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2Romania seismic sources
31. Vrancea subcrustal source in Romaniamilestones
Intra-Alpinesubplate
East-Europeanplate
Moesian subplate
Black SeasubplateBucharest
Vrancea source
BlackSea
Bulgaria
Yugoslavia
Hungary
Rep. ofMoldova
Ukraine
41896
La grande faille des Carpathes, passant par le cours longitudinal de Rimnicu-Sarat, pres des villes de Rimnicu-Sarat et de Buzeu [...] et debouchant pres d'Arges.
Les seismes qui agitent cette faille presententle caractere de mobilite du centre d'ebranlement"
L'intensit peut diffrer essentiellement d'un endroit l'autre de la mme localit, suivant la nature des terrains. Ce cas c'est prsent dans les sismes du 23 fvrier 1887, de Diano-Marina, Menton, Nice, dont j'ai t tmoin Nice. Les habitations situes sur les massifs calcaires n'ont presque pas souffert, tandis que les constructions situes dans les bas-fonds, constitus par des terrains meubles, ont t trs-endommages.
5"l'axe sismique principal de la Roumanieest represente exactement par une ligne
tiree de Bucarest a Kichinew en Bessarabie"
La Roumanie et la Bessarabie sismiquesAn.Inst. Meteor.de Roumanie t. XVII, 1901
Fernand Jean Baptiste Marie Bernard de Montessus de Ballore
Les tremblements de terre, Gographie SismologiqueParis, 1906
6"j'ai appele l'attention surl'importance sismique de la region Galati-Buzeu
Emmanuel de Martonne
1985 1907
71935 1974
8
91000 yr catalogue of Vrancea earthquakes
Major historical events and major 20 century earthquakes
Number of events/century, having intensity larger than 9 and 7
Catalogue time span, years
Obs Epicentral intensity
(MSK) 984 - 1900 1901 - 2000
I0 9.0 1 2
I0 7.0 10 16
20 century shows the highest seismic activity of the Vrancea
source
Event
Epicentral intensity Io
Focus depth.
km
Moment
magnitude Mw
Obs
1802, October 26 1829, November 20 1838, June 23
> 9 8 8
7.9 Largest Vrancea event ever occurred
1940, November 10 1977, March 4 1986, August 30
9 8/9 7/8
150 109 133
7.7 7.5 7.2
Largest seismic losses ever experienced
10
1802, 14 Oct
Chronicle of Monastery ValeniIt describes the collapse of the Cotroceni church in Bucharest and of the Valeni church in Southern Carpathians
11
12
Voyage dans la Russie Mridionale et la Crime par la Hongrie, la Valachie et la Moldavie
par M. A. de DmidoffIllustr par Raffet
E. Bourdin, diteur Paris. 1841 & 1854, page 144.
On conserve encore le souvenir du tremblement de terre de 1802, qui renversa la tour du monastre de Koltza; de celui de 1829, qui branla fortement la plupart des difices de Bukharest. Depuis que ces lignes
sont crites, une secousse plus violente que toutes celles dont le souvenir attriste encore le pays, a pens engloutir Bukharest.
Tout coup, le 11-23 janvier 1838, c'tait le soir, la ville s'branle;les plus solides monuments chancellent; plusieurs maisons s'croulent;
toutes son endommages, et, dans tout ces ravages, plusieurs hommes perdent la vie.
1802, 1829 & 1838
13
The November 10, 1940 earthquakeput damages all around Romania and throw the people in mourning
1940
14
MGR = 7.4; Mw = 7.7; h @ 140 km
At least 350 deaths in Romania
Collapse of Carlton Building in
Bucharest
- 11 storey, h = 47 m
- RC frame
- 130 death
Important damage in Chisinau,
R. of Moldova
1940
15
MG-R = 7.2; Mw = 7.5; h = 109 km
1578 deaths (1424 in Bucharest)
11 221 injured (7598 in Bucharest)
Losses according to the World Bank Report:
(Report 16.P-2240-RO, 1978):
Total losses in Romania : 2.05 Billions USD (100%)
Losses in construction, in general: 1.42 Billions USD (70%)
Losses to buildings and housings : 1.02 Billions USD (50%)
1977, 4 March
16
killed 1,578 people including 1,424 in Bucharest
injured 11,221 people including 7,598 in Bucharest
destroyed or seriously damaged 33,000 housing units andcaused lesser damage to 182,000 other dwellings
destroyed 374 kindergartens, nurseries, and schools andbadly damaged 1,992 others
destroyed 6 university buildings and damaged 60 others
destroyed 11 hospitals and damaged 448 others hospitals
damaged almost 400 cultural institutions (theatre, museums, etc.)
damaged 763 factories
NBS Special Publication 490, Observation on the behavior ofbuildings in the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977 US Dept.of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Sept, 1977
The March 4, 1977 earthquake:
17
1.40s1.20s0.89s
194.9105.8162.3
NSZEW
INCERCO
Tcs
PGAcm/s
Comp.Station
March 4, 1977seismic station INCERC
Bucharest
First strong ground motion recorded in Romania
1832 tall buildings completely collapsed
Nor
mal
ized
SA
Period, s
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
High dynamic amplification at long periods.Dangerous for high-rise buildings
March 4, 1977, INCERC Station in Bucharest
NS comp.
19
Dunarea building Casata building
1977 earthquake in Bucharest
20
Faculty of Medicine
1977 earthquake in Bucharest
21
1977 earthquake in Bucharest
WW II, 1944
Faculty of Chemistry
22
Elefterie Church
1977 earthquake in Bucharest
23
1977 earthquake in Bucharest
(i) Wilson building built in 30s (ii) Lizeanu building, built in 60s
Collapse of the building soft story at ground level
24
Photo UTCB
1977 earthquake in Bucharest
Computer Center of the Telecommunication Ministry
25
International lessons unlearnt from the 1977 earthquake
Lesson 1
A systematic evaluation should be made of all buildings in Bucharest erected prior to the adoption of earthquake design requirementsand a hazard abatement plan should be developed.
