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8/9/2019 LTE Presentation From Simon Fraser University
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Long Term Evolution (LTE) - A Tutorial
Ahmed [email protected]
Network Systems LaboratorySimon Fraser University
October 13, 2009
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 LTE Architecture
3 LTE Radio Interface
4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
5 LTE Deployment Considerations
6 Work Related to Video Streaming
7 Conclusions
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Introduction
Outline
1 Introduction
2 LTE Architecture
3 LTE Radio Interface
4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
5 LTE Deployment Considerations
6 Work Related to Video Streaming
7 Conclusions
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LTE A hi
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LTE Architecture
Outline
1 Introduction
2 LTE Architecture
3 LTE Radio Interface
4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
5 LTE Deployment Considerations
6 Work Related to Video Streaming
7 Conclusions
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LTE Architect re
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LTE Architecture
LTE Architecture
LTE encompasses the evolution of:the radio access through the E-UTRANthe non-radio aspects under the term System ArchitectureEvolution (SAE)
Entire system composed of both LTE and SAE is called theEvolved Packet System (EPS)At a high-level, the network is comprised of:
Core Network (CN), called Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in SAEaccess network (E-UTRAN)
A bearer is an IP packet ow with a dened QoS between thegateway and the User Terminal (UE)CN is responsible for overall control of UE and establishment ofthe bearers
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LTE Architecture
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LTE Architecture
LTE Architecture
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LTE Architecture
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LTE Architecture
LTE Architecture
Main logical nodes in EPC are:PDN Gateway ( P-GW )Serving Gateway ( S-GW )Mobility Management Entity ( MME)
EPC also includes other nodes and functions, such:Home Subscriber Server (HSS)Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
EPS only provides a bearer path of a certain QoS, control ofmultimedia applications is provided by the IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS), which considered outside of EPSE-UTRAN solely contains the evolved base stations, calledeNodeB or eNB
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LTE Architecture
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LTE Architecture
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LTE Radio Interface
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 LTE Architecture
3 LTE Radio Interface
4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
5 LTE Deployment Considerations
6 Work Related to Video Streaming
7 Conclusions
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LTE Radio Interface
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LTE Radio Interface Architecture
eNB and UE have control plane and data plane protocol layers
Data entersprocessing chain inthe form of IPpackets on one of
the SAE bearers
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LTE Radio Interface
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Protocol Layers
IP packets are passed through multiple protocol entities:Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
IP header compression based on Robust Header Compression(ROHC)ciphering and integrity protection of transmitted data
Radio Link Control (RLC)
segmentation/concatenationretransmission handlingin-sequence delivery to higher layers
Medium Access Control (MAC)handles hybrid-ARQ retransmissionsuplink and downlink scheduling at the eNodeB
Physical Layer (PHY)coding/decodingmodulation/demodulation (OFDM)multi-antenna mappingother typical physical layer functions
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LTE Radio Interface
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Communication Channels
RLC offers services to PDCP in the form of radio bearers MAC offers services to RLC in the form of logical channels PHY offers services to MAC in the form of transport channels A logical channel is dened by the type of information it carries.Generally classied as:
a control channel, used for transmission of control andconguration information necessary for operating an LTE systema trafc channel, used for the user data
A transport channel is dened by how andwith what characteristics the information is transmitted over theradio interface
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LTE Radio Interface
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Channel Mapping
BCCH: Broadcast
CCCH: Common
PCCH: Paging
MCCH: Multicast
DCCH: Dedicated
DTCH: Dedicated Trafc
MTCH: Multicast Trafc
DL-SCH: Downlink Shared
MCH: Multicast
BCH: Broadcast
PCH: PagingAhmed Hamza Long Term Evolution (LTE) - A Tutorial October 13, 2009 17 / 48
LTE Radio Interface
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Radio Link Control (RLC) Layer
Depending on the scheduler decision, a certain amount of data isselected for transmission from the RLC SDU buffer and the SDUsare segmented/concatenated to create the RLC PDU. Thus, forLTE the RLC PDU size varies dynamicallyEach RLC PDU includes a header, containing, among otherthings, a sequence number used for in-sequence delivery and bythe retransmission mechanismA retransmission protocol operates between the RLC entities inthe receiver and transmitter.
