Lubricants Handbook 2005

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Petro-Canada

Lubricants Handbook - 2005

Beyond todays standards.


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PREFACE

PREFACE

Our products. Our company. Beyond todays standards.

Petro-Canada is a world-class producer of more than 350 advanced lubricants,

specialty fluids and greases. Weve established an enviable reputation for

helping customers increase productivity and cut operating costs. We excel at

producing high quality lubricants for the world.

Petro-Canada uses the patented HT purity process to produce 99.9% pure,

crystal-clear base oils the purest in the world. By removing the impurities

that hinder the performance of competitive conventional lubricants, weensure our products retain their fresh oil properties longer. Then we blend in

specialty additives for even longer fluid life, greater equipment protection, and

smoother performance. All of which delivers lubricant solutions beyond todays

standards to provide our customers with not only superior performance, but

superior savings.

Some companies meet standards. We raise them.

About This Handbook

This Handbook outlines Petro-Canadas many lubricants, specialty fluids andgrease products along with applications, quality and performance features. Itis intended to be used as a reference guide by our valued Customers,Associates, Distributors, Sales and Technical Service Representatives. Allinformation is current at the time of printing, however, specification writersand Petro-Canada are continually upgrading and improving products to meetthe ever-changing demands of the marketplace. These contents are thereforesubject to change. Special applications and equipment manufacturers recom-mendations should be discussed with your Petro-Canada Representative orPetro-Canada Distributor.

Petro-Canada products are available in a wide range of package sizesand are stocked at many strategic locations around the world either byPetro-Canada or its many global distributors. Current product offerings arealso available on our website: www.petro-canada.com.

Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

April, 2005


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PETRO-CANADA QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT STATEMENT

At Petro-Canada, we take quality very seriously. We are in constant, relentlesspursuit of quality excellence in our processes, our products and our people.

Petro-Canada was the first lubricants manufacturer in North America to be ISO9001 registered. We were the first lubricants manufacturer in Canada tobecome QS9000 certified. In keeping with our committment to meet the latestquality standards and practice, we are now ISO 14001 registered. We alsomeet some of the worlds most demanding specifications including Ford Q-1and DAB X. We produce food grade lubricants that are NSF H-1 approved alsoKosher approved.

In October of 2002, Petro-Canada Lubricants opened the door to the globalmarket by being the first Lubricants manufacturer in the world to be registeredto ISO/TS 16949. This new global standard is designed for third party suppliersto the automotive industry. It replaces QS9000 registration and confirms ourability to continually improve our quality system. In addition, we have alsoupgraded to the 2000 version of ISO:9001, which emphasizes customer satis-faction and a process approach to quality

We are guided in our day-to-day business activities by the following Manage-ment System Vision:

To achieve recognition as a first quartile supplier of choice for quality lubricants,specialty fluids, greases and related services.

Petro-Canada Lubricants will:

Demonstrate our commitment by maintaining our ISO 9001, ISO 14001 andISO/TS 16949 registrations.

Ensure our operations comply with customer requirements, specific perfor-mance standards, government legislation, corporate policy and applicableindustry standards.

Prevent pollution by determining, evaluating and mitigating the environmentalimpacts of our business during the start-up, normal operation and shutdownof our facilities, as well as during project planning and implementationthrough to decommissioning

Ensure all employees and others working on our behalf are informed trainedand authorized to meet our quality and environmental performance require-ments.

Continually improve our products through design, manufacturing, deliveryand service processes. This will be achieved through ongoing improvementof the effectiveness of our Quality and Environmental Management Systemsutilizing Total Loss Management philosophies.

Establish quality and environmental objectives and targets and periodically

review performance through the Management Review Process.


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THE PETRO-CANADA LUBRICANTS GUARANTEE

OurNo-nonsenseLubricantsWarranty.

Its more than just a warranty.Its a commitment.

We will repair damaged equipment, or replace

damaged equipment parts resulting from a failuredue to defects of the Petro-Canada lubricant, as long

as the lubricant is used in accordance with your

equipment manufacturers and ourrecommendations

LUB 1181 (97.06)


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3

4

5

6

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8

9

DIRECTORY

1. Product, Product Applicationand Subject Indices

2. HT PurityProcess

3. AutomotiveLubricants

4. IndustrialLubricants

5. Greases

6. Food Grade

Lubricants

7. Process Fluids

8. Fuels & Refinery Products

9. Glossary of Terms andHandy Conversion Charts


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CONTENTS

PART 2HT Purity

Process Base Oil Manufacture Base Oil Classification

Solvent Refining Process HT Purity Process Comparison of the Products of

HT Purity Process and SolventRefining

Quality Assurance

PART 1Product, Product Application,

and Subject Indices Index of Former Product Names Product Index Product Application Index Subject Index

PART 3AutomotiveLubricants

Engine Oil Functions Additives

SAE Engine Oil Viscosity Classification API Engine Service Classification Other Diesel Engine Oil Specifications API Energy Conserving Classification API Service Classification Symbol ILSAC Certification Symbol Used Oil Analysis Petro-Canada Automotive Lubricants

PART 4

IndustrialLubricants

Viscosity Classification of Industrial Oils Advantages of ISO Viscosity Grades AGMA Numbers Viscosity Comparisons Lubricants Handling and Storage Petro-Canada Industrial Lubricants Petro-Canada Metalworking Oils

PART 5

Greases Introduction Grease Characteristics Grease Definitions Grease Service Classification Grease Compatibility Grease Properties Grease Shelf Life Applying Grease Petro-Canada Greases

CONTENTS


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PART 6Food GradeLubricants

Petro-Canada Food Grade Lubricants

PART 7Process Fluids Petro-Canada Process Fluids

PART 8

Fuels & Refinery Products Petro-Canada Fuels & Refinery Products

PART 9Glossary of Terms and

Handy Conversion Charts

and Tables

Glossary of Terms Viscosity Guide

Viscosity / Temperature Chart Viscosity Conversion Chart ASTM Blending Chart API Gravities and Densities Colour Scale Equivalents Table of Lubricant Vapour Pressures Temperature Conversion Table Common Conversion Factors Cylindrical Tank Quantities

CONTENTS


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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

This Lubricants Handbook is intended to be a concise, comprehensivereference guide for our valued Customers, Associates, Distributors, Salesand Technical Service Representatives. It is intended to provide readers witha broad knowledge of the extensive range of lubricant, specialty fluid andgrease products that are available from Petro-Canada and its many globaldistributors. Reference is also made to Petro-Canadas fuel, asphalt, andrefinery products.

This Handbook is divided into nine (9) sections:

The Indexes Product Application Index, Product Name Index andthe Subject Index

The Patented HT Purity Process (Base Oils) Automotive Lubricants Industrial Lubricants Greases Food Grade Lubricants Process Oils Fuels and Refinery Products

Glossary of Terms, Conversion Charts and Tables

Each Product Group is comprised of subsections that begin with a generaldescription of the product and its applications. This includes the certificationsand approvals granted by various specification writing bodies and technicalorganizations. This is followed by the Typical Characteristics for each of thevarious grades of the product.

More comprehensive data for each product can be sourced from our detailedTechData series that are available from your Petro-Canada Representative or

one of our many global Distributors. TechDatas are also available on ourwebsite, www.petro-canada.com.


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INDEX OF PRODUCT NAMES

INDEX OF PRODUCT NAMES:

FORMER VERSUS REPLACEMENTS

HYDRAULIC OILS

Harmony/Premium AW 22, 32, Hydrex* AW 22, 32, 46, 68, 80, 100 2001

46, 68, 80, 100

Harmony/Premium Arctic 15 Hydrex* MV Arctic 15 2001

Harmony/Premium HVI 22, Hydrex* MV 22, 36, 60 2001

36, 60

Harmony/Premium Plus Hydrex* XV All Season 2001

Hydraflo EAW 32, 46, 68 Environ* AW 32, 46, 68 2001

Hydraflo ECO 32/Premium Environ* MV 32, 46 2001

ECO 46

Hydraflo FR-C 40 Hydrex* FR-C 40 2001

Hydraflo FR-D 46 Hydrex* FR-D 46 2001

Hydraflo AW 22, 46 D Hydrex* DT 22, 46 2001Hydraulic Oil AW 220 Hydrex* AW 220 2001