From:
Observation on the behaviour of buildings in the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977 by G. Fattal, E. Simiu and Ch. Cluver. Edited as the NBS Special Publication 490, US Dept of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Sept 1977.
Lesson 2
Tentative provisions for consolidation solutions would preferably be developed urgently.
From:
The Romanian earthquake. Survey report by Survey group of experts and specialists dispatched by the Government of Japan (K. Nakano). Edited by JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, June 1977.
26
Lesson 3
..Bucharest is sited on deep alluvium Much of the damage was due to soil amplification associated with deep layers of silty clay, loess.
From:
A Handbook on Risk Assessment by Swiss Re, H. Tiedemann. Edited by Swiss Reinsurance Company, Ch-8022 Zurich, Switzerland
Lesson 4
Bucharest had been microzoned as part of UNESCO Balkan Project, with microzones denoting three levels of risk. The worst destruction occurred in lowest-risk microzone.
From:
Earthquake in Romania March 4,1977. An Engineering Report by G. Berg, B. Bolt, M. Sozen, Ch. Rojahn. Edited by National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1980
Lesson 5
Ground motion spectrum should be provided corresponding to each soil condition. A considerable number of strong motion seismographs will be required for the above purpose.
From:
The Romanian earthquake. Survey reported by Survey group of experts and specialists dispatched by the Government of Japan (K.Nakano). Edited by JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, June 1977.
27
The first Romanian paper onearthquake engineering
3.Earthquake engineering education in Romania
28- Bucuresti 1962 - - Barcelona 1975 -
The first book on engineering seismology in Romania
29
Undergraduate course
1968 1977 Structural Dynamics and earthquake engineering (optional)
1977 present Earthquake engineering(compulsory)
Postgraduate course
1976 1989 Earthquake engineering
Master levelIn present Seismic hazard, vulnerability and risk (various courses)
Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, UTCB
30
Period Seismic zonationstandard
Code for earthquake resistance of structures
A. Pre-cod After the 1940 earthquake
P.I. 1941
I - 1945
P.I. - 1941
I - 1945
B. Low code Inspired by the Russian seismic practice
STAS 2923 - 52STAS 2923 - 63
P 13 - 63P 13 -70
C. Moderate code After the great 1977 earthquake
STAS 11100/1 - 77 P 100 - 78P 100 - 81
D. High code After the 1986 and the 1990 earthquakes
STAS 11100/1 - 91SR 11100/1 - 93
P 100 -90P 100 - 92
Inspired by Eurocod 8 - P100-1/2006
Codes for design of earthquake resistance of buildings and Standards for seismic zonationof Romania (1940-2008)
4. Seismic hazard and seismic codes
31Standards for seismic zonationof Romania 1952 1952 20032003
32Macroseismic zonation for Vrancea source
Lungu et al.,1999
33
Probabilistic zonation of peak ground acceleration for design P100/1-2006 Code, MRI =100 yr
BucharestMRI = 475 yrPGA 0,35 gTp = 1.6 s
34
The recorded maximum peak ground acceleration in Romania during1977, 1986 and 1990 Vrancea earthquakes
#
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21 22 2324 25
26 2728 29
48
47
46
45
44
Ukraine
Hungary Republic of Moldova
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
BlackSea
Banat
Valahia
Moldova
Cris
Mures
Danube
Dobrogea
Prut
#
#
#
#
#Satu-Mare
Craiova
Timisoara
Cluj-NapocaOradea
Bucuresti
Turnu Magurele Ruse
Iasi
Baia
Adjud
Peris
Bacau
Varna
Surduc
Barlad
Dochia
Onesti
Tulcea
Focsani
Istrita
Giurgiu
Otopeni
Pitesti
Kavarna
Campina
Branesti
Botosani
Chisinau
Calarasi
Carcaliu
Provadia
Cernavoda
Vrancioaia
Vidra Lotru
Krasnogorka
Muntele Rosu
Bolintin Vale
Vidraru Arges
TransilvaniaCahul
Shabla
Fetesti
Ramnicu Sarat1977
1986
1990
1940
86.6
79.197.2
45.8
14.3 26.1
11.5
50.9
82.0
90.8
36.2
48.2
32.9
93.6
33.6
61.5
297.1
109.4
186.9
157.2
208.6 150.8194.9
114.1
223.8
112.4112.2
132.0
168.6
136.6
212.8146.4
232.1
164.0
107.1100.4
158.6
#Constanta
Valenii de Munte
219.8
Ploiesti
Olt
#
100 0 100 200 Kilometers
ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA.
