Basics of Lubrication

POWER PLANT EQUIPMENTS & ITS LUBRICATION

1x100% TDBFP (No startup MD BFP) for a 1000 MW unit at SHANGHAI, CHINA

View of the 600 MW Hirono No.5 steam turbine

Continuous ship unloaderThis unloader realizes continuous unloading from iron ore bulk carriers or coal bulk carriers. IHI has delivered the world's largest continuous ship unloader with a capacity of 4,000 t/hour for iron ore carriers, and also has the world's top technologies and delivery record. IHI also offers belt-type unloaders and pneumatic unloaders for various food and feed such as soybeans, wheat grains, and corns. Designs of unloaders will be adjusted to regional characteristics of delivery destinations. For example, the latest seismic isolating device will be used in the unloaders to be delivered to regions where anti-earthquake measures are required.

Rotary or Regenerative Air Pre-Heater

Turbine Installation.High and intermediate pressure turbine rotor setting on the casing. The 40-inch blade low-pressure turbine with inner casing and 586-MVA generator are shown behind it.

The biggest pump set has a drive rating of 18,000kW and generates a discharge pressure of 320 bar.

JOURNAL BEARING

Primary Requirement of LubricationLubrication is required to reduce the Friction and Wear between two surfaces Moving against each otherRegimes of LubricationBOUNDARY

MIXED

HYDRODYNAMIC

ELASTO-HYDRODYNAMIC

decreasing severityHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATIONFluid Film LubricationSurfaces separated by bulk film formed due to motion between surfacesAffected by viscosity, load and speedFilm Thickness 20 micronse.g Journal Bearings, Ring/Liner

FULL SPEED CONDTION

JOURNAL BEARING

MIXED LUBRICATIONMixed film lubricationBoth bulk oil film and boundary film play a rolee.g. Gear, Valve train ,Ring liner

INTERMEDIATE SPEEDBOUNDARY LUBRICATIONSurfaces separated by film of few molecular lengthProtection essentially depended on boundary filme.g. Heavily loaded gears, Ring/liner, Valve train

START STOP SHOCK LOAD CONDITIONSGEAR CONTACTSGEAR GEOMETRY DETERMINES CONTACT DYNAMICS

LUBRICATION IN GEARSFILM THICKNESS IS AFFECTED BY LOAD, SPEED AND VISCOSITY

ELASTO HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATIONSurfaces separated by very thin oil filmcontacting surface elastically deformed. Film Thickness .25 to 2 micronsRoller bearings,lightly loaded gears

FILM THICKNESS IN EHD CONTACTSLambda = Film Thickness/surface Roughness

Proper Film Thickness Begins when Lambda is greater than 1.5

Secondary functions of a LubricantCorrosion InhibitionCoolingCleaningSealantPower Transmission

Properties the Lubricant should have to perform its functionsProper ViscosityLow viscosity dependency on Temperature Viscosity IndexOxidation and Thermal StabilityAnti CorrosionNil foaming tendencyDetergencyDispersancy LIQUID LUBRICANTSSOLID LUBRICANTS

Lubricants can beComposition of a LubricantBase OilPerformance Enhancing additivesBase OilMineral Oil obtained from PetroleumBase Oil Imparts basic properties like viscosity, viscosity index, oxidation stability to lubricantThe percentage of base oils varies from 80 to 95 %Turbine Oils

TURBINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FROM A TURBINE OIL CUSTOMERs NEED OIL FEATURES REQUIRED

MAXIMUM EQUIPMENT LIFE LEAST MACHINE DOWNTIME GOOD OXIDATION AND EXTENDED OIL LIFE (10-20 YEARS) THERMAL STABILITY

RUST INHIBITION OF THE SYSTEM GOOD ANTIRUST PROPERTY

NO SYSTEM CORROSION GOOD METAL COMPATIBILITY

EXCELLENT SURFACE ACTIVITYADEQUATE WATER / AIR SEPARATION OF THE OIL TOWARDS ANTIFOAMOF SYSTEM OIL DEMULSIBILITY & AIR RELEASE PROPERTIES

MINIMAL WEAR GOOD ANTIWEAR PERFORMANCE

REQUIREMENT OF A TURBINE OIL

LUBRICATION OF BEARINGS, GEARS, SEALS ETC.