WAY LUBRICANTS

Accuflo DM 68, 220 Accuflo TK 68, 220 2001

GM Waylube 68 PC Waylube 68 2001

AUTOMOTIVE GEAR OILS

Syngear E 75W-90, 80W-140, TRAXON E Synthetic 75W-90, 80W-140, 2003

CD-50 CD-50

Syngear with TOS 75W-90 TRAXON Synthetic 75W-90 2003

Gearlube with TOS 75W-90, TRAXON XL Synthetic Blend 75W-90, 2003

80W-140 80W-140

Gearlube with TOS 80W-90, TRAXON 80W-90, 85W-140 2003

85W-140

PAPER MACHINE OILS

Paper Machine Oil 150, 220, SEPRO 150, 220, EP220 2002

EP220

Ashless Paper Machine Oil SEPRO XL 150, 220, 290 2002

150, 220, 290

YEAR OFFORMER REPLACEMENTS CHANGE


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INDEX OF PRODUCT NAMES 1

COMPRESSOR FLUIDS

Compressor Oil 32, 68,100, 150 COMPRO* 32, 68, 100, 150 2004

RCF-1000 COMPRO* XL-R 2004

Super Compressor Fluid32, 46, 68, 100, 150 COMPRO* XL-S 32, 46, 68, 100, 150 2004

HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

CALFLO* FG PURITY* FG Heat Transfer Fluid 2004

NATURAL GAS ENGINE OILS

Sentinel 541C, 445, MG-40, SENTRON* 541C, 445, MG-40, 470,470, 840, CG-40 840, CG-40 2003

Turbine FluidsAJT 5200 AJT 6000/Turbonycoil 600 2004

TRANSMISSION/DRIVE TRAIN OIL

Supertest TO-4 Synthetic AS PRODURO TO-4+ Synthetic All Season 2003

Supertest TO-4 MG Lo Temp PRODURO TO-4+ XL Synthetic Blend 2003

Lo Temp

Supertest TO-4 10W, 30, 50 PRODURO TO-4+ 10W, 30, 50 2003

COMMERCIAL (HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGINE) OILS

Super Plus 10W, 20W-20, 30, Duron* 10W, 20, 30, 40, 50 2000

40, 50

Super Plus, 10W-30, 15W-40 Duron* 10W-30, 15W-40 2000

Super Plus Arctic 0W-30 Duron* XL Synthetic Blend 0W-30 2000

Super Plus 10W-40 Duron* XL Synthetic Blend 10W-40 2000

Euro Canadian Gold 15W-40 Duron* XL Synthetic Blend 15W-40 2000

PASSENGER CAR MOTOR OILS

Power Plus 5W-30 Petro-Canada Synthetic Blend 5W-30 2002Arctic 0W-30 Synthetic Blend 0W-30 2002

TRANSMISSION/HYDRAULIC FLUID

Duratran All Season Duratran XL Synthetic Blend 2002

YEAR OFFORMER REPLACEMENTS CHANGE


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PRODUCT INDEX1

ACCUFLO TK & SS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,94AJT 6000/Turbonycoil 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Alucut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Aludraw 850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127API Modified Thread Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Ardee Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Ardee EP 000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174ATF DEXRON-III/MERCON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66ATF Type F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Aviation Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Barimol Heavy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Bentone RM 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153BIO 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

CALFLO AF, HTF, LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Cam Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Chain Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Chrysler ATF+3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Compressor Cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103COMPRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

COMPRO XL-S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100COMPRO XL-R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101COMPRO Synthetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Compressor Oil RP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Con-Rel-Eze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Cutsol, Cutsol HD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Cycloflex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

DEXRON-III/MERCON Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Diesel Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Dieseltonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Drill Rod Heavy Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Duratac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Duratran, Duratran XLSynthetic Blend, Duratran Synthetic . . . . . . . . . . . 78,79DURON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,55,56DURON Marine Diesel Engine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55DURON Multigrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,56DURON XL Synthetic Blend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,56DURON Synthetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,56Dust Suppressant Fluid DSF 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Endurance 8000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Energol CLO-50M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Energol DL-MP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Energol DS3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Energol IC-HFX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Energol OE-HT 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64ENVIRON* AW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104ENVIRON* MV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Furnace Fuel/Fuel Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

PRODUCT INDEX

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PRODUCT INDEX 1

Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Gear Dressing EP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Gear Shield NC, P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Grease OG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Heavy Duty Synthetic Blend ATF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68HYDREX* AW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106HYDREX* MV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107HYDREX* XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108HYDREX* DT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109HYDREX* Extreme-Wide Temperature Hydraulic Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

HYDREX* FR-C 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110HYDREX* FR-D 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Kerosene I-K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

LUBTAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Luminol Electrical Insulating Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Marine Diesel Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Multiflex Moly Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Multipurpose Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

NGS 1000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Non-Drip Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Outboard Motor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Paraflex HT Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167PC Waylube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Peerless LLG Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Petro-Canada Cleaning Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Petro-Canada Flushing Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Petro-Canada Maximum Motor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Petro-Canada Synthetic Blend Motor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Petro-Canada Supreme Motor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Petro-Canada Synthetic Motor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Petrochemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Petroglide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Petroglide MC 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Petroglide XP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Petrosol 3139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173PETRO-THERM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Precision Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,138

Precision Gold Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Precision Gold Moly Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Precision Moly Greases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Premium R&O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115PRODURO FD-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82PRODURO TO-4+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,81PRODURO TO-4+ XL Synthetic Blend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80PRODURO TO-4+ Synthetic All Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80PureDrill* Drilling Mud Base Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

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1 PRODUCT INDEX

PURITY FG AW Hydraulic Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162PURITY FG Chain Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155PURITY FG Compressor Lubricant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156PURITY FG Food Machinery Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,157PURITY FG Synthetic Food Machinery Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,158PURITY FG EP Gear Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159PURITY FG Synthetic EP Gear Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160PURITY FG Heat Transfer Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161PURITY FG MF Aerosol Lubricant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163PURITY FG Trolley Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164PURITY FG WO White Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Quench Oil 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Ralube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Rail Curve Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144REFLO A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Rotary Cooker Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Semi-Fluid Grease EP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Senate Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Sentron* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,59,60,61

SEPRO* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119SEPRO* XL Paper Machine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Slide Cam Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Snowmobile Motor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Specialty Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173SPX 5000, SPX 7000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Steel Mill Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Supercut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Super Gear Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Super Turboflo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Super Vac Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Supreme Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,139Supreme Moly Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,139SVG 102 Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Synduro SHB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Synthetic Blend ATF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Thermex Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Tool-Joint Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Transicut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126TRAXON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73-76TRAXON* E Synthetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Two-Cycle Motor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Type F Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Ultima EP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Ultima Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Ultima Synthetic EP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

VHVI Specialty Base Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Vulcan Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Page


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7

PRODUCT INDEX 1

#2 White Calcium Food Machinery Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,165

XCG-Flex Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144XHD 15W-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57


16/210

PRODUCT APPLICATION INDEX

8

1 PRODUCT APPLICATION INDEX

PETRO-CANADA Page

APPLICATION LUBRICANT No.Air Compressor Oil COMPRO 99

COMPRO XL-R 101COMPRO XL-S 100COMPRO Synthetic 101

Air-Line Oil Ardee Oil 95HYDREX *AW 106

Allison C-4 Fluid ATF, DEXRON-III/MERCON 66DURATRAN 78,79DURATRAN XL Synthetic Blend 78,79

DURATRAN Synthetic 78,79DURON, DURON XL 51-56Synthetic Blend ATF 67PRODURO TO-4+ 76 80,81

Ammonia RefrigerationCompressor Oil REFLO 46A, 68A 116

Automatic Transmission Fluid ATF, DEXRON-III/MERCON 66ATF, Type F 67Chrysler ATF+3 68Heavy Duty Synthetic Blend ATF 68Synthetic Blend ATF 67

Automatic Grease Lubrication Precision EP00 137,138System Precision Gold, Gold Moly 137,138

Semi-Fluid Grease EP 148Multiflex Moly Special 135Grease OG-0 142Multipurpose Lo-temp EP 134Multiflex Moly Lo-temp EP 135Multipurpose EP00 134Vulcan Synthetic All-Season,Synthetic Arctic 145

Automotive Gear Oil PRODURO FD-1 82TRAXON* 73-76TRAXON* E Synthetic 77

Automotive/Wheel Bearing Grease Precision EP1, EP2 137,138Precision Gold Heavy EP00 140Precision Gold 140Multipurpose EP1, EP2 134Grease OG1, OG2 142Supreme EP1, EP2 (off highway only) 138,139

Ball Mill Lubricant Gearshield NC, P 147

Bandsaw Oil Petroglide MC 32 113

Barium Grease Barimol Heavy 152Drill Rod Heavy Grease 152

Base Oil Paraflex HT 167Cycloflex 168

Bearing Lubricant Grease OGs 142Peerless LLG Grease 141Premium R&O 115Precision Greases 137,138Multiflex Moly Greases 135Multipurpose Greases 134


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PETRO-CANADA Page

APPLICATION LUBRICANT No.Super Turboflo 121Supreme Greases 138,139Synduro SHB* 122

Biodegradable Oil BIO 40 96Environ* MV32 105

Chain Saw Oil Chain Oil 98

Chassis/King Pin/5th Wheel Grease Barimol Heavy 152Supreme G123, 124 138,139Precision Moly EP1, EP2 138

