Thuyet Day Du Ve Polime - Vat Lieu Polime

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TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88INH VN T - TP. HI DNG

HOAHOC.ORG NG XUN QUNH09798.17.8.85 09367.17.8.85 - netthubuon Website: www.hoahoc.org - [email protected]

I CNG V POLIME

I KHI NIM, PHN LOI V DANH PHP

1. Khi nimPolime l nhng hp cht c phn t khi rt ln do nhiu n v nh (gi l mt xch) lin kt vi nhau.V d:

do cc mt xchNH [CH2]6 CO lin kt vi nhau to nn H s nc gi l h s polime ha hay polime ha. Cc phn t to nn tng mt xch ca polime c gi lmonome2. Phn loia) Theo ngun gc:

b) Theo cch tng hp:

c) Theo cu trc: (xem phn II)3. Danh php- Poli + tn ca monone (nu tn monome gm 2 t tr ln hoc t hai monome to nn polime th tn camonome phi trong ngoc n)

- Mt s polime c tn ring (tn thng thng). V d: II CU TRC1. Cc dng cu trc mch polimea) Mch khng phn nhnh. V d: polietilen, amilozb) Mch phn nhnh. V d: amilopectin, glicogen

c) Mch mng li. V d: cao su lu ha, nha bakelit2. Cu to iu ha v khng iu haa) Cu to iu ha: cc mt xch ni nhau theo mt trt t nht nh (chng han theo kiu u ni u i). V d:

b) Cu to khng iu ha: cc mt xch ni vi nhau khng theo trt t nht nh (chng hn theo kiu u niu, ch th u ni vi ui). V d:


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TI LIU LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NM 2011


III TNH CHT VT LHu ht polime l cht rn, khng bay hi, khng c nhit nng chy xc nh, mt s tan trong cc dungmi hu c. a s polime c tnh do, mt s polime c tnh n hi, mt s c tnh dai, bn, c th ko thnhsi

IV TNH CHT HA HC1. Phn ng gi nguyn mch polimea) Poli(vinyl axetat) (PVA) tc dngvi dung dch NaOH:

b) Cao su thin nhin tc dng vi HCl:

Cao su hiroclo hac) Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC) tc dng vi Cl2: (gi s c 2 mt xch th 1 nguyn t clo)

T clorin

2. Phn ng phn ct mch polimea) Phn ng thy phn polieste:

b) Phn ng thy phn polipeptit hoc poliamit:

Nilon 6

c) Phn ng thy phn tinh bt, xenlulozd) Phn ng nhit phn polistiren

3. Phn ng khu mch polimea) S lu ha cao su:Khi hp nng cao su th vi lu hunh th thu c cao su lu ha. cao su lu ha, cc mch polime c

ni vi nhau bi cc cuSS (cu isunfua)


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b) Nha rezit (nha bakelit):Khi un nng nha rezol thu c nha rezit, trong cc mch polime c khu vi nhau bi cc nhmCH2 (nhm metylen)

Polime khu mch c cu trc mng khng gian do tr nn kh nng chy, kh tan v bn hn so vi polimecha khu mch

V IU CHC th iu ch polime bng phn ng trng hp hoc trng ngng1. Phn ng trng hpa) Khi nim:- Trng hp l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome), ging nhau hay tng t nhau thnh phn t rtln (polime)- iu kin cn v cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng hp phi c l:+ Lin kt bi. V d: CH2 = CH2, CH2 = CHC6H5+ Hoc vng km bn: V d:

b) Phn loi:- Trng hp ch t mt loi monome to homopolime. V d:


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- Trng hp m vng. V d:

Nilon 6 (t capron)- Trng hp t hai hay nhiu loi monome (gi l ng trng hp) to copolime. V d:

Poli(butaien stiren) (cao su buna S)2. Phn ng trng ngnga) Khi nim:- Trng ngng l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome) thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii

phng nhng phn t nh khc (nh H2O)- iu kin cn c phn ng trng ngng l: cc monome tham gia phn ng trng ngng phi c t nht hainhm chc c kh nng phn ng to c lin kt vi nhaub) Mt s phn ng trng ngng:

axit -aminocaproic Nilon 6 (t capron)

axit -aminoenantoic Nilon 7 (t enan)


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VT LIU POLIME

I CHT DO1. Khi nim

- Cht do l nhng vt liu polime c tnh do- Tnh do l tnh b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p lc bn ngoi v vn gi nguyn c s bindng khi thi tc dng- C mt s cht do ch cha polime song a s cht do c cha thnh phn khc ngoi polime bao gm chtn (nh mui than, cao lanh, mn ca, bt aming, si thy tinhlm tng mt s tnh nng cn thit ca chtdo v h gi thnh sn phm) v cht do ha (lm tng tnh do v d gia cng hn)

2. Mt s polime dng lm cht doa) Polietilen (PE)

PE l cht do mm, c dng lm mng mng, bnh cha, ti ngb) Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)