PROTECTION OF THE SYSTEM FROM CORROSION, RUST AND OTHERS.

TO ACT AS A SEALING MATERIAL FOR DUST AND DIRT.

ALLOW RAPID SEPERATION OF WATER AND AIR.

COMPATIBILITY WITH METALS.

TO ACT AS A COOLANT.

RETENTION OF ORIGINAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR LONG PERIOD OF TIME. DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF TURBINE OIL

APPROPRIATE VISCOSITY GOOD RUST PREVENTION HIGH OXIDATION STABILITY GOOD ANTI FOAM PROPERTIES GOOD WATER DEMULSIBILITY GOOD AIR RELEASE PROPERTIES GOOD ANTI FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES

VISCOSITYVISCOSITY IS ONE OF THE KEY PROPERTIES AND OPTIMUM VISCOSITY OF TURBINE OIL PROVIDESPROPER THICKNESS OF OIL FILMDISSIPATION OF HEATREMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS

TURBINE OILS ARE AVAILABLE IN ISO VG 32, 46, 68EXAMPLE: SERVOPRIME 46

DEMULSIBILITYINGRESS OF WATER IS UNAVOIDABLE IN TURBINE SYSTEMTHE PRESENCE OF WATER CAN CAUSE POOR LUBRICATIONRUST FORMATIONMETAL CORROSIONFOAMING & AIR RELEASEINGRESS OF AIR MUST BE AVOIDED IN SYSTEM. THE INGRESS OF AIR IN OIL MAY CAUSE REDUCTION IN TRUE FLOW OF OILPOOR HEAT DISSIPATIONREDUCTION IN OIL FILM THICKNESSINCREASE IN OXIDATION RATE OF OILRUST & CORROSION CORROSION OF FERROUS & YELLOW METALS IS A PERENNIAL PROBLEM SPECIAL ADDITIVES ARE BEING INCORPORATED IN OILS TO RESIST AGAINST CORROSION FOR A LONGER PERIOD OF TIMEOXIDATION & THERMAL STABILITYOXIDATION STABILITY OF OIL - DIRECT BEARING WITH THE LIFE OF OIL IN SYSTEM THE OIL IS EXPOSED TO ELEVATED TEMP., INGRESS OF AIR, METAL & WATER DURING ITS SERVICE AND OIL OXIDATION PROCESS INITIATEDGENERATION OF ACIDS & INSOLUBLE SLUDGE DURING OXIDATION MAY CAUSE SEVERE DAMAGE TO SYSTEM

DETERIORATION OF TURBINE OILS IN SERVICE

* HOW TURBINE OIL DEGRADE :

- OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION : CHEMICAL REACTION WITH AIR - THERMAL OXIDATIVE : UNSTABLE COMPOUNDS DUE TO CRACKING OF HIGHER MOLECULES - WATER INGRESS GENERALLY : THROUGH COOLING CIRCUIT - LOSS OF ADDITIVES PRESENT IN OIL

* PROPERTIES OF OILS TO BE RETAINED : - VISCOSITY - OXIDATION STABILITY RESERVE - FREEDOM FROM SLUDGE - FREEDOM FROM ABRASIVE CONTAMINANTS - ANTI CORROSION PROTECTION - OTHER PROPERTIES OF USED TURBINE OIL COLOUR / FLASH / FOAMING / ELEMENTS / DEPLETION OF ADDITIVES