Circulating Oil SEPRO* XL 119SEPRO* 119Endurance 8000 104Hydrex* AW 106Premium R&O 115Super Turboflo 121

Commercial Motor Oil DURON 56DURON XL Synthetic Blend 53,55,56Dieseltonic 57XHD Motor Oil 57

Compressor Fluid Endurance 8000 104Concrete Form Oil Con-Rel-Eze 103

Conveyor Chain Oil Chain Oil 98Lubtac 110PURITY FG Chain Fluid 155

Coupling Greases XCG-Flex 144Precision EP2 137,138Supreme EP2 138,139

Cutting Oil Alucut 127Cutsol, Cutsol HD 128

Supercut 126Transicut 126

Diamond Drill Lubricant Drill Rod Heavy Grease 152,154

Diesel Engine Oil DURON, 51,55,56DURON XL Synthetic Blend 53,56DURON Synthetic 52,56Dieseltonic 57XHD Motor Oil 57Energol 63,64,65Ralube 62

Drilling Compound API Modified Thread Compound 154Tool Joint Compound 154Drill Rod Heavy Grease 152

Drilling Mud Fluid PureDrill* IA-35 168PureDrill* HT-40 168

Dripless Lubricant Non-Drip Oil 112Lubtac 110Chain Oil Summer 98

Dust Suppressant Fluid DSF 65 169

Electric Motor Bearing Greases Precision EMB 137

9

PRODUCT APPLICATION INDEX 1


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PETRO-CANADA Page

APPLICATION LUBRICANT No.Electrical Insulating Fluid Luminol TR, Luminol TRi 111

Peerless LLG 141Grease OG 2 142Multipurpose Medium 134

Engine Oil DURON 51,55,56DURON XL Synthetic Blend 53,56DURON Synthetic 52,56Dieseltonic 57Petro-Canada Synthetic 47Petro-Canada Maximum 50Petro-Canada Supreme 49Petro-Canada Synthetic Blend 48XHD Motor Oil 57Sentron 58-61Ralube 62Energol 63-65Outboard 84Snowmobile 83Two Cycle 83

Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluid Hydrex* FR-C 40 110Hydrex* FR-D 46 110

Food Grade Greases PURITY FG Food Machinery Grease 149,157PURITY FG Synthetic Food

Machinery Grease 150,158#2 White Calcium Food

Machinery Grease 151,165

Food Grade Lubricant PURITY FG AW Hydraulic Fluid 162PURITY FG Chain Fluid 155PURITY FG Compressor Lubricant 156PURITY FG EP Gear Fluid 159PURITY FG Heat Transfer Fluid 161

PURITY FG Synthetic Gear Fluid 160PURITY FG Trolley Fluid 164PURITY FG WO White Oils 165

Gas Engine Oil Sentron 58-61

Gas Turbine Oil AJT 6000/Turbonycoil 600 95Endurance 8000 104Premium R&O 32, 46, 68, 77 115Super Turboflo 121

Gear Greases Gear Dressing EP 147Gearshield NC, P 147

Vulcans 145Semi-Fluid Grease EP 148

Gear Oil TRAXON* 73-76PURITY FG EP Gear Fluid 159Senate 117Super Gear Fluid 120Synduro SHB* 122TRAXON* E Synthetic 77Ultima EP 123Ultima Plus 123Ultima Synthetic EP 124

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PETRO-CANADA Page

APPLICATION LUBRICANT No.General Purpose Lubricant Premium R&O 115

Heat Transfer Fluid CALFLO 97PETRO-THERM 114PURITY FG Heat Transfer Fluid 161

High Speed Coupling Grease XCG-Flex 144

High Temperature Bearing Oil Super Turboflo 121

High Temperature Greases Peerless LLG 141Bentone RM2 153Thermex 153PURITY FG Synthetic Food

Machinery Grease 150,158

Hydraulic Oil Hydrex* AW 106Hydrex* Extreme-Wide 104Hydrex* MV 107Hydrex* XV 108Hydrex* DT 109Environ* AW, MV 104,105PURITY FG AW Hydraulic Fluid 162

Hydraulic Fluid, Hydrex* FR-C 40 110

Fire Resistant Hydrex* FR-D 46 110Hydrocarbon Compressor Oil Compressor Oil RP 102

SPX 5000, SPX 7000 118NGS 1000 111

Industrial Bearing Grease Precision EP1, EP2 137,138Multipurpose EP1, EP2 134Grease OG-1, OG-2 142

Industrial Gear Oil Ultima EP 123Ultima Plus 123Ultima Synthetic EP 124Super Gear Fluid 120Synduro SHB* 122PURITY FG EP Gear Fluid 159PURITY FG Synthetic Gear Fluid 160

Industrial Process Oil Paraflex HT 167Cycloflex 168

Journal Bearing Oil Duratac 103Hydrex* AW 106Premium R&O 115

Leaky Bearing/Gear Case Semi-Fluid Grease EP 148Lubricant PURITY FG 00 Grease 149,157

Vulcan EGF-1000 145Locomotive Diesel Engine Oil Ralube 62

Low Temperature Greases Multipurpose Lo Temp, EP 00 134Multiflex Moly Special 135Multiflex Moly Lo Temp 135Supreme Lo Temp 138,139Supreme Artic 138,139Precision Gold 140Precision Gold Moly 140

Marine Diesel Engine Oil Energol 63-65

DURONMarine 65

11



20/210

Marine Grease Grease OGs 142

Medium-Speed Diesel Engine Oil Ralube 62

Mineral Oil Paraflex HT 167Cycloflex 168

Mining Specialty Lubricants Ardee EP 000 143Semi-Fluid Grease EP 148Vulcans 145Cam Compounds 146Slide Cam Compounds 146

Multiflex Moly 135Supreme Moly 138,139

Motor Oil DURON 51,55,56DURON XL Synthetic Blend 53,56DURON Synthetic 52,56Dieseltonic 57Petro-Canada Synthetic Blend 48Petro-Canada Maximum 50Petro-Canada Supreme 49Petro-Canada Synthetic 47Ralube 62

XHD Motor Oil 57Outboard 84Snowmobile 83Two Cycle 83

Multi-Service Greases Multipurpose EP1, EP2 134Precision EP1, EP2 137,138Grease OG1, 2 142Precision Gold 140Supreme EP1, EP2 138,139

Natural Gas Engine Oil Sentron 58-61

Neat Cutting Oil Alucut 127

Supercut 126Transicut 126

Non-Melting Greases Bentone RM2 153Thermex 153

Open Gear Lubricants Gear Dressing EP 147Gearshield NC, P 147Vulcans 145

Outboard Engine Oil Outboard Motor Oil 84

Paper Machine Lubricants SEPRO* XL 119Grease OG 2 142

SEPRO* 119Precision Gold Heavy 140Precision EP2 137,138Supreme EP2 138,139

Penetrating Oil Con-Rel-Eze 40, 60 103

Premium Greases Precision, Precision Gold 137,138,140Precision Moly, Gold Moly 138,140Supreme 138,139Grease OG 142Peerless LLG 141

Quenching Oil Quench Oil 15 128

PETRO-CANADA Page

APPLICATION LUBRICANT No.

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21/210

Reciprocating Compressor Oil COMPRO XL-R 101

Refrigeration Oil REFLO 116

Rock Drill Lubricants Ardee Oil 95Ardee EP 000 Grease 143

Rolling Cam Lubricant Cam Compounds 146

Rotary Cooker Oil Rotary Cooker Fluid 117

Rust Prevention Oil Chain Oil Summer 98Con-Rel-Eze 103

Non-Drip Oil 112Saw Guide Oil Petroglide 113

Service Station Oil Petro-Canada Synthetic Blend 48Petro-Canada Maximum 50Petro-Canada Supreme 49Petro-Canada Synthetic 47

Single Point Lubrication Greases Precision EP2 137,138Precision Gold 140Multiflex Moly EP2 135

Slide Cam Lubricant Slide Cam Compounds 146

Snowmobile Engine Oil Snowmobile Motor Oil 83

Soluble Cutting Oil Cutsol, Cutsol HD 128

Special Application Greases Grease OGs 142Peerless LLG 141Precision Gold Heavy, Gold Heavy EP00 140SVG 102 143XCG-Flex 144Ardee EP 000 143Multiflex Moly Special 135Supreme Moly EP0, EP1 138,139