# Epicenters of strong Vrancea events (Mw > 6.9)
Lungu, Aldea, 1999
N
EW
S
March 4, 1977
Mw=7.5h=109 km
Aug.30, 1986
May 30, 1990
Mw=7.2h=133 km
Mw=7.0h=91 km
Mw - moment magnitudeh - focus depth
200 - 300150 - 20075 - 1500 - 75
PGA, cm/s2
ROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes
Seismic stations with free-field records:
& Bulgaria network
$ GEOTEC network&
# INCERC network% INFP network
R. of Moldova network
35
Catalogue of subcrustal Vrancea earthquakesoccurred during the 20th century, Mw 6.3
RADU Catalogue, 1994
MARZA Catalogue,
1980
www.infp.ro Catalogue,
1998
Date
Time (GMT) h:m:s
Lat. N
Long. E
h, km I0 MGR Mw I0 Ms Mw 1903 13 Sept 08:02:7 45.7 26.6 >60 7 6.3 - 6.5 5.7 6.3 1904 6 Feb 02:49:00 45.7 26.6 75 6 5.7 - 6 6.3 6.6 1908 6 Oct 21:39:8 45.7 26.5 150 8 6.8 - 8 6.8 7.1 1912 25 May 18:01:7 45.7 27.2 80 7 6.0 - 7 6.4 6.7 1934 29 March 20:06:51 45.8 26.5 90 7 6.3 - 8 6.3 6.6 1939 5 Sept 06:02:00 45.9 26.7 120 6 5.3 - 6 6.1 6.2 1940 22 Oct 06:37:00 45.8 26.4 122 7 / 8 6.5 - 7 6.2 6.5 1940 10 Nov 01:39:07 45.8 26.7 150 9 7.4 - 9 7.4 7.7 1945 7 Sept 15:48:26 45.9 26.5 75 7 / 8 6.5 - 7.5 6.5 6.8 1945 9 Dec 06:08:45 45.7 26.8 80 7 6.0 - 7 6.2 6.5 1948 29 May 04:48:55 45.8 26.5 130 6 / 7 5.8 - 6.5 6.0 6.3 1977 4 March 19:22:15 45.34 26.30 109 8 / 9 7.2 7.5 9 7.2 7.4 1986 30 Aug 21:28:37 45.53 26.47 133 8 7.0 7.2 - - 7.1 1990 30 May 10:40:06 45.82 26.90 91 8 6.7 7.0 - - 6.9 1990 31 May 00:17:49 45.83 26.89 79 7 6.1 6.4 - - 6.4
RISK-UE, Final Conference, Nice-France, March 31 - April 01, 2004
36
( ) )..(.).(.
..36186871
M186871M68716548
we1e1eMn
ww
--
---
-
-=
ln PGA = 3.098 + 1.053 Mw - lnR 0.0005R 0.006 h + e
PGA peak ground accelerationMw- moment magnitude, h focal depthR hypocentral distance e - random variable with 0 mean and se = sln PGA standard deviation
Truncated magnitude recurrence for Vrancea source:
Attenuation law for Vrancea source:
37
Recurrence of Vrancea Earthquakes
Magnitude recurrence relation for the subcrustal Vrancea source, Mw6.3Lungu et al., 2000
RISK-UE, Final Conference, Nice-France, March 31 - April 01, 2004
38Ductile structuresNon-ductile buildings
0.10.4
0.7
1
1.3
1.6
1.9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Seismicdesign
coefficient Cs , %
8-10
6-8
4-6
2-4
Year of code issue
Building period T , s
10 %8%
12.5 %10%
5 %
2.2%1.8%2%
Shear wallsFrames
0.3 s
1.5 s
Tc=1.5 s
19411945
199019921978
19811970
1963
7.5%7.5% 7.2%
6.8%
Tc=0.4 s
RIGID buildings
FLEXIBLE buildings
Non-ductile structures Ductile structures
Evolution of seismic design coefficient in Bucharest, 1940-2002
39
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Perioada T , s
T C =1.0s
2.75/T
b 0 =2.75
T B =0.1 T D =3
8.25/T 2
0.7s
40
wp2Tp =
Normalised power spectral density for NS comp of March 4, 1977 and Aug.30, 1986 records at
INCERC seismic station (East of Bucharest)Tpredominant =1.4 1.6 s
41
RomaniaSeismic networks
42
BucharestSeismic networks
43
"Nowhere else in the world is a center of population so exposed to earthquakes originating repeatedly from the same source"
Charles Richter. 15 March 1977, Letter to the Romanian government
World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Mnich Re, 1998 indicates for Bucharest: Large city with Mexico-city effect
The unusual nature of the ground motion and the extent and distribution of the structural damage have important bearing on earthquake engineering efforts in the United States.
Jennings & Blume, NRC & EERI Report
5.Seismic vulnerability and risk
44
Seismic Risk Matrix indicating seismic risk classes (1, 2 and 3)
Seismic risk class 1buildings
Building to be immediately retrofitted!
Strengthening of seismic risk class 1 buildings
Seismic vulnerability/ fragility class
Importance & exposure class
IEssential facilities
IIHazardous buildings
IIIGeneral buildings
IVMinor buildings
1 1 1 1&2 3
2 1&2 2 3 3
3 3
45
Planul director desistematizare
a Bucurestiuluidin 1935
Zona si tipul cladirilor
Spatii verziI Rurala
II Residentiala, cladiri P+1E
III Protejata, cladiri P+3E
IV Mixta, cladiri P+5E (pline)V Comerciala, cladiri P+6E (pline)
VI Industriala
Suburbii
Zona si tipul cladirilor
Spatii verziI Rurala
II Residentiala, cladiri P+1E
III Protejata, cladiri P+3E
IV Mixta, cladiri P+5E (pline)V Comerciala, cladiri P+6E (pline)
VI Industriala
Suburbii
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1
23
4
8
5
6 7
9
33
31
1817
20 21
22
1312
24
10
11
14
23
29
25
15
32
19
26
16
27
28
1 0 1 2 Kilometers
N
EW
S
Land useStreetUrban built zoneRural built zoneLake, river, canalParkForestGardenCemeteryEconomic zoneAgricultural zone
$ Collapsed building
ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI California
Cladirile prabusite in timpul cutremurului din
1977
46
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ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI CaliforniaLungu & Arion, 2000
Central Bucharest: 127 buildings built prior to 1945 and listed as having seismic risk of class 1 in case of a strong
earthquake, Mw7.5
47
Balcescu 25 (Wilson) Calea Victoriei 124 Calea Victoriei 25
Calea Victoriei 95 Balcescu 32-34 Balcescu 30
Balcescu 7 Calea Victoriei 33-35
Total: 26 tall reinforced concrete
buildings
Seismic risk class 1 buildings
on the most important two boulevards in
central Bucharest
48
Strengthening of 9 storey residential building in central Bucharest, 2001 - 2004
March 2008, after 10yr of actions:
10 buildings are fully retrofitted6 buildings are under retrofitting 42 buildings in retrofitting design
stage or under contracting the design
49
No. Address Year of building construction
Storeys No. of apt.