TYPICAL TURBINE OIL SPECIFICATIONSPropertyTest MethodUOMRequirement ViscosityDIN 51562-1ISO VG 46ASTM-D 445KV @ 40 deg CDIN 51562-1ASTM-D 445KV @ 100 deg CDIN 51562-1ASTM-D 445Viscosity IndexDIN ISO 290995 MinASTM-D 2270Density at 15 CDIN 51757gm/q.cm. 0.90ASTM-D 1298Appearancelight and clearColorDIN ISO 20492 Max.ASTM-D 1500Flash PointDIN ISO 2592C 180ASTM-D 92Flow PointISO 3016C(-) 9 Max.ASTM-D 97Neutralisation IndexDIN 51558-1mg KOH/g0.15 MaxASTM-D 974AshDIN EN ISO 6245% by wt 0.01ASTM D 482Water contentDIN 51777-1mg/kg 150ASTM-D 1744Water release PropertyDIN 51589-1seconds300 MaxASTM-D 1401Air release property at 50 CDIN 51381minutes5 MaxASTM-D 3427Emulsion Test @ 82 Deg C, D-1401, 40-37-3, Minutes, MaxASTM-D 1401minutesCorrosive effect of CopperDIN EN ISO 2160 2-100 A3ASTM-D 130Corrosion protection for steelDIN 51585 0-AASTM-D 665Solid foreign matterDIN ISO 5884mg/kg300 MaxFouling ClassISO 4406 20/17/14Foaming Characteristics, Foam formation Seq I/seq II/ Seq IIIDIN 51566 ASTM-D 892(Seq 1-3) 50/50/50 Foam stability (10 min.) 0/0/0Load carrying ability (Fail load stage)FZG/SRC standard test 7 MinDIN 51534-02-A/8,3/90TOST aging stabilityDIN 51587Hours4000 MinASTM-D 943RPVOT aging stabilityASTM-D 2272Min.350 Min.Testing of low-viscosity lube oils for oxidation and corrosion preventing propertiesDIN 51394 FTN791B-5308.6Visc. Change: 20 to 5% TAN change: 2.0 Max Sludge to be indicated Zinc ContentNilNilHYDRAULIC OILS FUNCTIONS OF HYDRAULIC OILSSMOOTH AND ACCURATE TRANSMISSION OF POWERLUBRICATION OF ALL RUBBING SURFACES TO REDUCE WEAR & FRICTIONHEAT REMOVAL FROM HIGH FRICTION SPOTSPROTECTION OF THE EQUIPMENT FROM RUST & CORROSIONSEPARATION FROM WATER & AIRKEEPING THE SYSTEM CLEAN FROM CONTAMINANTSINERTNESS TOWARDS ALL NON-METALLIC PARTS INCLUDING PEOPLERETENTION OF ALL THE ABOVE PROPERTIES FOR A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME56HYDRAULIC OIL REQUIREMENTSPROPER VISCOSITYWEAR PROTECTIONOXIDATION & THERMAL STABILITYCORROSION PROTECTIONGOOD FOAM RESISTANT CHARACTERISTICSRESISTANT TO AIR ENTRAINMENTNON-COMPRESSIBLEGOOD DEMULSIBILITYADEQUATE FILTERABILITY IN USE578INDUSTRIAL GEAR OILS

FUNCTIONS OF GEAR OILS

CONTROL FRICTION AND WEARREMOVE HEAT GENERATED BY FRICTIONPROTECTION AGAINST DIRT&RUSTCLASSIFICATION OF GEARSENCLOSED OR OPEN