Stationary Jet Turbine Fluid AJT 6000/Turbonycoil 600 95

Steam Cylinder Oil Senate 117

Steam Turbine Oil Super Turboflo 121Premium R&O 32, 46, 68, 77 115

Steel Mill Grease Steel Mill EPM, LC 135

Synthetic Grease All Precision Golds 140Thermex 153

Synthetic Oil/Fluid AJT 6000/Turbonycoil 600 95Compressor Cleaner 103

DURON XL Synthetic Blend15W-40, 10W-40, 0W-30 53,56

DURON Synthetic 52,56Endurance 8000 104Hydrex* FR-D 46, FR-C 40 110NGS 1000 111Synthetic Blend ATF 67Petro-Canada Synthetic Blend 48Petro-Canada Synthetic 47SPX 5000, SPX 7000 118Synduro SHB* 122

PETRO-CANADA Page


13



22/210

Super Gear Fluid 120TRAXON* 73-76TRAXON* E Synthetic 77

Tractor Transmission Duratran 78,79Hydraulic Fluid Duratran XL Synthetic Blend 78,79

Duratran Synthetic 78,79

Transformer Oil Luminol TR, Luminol TRi 111

Transmission Fluid ATF, DEXRON-III/MERCON 66ATF, Type F 67

Chrysler ATF+3 68Duratran 78,79Duratran Duratran XL Synthetic Blend 78,79Duratran Synthetic 78,79DURON 51,55,56DURON XL Synthetic Blend 52,56DURON Synthetic 54Synthetic Blend ATF 67PRODURO TO-4+ 80,81TRAXON* E Synthetic CD-50 77

Two Cycle Engine Oil Outboard Motor Oil 84

Snowmobile Motor Oil 83Two Cycle Motor Oil 83

Vacuum Pump Oil Super Vac Fluid 122

Valve Grease SVG 102 Grease 143

Walking Cam Lubricants Slide Cam Compounds, CamCompounds 146

Water Resistant/Tolerant Greases Grease OG-0, OG-1, OG-2,OG-2 (PC Red) 142Precision EP1, EP2 137,138Supreme EP1, EP2 138,139Multipurpose EP1, EP2 134Peerless LLG 141

Way Lubricant ACCUFLO TK, SS, Waylube 68 93,94

White Mineral Process Fluid PURITY FG WO 165

Wide Temperature Range Hydrex* MV 107Hydraulic Oil Hydrex* XV 108

Environ MV 105

Wire Drawing Oil Aludraw 850 127

Worm Gear Oil Senate 117

Synduro SHB* 122

14

PRODUCT APPLICATION INDEX1

PETRO-CANADA Page



23/210

15

1SUBJECT INDEX

Additives

Engine Oils 33

AGMA Numbers 87

Air Compressor Oils 99-101

Allison C-4 Fluids 51-56,66,78-81

Ammonia Compressor Oil 116

Antiwear Agents 33

API Gravity/

Density Table 192API Service Classifications

Engine Oils 36

Gear Oils 70

Applying Grease 133

Ash Content 177

ASTM Blending Chart 193

Automatic Transmission

Fluids 66-68

Automotive Lubricants Additives 33

API Service

Classifications 36,71

API Symbol 44

Automatic Transmission

Fluids 66-68

Energy Conserving

Classification 43-44

Engine Oils 47-65 Gear Oils 69-70

Greases 129-153

SAE Viscosity

Classifications 35

Two-Cycle Oils 83

Ball Mill Lubricant 147

Bandsaw Oil 113

Barium Grease 152

Base Oils 167,168Base Oils, specialty 167,168

Base Oil Classification 19

Base Oil Manufacture 19

Bearing Lubrication 131

Benefits of HT Purity Process

Base Oils 23

Finished Lubricants 24

Biodegradable Hydraulic Oil 96

Blending Chart 190

Brookfield Viscosity 178

Boundary Lubrication 178

Carbon Residue 178

CFR 21 172.878 165

CFR 21 178.3570 165

CFR 21 178.3620(a) 165

Channelling 179Charts and Conversion

Tables 185-201

Circulating Oils 106,115,119,121

Colour Scale

ASTM 193

Union 193

N.P.A. Descriptions 193

Table of Equivalents 194-201

Common Terms 177-184Comparison

HT Purity Process

vs. Solvent Refining 23,24

Compounded Oil 179

Compatibility of Greases 132

Compressor Cleaner 103

Compressor Oils

Air 99-101

Ammonia 116 Hydrocarbon 102,111,118

Natural Gas 98

Rotary Screw 99-104,118,156

Reciprocating 99-101

Complex Grease 129,132

Concrete Form Oil 103

Consistency of Grease 130

Conveyor Chain Oil 98,110,155

Corrosion Inhibitors 33Coupling Grease 144

Cummins 20071 43

Cummins 20072 43

Cummins 20076 43

Cutting Oils 125-128

Cylindrical Tanks

Quantity and Depth 201

Page Page

SUBJECT INDEX


24/210

Page Page

Detergents 33,171

Detroit Diesel Engine

Oil Requirements 42

Demulsibility 23,179

Diesel Engine Oils

High-Speed 64

Locomotive 62

Low-Speed 64-65

Marine 65 Medium-Speed 62,63

Two-Cycle 57

Dispersants 33

Drilling Compounds 152,154

Drilling Mud Fluids 168

Dripless Lubricants 98,110,112

Dropping Point 179

Dust Suppressant Fluid 169

Electric-Motor

Bearing Grease 137

Engine Oils

Additives 33

API Energy Conserving 43

API Service Classification 36

API Symbol 44

Commercial 53,55,56

Functions 27 Heavy-Duty 51

ILSAC Classification 44

Locomotive 62

Marine 63

Multigrade 36,47-50,54

Natural Gas 58-61

Passenger Car 47-50

SAE Viscosity Classification 35

Service Station 47 Single Grade 36

Used Oil Analysis 45

Engler Viscosity 184

Extreme Pressure Agents 180

Flash Point 180

Finished Lubricants

Benefits of HT

Purity Process 24

Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids 110

Foam Depressants 34

Food Grade Greases 149-151,157,

158,165

Food Grade Lubricants 155-156,

159-161,164-165

Four Ball Tests 180

Friction Modifiers 34

Fuel & Refinery Products 171-174

Gas Engine Oils 58-61Gas Turbine Oils 95,115,121

Gear Lubricants 147

Gear Oils

AGMA Classification 87

API Service Classification 71

Automotive 69

Enclosed 117,121

Industrial 117,121

Mack GO-J 72 Mack GO-J Plus 72

Open 147


Synthetic 74,76,77,124,160

General Purpose Lubricant 115

Glossary of Terms 177

Grease

Application 133

Automotive ServiceClassification 131

Characteristics 130

Compatibility 132

Composition 129

Definitions 130

Properties 132

Shelf Life 133

Handy Conversion Charts

and Tables 185-201Heat Transfer Fluid 97,114,161

Heavy Duty Engine Oils 51

High Temperature Grease 141,150,

153,158

Hydraulic Fluids

Fire Resistant 110

Hydraulic Oils 104-109,162

Hydrocracking 181

16

1 SUBJECT INDEX


25/210

Hydrodynamic Lubrication 181

HT Severe Hydrocracking

Process 21,22

Hydroisomerization 22

Hydrotreating 181

Industrial Greases 134-142

Industrial Lubricants 85-128

Industrial Process Fluids 167,168

Introduction 1ILSAC Certification Symbol 44

ISO 9001 25

ISO 14001 25

ISO Viscosity Classification 86

John Deere, J20C, J20D Tests 79

Kinematic Viscosity 86,89

Kosher 149,150,155-159, 161-165

Leaky Gear Case Lubricant 145,148,149,157

Limited Slip Differentials 72

Locomotive Diesel Engine Oil 62

Lubricants Handling/Storage 90-92

Lubricant Vapour Pressure

Table 193

LubriTest Oil Analysis 45

Machine Tool Lubricant 93

Mack EO-M 42Mack EO-M Plus 42

Mack GO-J 72

Mack GO-J Plus 72

Marine Diesel Engine Lubricants 63-65

Marine Grease 142

Maximum Viscosities 185

Medium-Speed Diesel

Engine Oil 62

Metalworking Oils 124-127Mineral Oil 167,168

Minimum Viscosities 185

NLGI Automotive Grease

Service Categories 131

NLGI Grease Grades 130

Natural Gas Engine Oils 58

Neat Cutting Oils 125-127

Neutralization Number 181

Non-Melting Greases 153

Oil Classification Systems 35

Open Gear Lubricants 145,147

Optimum Viscosities 185

Outboard Motor Oil 84

Oxidation 183

Oxidation Inhibitors 33,183

Oxidation Resistance 24

Paper Machine Oil 119

Pareve 149,150,155,157,158,161

Passenger Car Motor Oils 47-50

Penetration Oil 103

Penetration Number 130

Petro-Canada Lubricants

Quality Statement (ii)

Guarantee (iii)