Receiver monitors sequence numbers and identies missing PDUsAlthough the RLC is capable of handling transmission errors,error-free delivery is in most cases handled by the MAC-basedhybrid-ARQ protocol
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LTE Radio Interface
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Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
Data on a transport channel is organized into transport blocks.Each Transmission Time Interval (TTI), at most one transportblock of a certain size is transmitted over the radio interfaceto/from a mobile terminal (in absence of spatial multiplexing)Each transport block has an associated Transport Format (TF)
species how the block is to be transmitted over the radio interface(e.g. transport-block size, modulation scheme, and antennamapping)
By varying the transport format, the MAC layer can realizedifferent data rates.
Rate control is therefore also known as transport-format selection
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LTE Radio Interface
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Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
In hybrid ARQ, multiple parallel stop-and-wait processes are used(this can result in data being delivered from the hybrid-ARQmechanism out-of-sequence, in-sequence delivery is ensured bythe RLC layer)Hybrid ARQ is not applicable for all types of trafc (broadcasttransmissions typically do not rely on hybrid ARQ). Hence, hybridARQ is only supported for the DL-SCH and the UL-SCH
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LTE Radio Interface
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Physical (PHY) Layer
Based on OFDMA with cyclic prex in downlink, and on SC-FDMA
with a cyclic prex in the uplinkThree duplexing modes are supported: full duplex FDD, halfduplex FDD, and TDDTwo frame structure types:
Type-1 shared by both full- and half-duplex FDDType-2 applicable to TDD
A radio frame has a length of 10 ms and contains 20 slots (slotduration is 0.5 ms)Two adjacent slots constitute a subframe of length 1 msSupported modulation schemes are: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMBroadcast channel only uses QPSKMaximum information block size = 6144 bitsCRC-24 used for error detection
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LTE Radio Interface
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Type-1 Frame
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Type-2 Frame
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LTE Radio Interface
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Scheduler in eNB (base station) allocates resource blocks (whichare the smallest elements of resource allocation) to users forpredetermined amount of timeSlots consist of either 6 (for long cyclic prex) or 7 (for short cyclic
prex) OFDM symbolsLonger cyclic prexes are desired to address longer fadingNumber of available subcarriers changes depending ontransmission bandwidth (but subcarrier spacing is xed)
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LTE Radio Interface
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Downlink Resource Block
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LTE Radio Interface
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LTE Radio Interface
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To enable channel estimation in OFDM transmission, known
reference symbols are inserted into the OFDM time-frequencygrid.In LTE, these reference symbols are jointly referred to as downlinkreference signals.Three types of reference signals are dened for the LTE downlink:
Cell-specic downlink reference signalstransmitted in every downlink subframe, and span the entire downlinkcell bandwidth.
UE-specic reference signalonly transmitted within the resource blocks assigned for DL-SCHtransmission to that specic terminal
MBSFN reference signals
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LTE Radio Interface
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Most scheduling strategies need information about:channel conditions at the terminalbuffer status and priorities of the different data ows
interference situation in neighboring cells (if some form ofinterference coordination is implemented)
UE transmitschannel-status reports reecting the instantaneous channel qualityin the time and frequency domains
information necessary to determine the appropriate antennaprocessing in case of spatial multiplexing
Downlink LTE considers the following schemes as a scheduleralgorithm:
Frequency Selective Scheduling (FSS)Frequency Diverse Scheduling (FDS)Proportional Fair Scheduling (PFS)
Interference coordination, which tries to control the inter-cellinterference on a slow basis, is also part of the scheduler
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 LTE Architecture
3 LTE Radio Interface
4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
5 LTE Deployment Considerations
6 Work Related to Video Streaming
7 Conclusions
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
Introduced for WCDMA (UMTS) in Release 6Supports multicast/broadcast services in a cellular systemSame content is transmitted to multiple users located in a specicarea (MBMS service area) in a unidirectional fashionMBMS extends existing 3GPP architecture by introducing:
MBMS Bearer Service delivers IP multicast datagrams to multiple receivers using minimumradio and network resources and provides an efcient and scalablemeans to distribute multimedia content to mobile phones
MBMS User Services streaming services - a continuous data ow of audio and/or video isdelivered to the user’s handsetdownload services - data for the le is delivered in a scheduledtransmission timeslot
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
l d d l ( )
