Luminol Presentation

High Efficiency Electrical Insulating Fluids

Electrical Fluid DevelopmentIn the mid-1990s Petro-Canada initiated an electrical insulating fluid development programFocus of this research was to develop a new product that can provide:higher level of performanceimproved product safety featuresworker handlingserviceenvironmentconsistent premium quality offering

Electrical Fluid DevelopmentIn 1997, Petro-Canada achieved a major breakthrough in the electrical fluid development programProduct development objectives achieved through proprietary processing technologycombination of molecular processing and unique chemistrysynthetic isoparaffin basedaward winning technology2 new electrical insulating fluids were synthesizedLuminol TR (Type I)Luminol TRi (Type II)

LUMINOLNext generation in electrical fluidsProcess of creating select basestock molecules which provide desired properties - Synthetic Isoparaffin ProcessConsistent qualityCompatible with existing materialsfull service fill and in maintenance top-upLuminol can help improve performance

Base Oil ProcessingAtmospheric / VacuumDistillationAtmospheric / VacuumDistillationGas OilGas OilSolventSolventExtractionSolventDewaxingLube FractionsWaxSome AromaticsHydrogenHydrogenHydrogenSelect IntermediatesAtmospheric / VacuumDistillationHydrocrackerHigh PressureHydrotreaterHydro-IsomerizationConversionCrudeOilConventionalBase OilSyntheticIsoparaffinFluidConventional Solvent Refining ProcessPetro-Canada Synthetic Isoparaffin Process

Base Oil ChemistrySTRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OxidationChemical Type Structure Pour ResistanceHydrophobicityToxicity

n-Paraffin (wax)solid @ 50 C excellent excellent low

iso-Paraffins good excellent excellent lowwith branched chains

iso-Paraffins good excellent excellent lowhighly branched chains (PAOs)

cyclo-Paraffin good good good lowwith single ring andlong chainschains

Naphthenes, good medium poor lowpolycondensed

Monoaromatics good medium poor mediumwith long chains

Polyaromatics good very poor very poor very high

iso-Paraffins and mono-cyclo-paraffins are very desirableAromatics, especially polynuclear aromatics are extremely undesirable

Chemical CompositionSynthetic Isoparaffins vsSeverely hydro-isomerizedUnique molecular composition ColourlessHigh purityEliminates toxic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)(aromticos polinucleares carcinognicos)Conventional SR OilsMild solvent refined / hydrofinedCrude oil feedYellowHigh aromatic contentContains Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

LUMINOLPROPERTYCSA Class A Luminol

Appearance - clear & brightColour0.5 max< 0.5Sp.Gr. @ 15/15 C0.906 max0.827KV (cSt)@ 40 C10 max9.64@ 0 C75 max68.14@ -40 C2500 max1649Pour Point (C)-46 max< -57Flash Point (C)145 min185


Int. Tension (mN/m)40 min45Neut. No. (mg KOH/g)0.03 max< 0.01Water (ppm)35 max< 15PCB (ppm)2 max< 2Corrosive Sulfurnon-corrosivenon-corrosiveDielectric Breakdown@ 60 Hz (kV)30 min43Dielectric Impulse Breakdown (kV)145 min> 300


Power Factor@ 25 C (%)0.05 max0.005@ 100 C (%)0.5 max0.082

Gassing Tendency(L/min) --8.3

Rotary Bomb Oxidation -Test (min)410


Oxidation Stability@ 72 Hours% Sludge0.1 max< 0.01Neutralization No. (mg KOH/g)0.4 max< 0.01@ 164 Hours% Sludge0.2 max< 0.01Neutralization No. (mg KOH/g)0.5 max< 0.01

LUMINOL (Type II)PROPERTYCSA Class A Luminol TR-i

Oxidation Stability@ 164 Hours% Sludge0.05 max< 0.01Neutralization No. (mg KOH/g)0.2 max< 0.01

Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test (min)195 min 600

LUMINOL

ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL OILS

Environmental Health & Safety

Heat Transfer/Thermal Conductivity

Thermal and Oxidative Stability

Low Temperature Performance

Gassing Tendency

Resistance to Carbon Formation

Completely Compatible With Other Fluids

EH&S Benefits

LUMINOLSafe to handle:Unlike conventional solvent refining processes, the Synthetic Isoparaffin Process eliminates toxic PAHsHigh flash pointReadily biodegradable in the environmentOECD 301B60% (Readily biodegradable)Toxicity TestsPrimary DermalIrritation, OECD 404Non-irritatingEye Irritation CorrosionOECD 405Non-irritating

Occupational Hygieneskin painting studies suggest that certain mineral oils are carcinogenic in experimental animals; in general, the less severely treated oils are carcinogenic, but severely treated oils are not [ACGIH*]

* American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

Occupational HygieneThe International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) performed evaluations onmineral oils based on skin painting studies in animals, and the results are as follows:

Severely Hydrotreated Oils - inadequate evidence

Mildly Solvent Refined Oils - sufficient evidence

Aromatic Content Type I - Transformer FluidsLuminol TR Fluid is highly saturated virtually eliminating aromatics and PAHs

Flash PointType I - Transformer FluidsLuminol TR Fluid provides a very high flash point for added safety145 C minimum limit

Aromatic Content Type II - Inhibited Transformer FluidsLuminol TRi Fluid is highly saturated virtually eliminating aromatics and PAHs

Flash PointType II - Inhibited Transformer FluidsLuminol TRi Fluid provides a very high flash point for added safety145 C minimum limit

BiodegradabilityLuminol is classified as Readily Biodegradable under the OECD 301B Sturm biodegradability testing protocolWith the environmentally advantageous benefits of Luminol, the requirements for disposal costs and spill liabilities are potentially reduced

Test Method Luminol Conventional Oil

Biodegradability OECD 301B 60 % 35 %after 28 days

OECD 301B Testing

Improved Product SafetyLuminol has been deliberately designed with improved product safety featuresImproved product safety in 3 major areas:worker handlinglow toxicityvirtually free of PAHsnon-irritatingservicenegative gassing tendency (hydrogen absorbing) (tendencia negativa del desprendimiento de gas del electrodo) high flash pointenvironmentlow toxicityreadily biodegradable

PerformancevsConventional Oils

Performance ComparisonSIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCESPROPERTY CSA Class A Luminol Conventional Oil

KV (cSt)@ -40 C2500 max1649 2325

Flash Point (C)145 min185149

Dielectric Impulse Breakdown (kV)145 min> 300170 typ. spec.


Power Factor@ 100 C (%)0.5 max0.082 0.25 typ. spec.

Rotary Bomb OxidationTest (min) -410220195 min600330Gassing Tendency(L/min) --8.3 +13.8


Oxidation Stability@ 72 Hours% Sludge0.1 max< 0.010.05Neutralization No. (mg KOH/g)0.4 max< 0.010.27@ 164 Hours% Sludge0.2 max< 0.010.10Neutralization No. (mg KOH/g)0.5 max< 0.010.31

Heat TransferHigh temperatures will cause paper insulation to deteriorate, therefore insulating fluids must also function as the medium to remove the heat generated in transformersThe heat must be absorbed from the core and windings then transferred to cooling ducts where it is dissipatedThe heat transfer coefficient is a measure of a fluids efficiency, and a high heat transfer coefficient is desirableThermal conductivity and specific heat values should be high in order to achieve a high heat transfer coefficientLuminol provides high thermal conductivity and specific heat resulting in improved heat transferability (especially at higher temperatures) over conventional insulating oils