Total area sqm.
1 Balcescu 25 1936 2B+GF+11S 98 12318
2 Iuliu Barasch 12 1936 B+GF+7S 15 1831
3 Ion Brezoianu 44 1937 2B+GF+9S 28 2532
4 Gh. Marinescu 3 1940 B+GF+6S 18 1750
5 Mihai Eminescu 17 1937 B+GF+8S 40 6050
6 C.A. Rosetti 25 1934 2B+GF+8S 40 4013
7 Ursuletului 5 1930 B+GF+6S 12 1615
8 Paleologu 3 1936 B+GF+5S 19 2271
9 Lascar Catargiu 15A 1934 B+GF+5S 16 2013
10 J.L. Calderon 59 1935 B+GF+8S 19 3706
10 buildings are fully retrofitted
BUCHAREST, May 2008
50
No. Address Year of building
construction
Storeys No. of apt.
Total area sqm
1 Balcescu 24 1928 2B+GF+12S 119 12031
2 Victoriei 101A-B 1938 B+GF+10S 96 7036
3 Stirbei Voda 17 1936 B+GF+9S 58 4619
4 Victoriei 128A 1935 2B+GF+8S 50 6675
5 Mendeleev 17 1935 B+GF+6S 47 5699
6 Victoriei 33 -35 1930 B+GF+6S 39 4476
Buildings under retrofitting
BUCHAREST, May 2008
51
No. Address Year of building construction
Storeys No. of apt.
Total area sqm.
1 C.A. Rosetti 25 1934 B+GF+9S 20 1433
2 Boteanu 3A-3B 1936 - 1937 B+GF+9S 56 10593
3 I.C. Bratianu 5 1936 B+GF+8S 26 1707
4 M. Kogalniceanu 51 1929 2B+GF+7S 36 7353
5 Brezoianu 38 1935 B+GF+5S 9 1542
6 Balcescu 32-34 1934 B+GF+9S 45 5896
7 Dr. Marcovici 9 1935 B+GF+8S 88 7905
8 Ion Campineanu 9 1937 B+GF+7S 19 3155
9 Armeneasca 28Semilunei 8Armeneasca 28A
193519351935
B+GF+6SB+GF+5SB+GF+5S
669
128014651200
10 Elefterie 11 1936 B+GF+5S 8 1925
Buildings under bidding of retrofitting
BUCHAREST, May 2008
52
Fragile tall RC buildings with soft
and weak groundfloor, built
in Bucharest, 1960-1977
53
Fragile 7-story RC frame building with soft ground story, built in the period 60s, Stefan celMare street
Fragile 7-story RC frame building with soft ground story, after 1977 event, Stefan cel Mare street
54
Housing units in buildings having more than 7 storey
Housing units built before 1944
55
Presently (March 2008), from the 127 "seismic risk class 1" buildings in Bucharest:
(i) 12 buildings are fully retrofitted;
(ii) 6 buildings are under retrofitting;
(iii) 20 buildings area ready for construction works biding and
(iv) 21 buildings are ready for design works biding.
56
JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures in Romania, 2001 -2008
Integrated rehabilitation project Plan/Survey of the architectural andArcheological heritage (IRPP/SAAH), a joint action of the European Commission and the Council of Europe (2003-2008, 2008-2011)
CRC 461 Project Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, 1995 -2007
RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different European town, 2001 -2005
PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies, 2004 -2008
World Bank Hazard and risk mitigation in Romania- Component B: Earthquake Risk Reduction, 2004 -2010
NATO Project- Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk andReduction in Countries Influenced by Vrancea Earthquakes
6. International projects for reduction of seismic risk in Romania
57
JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures in Romania
7 mill. USD JICA project budget
Equipment cost 2.7 mill. USD donation to the Romanian Government
- Soil testing laboratory
- Structural testing laboratory
- Seismic instrumentation network in Bucharest and Romania
(free field, borehole, buildings)
26 Romanian young engineers trained in Japan
34 Japanese short term and long term experts dispatched in Romania
58
JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures in Romania, 2001 2008
Integrated rehabilitation project Plan/Survey of the architectural andArcheological heritage (IRPP/SAAH), a joint action of the European Commission and the Council of Europe (2003-2008, 2008-2011)
RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different European town, 2001 2005
PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies, 2004 -2008
International projects for reduction of seismic risk in Romania
59
World Bank Hazard and risk mitigation in Romania- Component B: Earthquake Risk Reduction, 2004 2010
CRC 461 Project Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, 1995 2007
NATO Project- Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk andReduction in Countries Influenced by Vrancea Earthquakes
International projects for reduction of seismic risk in Romania
60
RISK U.E. Project
An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to
different European towns
61
Classification of buildings occupancy (selection)Importance & exposure
categoryCode Occupancy category
1 2 3B GENERAL BUILDING STOCKB1
1.11.21.31.41.51.6
Residential Single family dwelling (house) Multi family dwelling (apartment bldg.) Low-rise (1-2) Mid-rise (3-7) High-rise (8+) Institutional dormitory
x1)x1)
x
xxxx
B22.12.22.32.42.52.62.7
Commercial Supermarkets, Malls Offices Services Hotels, Motels Restaurants, Bars Parking Warehouse
x2)x2)
x2)
xxxxxxx
B33.13.23.33.4
Cultural Museums Theatres, Cinemas Public event buildings Stadiums
x3)x2)x2)x2)
xxxx
1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150 people2) Buildings with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people
congregate in one area
Europe inventory database and typology
62
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
WP1. UTCB
Populationdensity,
persons/km2
Population density in the 7 towns
63
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Number of housing units
Number of housing units for 7 towns
64
Seismic codes inter-benchmark periodsTown
Pre-code Low-code M oderate code
Barcelona 79% 21% --
Bitola 48% 29% 23%
Bucharest 30% 30% 40%
Catania 92% - 8%
Nice 75% 25%
Sofia Data not available
Thessaloniki 20% 50% 30%
Vulnerability of buildings stock in 7 towns
65
PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical
Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies
Contract n INCO CT-2004 - 509119 with European Commission, Research Directorate General
Amount: 2 400 000Funding: EC: 88 %,
participants : 12 %Starting Date: 2004Ending Date: 2008
66
Project planning
WP 1: Overview of existing techniquesWP 2: Damage assessmentWP 3: Risk AnalysisWP 4: Intervention strategiesWP 5: Innovative materials and techniquesWP 6: Reversible mixed technologiesWP 7: Experimental analysisWP 8: Numerical analysesWP 9: Calculation modelsWP 10: Validation of innovative solutions and proceduresWP 11: Study casesWP 12: Design guidelines
67
World Bank project in Romania
Component B:
Earthquake Risk Reduction - 71.2 million US$
Subcomponents:
Strengthening of high priority buildings and lifelines
Design & supervision
Building code review and study of code enforcement
Professional training in cost effective retrofitting
Component A:
Strengthening of Disaster management capacity
Components C, D&E: Flood, Pollution & Project Management
68
Emergency facilities
30%
Public12%
Educational18%
Hospitals40%
Bucharest
Communication26% Emergency facilities
39%
Public4%Educational
11%Hospitals
20%
Other cities
Distribution of buildings with occupancy
69
Other cities62%
Bucharest38%
Other cities33%
Bucharest67%
Distribution of number of buildings to be retrofitted
Distribution of cost for buildings to be retrofitted
70
World Bank report
Preventable Losses: Saving Lives and Property through Hazard Risk Management
Strategic Framework for reducing the Social and Economic Impact of Earthquake, Flood and Landslide Hazards in the Europe and Central Asia
RegionDraft, May 2004
Romania is regarded as one the most seismically active countries in
Europe
Bucharest is one of the 10 most vulnerable cities in the world.
71
Recommendations for Romania:
Upgrade the legal framework for hazard specific management;
Review the existing buildings code for the retrofitting of vulnerable
buildings;
Conduct a comprehensive public awareness campaign for the
earthquake risk;
Invest in hazard mitigation activities in order to reduce the risks
caused by earthquakes;
Develop financing strategy for catastrophic events.
72
NATO PROJECT - Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk and Reduction in Countries Influenced by
Vrancea Earthquakes
Amount: 250 000 Starting Date: 2005Ending Date: 2008
A Science for Peace Project
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Project SfP 98047
Public Diplomacy DivisionCollaborative Programmes Section
73Lungu, Zaicenco, 1999
PGA/g
MSK Intensity ROMANIA P100-92& SR 11100/1-93
Rep. of MOLDOVA, UKRAINE
SNIP II-7-81
BULGARIA 1987 code
IX 0.32 0.40 0.27
VIII 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15
VII 0.16 0.10 0.10
V 0.12 0.08 - 0.05
Deterministic seismic zonation maps for countries affected by Vrancea earthquakes
MRI - mean recurrence interval of earthquake
magnitude is:
Romania: 50 yr, 1992100 yr, 2004
Republic of Moldova: 50 yr
Bulgaria: 1000 yr
74
Romania at WCDR, Kobe, Jan. 2005:Mission organized by MTCT, Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism
World Conference on Disaster Reduction18 to 22 Jan. 2005 Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
18 Jan. 2005Thematic Panel Cluster 4, Reducing the underlying risk factorsOrganized by:
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)- World Health Organization (WHO)- United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)
Chair of the Cluster 4 of WCDR:
75
Romania at WCDR, Kobe, Jan. 2005:Mission organized by MTCT, Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism
World Conference on Disaster Reduction18 to 22 Jan. 2005 Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
19 Jan. 2005Cluster Session 4.6, Policies for safer building/HousingOrganized by:
- Government of Japan, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transports and - United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD )
Presentation: Seismic risk mitigation in Romania (D. Lungu)
21 Jan. 2005Public Forum: Building a Strong Country Against Disasters. Achievements and
Challenges of JICAs Cooperation Presentation: Efforts toward seismic risk reduction for buildings and JICA Project in Romania (R. Vacareanu)
22 Jan. 2005Statement of Romanian Delegation on Behalf of Eastern European Group of Countries
76
- International Symposium on Strong Vrancea Earthquakes and Risk Mitigation, October 4-6, 2007 Bucharest, Romania.
- International Symposium on Seismic Risk Reduction. The JICA Technical Cooperation Project in Romania, April 2007
- International Conference Earthquake Loss Estimation and Risk Reduction, October 24-26, 2002 Bucharest, Romania.
-JICA International Seminar: Earthquake Hazard and Countermeasures for Existing Fragile Buildings, 23-24, Nov. 2000
- First International Workshop on Vrancea Earthquakes, Nov. 1997
National and International seismic Conferences held in Romania
- A treia Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, dec. 2005- A doua Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, nov. 2001 - Prima Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, 1997
Earthquake Hazard and Countermeasures for Existing Fragile Buildings
Contributions from JICA International SeminarBucharest, Romania, November 23-24, 2000
D. LUNGU, T. SAITO (Editors)
1PROCEEDINGS
Editors: D. Lungu F. Wenzel P. Mouroux I. Tojo
G of the
772007, 17 March str. Visarion 8Starting of building degrading: fire at the roof
7. Bucharest heritage buildings protection
782008, 16 Aprilie str. Visarion 8Present state of the building
79
Bucharest intended fire and intended destruction for encouraging self collapse of the Asan Mill, industrial heritage, 1853.