SPUR/HELICAL - REFERRED TO AS STEEL ON STEELTEETH ARE HEAVILY LOADEDTOOTH CONTACT IS A MIXTURE OF ROLLING &SLIDINGLITTLE ENERGY DISSIPATION(2%) GEAR CLASSIFICATIONWORM GEARS-STEEL WORM AND BRONZE WHEELUSED FOR HIGH SPEED REDUCTIONLARGE AREA OF CONTACT,LESS TOOTH LOADING HIGH ENERGY DISSIPATION(25%)LOADING TYPE ONLY SLIDING.CHARACTERISTICS OF GEAR LUBRICATIONPRESSURE INVOLVED BETWEEN MATING SURFACES ARE VERY HIGHSLIDING ACTION WIPES OUT OILSUDDEN LOADINGGEAR OIL PROPERTIESEP PROPERTY- ESSENTIAL IN SPUR & HELICAL GEARS DUE TO ROLLING MOTIONEP ADDITIVES ARE S/P BASEDS- CAUSES CONTROLLED CORROSION OF METAL SURFACES AT HIGH TEMPERATURE WHILE ROLLINGP- ACIVE AT LOWER TEMPERATURE WHILE SLIDING- BY ADSORPTIONGEAR OIL PROPERTIESANTI OXIDANT- LIFE, SLUDGEANTI RUST- MORE TAN IN FRESH OILANTI FOAM- CALCIUM & RUST INHIBITORS CAUSES FOAMING.DEMULSIBILITYLUBRICATION METHODSSPLASHSPRAY(JET)OIL MISTSPALSH/SPRAY METHODS NEDD OIL TIGHT HOUSINGSUMP MUST BE FILLED TO SPECIFIED LEVEL.OIL MUST BE BROUGHT EFFECTIVELY TO GEAR TOOTH SURFACES.SAME OIL MAY LUBRICATE SHAFT BEARINGS.SPLASH LUBRICATIONOIL FROM SUMP IS CARRIED UP BY TEETH OF LARGER GEAR DIPPING IN TO OIL.OIL LEVEL IS MAINTAINED SO THAT TEETH ALWAYS DIP INTO OIL.IF OIL LEVEL TOO LOW- POOR LUBRICATION.IF OIL LEVEL TOO HIGH CHURNING WILL CAUSE RAISE IN TEMP.FIXED VOLUME OF OIL IS SUBJECTED TO SEVERE SERVICE.THERE IS NO COOLING AND NO WAY TO FILTER THE OIL CONTINUOUSLY.SPRAY LUBRICATIONCIRCULATING SYSTEM MOST OFTEN USED IN LARGER GEAR SETS AND HIGH SPEED GEARS.OIL IS CIRCULATED BY PUMP VIA NOZZLE OR JET TO THE GEAR TEETH CONTACT AREA.OIL IS DIRECTED AT PARTING TEETH.OPERATING TEMP REDUCED BY COOLING VIA HEAT EXCHANGER.FILTERATION IS USED TO REMOVE CONTAMINATION.A CENTRALISED SYSTEM IS USED WHEN MULTIPLE GEAR DRIVES OF SIMILAR DESIGN ARE LOCATED CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.MIST LUBRICATIONLUBRICANT ATOMISED IN A MOVING AIR STREAM TO FORM MIST.MIST IS PIPED TO THE POINT OF APPLICATION AND DEPOSITED AS A FINE OIL SPRAY DIRECTED AT ENGAGING AND PARTING TEETHADVANTAGES-REDUCED OIL CONSUMPTION,ELIMINATION OF CONTAMINATION.USED AT MEDIUM AND HIGH SPEEDS.GOOD COOLINGLOW POWER LOSS DUE TO OIL DRAG.OPEN GEAR LUBRICATIONCONTINUOUS OPERATIONSPLASH LUBRICATION.HIGH VISCOSITY LUBES ARE REQUIRED.INTERMITTENT OPERATIONOPERATE UNDER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.METHODSAUTOMATIC SPRAY,HOT MELT,FORCED FEED,GRAVITY DRIP AND HAND APPLICATION.Typical Gear Oil SpecificationsSr.PropertyTest MethodTest ConditionUOMServo Mesh SP 3201Viscosity GradeDIN 51562-1ISO VG 320ASTM-D 4452KV @ 40 deg CDIN 51562-1305 to 335ASTM-D 4453KV @ 100 deg CDIN 51562-124.0ASTM-D 4454Viscosity IndexDIN ISO 290996ASTM-D 22705Density at 15 CDIN 51757gm/q.cm.ASTM-D 12986Appearance7ColorDIN ISO 2049ASTM-D 15008Flash PointDIN ISO 2592C234ASTM-D 929Flow PointISO 3016C-6ASTM-D 9710Neutralisation IndexDIN 51558-1mg KOH/gASTM-D 97411AshDIN EN ISO 6245% by wt0.003ASTM D 48212Water contentDIN 51777-1mg/kgnilASTM-D 174413Water release PropertyDIN 51589-1secondsASTM-D 140114Air release property at 50 CDIN 51381minutesASTM-D 342715Emulsion Test @ 82 Deg C, D-1401, 40-37-3, Minutes, MaxASTM-D 1401minutes1516Corrosive effect of CopperDIN EN ISO 21601bASTM-D 13017Corrosion protection for steelDIN 51585ASTM-D 66518Solid foreign matterDIN ISO 5884mg/kg19Fouling ClassISO 440620Foaming Characteristics, Foam formation Seq I/seq II/ Seq IIIDIN 51566 ASTM-D 892(Seq 1-3)Nil/Nil, Nil/Nil, Nil/Nil21Foam stability (10 min.)22Load carrying ability (Fail load stage)FZG/SRC standard test 13DIN 51534-02-A/8,3/9023TOST aging stabilityDIN 51587HoursASTM-D 94324RPVOT aging stabilityASTM-D 2272Min.25Testing of low-viscosity lube oils for oxidation and corrosion preventing propertiesDIN 51394 FTN791B-5308.626Zinc ContentNilNil27Four Ball Weld Load - Weld Load Kgs - Load Wear index, KgIP 239 D2783 250 46.4284 Ball Wear Test @ 54 C, 1800 rpm, 20 kg, 1hr, mmD 22660.329Saponification Num30Rust /test Procedure BD 665Pass31Oxidation Test @95 C for 312 hrs increase in KV, % Precipitatiin No , mlD 2893%, ml3.6, Nil32Timken OK load testD 2782lbs6033Sulphated AshDIN 51575% mass0.003