Thermal Conductivity

TYPE ITransformer Fluids

Sheet: Sheet1

Sheet: Sheet2

Sheet: Sheet3

TYPE - I Trace Inhibited Transformer Fluids

Test Method

Luminol TR

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

FF

Density @ 15 C, kg/L

D1298

0.8266

0.8737

0.887

0.8896

0.8768

0.8871

0.8854

Water Content, ppm

D1533

Mono-Aromatic Content, wt.%

HRMS

Poly-Aromatic Content, wt%

HRMS

Kinematic Viscosity, cSt

D445

@ 100 C

@ 40 C

@ 0 C

@ -40 C

Pour Point, C

D97

< -57

-51.0

< -51

< -48

< -48

< -51

< -48

Flash Point, COC, C

D92

Gassing Tendency, uL/min

D2300

-15.5

+13.8

+13.9

+0.2

+33.6

+9.7

-9.2

Rotating Bomb Oxidation Test, min

D2112

Oxidation Stability

D2440

@ 72 hours

% Sludge

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.01

Total Acid Number, mg KOH/g

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

@ 164 hours

% Sludge

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.06

< 0.01


< 0.01

< 0.01

Sludge Free Life, hours

Doble

> 88

> 88

> 88

72.0

> 88

> 88

> 88

Rotating Bomb Oxidation TestType I - Transformer FluidsLuminol TR Fluid provides excellent oxidation stability195 minutes Doble TOPS minimum limit

Oxidation Stability Test (164 hours)Type I - Transformer FluidsLuminol TR Fluid provides excellent oxidation stability< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01

Exceptional StabilityLuminols exceptional stability resists breakdown from various modes of degradation:ThermalOxidative

Test duration of D2440 extended beyond ASTM limit to 400 hours

ASTM D2440 Extended OxidationLuminol demonstrates exceptional thermal and oxidative degradation resistance

Improved Service LifeNo acid or sludge formed in Luminol fluids after 400 hours

Conventional oils generated a minimum of 6 x more acid and 6 x more sludge than LuminolOn average, conventional oils generated over 200 x more acid and over 300 x more sludge than Luminol

Improved stability can lead to improved reliability and extended fluid service life

Reduction in maintenance costs is possible

Low Temperature ViscosityType I - Transformer FluidsLuminol TR Fluid meets the CSA C-50 Class A specification limit2500 maximum CSA C-50 Class A

Pour PointType I - Transformer FluidsLuminol TR Fluid provides excellent low temperature pour properties< -57-51< -51< -48< -48< -51< -48

Gassing TendencyType I - Transformer FluidsLuminol TR Fluid is consistently negative gassing for added safety+30 maximum

TYPE IIInhibited Transformer Fluids

Sheet: Sheet1

Sheet: Sheet2

Sheet: Sheet3

TYPE - I Trace Inhibited Transformer Fluids

Test Method

Luminol TR

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

FF


D1298

0.8266

0.8737

0.887

0.8896

0.8768

0.8871

0.8854

Water Content, ppm

D1533


HRMS


HRMS


D445

@ 100 C

@ 40 C

@ 0 C

@ -40 C

Pour Point, C

D97

< -57

-51.0

< -51

< -48

< -48

< -51

< -48

Flash Point, COC, C

D92


D2300

-15.5

+13.8

+13.9

+0.2

+33.6

+9.7

-9.2


D2112

Oxidation Stability

D2440

@ 72 hours

% Sludge

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.01


< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

@ 164 hours

% Sludge

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.06

< 0.01


< 0.01

< 0.01


Doble

> 88

> 88

> 88

72.0

> 88

> 88

> 88

TYPE - II Inhibited Transformer Fluids

Test Method

Luminol TR-i

JJ

KK

LL


D1298

0.8318

0.888

0.8873

0.8848

0.8768

0.8871

0.8854

Water Content, ppm

D1533


HRMS


HRMS


D445

@ 100 C

@ 40 C

@ 0 C

@ -40 C

Pour Point, C

D97

< -57

< -51

< -51

< -51

< -48

< -51

< -48

Flash Point, COC, C

D92


D2300

-9.3

+6.8

+8.6

+17.6

+33.6

+9.7

-9.2


D2112

Oxidation Stability

D2440

@ 72 hours

% Sludge

< 0.01

0.03

< 0.01

0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.01


< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.01

< 0.01

@ 164 hours

% Sludge

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01


< 0.01

0.01

< 0.01

0.01

< 0.01


Doble

> 88

> 88

> 88

> 88

> 88

> 88

> 88

Rotating Bomb Oxidation TestType II - Inhibited Transformer FluidsLuminol TRi Fluid provides excellent oxidation stability220 minutes Doble TOPS minimum limit