Petro-Canadas Patented HT

Purity Process 19

Pour Point 82

Pour Point Depressants 34

Premium Gear Lubricant 120

Premium Greases 137

Premium Steam Turbine Oil 121

Process Fluids 167-170

Product Application Index 8-14

Product Shelf Life

Lubricating Oils 91,92

Grease 133

QS-9000 25

Quality Assurance 25

Quick-Mix Chart 84

Reciprocating Compressor Oil 101

Redwood Viscosity 184

Refrigeration Lubricant 116

Regular Greases 134Rock Drill Lubricant 95,143

Rotary Cooker Oil 117

Rust Prevention Oil 98,103,112

Rust Inhibitors 33,183


Chain Saw Oil 98

Saw Guide Oil 113

Saybolt Viscosity 184

Page Page

17

SUBJECT INDEX 1


26/210

18

SUBJECT INDEX1

Service Station Oils 47-50

Snowmobile Motor Oil 83

Solvent Refining Process 20

Soluble Cutting Oils 127

Special Application Greases 135,

138-144

Specialty Base Fluids 167

Stationary Jet Turbine Fluid 95

Steam Cylinder Oil 117Steam Turbine Fluid 121,151

Synthetic Grease 140,153

Synthetic Fluids 47,48,52,53,56,

95,103,104,110,118,111,118

Temperature Conversion

Tables 194,195

Thermal Stability 24

Timken OK Load 184

Tractor TransmissionHydraulic Fluid 78,79

Transformer Oil 111

Transmission/Drive-Train Oil 80

Transmission Fluids 66

Trolley Fluid 164

Two Component Blending

Chart 191

Two-Cycle Engine Oils 84

Quick-Mix Chart 84

U.S.P. Mineral Oil 165

Used Oil Analysis 45,46

Vacuum Pump Oil 122

Valve Grease 143

Viscosity 184

AGMA System 87

Comparison 88

Equivalents 89

Engler 184

Industrial Oil Classification 86

ISO System 86

Kinematic 86,89

Redwood 184

SAE System 35,70,89

Saybolt 86,89

Stability 24

Viscosity Index 19,22,23,184

Viscosity Index Improvers 34

Way Lubricant 93

White Oil 165

Wide Temperature

Hydraulic Oil 105,107,108

Wire Drawing Oil 127

Worm Gear Oil 117,122

Page Page


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HT PURITY PROCESS

PETRO-CANADAS PATENTED HT PURITY PROCESS

BASE OIL MANUFACTURE

Lubricant base oils are produced in a series of steps which are designed toenhance certain desirable properties. For paraffinic oils, these include viscosityindex, oxidation resistance, thermal stability and low temperature fluidity.

Starting from petroleum crude oil, the typical process for making a lubricantbase oil is as follows: Separation of lighter boiling materials, such as gasoline, diesel, etc.

Distillation to give desired base oil viscosity grades Selective removal of impurities, such as aromatics and polar compounds Dewaxing to improve low temperature fluidity Finishing to improve oxidation resistance and heat stability

Generally both Solvent Refined and Hydrocracked base oils are manufacturedthis way, but differ in the processes used.

BASE OIL CLASSIFICATION

Before reviewing how base oil is manufactured, we should explain theAmerican Petroleum Institutes (API) Base Oil Classification system. Forengine oils, the API system classifies base oils into five major groups, asshown below:

API Base Oil Characteristics Manufacturing

Group Sulphur Saturates Viscosity Index Method

Wt, % Wt, % VI

I > 0.03 < 90 80-119 Solvent Refined

II < 0.03 > 90 80-119 Hydroprocessed

III < 0.03 > 90 120 + Severely HydroprocessedIV Polyalpha Olefins (PAOs) Oligomerization

V Other Base Oils Various

Group I, or conventional base oils manufactured by Solvent Refining, make upmost of the base oil produced in the world today. Containing more than 0.03wt % Sulphur and less than 90 wt % Saturates, they are less pure thanHydroprocessed or Synthetic base oils. While these groups are only intendedto be used for engine oils, their usage has expanded beyond this area.

Group II and III base oils are manufactured by what the API calls Hydro-processing or Severe Hydroprocessing. These are just other names forPetro-Canadas Patented HT Purity Process. With Sulphur contents of lessthan 0.03 wt % and Saturates contents of more than 90 wt %, they are morepure than Group I base oils.


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HT PURITY PROCESS

SOLVENT REFINING PROCESS

Initially, light oils such as gasoline, diesel, etc., are separated from crude

petroleum by atmospheric distillation. The resulting material is charged to avacuum distillation tower, where lubricant fractions of specific viscosity rangesare taken off. These fractions are then treated individually in a solventextractiontower. A solvent such as furfural is mixed with them and extractsabout 70-85% of the aromatic material present. The solvent extracted lubefraction is then dewaxed by chilling to a low temperature, which removes muchof the wax. This improves the low temperature fluidity of the product. Finally,the dewaxed lube fractions are sometimes finished to improve their colour andstability, depending on the application requirements. One common method offinishing is mild hydrofinishing. This step should not be confused with

Petro-Canadas Patented HT Purity Process, as conditions oftemperature and pressure in hydrofinishing are mild and less effective. TheAPI classifies the products of Solvent Refining as Group I base oils.

Atmospheric / VacuumDistillation

SolventExtraction

SolventDewaxing

Gas Oil

Solvent

Lube Fractions

Competitions' Solvent Refining/Extraction Process

CRUDE OIL

CONVENTIONALBASE OIL

(70-85% PURE)

500ml

400ml

300ml

200ml

100ml


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HT PURITY PROCESS

2


Hydrogen

Gas Oil

CRUDE OIL

Dewaxing

AtmosphericDistillation

VacuumDistillation

High PressureHydroTreaterHydrocracker

Hydrogen

Wax

ULTRA PUREHT BASE OIL

(99.9% PURE)

Petro-Canada Two-Stage Severe Hydrocracking Process

500ml

400ml

300ml

200ml

100ml

PETRO-CANADAS HT SEVERE HYDROCRACKING PROCESS

In Petro-Canadas HT Severe Hydrocracking process, the elimination of

aromatics and polar compounds is achieved by reacting the feedstock withhydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.

Several different reactions occur in this process, the principal ones being: Removal of polar compounds, containing sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen Conversion of aromatic hydrocarbons to saturated cyclic hydrocarbons Breaking up of heavy polycyclo-paraffins to lighter saturated hydrocarbons

These reactions take place at temperatures as high as 400C , pressuresaround 3000 psi and in the presence of a catalyst. The hydrocarbon

molecules that are formed are very stable and this makes them ideal for useas lubricant base oils. They are classified by the API as Group II base oils.

There are two stages in the Petro-Canada Severe Hydrocracking process.The first one removes unwanted polar compounds and converts the aromaticcomponents to saturated hydrocarbons. After separation into desired viscositygrades by vacuum distillation, batches of waxy lube base oil are chill dewaxed.These are then passed through a second high pressure hydro-treater foradditional saturation. This final step maximizes base oil stability, by removingthe last traces of aromatic and polar molecules.


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HT PURITY PROCESS

HT SEVERE HYDROCRACKING/HYDROISOMERIZATION

In 1996, Petro-Canada completed a new base oil manufacturing unit to run inparallel with its existing base oil plant. This new unit utilizes the HT SevereHydrocracking process, but replaces the chill dewaxing step with the moremodern and efficient wax conversion process .... HydroIsomerization.

The HydroIsomerization process employs a special catalyst to selectivelyisomerize wax (n-paraffin mixture) to high VI, low pour point, iso-paraffiniclube oil. The process yields base oils with higher VIs and improved yields,compared to previous conventional dewaxing techniques. The process iscapable of giving 130 VI base fluids, in a single pass. More usually, it is set up

to produce high viscosity index (Group II) base oils with VIs ranging from 95 to105 or unconventional (Group II+ and III) base fluids with VIs ranging from 115to 130. A further process feature is the flexibility it offers to produce base oilswith ultra low pour points .... lower than - 25C.

Petro-Canada employs HydroIsomerization dewaxing in conjunction with HTSevere Hydrocracking and as a result its base oils have the following attractivefeatures:

Very High Viscosity Index (100 to 130) Low Volatility Superior Oxidation Resistance High Thermal Stability Excellent Low Temperature Fluidity Low Toxicity

These features give performance characteristics very similar to lubricantsbased on poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), a type of synthetic.