COMPRESSOR OILS TYPES OF COMPRESSORS BASIC CATEGORIES -* POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT TYPE : AIR IS COMPRESSED BY THE SQUASHING EFFECT OF MOVING COMPONENTS EXAMPLE- * RECIPROCATING: SINGLE ACTING , DOUBLE ACTING * ROTARY : SCREW, VANE, ROOTS etc.

* TURBO COMPRESOR TYPE : - HIGH VELOCITY OF MOVING AIR IS CONVERTED INTO PRESSURE EXAMPLES- * CENTRIFUGAL TYPE * AXIAL FLOW TYPE COMPRESSORS PARTS REQUIRE LUBRICATION1) RECIPROCATING TYPES BEARINGS - MAIN, CRANKSHAFT, PIN BUSHINGS CYLINDERS - WALLS, PISTON, PISTON RINGS, VALVES SHAFT SEALS IN SOME CASES2) ROTARY VANE TYPE BEARINGS - ROTOR SHAFT CYLINDERS - WALLS ROTOR - BLADES SLOT SURFACES, VANE, SLIDING AREAS WITHIN SLOTS3) ROTARY SCREW ALL PARTS OF COMPRESSORS UNDER ROTARY ACTION4) ROOTS TYPE CONNECTING GEARS, LOBE SHFT BEARINGS5) CENTRIFUGAL TYPE BEARINGS, GEARS, SHAFT, SEALS, COUPLINGS etc. WORKING ACTION OF COMPRESSORSCOMPRESSOR TYPE OPERATING TEMP,C LUBRICATION PROBLEMSRECIPROCATING - SINGLE STAGE - VARNISH & CARBON UPTO 270C DEPOSITS - MULTI STAGE - PISTON RING WEAR 160 - 210C INCREASE, LEAKAGE DEPOSITS ROTARY 80 - 120 C - DEPOSIT BLOCK FILTER & SEPARATOR ELEMENTS - VARNISH ON BEARINGSSLIDING VANE 80 - 150 C - DEPOSIT BLOCK FILTERS - VANE WEAR INCREASES FILTER DEPOSITS SIGNIFICANCE OF ANTIWEAR PERFORMANCEINCREASE IN PISTON RING GAP DURING COMPRESSOR OPERATION WOULD INDICATE EXCESSIVE WEAR OF CYLINDER BORE / PISTON RINGS

AW PROPERTY IS REQUIRED SPECIFICALLY AT SLIDING / ROTATING SURFACES

CONVENTIONALLY HIGHER LOAD CONDITIONS ARE OVERCOME BY ADOPTING HIGHER VISCOSITY COMPRESSOR OILS

TO ENSURE PROPER LUBRICATION, RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR OILS MUST HAVE EXCELLENT THERMAL / OXIDATION STABILITY AS WELL AS ADEQUATE AW PERFORMANCEFUNCTIONS OF COMPRESSOR LUBRICANTSACT AS A COOLANT TO REMOVE THE HEAT OF COMPRESSIONTO PROVIDE LIQUID SEALMINIMISE WEAR IN FRICTIONAL COMPONENTS e.g., PISTON, CYLINDER, BEARING, VANE, SLOTS etc.TO PROVIDE RUST FREE SURFACESTO MINIMISE BUILT UP OF DEPOSITS BY PROVIDING HIGH LEVEL OF THERMAL - OXIDATIVE STABILITYTO KEEP OIL - AIR SEPARATORS CLEANCHARACTERISTICS OF COMPRESSOR LUBRICANTSCORRECT VISCOSITY AT OPERATING TEMP.TO ASSURE OIL FILM FORMATION ON ALL FRICTIONAL COMPONENTSHIGH OXIDATION-THERMAL STABILITY - RESIST DEPOSIT FORMATIONADEQUATE WEAR PROTECTIONGOOD DEMULSIBILITY IN ROTARY FLOODED SYSTEMS TO AVOID EMULSION FORMATIONLOW CARBON DEPOSITS ON DISCHARGE VALVES & PASSAGES OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORSTROUBLE FREE STARTING AT LOW TEMP.