80Asan Mill, May 16, 2008
81
New skyscrapers near St. Joseph Chatedraland
Ministry of Interior in Bucharest city center
82
83
RISK-UE
An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarioswith applications to different European towns
WP1 ReportEuropean distinctive features, inventory database and typology
RISK-UE, Final Conference, Nice-France, March 31 - April 01, 2004
84
Contents
1. European distinctive features and urban seismic risk
2. Work package objectives description
Objective 1: Distinctive features of European towns
Objective 2: Inventory database and typology
85
3. Characteristics of urban development in 7 Europeans towns
Urbanised area and historical developmentCultural and religious buildingsMonuments and historical heritage
4. Comparative study of distinctive features for the 7 case study towns exposed to earthquakes in Europe
Appendix: The 7 cities reportsBarcelona, Spain, Bitola, FYRO Macedonia,
Bucharest, Romania, Catania, Italy, Nice, France, Sofia, Bulgaria, Thessaloniki, Greece,
86
Objective 1 - Distinctive features of European towns
Town identity Population characteristicsUrbanised area and elements at risk
Impact of past earthquakes on elements at riskStrong motion data in the city and seismic hazardGeological, geophysical and geotechnical information
Evolution of earthquake resistant design codesEarthquake risk management effortsReferences
87
Objective 2 - Inventory database and typology
Classification of buildingsClassification of lifelines
Building typology matrix, BTM.Description of structural typologies
88
Objective 1 - Distinctive features of European towns
1. Town identity
2. Population characteristics
Number of inhabitantsPopulation density Growth of city population in 20th centuryYearly GDP per capita
89
3. Urbanised area and elements at riskGeographical location of city Urbanised area and historical developmentAdministrative divisions/sectors; neighbourhoods
Buildings typology Building stock
Residential buildings/ Housing units Essential facilities buildings
- Administrative- Health care- Education- Emergency
Cultural and religious buildingsIndustrial and commercial buildingsMonuments and historical heritage
Building priceLifelines
90
4. Impact of past earthquakes on elements at risk
Earthquakes that have caused significant damage in the city Catalogue of major earthquakesGeneral description of seismic sourcesSoil condition within the cityObserved seismic intensity for past strong events
Consequences of past strong earthquakes in the cityRecorded ground motions and their parameters Geotechnical consequencesDamage data from past eventsHuman and economical lossesPhotos of earthquake damage
91
5. Strong motion data in the cityExisting seismic networks Free field instruments Instruments on buildings and in boreholesAvailable strong motion accelerogram
6. Geological, geophysical and geotechnical informationGeological characterisation of city areaGeophysical and borehole information
92
7. Evolution of earthquake resistant design codes & Building types
History of codes for earthquake resistance of structuresHistory of seismic zonation
Code qualityEnforcement of earthquake resistant design codes
Building types/ Housing units Buildings built within code inter-benchmark periods
93
8. Earthquake risk management efforts
Earthquake risk management efforts at local & national levelsInstitutions in charge with earthquake risk managementEmergency response
Public education efforts and media attitude
Programs for seismic risk mitigation
94
1. Classification of buildings occupancyImportance & exposure
categoryCode Occupancy category
1 2 3B GENERAL BUILDING STOCKB1
1.11.21.31.41.51.6
Residential Single family dwelling (house) Multi family dwelling (apartment bldg.) Low-rise (1-2) Mid-rise (3-7) High-rise (8+) Institutional dormitory
x1)x1)
x
xxxx
B22.12.22.32.42.52.62.7
Commercial Supermarkets, Malls Offices Services Hotels, Motels Restaurants, Bars Parking Warehouse
x2)x2)
x2)
xxxxxxx
B33.13.23.33.4
Cultural Museums Theatres, Cinemas Public event buildings Stadiums
x3)x2)x2)x2)
xxxx
1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150 people2) Buildings with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people
congregate in one area
Objective 2, Inventory database and typology
95
Im portance & exposurecategory
C ode O ccupancy category
1 2 3B4 M ultip le use x1) or x2) xB5
5.15.25 .35 .45 .55 .65 .75 .85 .9
M onum ents and historical heritage Palaces, M ansion houses T ower Castles T rium phal arch O belisk M onumental fountains and Sta tues G ate of the to wn and surround ing w alls M asonry bridges Archaeological sites
x4)
x5)
x
x
xx
x
xxx
xB6
6.16.26 .36 .4
Relig ion Churches O ratories, Chapels, Shrines M osques Convents and M onasteries
x1)
x1)
xxxx
B77.17.27 .37 .47 .57 .6
Industria l H eavy L ight Food C hem icals, D rugs H igh technology C onstruction
xxxxxx
B8 Agricultural noneB9 Tem porary buildings none
96
Importance & exposurecategory
Code Occupancy category
1 2 3EF ESSENTIAL FACILITIESEF1
1.11.21.3
Government functions and civil defence Government buildings Defence buildings Local administration buildings
xxx
EF22.12.22.32.42.5
Health and medical care Hospitals, surgery and emergency facilities Hospitals with 50 to 200 beds Hospitals with less than 50 beds Clinics, Labs Other health care facilities
xx
xxx
EF33.13.23.3
Emergency response Fire stations Police stations Emergency operation facilities
xxx
EF44.14.24.34.44.5
Education facilities Kindergarten Elementary School Secondary School High school University
x1)x1)x1)x2)
xxxxx
H HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCESH1
1.11.21.31.4
Facilities producing or containing: Radioactive substances Toxic substances Explosive substances Other hazardous substances
xxxx
x6)x6)x6)
97
2. Classification of lifelines (detailed in WP 6)
Lifeline utility systems:- Electric power system- Communication system- Potable water system- Waste water system- Gas system - Fuel system.