SYNTHETIC BASE FLUID

(99.9% PURE)


Gas Oil

CRUDE OIL

AtmosphericDistillation

High PressureHydroTreater

HydroIsomerizationWax Conversion

Hydrocracker

VacuumDistillation

Hydrogen Hydrogen

Wax

Hydrogen

Petro-Canada Two-Stage Severe Hydrocracking/HydroIsomerization Process

500ml

400ml

300ml

200ml

100ml


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HT PURITY PROCESS

COMPARISON OF THE PRODUCTS OF PATENTED HTPURITY PROCESS AND SOLVENT REFINING

BASE OILS

There are significant differences in certain characteristics between HTSeverely Hydrocracked and Solvent Refined base oils. The main reason forthe difference lies in the virtual elimination of aromatic molecules (less than0.5%) in our HT Purity Process. HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils aretermed 99.5+% Pure. In comparison, the aromatics content of SolventRefined oils is somewhere between 10-30% so Solvent Refined base oils areconsiderably less pure.

Characteristic Significant Difference

COLOUR HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils are clearand colourless

VISCOSITY INDEX HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have higherVIs so they thin-out less at high temperaturesthan Solvent Refined oils.

OXIDATION RESISTANCE HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils respondvery well to anti-oxidants and so have superiorresistance to oxidation and a longer lubricant lifein finished products.

THERMAL STABILITY HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have con-siderably better resistance to heat than SolventRefined oils.

CARBON RESIDUE HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils producelower residues than Solvent Refined oils.

DEMULSIBILITY HT Severely Hydrocracked oils separatemore readily from water than Solvent Refined oils

LOW TOXICITY HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have lowtoxicity, due to a virtual absence of impurities.Petro-Canada White Oils are pure enough to beused in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

BIODEGRADABILITY HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils biodegradefaster than Solvent Refined oils - 60% vs 30%,as measured by the CEC-L33-A-93 test, whencomparing similar viscosity grades.


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HT PURITY PROCESS

FINISHED LUBRICANTS

Finished lubricants blended from Petro-Canada HT Severely Hydrocracked

base oils are superior to lubricants blended from Solvent Refined base oils inseveral areas. These include: Viscosity Stability Oxidation Resistance Thermal Stability Reduced Environmental Impact

VISCOSITY STABILITY

In service, Petro-Canada HT Severely Hydrocracked lubricants do not

thicken-up, i.e. increase in viscosity, as much as Solvent Refined lubricants.This is especially valuable for automatic transmission fluids, where consistentshift characteristics depend on viscosity stability. This feature also contributesto greater fuel efficiency in motor oilsand reduced power consumption fromindustrial lubricants.

OXIDATION RESISTANCE

Finished lubricants based on Petro-Canada HT Severely Hydrotreated basestocks show a superior resistance to oxidation compared to Solvent Refinedlubricants. This allows them to be used at higher temperatures or for longertime periods than Solvent Refined lubricants. Petro-Canadas unique line ofproducts, such as COMPRO XL-S Compressor Fluid, Super Turboflo Fluid,etc. are based upon this valuable property.

THERMAL STABILITY

Petro-Canada HT Severely Hydrocracked lubricants demonstrate excellentthermal stability. This leads to reduced deposits and cleaner equipment inter-nals, compared to Solvent Refined lubricants. Petro-Canada product lines thatexploit this feature include CALFLO Heat Transfer Fluid, COMPRO XL-S Com-pressor Fluid, Automatic Transmission Fluid, etc.

REDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Petro-Canada HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have very low toxicity andbiodegrade faster than Solvent Refined lubricants of comparable viscosity, dueto a virtual absence of impurities. When carefully formulated with selectedadditives, these features are preserved in finished lubricants. Applications

where these features may be found include:- Petro-Canada PURITY FG FoodGrade Lubricants, Environ MV Hydraulic Oil, Paraflex HT Fluids, Sepro* XL,etc.


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HT PURITY PROCESS

QUALITY ASSURANCE SECOND TO NONE IN THE WORLD

ISO 9001 REGISTRATION

ISO 9001 is the global standard for documenting quality control throughout an entiremanufacturing and business process. It is administered by the International Organi-zation for Standardization (ISO), a Swiss based organization that sets rigid stan-dards for a very wide range of products and services.

ISO 9001 is an international standard that adopts a process approach to qualitymanagement and business. It promotes a focus on customer quality requirements,enhancing customer satisfaction, and achieving continual improvement through theuse of setting measurable objectives and targets.

Petro-Canada Lubricants earned the distinction of being the first lubricants manufac-turer in North America to be ISO 9001 registered. To be registered, the ISO 9001process requires a thorough inspection of a companys production and control sys-tems by an independent registrar. Stringent audits are conducted to ensure detailedprocedures are rigidly adhered to and all products are manufactured consistently inaccordance with established standards. Following registration, twice yearly auditsare conducted by the registrar to ensure ongoing compliance and improvement.

ISO/TS 16949 REGISTRATION

In March 1997, Petro-Canada became the first Canadian lubricant manufacturer toreceive QS9000 certification. Developed by Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, and theNorth American truck manufacturers, the goal of QS9000 was the creation of funda-mental quality systems to provide continuous improvement with an emphasis ondefect prevention and the reduction of variation and waste in the supply chain.

In October 2002, Petro-Canada Lubricants opened the door to the global market bybeing the first lubricants manufacturer in the world to be registered to ISO/TS 16949.This new global standard, which replaces QS9000, is designed for third party suppli-ers to the automotive companies. This strongly demonstrates Petro-Canadas abilityto continuously improve our quality system. ISO/TS 16949 was jointly developed by

ISO and the IATF (International Automobile Task Force) and contains all require-ments of ISO 9001 and additional automotive requirements.

ISO 14001

ISO 14001 is an internationally recognized approach to Environmental Management.It is a disciplined approach to identification, prioritization, and management of envi-ronmental impacts resulting from business operations, and as member of the ISOfamily of International Standards, provides a consistent set of operating guidelines.

ISO 14001 differs fundamentally from ISO/TS 16949 and ISO 9001. Whilethese programs provide guidelines to address customer needs and expecta-tions in terms of quality of product/service, ISO 14001 focuses on the protec-tion of people and natural environment. It is more rigorous than the environ-mental elements prescribed in Petro-Canadas TLM Standard.

Petro-Canada Lubricants has chosen ISO 14001 as the foundation for itsEnvironmental Management System due to its wide recognition and globalacceptance. ISO 14001 principles are in line with Petro-Canadas internalTotal Loss Management philosophy.


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AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS


Automotive equipment is the largest user of lubricants and the steadyimprovement of this equipment can only be maintained with the continuedclose association with leading lubricant manufacturers, such as Petro-Canada.Operators of automotive equipment have come to expect high quality and reli-able performance from todays automotive lubricants.

Petro-Canada is committed to maintaining its leadership in automotive lubri-cant quality, by continued R&D effort to find new and improved products.Researchers at our Lubricants Centre are continually working with testengines and in the field with commercial equipment. Petro-Canada keeps in

close contact with all the car, truck, engine and other equipment manufactur-ers as well as with our customers. Our goal is to meet the ever changingneeds of the market.

ENGINE OIL FUNCTIONS

A modern engine oil has been carefully developed by engineers and chemiststo perform several important functions. The efficient operation of an enginedepends on the oil doing the following:

Permit easy starting Lubricate engine parts and prevent wear Reduce friction Protect against rust and corrosion Keep engine parts clean Reduce combustion chamber deposits Fight soot Cool engine parts Seal combustion pressures Be non-foaming

Permit Easy Starting

The ease of starting an engine depends not only on the condition of the bat-tery, ignition and fuel quality, but also on the flow properties of the motor oil. Ifthe oil is too viscous or heavy at starting temperatures, it will impose enoughdrag on the moving parts that the engine cannot be cranked fast enough tostart promptly and keep running.

Since cold temperatures thicken all oils, an oil for winter use must be thinenough to permit adequate cranking speeds at the lowest anticipated temper-ature. It must also be fluid enough to quickly flow to the bearings to preventwear. In addition, the oil must be thick enough, when the engine reaches nor-mal operating temperatures, to provide adequate protection.

The characteristic of an oil which determines ease of cranking is its viscosity atthe cranking temperature. Viscosity is a measure of the oils resistance to flow.This resistance, or fluid friction, keeps the oil from being squeezed out frombetween engine surfaces when they are moving under load or pressure. Resis-tance to motion or flow is a function of the molecular structure of the oil. Since itis this resistance that is responsible for most of the drag put on the starter duringcranking, it is important to use an oil with viscosity characteristics that ensure

satisfactory cranking, proper oil circulation, and high temperature protection.


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The effect of temperature on viscosity varies widely with different types of oil.For this reason, a standard has been developed for measuring the amount ofviscosity change with temperature change. This standard is called the Viscosity

Index (V.l.). An oil with a high viscosity index is one that shows less change inviscosity over a wide range of temperatures. Today, through the use of newrefining methods and special chemical additives, there are many high viscosityindex engine oils that are light enough for easy cranking at low temperaturesand still be heavy enough to perform satisfactorily at high temperatures.