EFFECT OF WATER CONTAMINATION IN LURICATING OIL

DIRECTION OF OIL FLOW IN FILTERS

Centrifugal Casting up to 120" O.D.The most highly recommended repair procedure for large steam and hydro turbine generator equipment. Centrifugal casting is the method used to obtain maximum bond strength in the recasting process of Babbitt bearings.

Other casting methods (Static casting, TIG and Puddling, andMetalizing) are available for:Fan Bearings Motor BearingsBall Mill Bearings Tilt Pad BearingsThrust Shoes Pillow BlocksHydrogen Seals

Pivoted Shoe

Rotating Thrust Collar

Wire RopesThe life of a wire rope can be extended through the proper application of the correct lubricant. The individual wires in a wire rope are subject to abrasive wear as they move relative to eachother any time the rope is bent, such as when it goes over a sheave or is wound on a drum. Unless the rope is constructed of stainless steel, it is also subject to corrosion damage. Corrosionis especially a problem for wire ropes that are exposed to the elements.To be effective, the lubricant must penetrate into the rope to provide lubrication between theindividual wires and strands. It also must provide lubrication externally to reduce frictionbetween the rope and sheaves or drum, and it should act as a sealant to prevent corrosion. Thelubricant coating should not prevent the visual inspection of the rope for broken wires or otherdamage. Many times, a light mineral oil, such as an SAE 10 motor oil, is used to lubricate wire rope. Theadvantages of such a light oil is that it can be applied cold and it will penetrate into the ropeeasily. The main disadvantage is that it will work out of the rope just as easily as it works in, andfrequent application will be required. Heavy, adhesive lubricants can provide longer lasting protection, but most require heating beforeapplication to provide proper penetration. A heavy lubricant, when properly applied, will notonly provide internal lubrication, but also provide a durable outer coating to prevent corrosionand keep dust and abrasives out of the rope. Heavy adhesive lubricants usually must be heatedor thinned with a solvent to ensure they provide internal lubrication. The lubricant can be applied by brush, spray, or dripped on, or, preferably, by passing the ropethrough a heated reservoir filled with the lubricant. Before applying the lubricant, clean anyaccumulated dirt, dust, or rust from the rope because they can prevent the lubricant frompenetrating properly. The lubricant should be applied to the entire circumference of the rope andthe rope slowly wound on and off the drum several times to work the lubricant into the rope. Ifthe lubricant is being applied by hand, it may be helpful to apply the lubricant as it passes over asheave because the ropes strands are spread by the bending, and the lubricant can penetrate

Heavy, adhesive lubricants can provide longer lasting protection, but most require heating before application to provide proper penetration. A heavy lubricant, when properly applied, will not only provide internal lubrication, but also provide a durable outer coating to prevent corrosion and keep dust and abrasives out of the rope. Heavy adhesive lubricants usually must be heated or thinned with a solvent to ensure they provide internal lubrication. The lubricant can be applied by brush, spray, or dripped on, or, preferably, by passing the rope through a heated reservoir filled with the lubricant. Before applying the lubricant, clean any accumulated dirt, dust, or rust from the rope because they can prevent the lubricant from penetrating properly. The lubricant should be applied to the entire circumference of the rope and the rope slowly wound on and off the drum several times to work the lubricant into the rope. If the lubricant is being applied by hand, it may be helpful to apply the lubricant as it passes over asheave because the ropes strands are spread by the bending, and the lubricant can penetrate more easily.