Transportation systems:- Roadway- Railway- Port and Harbour- Airport.
98
3. Building typology matrix, BTMLabel Building type description Height description Code level*
Name No. ofstories
Height h,m
N L M H
RC Reinforced concrete structures
RC1 Concrete moment frames Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 - 34 - 78+
h 99 < h 21
h > 21RC2 Concrete shear walls Low-rise
Mid-riseHigh-rise
1 - 34 - 78+
h 99 < h 21
h > 21RC3
3.1
3.2
Concrete frames with unreinforced masonryinfill walls
Regularly infilled frames
Irregularly frames (i.e., irregular structuralsystem, irregular infills, soft/weak story)
Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 - 34 - 78+
1 - 34 - 78+
h 99 < h 21
h > 21
h 99 < h 21
h > 21RC4 RC Dual systems (RC frames and walls) Low-rise
Mid-riseHigh-rise
1 - 34 - 78+
h 99 < h 21
h > 21RC5 Precast Concrete Tilt-Up Walls Low-rise
Mid-riseHigh-rise
1 - 34 - 78+
h 99 < h 21
h > 21RC6 Precast Concrete Frames with Concrete
shear wallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 - 34 - 78+
h 99 < h 21
h > 21
*Code level N - no code;
L - low-code (designed with unique arbitrary base shear seismic coefficient);M - moderate-code; H - high-code (code comparable with Eurocode 8)
99
Label Building type description Height description Code level*
Name No. ofstories
Height h,m
N L M H
M Masonry structuresM1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Stone masonry bearing walls made of:Rubble stone, fieldstone
Simple stone
Massive stone
Low-riseMid-rise
Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 - 23 - 5
1 23 56+
1 23 56+
h 66 < h 15
h 66 < h 15
h > 15
h 66 < h 15
h > 15M2 Adobe Low-rise 1-2 h 6M3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with: Wooden slabs
Masonry vaults
Composite steel and masonry slabs
Reinforced concrete slabs
Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 - 23 56+
1 - 23 56+
1 - 23 56+
1 - 23 56+
h 66 < h 15
h > 15
h 66 < h 15
h > 15
h 66 < h 15
h > 15
h 66 < h 15
h > 15M4 Reinforced or confined masonry bearing
wallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 23 56+
h 66 < h 15
h > 15M5 Overall strengthened masonry buildings Low-rise
Mid-riseHigh-rise
1 23 56+
h 66 < h 15
h > 15
100
Label Building type description Height description Code level*
Name No. ofstories
Height h,m
N L M H
S Steel structures
S1 Steel moment frames Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 34 78+
h 1010< h 25
h > 25S2 Steel braced frames Low-rise
Mid-riseHigh-rise
1 34 78+
h 1010< h 25
h > 25S3 Steel Frames with Unreinforced masonry
infill wallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 34 78+
h 1010< h 25
h > 25S4 Steel Frames with Cast-in-Place Concrete
shear WallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 34 78+
h 1010< h 25
h > 25
S5 Steel and RC composite systems Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise
1 34 78+
h 1010< h 25
h > 25 W Wood structures Low-rise
Mid-rise1-23+
h 5.5h > 5.5
101
4. Description of structural typologies
M1.1 Rubble stone, fieldstone masonry bearing wallsM1.2 Simple stone masonry bearing wallsM1.3 Massive stone masonry bearing walls
M2 Adobe
M3.1 Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with wooden slabsM3.2 Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with masonry vaultsM3.3 Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with composite steel
and masonry slabsM3.4 Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with reinforced
concrete slabsM4 Reinforced or confined masonry bearing wallsM5 Overall strengthened masonry buildings
102
RC1 Concrete moment framesRC2 Concrete shear wallsRC3.1 Concrete frames with regular unreinforced masonry
infill wallsRC3.2 Irregular concrete frames with unreinforced masonry
infill wallsRC4 RC dual systems (RC frames and walls)RC5 Precast concrete tilt-up wallsRC6 Precast concrete frames with concrete shear walls
103
S1 Steel moment framesS2 Steel braced framesS3 Steel frames with unreinforced masonry infill wallsS4 Steel frames with cast-in-place concrete shear wallsS5 Steel and RC composite systemsW Wood structures
104
3. Characteristics of urban development in 7 Europeans towns
Urbanised area and historical developmentCultural and religious buildingsMonuments and historical heritage
The 7 towns:Barcelona, SpainBitola, FYRO MacedoniaBucharest, RomaniaCatania, ItalyNice, FranceSofia, BulgariaThessaloniki, Greece
105
4. Comparative study of distinctive features for the 7 case study towns exposed to earthquakes in Europe
106
I. Population and buildings exposure
II. Earthquake hazard and seismic instrumentation
III. Existing buildings stock vulnerability and typology
Comparative study on:
107
Town Inhabitants Population density,persons/km2
Population growth,20th century*
GDP/person(approx.)