These oils with high viscosity indexes are known as multi-grade oils. Oftenthey are also called by names that imply all-season usage since they performsatisfactorily in both winter and summer. Multi-grade, as well as single-grade,oils are recommended by vehicle manufacturers.

Lubricate and Prevent Wear

Once an engine is started, the oil must circulate promptly and lubricate allmoving surfaces to prevent the metal-to-metal contact that would result inwear, scoring, or seizure of engine parts. Oil films on bearings and cylinderwalls are sensitive to movement, pressure and oil supply. These films must becontinually replenished by adequate flow and proper oil distribution.

As mentioned earlier, the viscosity of an oil must be low enough at the startingtemperature to permit rapid cranking and starting, and high enough at peak

operating temperatures to ensure adequate engine protection.Once the oil reaches the moving parts its function is to lubricate and preventwear of the moving surfaces. Lubrication engineers call this full-film, or hydro-dynamic lubrication.

Full-film lubrication occurs when the moving surfaces are continuously sepa-rated by a film of oil. The determining factor in keeping these parts separatedis the viscosity of the oil at its operating temperature. The viscosity mustremain high enough to prevent metal-to-metal contact. Since the metals donot make contact in full-film lubrication, wear is negligible unless the sepa-

rated parts are scratched by particles thicker than the oil film itself. Crankshaftbearings, as well as connecting rods, camshaft, and piston pins, normallyoperate with full-film lubrication.

Under some conditions, it is impossible to maintain a continuous oil filmbetween moving parts and there is intermittent metal-to-metal contactbetween the high spots on sliding surfaces. Lubrication engineers call thisboundary lubrication. Under these circumstances, the load is only partiallysupported by the oil film. The oil film is ruptured resulting in significant metal-to-metal contact. When this occurs, the friction generated between the sur-faces can produce enough heat to cause one or both of the metals in contact

to melt and weld together. Unless counteracted by proper additive treatment,the result is either immediate seizure or the tearing apart and roughening ofthe surfaces.

Boundary lubrication conditions always exist during engine starting and oftenduring the operation of a new or rebuilt engine. Boundary lubrication is alsofound around the top piston ring where oil supply is limited, temperatures arehigh, and a reversal of piston motion occurs.


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Reduce Friction

Under full-film lubrication conditions, a thick film of oil prevents metal-to-metal

contact between moving engine parts. Relative movement of these lubricatedparts requires enough force to overcome the fluid friction of the lubricant. Theviscosity of the oil should be high enough to maintain an unbroken film, butshould not be higher than necessary, since this increases the amount of forcerequired to overcome this fluid friction.

Car manufacturers specify proper oil viscosity ranges according to expectedatmospheric temperatures. This is to ensure that the lubricant will provide ade-quate, but not excessive, viscosity at normal operating conditions. When oilbecomes contaminated, its viscosity changes. With soot, dirt, oxidation, orsludge, viscosity increases; with fuel dilution it decreases. Both directions of

viscosity change are potentially harmful to the engine. For this reason, con-taminant levels in motor oil must be kept low. This can be best accomplishedby changing the oil and filter at proper intervals.

The amount and type of chemical additives become more important than vis-cosity to the effectiveness of a motor oil in reducing friction under the extremepressure conditions of boundary lubrication. The proper balance of the totaladditive system in a modern motor oil is critical if all lubrication conditions ofan engine are to be satisfied. The oil formulator can achieve this balance ofmotor oil compounding only through much research, with emphasis on proof-

testing in actual engines, both in the laboratory and in field service.

Protect Against Rust and Corrosion

Under ideal conditions, fuel burns to form carbon dioxide and water. For a vari-ety of reasons, a gasoline or diesel engine does not burn all the fuel completely.Some of the partially burned gasoline or diesel fuel undergoes complex chemi-cal changes during combustion and, under some conditions, forms soot or car-bon. Some of this soot and partially burned fuel escapes through the exhaust inthe form of black smoke or foul smelling odors, particularly when the fuel-airmixture is extremely rich or cylinder misfiring occurs. That part of soot and

unburned fuel which escapes past the rings and into the crankcase tends tocombine with water to form sludge and varnish deposits on critical engine parts.Sludge buildup may clog oil passages which reduces oil flow. Varnish buildupinterferes with proper clearances, restricts oil circulation and causes vital engineparts to stick and malfunction. The result is rapid failure of the parts.

Water is a problem. For each gallon of fuel burned in an engine, more thanone gallon of water is formed. Although most of this water is in vapor form andgoes out the exhaust, some condenses on the cylinder walls or escapes pastthe piston rings and is trapped, at least temporarily, in the crankcase. This

occurs most frequently in cold weather before the engine has warmed up.In addition to water and the byproducts from incomplete combustion of the fuel,other corrosive combustion gases also get past the rings and are condensedor dissolved in the crankcase oil. Add to this the acids formed by the normaloxidation of oil and the potential for rust and corrosive engine depositsbecomes significant.

The life of engine parts depends in part on the ability of the motor oil to neutral-ize the effects of these corrosive substances. Thanks to much research, effec-tive oil-soluble chemical compounds have been developed. These are added tomotor oil during manufacture to provide vital protection to engine parts.

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Keep Engine Parts Clean

In formulating todays high quality motor oils, a basic objective is not only to

keep engine parts clean, but also to prevent sludge and varnish deposits frominterfering with proper engine operation.

Engine sludge formation is generally a problem of low engine temperatureoperation. Engine sludge deposits are formed by combinations of water fromcondensation, dirt and the products of oil deterioration and incomplete com-bustion. Sludge-forming materials are often so small initially that no oil filtercan remove them. They are much smaller than the thickness of the oil film onengine parts and therefore cause no wear or damage so long as they remainsmall and well-dispersed. However, as their levels increase in the oil duringuse, they tend to join together to form larger masses and oil flow can be

restricted.

Sludge formation is aggravated by water vapor which condenses in thecrankcase in cold engine operation. The rate at which sludge-forming materialsaccumulate in the crankcase oil is related to several factors of engine opera-tion. Factors such as, rich air-fuel mixtures which occur during starting orwhen a choke is sticking; operating with dirty air cleaners; or cases of ignitionmisfiring, increase the rate of sludge accumulation in the oil.

Straight mineral oils have only a very limited ability to keep these contami-nants from coagulating and forming masses of sludge within the engine. This

is the job of the detergent/dispersant additives that are blended into modernmotor oils. These additives keep vital engine parts clean and oil contaminantssuspended in such a fine form that they can be removed by regular oil and filterchanges.

Detergent/dispersants are also very effective in preventing varnish depositswithin an engine. Varnish-forming materials react chemically or combine withoxygen in the crankcase to form complex chemical compounds. These com-pounds continue to react with each other and with oxygen and are baked byengine heat into a hard coating on the hotter parts of the engine. The

hydraulic lifters, piston rings, and bearings are particularly sensitive to varnishdeposits. If varnish-forming materials are allowed to accumulate in theseareas, engine operation is impaired.

Engines cannot tolerate excessive amounts of sludge and varnish on sensitiveparts. Sludge deposits collect on oil pump screens, limiting the flow of oil tovital engine parts and resulting in rapid and destructive wear. Piston ringswhich are stuck or sluggish because of varnish accumulation prevent theengine from developing full power. Sludged or plugged oil-control rings pre-vent removal of excess lubricant from the cylinder walls and result in exces-sive oil consumption.

Reduce Combustion Chamber Deposits

In performing its lubrication function, some oil must reach the area of the toppiston ring in order to lubricate the rings and the cylinder walls. This oil is thenexposed to the heat and flame of burning fuel and part of it actually burns off.

Modern refining techniques have produced oils that burn cleanly under theseconditions, leaving little or no carbon residue. The detergent/dispersant addi-tives in modern motor oils keep the piston rings free in their grooves, therebymaintaining compression pressures and minimizing the amount of oil reaching


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the combustion chamber. This not only reduces oil consumption, but moreimportantly, keeps combustion chamber deposits to a minimum.

Excessive combustion chamber deposits adversely affect engine operation.Deposits that form on spark plugs may cause the plugs to short out. Their build-up causes pinging, knock, or other combustion irregularities that reduce the effi-ciency and economy of the engine. Because these deposits act as heat barri-ers, pistons, rings, spark plugs, and valves are not properly cooled. This canresult in damage or even failure of the parts necessitating premature overhaul.

In preventing excessive combustion chamber deposits, it is important that amotor oil accomplish two things:

The oil must keep the rings free so that they can minimize the amount of oilreaching the combustion chamber.

That portion of the oil reaching the combustion chamber should burn ascleanly as possible.