Gates, Radial gates, Dampers and butterfly valvesGrease for the slow moving, highly loaded, bronze bushings such as those found on wicket gates, radial gates, and butterfly valves should be adhesive, water resistant, able to withstand highbearing pressures, and of a consistency that can be pumped at the lowest temperature encountered. Usually, a grease with extreme pressure or antiwear capabilities is specified. It should be noted that the term, extreme pressure, is used fairly liberally by greasemanufacturers, and the presence of extreme pressure additives and extreme pressure properties should be verified. Because the grease is lubricating a bronze bearing, it should not be corrosive to copper. TIN BASE ALLOYS FOR BEARINGSTin base babbitts commonly contain copper and antimony. They have hardness up to 32BHN which gives them excellent load-carrying characteristics. They show lowfriction resistance, low wear, good run-in properties and good emergency behavior in the absence of adequate lubrication. They wet easily and maintain an oil film, resist corrosion, are easily cast and bonded and retain good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.

THANK YOUSTORAGE AND HANDLING OF LUBRICANTSWHY PROPER STORAGE AND HANDLING ?

TEMPERATURE VARIATIONRAINSDUST CONTAMINANTS

WHY PROPER STORAGE AND HANDLING ?

WHY PROPER STORAGE AND HANDLING ?

OIL EXPANDS 20 TIMES MORE THAN STEEL AIR EXPANDS 100 TIMES MORE THAN STEEL

IF STEEL BARREL IS FILLED FULLY & THE BUNG IS TIGHTENED, BARREL WILL BURST IF THE TEMPERATUREINCREASES

WHY PROPER STORAGE AND HANDLING ?

IF SMALL CLEARANCE IS LEFT TO ACCOMOFDATE OIL EXPANSION, THEN ALSO BARREL WILL BURST DUE TO COMPRESSION OF THE CLEARANCE AIR

HENCE ATLEAST 2.5% CLEARANCE IS LEFT. NORMALLY 8-10 LITERS AIR CLEARANCE IS AVAILABLE IN 210 LITER OIL BARRELWHY PROPER STORAGE AND HANDLING ?

AIR IS TRAPPEDNO BREATHING ACTIONNO MOISTURE INGRESSWHY PROPER STORAGE AND HANDLING ?

TO PRESERVE INTEGRITY OF PRODUCTHEAT OXIDATIONCOLD GELLINGWATER AND DUST CONTAMINATIONWEATHERING

OBLITERATE LABELS, BATCH MARKS

AVOID INTERMIXING

PERSONAL SAFETY BY PROPER HANDLING

ELIMINATE WASTELESS DISPOSAL, NO POLLUTION

?OUTSIDE STORAGE

KEEP BUNGS TIGHT BUNGSI IN 3 OCLOC K - 9 OCLOCK COVER WITH A TARPAULIN

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WAREHOUSE

SPACIOUS WORKPLACE WITH PUMPS, DISPENSING EQUIPMENT, ETC. GOOD VENTILATION AND LIGHTING DUST FREE FIRE PROTECTION FOLLOW FIFO

ADVANTAGESORIGINAL PLANT CONDITION OIL: ENSURES RIGH LUBRICATION LESS MACHINERY DOWN TIMEELIMINATION OF WASTE MONITARY SAVINGS DISPOSAL PROBLEM ELIMINATED NO ENVIRONMENT POLLUTIONADVANTAGESSAFETY IS ENSUREDGOOD HOUSEKEEPINGPerformance Enhancing additivesAnti oxidantsAnti Wear and EP AgentsCorrosion inhibitorsFoam inhibitorsDetergencyDispersancyViscosity index improversPour Point DepressantsFriction Modifiers

Physico Chemical Properties of Lubricating Oil VISCOSITYVISCOSITY INDEXDENSITY AND GRAVITYCOLOURFLASH POINTSNEUTRALISATION NUMBERPOUR POINTFOAMING TENDANCYClassification of LubricantsBased on viscosity Example: SAE15w40, ISOVG 68 etcBased on applicationAutomotive oil (engine oil, Gear oil, coolants etc)Industrial Oil: Turbine Oil, Gear oil, Hydraulic oilBased on Performance Example: API SF, CJ etcADVANTAGES OF GREASESCAN BE USED IN NON ACCESIBLE AREASCAN BE USED IN OPEN GEARSACTS AS A SEALANT/ KEEP DUST/DIRT OUTSOLID ADDITIVES CAN BE SUSPENDEDSTAYS IN PLACEFOR LONG TIME OR PACKED FOR LIFE APPLICATIONS GREASE IS PREFERREDThank You