Oxidation Stability Test (164 hours)Type II - Inhibited Transformer FluidsLuminol TRi Fluid provides excellent oxidation stability< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01

Low Temperature ViscosityType II - Inhibited Transformer FluidsLuminol TRi Fluid meets the CSA C-50 Class A specification limit2500 maximum CSA C-50 Class A

Pour PointType II - Inhibited Transformer FluidsLuminol TRi Fluid provides excellent low temperature pour properties< -57< -51< -51< -51

Gassing TendencyType II - Inhibited Transformer FluidsLuminol TRi Fluid is consistently negative gassing for added safety+30 maximum

Field TestingField Testing Initiated In July 1998

Two Identical Pad Transformers4.1 kV (1250 kVA) Pad TransformersPreviously Filled With Conventional Mineral OilOne Re-Filled With New Conventional Mineral OilOne Re-Filled With Luminol

Regular MonitoringOxidation StabilityGassing TendencySiemens-Westinghouse Fluid Analysis Test Program

Regards: Randy

Field TestingPower FactorLuminol effectively maintains a very low power factor

Field TestingOxidation Stability @ 164 Hours after 16 Months serviceLuminol demonstrates excellent oxidation stability

Field TestingGassing TendencyLuminol maintains its strong negative gassing properties

Field TestingTotal Combustible Gases

Field TestingField transformer filled with Luminol continues to perform normally (over 2 years)

Luminol has outperformed conventional mineral oil

Luminol has demonstrated excellent thermal and oxidation stability

Luminol maintains excellent negative gassing properties under electrical stress

Benchmarking Study on Carbon Formation In Electrical Insulating Fluids Due To Contact Arcing (impulso dielctrico)

This study compares the stability conventional mineral oils and Luminol synthetic isoparaffin electrical insulating fluids in terms of degradation and resistance to carbon formation

Significance

High energy and/or continuous arcing conditions along with thermal stress can cause oil degradation and the formation of carbon-based depositsCarbon deposits on electrical contacts can affect its operation, lead to damage and to their eventual failureImproved fluid stability can decrease the frequency of costly equipment overhaul (material, labour, equipment down-time)

Carbon Formation Arcing TestConducted at the High Voltage Laboratories of Ontario Power Technologies (Kinectrics)Type I and Type II electrical insulating oils were subjected to high voltage stress to create and sustain an arc across electrical contactsThe arcing condition was cycled frequently to create a severe environmentThe electrical stress and the resulting heat that was created will promote oil breakdown and the formation of carbonaceous/coke type degradation material in the oil

Carbon Formation Arcing TestTest parameters:copper disk electrodes: 5.40 cm2electrode gap: 2.47 mmvoltage: 30 kVroom temperatureAn electrical arc was maintained for 2 seconds and repeated once every minuteSamples were collected for analysis:particulate formation: carbon residueopacity changedissolved gases

Type I Fluids

Carbon Formation Arcing TestLuminols superior resistance to degradation and carbon formation was noticeable immediately

When subjected to the first surge of electrical stress, all conventional insulating oils generated a heavy cloud of carbon

Luminol TR was the only fluid that remained clear

The electrical stress was repeated several times on each fluid

Type I Fluids

Performance MeasurementLuminol clearly outperformed all conventional insulating oils

The difference in performance is quantifiable

Amount of the carbon formedFiltration of carbon: 0.025 um filters

Visual change of the fluidSpectrophotometer readings

Type I Fluids0.025 um filters

Type I FluidsLuminol demonstrates the greatest resistance to carbon formation

Type I FluidsLuminol demonstrated the greatest resistance to degradation and carbon particulate formation

The breakdown of conventional oils generated 1.6x to 3.3x more carbon particulate than Luminol TR

On average, conventional oils generated 2.2x more carbon particulate than Luminol TR

Type I FluidsLuminol demonstrates the greatest resistance to carbon formation

Type I FluidsVisual appearance can be used as a quick field measure of a fluids condition