PVC l cht do cng, cch in tt, bn vi axit, c dng lm vt liu in, ng dn nc, da gic) Poli(metyl metacrylat) (thy tinh hu c PEXIGLAS)

Poli(metyl metacrylat) l cht do cng, trong sut, khng vnn c gi l thy tinh hu c. Dng chto knh my bay, t, knh bo him, dng lm rng gid) Poli(phenol fomanehit) (PPF) (xem thm bi i cng v polime)PPF c ba dng: nha novolac, nha rezol, nha rezitNha novolac:

- un nng hn hp fomanehit v phenol ly d vi xc tc axit c nha novolac mch khngphn nhnh(cu ni metylenCH2 c th v tr ortho hocpara)- Nha nhit do, d nng chy, tan trong mt s dung mi hu c, dng sn xut vecni, snNha rezol:- un nng hn hp phenol v fomanehit theo t l mol 1 : 1,2 c xc tc kim. Nha rezol khng phn nhnh,mt s nhn phenol c gn nhmCH2OH v tr s 4 hoc 2- Nha nhit rn, d nng chy, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c dng sn xut sn, keo, nha rezitNha rezit (cn gi l nha bakelit):- un nng nha rezol 150oC c nha rezit (hay nha bakelit) c cu trc mng li khng gian

- Khng nng chy, khng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, dng sn xut in, v my


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3. Khi nim v vt liu compozitKhi trn polime vi cht n thch hp thu c vt liu mi c bn, chu nhittng ln so vi polimethnh phm. l vt liu compozit- Cht nn (polime): c th dng nha nhit do hay nha nhit rn

- Cht n: phn tn (nhng khng tan) vo polime. Cht n c th l: si (bng, ay, aming, si thy tinh)hoc cht bt (silicat, bt nh (CaCO3), bt tan (3MgO.4SiO2.2H2O))

II T1. Khi nimT l nhng vt liu polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh

2. Phn loi

3. Mt s loi t tng hp thng gpa) T poliamit (c nhiu nhm amit CONH)

b) T polieste (c nhiu nhm este)


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c) T vinylic (c nhiu nhm polivinyl)

III CAO SU1. Khi nim- Cao su l vt liu polime c tnh n hi- Tnh n hi l tnh bin dng khi chu lc tc dng bn ngoi v tr li dngban u khi lc thi tc dng- C hai loi cao su: cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp2. Cao su thin nhin (polime ca isopren)a) Cu trc:

- Cng thc cu to: n = 1500 15000- Tt c cc mt xch isopren u c cu hnh cisnh sau:

b) Tnh cht v ng dng:- Cao su thin nhin ly t m cy cao su, n hi tt (nh cu trc cis iu ha), khng dn nhit v in,

khng thm kh v nc, khng tan trong nc, etanolnhng tan trong xng v benzen- Cao su thin nhin cho phn ng cng H2, Cl2, HCl, c bit l cng lu hunh to cao su lu ho c tnhn hi, chu nhit, lu mn, kh tan trong dung mi hn cao su khng lu ha.3. Cao su tng hpa) Cao su buna, cao su buna S v cao su buna N:

- Cao su buna c tnh n hi v bn km cao su thin nhin. Khi dng buta-1,3-ien 10oC, polime sinh racha 77% n v trans-1,4 v 7% n v cis-1,4 (cn li l sn phm trng hp 1,2). Cn 100oC sinh rapolime cha 56% n v trans-1,4 v 25% n v cis-1,4 (cn li l sn phm trng hp 1,2)

Cao su buna S

- Cao su buna S c tnh n hi cao

Cao su buna N


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- Cao su buna N c tnh chng du ttb) Cao su isopren

- Trng hp isopren c h xc tc c bit, ta c poliisopren gi l cao su isopren, cu hnh cis chim 94 %,gn ging cao su thin nhin

-Ngoi ra ngi ta cn sn xut policloropren v polifloropren. Cc polime ny u c c tnh n hi nnc gi l cao su cloropren v cao su floropren. Chng bn vi du m hn cao su isopren

IV KEO DN1. Khi nimKeo dn l vt liu polime c kh nng kt dnh hai mnh vt liu ging nhau hoc khc nhau m khng lmbin i bn cht cc vt liu c kt dnh

2. Phn loia) Theo bn cht ha hoc:- Keo v c (thy tinh lng)- Keo hu c (h tinh bt, keo epoxi)

b) Dng keo:- Keo lng (h tinh bt)- Keo nha do (matit)- Keo dn dng bt hay bn mng

3. Mt s loi keo dn tng hp thng dnga) Keo dn epoxi: gm 2 hp phn:- Polime lm keo c cha hai nhm epoxi haiu- Cht ng rn thng l cc triamin nh H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2b) Keo dn ure fomanehit

Poli(ure fomanehit)4. Mt s loi keo dn t nhin a) Nha v sm: l dung dch dng keo ca cao su thin nhin trong dung mihu c nh toluen b) Keo h tinh bt: l dung dch h tinh bt trong nc nng, dng lm keo dn giy

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Ly Thuyet Day Du Ve Polime - Vat Lieu Polime