EuroBarcelona 1,503,451 15,176 1970 22,000Bitola 79,456 12,600 1990 1,620Bucharest 2,011,305 10,806 1989 1,980Catania 333,075 6,125 1971-1991 9,000-15,000Nice 342,738 4,766 1980 20,000Sofia 1,133,183 4,680 1985 1,630Thessaloniki 1,048,151 21,600 1991 15,290
Population and yearly GDP
I. Population and Building exposure
108
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Population
Population of the 7 towns
109
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
WP1. UTCB
Populationdensity,
persons/km2
Population density in the 7 towns
110
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
GDP per capita,
Euro
GDP per capita for the 7 towns
111
Housing units HospitalsTown Number ofbuildings
Number People/n.units
Number/No. of beds
Physicians/100000people
Educationalbuildings
Firestations
Policestations
Barcelona 69,000 700,000 2.14 47/8,356 454 1,033 7 19
Bitola 13,010 29,619 2.68 1/665 600 33 4 4
Bucharest 108,834 782,428 2.57 52/20,279 394 570 15 27
Catania 37,333 132,947 2.5 8/- 1,000(I) 266 1 7
Nice ~50,000 212,000 1.61 15/ 467 192 5 16
Sofia 480,580 2.54 41/ 332 316
Thessaloniki * 402,144 * 80/ 386 713 4 13
Existing building stock for the 7 towns
112
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
NA NA
WP1. UTCB
Number of buildings
Number of buildings for the 7 towns
113
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Number of housing units
Number of housing units for 7 towns
114
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
NA
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Number of people/housing units
Number of people/housing units for the 7 towns
115
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Number of
hospitals
Number of hospitals for 7 towns
116
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Number of physicians/100,000 persons
Number of physicians/100,000 persons for the 7 towns
117
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
NA
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Number of fire
stations
Number of fire stations for 7 towns
118
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
NA
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Number of police
stations
Number of police stations for 7 towns
119
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
NA
WP1. UTCB
LARGEST HISTORICALEVENT
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
WP1. UTCB
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
20th CENTURY
MSK local-intensity of largest experienced earthquake for the 7 towns
II. Earthquake hazard and earthquake instrumentation
120
Conversion table for MM and MSK intensities
Lungu, 1996. Report for AON
121
Tiedemann H. 1992Conversion tables for various intensity scales
122
Conversion tables for various intensity scales Tiedemann H. 1992
123
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
WP1. UTCB
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
MRI = 475yr.
Peak
gro
und
acce
lera
tion,
g
Peak ground acceleration,
in g
Local seismic hazard having 10% probability of exceedance in 50yr (MRI=475yr.) for the7 towns
124
Available records
TownEvent Number of records Max PGA
Barcelona 1923/ 1 record 0.05g (many smaller earthquakes)
Available strong of ground motion records for the 7 towns
125
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
NA
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
NA NANA
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
Number of free field digital instruments
Number of digital instruments on buildings
Seismic instrumentation for the 7 towns
126
Seismic codes inter-benchmark periodsTown
Pre-code Low-code Moderate code
Barcelona 79% 21% --
Bitola 48% 29% 23%
Bucharest 30% 30% 40%
Catania 92% - 8%
Nice 75% 25%
Sofia Data not available
Thessaloniki 20% 50% 30%
Building stock age in the 7 towns versus
Seismic codes inter-benchmark periods
III. Vulnerability and typology of European buildings stock
127
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
NA
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
PRE-CODE
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
NA
WP1. UTCB
LOW-CODE
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
NA
Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki
WP1. UTCB
MODERATE CODE
Existing buildings stock built during various seismic code periods(in % of total stock) for the 7 towns
128
Knowledge incorporated into seismic design
Pre-code Low-code Moderate codeModerate-advanced
code
Barcelona < 1968 1968....
Bitola
=1948 and
PTP-2
=1964
1964-1981 1981-1990 1990 present
Bucharest
=1941 and
=1963
P13-63
1963-1977 1977-1992 1992 present
Catania < 1981 1981 present
Nice = 1955 1956-1969 1970-1992 1993 present
Sofia =1964 1964-1972 1972-1987 1987 present
Thessaloniki < 1959 1959- 1984 1984- 1995 1995 present
Level of codes for earthquake resistance of structures
129
Masonry structures, M WoodTown
1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 5 1
Barcelona
Bitola
Bucharest
Catania
Nice
Sofia
Thessaloniki
Masonry buildings types for the 7 towns
Buildings typology
130
Reinforced concrete structures, RC Steel structures, STown
1 2 3.1 3.2 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5
Barcelona
Bitola
Bucharest
Catania
Nice
Sofia
Thessaloniki
RC buildings and Steel buildings types for the 7 towns
131
Selected references
ASCE 7-98, 2000. ASCE Standard: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil Engineers, New-York, ASCE
Eurocode 8 - Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures, 1994. Part 1-1: General rules - Seismic actions and general requirements for structures. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Oct.
HAZUS Technical Manual 1997. Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, 3 Vol.
132
Alexoudi M., Pitilakis, K., Stylianidis, K., Kappos, K., Makra, K., Anastasiadis A., Argyroudis, S., Papadopoulos E., Penelis, G., 2001, Risk UE WP1, ThessalonikiCity Report, 63p.
Bour, M., Arnal, C., Imbault, M., Lutoff, C., Marot, N., Martin, R., Masure, Ph., Mouroux, P., 2001. Risk UE WP1, Nice City Report, 42p
Faccioli, E., Frassine, L., Scuderi S., 2001. Risk UE WP1, Catania Report, 32p+18p. Irizarry, J. Goula, X., Susagna, T., Galan, J., Pujades, L.G., Lantada, N. 2001. Risk
UE WP1, Barcelona City Report, 49p+23p. Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Arion, C., Vacareanu, R., Cornea, T., Petrescu, F., 2001, Risk
UE WP1, Bucharest City Report, 52p+26p. Lungu, D. & Aldea, A., 1999a. Understanding Urban Risk Around the World. United
Nations RADIUS Project UUSRAW at Geohazards Int., Ca., USA. Documents for the City of Bucharest seismic profile, 29p.+25p.+8p.
Kostov, M., Vaseva, E., Kaneva, A., Varbanov, G., Stefanov, D., Koleva, N., Hristoskov , L., Simeonova, S., Solakov, D., Lazarov, A., Kraleva, D., 2001. Risk UE WP1, Sofia City Report. 49p+9p
Milutinovic, Z., Olumceva T., Trendafiloski G., 2001, Risk UE WP1, Bitola City Report, 37p+28p
City Reports