The change in light transmittance is related to the severity of carbon formation

Luminol was the only fluid to retain transparency after testing

Type II FluidsThe test program was repeated on Type II insulating fluids

Even more dramatic differences were observed

Luminol TRi outperformed all conventional insulating oils

Type II Fluids

Type II Fluids0.025 um filters

Type II FluidsLuminol demonstrates the greatest resistance to carbon formation

Type II FluidsLuminol demonstrated the greatest resistance to degradation and carbon particulate formation

The breakdown of conventional oils generated 2.6x to 8.5x more carbon particulate than Luminol TRi

On average, conventional oils generated 5.2x more carbon particulate than Luminol TRi

Luminol TRi was the only fluid to retain transparency after testing

Compatibility StudyConv. OilLuminol TRAfter 3 Months @ 100 C

Compatibility Study% Luminol TR 0% L 5 % L 25% L 50 % L 75 % L 95 % L 100 % L% Conv. Oil 100% CO 95 % CO 75 % CO 50 % CO 25 % CO 5 % CO 0 % CO

Oxidation Stability@ 72 Hours% sludge 0.05 0.04 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01Neut. No. 0.27 0.24 0.18 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01@164 Hours% sludge 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.03 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01Neut. No. 0.31 0.30 0.26 0.17 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

Power Factor (%)@ 25 C 0.042 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.010 0.004 0.007@100 C 0.856 0.354 0.321 0.350 0.163 0.110 0.086

Rotary Bomb 187 201 217 225 270 353 412Oxidation Test(minutes)

Oxidation StabilityLuminol TR fluids have excellent oxidation stability

Power FactorFactor de energa (prdida dielctrica) Luminol TR fluids can provide very low power factors (

Rotary Bomb Oxidation TestLuminol TR fluids provide improved oxidation stability

Sheet: Chart1

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Sheet: Sheet3

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Compatibility StudyLuminol TR is compatible with conventional mineral oils

Luminol TR demonstrated excellent stability

Addition of Luminol TR to conventional mineral oil has demonstrated improvement in performance over conventional mineral oils alone in several key areas including:gassing tendencyoxidation stabilitypower factor

G. Closing Summary

LuminolLuminol is safer to handle than conventional oilsLuminol is biodegradeableLuminol insulating fluids provide significant performance advantages over conventional insulating oilsLuminol provides improved heat transferability to help prolong the life of thermally vulnerable cellulosic insulationLuminols significantly greater stability against thermal and oxidative degradation can increase fluid service life, improve equipment reliability and reduce maintenance costs Conservatively, Luminol lasts 2 x longer than conventional oils

LuminolLUMINOL TR es diseado para aplicaciones tipo I.LUMINOL TRi es diseado para aplicaciones tipo II.Ambos lquidos satisfacen o superan los requisitos de rendimiento de las normas CSA-C50 (Clase A y B), ASTM D3487 y las especificaciones de DOBLE TECHO. LUMINOL TR y TRi satisfacen los Requisitos especiales de la estabilidad de oxidacin mejorada CSA-C50 para los lquidos tipo III y tipo IV, respectivamente.LUMINOL est aprobado para las aplicaciones que requieren Ontario Hydro M-104. LUMINOL TRi satisface las Especificaciones generales, CEI 60296 para aceite inhibido de transformador.

LuminolLas caractersticas demostradas incluyen:Excelente capacidad de transferencia trmica para mejorar el rendimiento del transformador.Extraordinaria estabilidad de oxidacin para extender la vida til de disyuntores y de variadores de toma bajo carga.Alta resistencia del impulso dielctrico para mejorar el rendimiento en presencia de condiciones de sobrevoltaje.Bajo factor de energa (prdida dielctrica) para reducir el desbordamiento trmico bajo condiciones de alta tensin elctrica. Desprendimiento negativo de gas del electrodo para reducir el riesgo de fallas de las burbujas de gas de hidrgeno.Total compatibilidad con aceites naftnicos aislantes existentes, que mejora el rendimiento de los lquidos combinados. LUMINOL TR y TRi contienen componentes de azufre no corrosivo y no requieren de pasivadores.LUMINOL TR y TRi son incoloros.

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Luminol Presentation