Fight Soot

Soot is a by-product of diesel-engine combustion. It is black carbonaceousparticulate matter, which does not dissolve in lubricating oil, but can be sus-pended by the oil and removed during an oil change. If soot is not well dis-persed in an oil, it will cause the oil to thicken up and go out of grade. In addi-

tion, soot can agglomerate to form particles large enough to cause abrasivewear and when the soot load of an oil gets too high, it settles out and formssludge. Agglomerated soot and/or highly thickened oil can result in high pres-sure at the oil filter inlet. This can cause the filter by-pass to open and allowunfiltered oil into the engine.

Engine oils formulated to fight soot are able to disperse large amounts of sootwithout thickening up. Good soot dispersal stops large particles agglomerat-ing, prevents abrasive wear developing and inhibits the formation of sludge.

Fighting soot formation in diesel engines has become a serious concernrecently, due to new severe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emis-sion regulations. They have forced the diesel engine makers to lower NOxemissions from all new diesel engines. To do this, the designers have retardedthe fuel-injection timing and some have added exhaust gas recirculation(EGR). Unfortunately these changes reduce combustion efficiency andincreases soot production, sometimes by as much as 500%. This U.S. EPAregulation effects all new or rebuilt engines sold in North America, since the

manufacturers distribute the same engines and rebuild kits world-wide.

Cool Engine Parts

Many people assume that engine cooling is accomplished only through theaction of the fluid in the cooling system. This in fact does only about 60 per-cent of the cooling job. It cools the upper part of the engine only the cylinderheads, cylinder walls, and the valves. The crankshaft, the main and connect-ing rod bearings, the camshaft and its bearings, the timing gears, the pistons,and many other components in the lower part of the engine are directlydependent on the motor oil for necessary cooling, All these parts have definite


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temperatures while others, such as the main and connecting rod bearings,must run relatively cool to avoid failure. These parts must get an ample supplyof cool oil to pick up the heat and carry it back to the crankcase where it is

cooled by heat transfer to the surrounding air.

To keep this cooling process working, large volumes of oil must be constantlycirculated to the bearings and other engine parts. If the oil supply is inter-rupted, these parts heat up rapidly from increased friction and combustiontemperatures. A bearing failure is often referred to as a burned-out bearingbecause temperatures rose high enough to actually melt the bearing metal.

While only a small quantity of oil is required at any one time and place to pro-vide lubrication, the oil pump must circulate many litres of oil per minute inorder to achieve this. Chemical additives and the physical properties of the oilhave little effect on its ability to provide adequate cooling. What is critical is thecontinuous circulation of large quantities of oil throughout the engine and overhot engine parts. This is made possible through the use of large-capacity oilpumps and oil passages adequate to handle the required volume of oil. Theseoil passages cannot do the job properly if they are allowed to become partiallyor completely clogged with deposits. When this happens, the oil cannot circu-late or cool properly and early engine failure may result. This is another rea-son for changing the oil and filter before the contaminant level becomes too

high. Proper cooling also requires that the oil level in the crankcase never bepermitted to remain below the add oil line on the dipstick.

Seal Combustion Pressures

The surfaces of the piston rings, ring grooves, and cylinder walls are not com-pletely smooth. If examined under a microscope, these surfaces would showminute hills and valleys. For this reason, the rings by themselves can nevercompletely prevent high combustion and compression pressures from escap-ing into the low pressure area of the crankcase, with the consequent reductionin engine power and efficiency. Motor oil fills in these hills and valleys on ring

surfaces and cylinder walls and helps to seal in compression and combustionpressures. Because the oil film at these points is rather thin generally lessthan 0.025 mm thick it cannot compensate for existing excessive wear ofrings, ring grooves, or cylinder walls. Where such conditions already exist, oilconsumption may be high. It may also be high in a new or rebuilt engine untilthe hills and valleys on these surfaces have smoothed out enough to allow theoil to form the right seal.

Be Non-Foaming

Because of the many rapidly moving parts in an engine, air in the crankcase isconstantly being whipped into the oil. This produces foam, which is simply alot of air bubbles which may or may not readily collapse. These air bubblesnormally rise to the surface and break, but water and certain other contami-nants slow down the rate at which this occurs, and the result is foam.

Foam is not a good conductor of heat, so if the amount of foam is excessive,engine cooling will be impaired because the heat will not be dissipated. Foamalso does not have much ability to carry a load and prevent wear of hydraulicvalve lifters and bearings. This is because it contains air and air is easily com-pressible. On the other hand, oil which is free of air is virtually incompressible.


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ADDITIVES

As previously stated, an engine oil has to perform ten basic functions. To carry

out these functions, the base oil must be refined to the highest level possibleand then compounded with specially selected chemical additives. Skillfulselection of additives, blended together with Petro-Canadas HT SeverelyHydrocracked base oils results in engine oils of outstanding performance.

DETERGENTS

These chemicals, usually metallic based, are designed to control deposits andkeep engine components clean. They are able to clean up existing deposits inthe engine, as well as disperse insoluble matter into the oil. Detergents controlcontamination resulting from high temperature operation.

DISPERSANTS

These are usually ashless organic chemicals, which control contaminationfrom low temperature operation. Both detergents and dispersants attach them-selves to contaminant particles, such as soot and hold them in suspension,preventing sludge and deposit formation. The suspended particles, togetherwith their additive carrier, are so finely divided that they can pass harmlesslybetween mating surfaces and through oil filters. This contamination isremoved from the engine when the oil is changed.

OXIDATION INHIBITORS

These agents reduce oxygen attack on the lubricant base oil to a minimum.Petro-Canadas HT Severely Hydrocracked base oils have a superiorresponse to these additives compared to Solvent Refined base oils. Thisresults in an engine oil with unrivalled resistance to oil thickening and thebuild-up of corrosive acids, hence maintaining good oil flow properties andresistance to bearing corrosion.

CORROSION INHIBITORSAcids are produced by the combustion process and when an engine oildegrades with use. Unless rendered harmless by the engine oil, these acidscan cause rapid deterioration of engine components. Corrosion inhibitors pro-tect non-ferrous metals by coating them and forming a barrier between theparts and their environment.

RUST INHIBITORS

Rust Inhibitors protect iron/steel surfaces from oxygen attack, by forming a

similar protective screen as mentioned above. Parts such as hydraulic lifters,push rods, etc. are prone to this type of corrosion.

ANTI-WEAR AGENTS

These agents prevent wear due to seizure or scuffing of rubbing surfaces. Com-pounds such as zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP) break-down at micro-scopic hot spots and form a chemical film which eliminates metal-to-metalcontact before it grows. Thus scuffing, galling and seizure are prevented.


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FOAM DEPRESSANTS

Detergent and dispersant additives can facilitate aeration of an oil, which leads

to foaming. This can reduce the lubricating ability of an oil and even interferewith oil pumping. Incorporation of a Foam Depressant controls this tendency.

VISCOSITY INDEX (Vl) IMPROVERS

Vl improvers control the viscosity of multi-grade oils. They are polymers whichact like popcorn. At low temperatures, they are tight-balls which do not sig-nificantly increase the oils resistance to flow. However, at high temperatures,these tight-balls explode into long chain polymers, which interweave andincrease the oils resistance to flow (viscosity). Thus, the tendency of an oil tothin at high temperatures is controlled and reduced. Vl improvers must be

shear stable, that is be able to perform when the oil film is subject to greatstress and also resist high temperatures.

POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS

Base oils contain hydrocarbons that tend to crystallize into waxy materials atlow temperatures. Incorporation of a chemical which reduces the size/rate ofwax crystal formation can give an oil better low temperature fluidity, hence alower Pour Point.

FRICTION MODIFIERSSome oils contain friction-modifying chemicals, which can reduce the fuel con-sumption of an engine. These chemicals form a chemical or physically bondedfilm that reduces the friction between the moving engine parts.


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OIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

In selecting a proper engine oil, the vehicle operator must consider both the oilviscosity and the lubricant service requirements for his vehicle. To enable theoperator to identify a proper oil, the engine manufacturers and the petroleumindustry utilize two complementary classification systems that are describedbelow:

SAE ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION

The earliest attempts to classify and identify motor oils were made when thefirst automobiles appeared. Even then viscosity was known to be one of themost important characteristics of an oil and oils were classified as light,medium, or heavy, depending on their viscosity. When instruments becameavailable to accurately measure viscosity, the Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE) developed a classification system based on viscosity measurements.This system (Engine Oil Viscosity Classification SAE J300), which has beenmodified over the years, establishes eleven distinct motor oil viscosity classifi-cations or grades. SAE 0W, SAE 5W, SAE 10W, SAE 15W, SAE 20W, SAE25W, SAE 20, SAE 30, SAE 40, SAE 50 and SAE 60. (Other grade numbersare

Documents

Lubricants Handbook 2005