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
QoS for transport of multimedia applications is not sufciently highto support a signicant portion of the users for either download orstreaming applications
The p-t-m MBMS Bearer Service does neither allow control, modeadaptation, nor retransmitting lost radio packets
Consequently, 3GPP included an application layer FEC based onRaptor codes for MBMSMBMS User Services may be distributed over p-t-p links (if moreefcient)Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) node
responsible for authorization and authentication of content provider,charging, and overall data ow through Core Network (CN)
In case of multicast, a request to join the session has to be sent tobecome member of the corresponding MBMS service group
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
M l i di B d /M l i S i (MBMS)
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
Streaming data are encapsulated in RTP and transported usingthe FLUTE protocol when delivering over MBMS bearersMAC layer maps and multiplexes the RLC-PDUs to the transportchannel and selects the transport format depending on the
instantaneous source rateMBMS uses the Multimedia Trafc Channel (MTCH), whichenables p-t-m distribution. This channel is mapped to the ForwardAccess Channel (FACH), which is nally mapped to theSecondary-Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)The TTI is transport channel specic and can be selected from theset 10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, 80 ms for MBMS
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
M lti di B d t/M lti t S i (MBMS)
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
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Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
LTE E l d MBMS ( MBMS)
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LTE Evolved MBMS (eMBMS)
Will be dened in Release 9 of the 3GPP specications
currently in progress, expected to be frozen in Dec 2009Multimedia service can be provided by either: single-cell broadcast or multicell mode (aka MBMS Single FrequencyNetwork (MBSFN) )In an MBSFN area, all eNBs are synchronized to performsimulcast transmission from multiple cells (each cell transmittingidentical waveform)If user is close to a base station, delay of arrival between two cellscould be quite large, so the subcarrier spacing is reduced to 7.5
KHz and longer CP is usedMain advantages over technologies such as DVB-H or DMB:
no additional infrastructureoperator uses resources that are already purchaseduser interaction is possible
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LTE Deployment Considerations
Outline
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 LTE Architecture
3 LTE Radio Interface
4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
5 LTE Deployment Considerations
6 Work Related to Video Streaming
7 Conclusions
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LTE Deployment Considerations
LTE Deployment Considerations
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LTE Deployment Considerations
Voice and SMS (main source of revenue for telecom companies)Circuit Switch Fallback (CS Fallback)IMS-based VoIPVoice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA)
Roaming revenues from current GSM networks (gone)
Interoperability with existing legacy technologies (including GSM,WCDMA, CDMA2000, WiMAX and others)Leverage existing 3G capacity and coverage (make use of existingequipment)Service provision (not being a dumb bit pipe provider)Security (especially EPC)terminal devices (balancing battery life with MIMO support, andhow much legacy support)
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Work Related to Video Streaming
Outline
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 LTE Architecture
3 LTE Radio Interface
4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
5 LTE Deployment Considerations
6 Work Related to Video Streaming
7 Conclusions
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Work Related to Video Streaming
Mobile Video Transmission Using Scalable Video
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Mobile Video Transmission Using Scalable VideoCoding
Investigating per packet QoS would enable general packetmarking strategies (such as Differentiated Services). This can bedone by either:
Mapping SVC priority information to Differentiated Services CodePoint (DSCP) to introduce per packet QoS
Making the scheduler media-aware (e.g. by including someMANE-like functinality), and therefore able to use priorityinformation in the SVC NAL unit header
Many live-media distribution protocols are based on RTP,including p-t-m transmission (e.g. DVB-H or MBMS). Provision of
different layers, on different multicast addresses for example,allows for applying protection strength on different layersBy providing signalling in the RTP payload header as well as in theSDP session signalling, adaptation (for bitrate or device capability)can be applied in the network by nodes typically known as MANE
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Work Related to Video Streaming
Scalable and Media Aware Adaptive Video Streaming
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Scalable and Media Aware Adaptive Video Streamingover Wireless Networks
A packet scheduling algorithm (in MANE) which operates on thedifferent substreams of the main scalable video streamExploit SVC coding to provide a subset of hierarchically organizedsubstreams at the RLC layer entry point and utilize the schedulingalgorithm to select scalable substreams to be transmitted to RCLlayer depending on the channel transmission conditionsGeneral idea:
perform fair scheduling between scalable substreams until deadlineof oldest unsent data units with higher priorities is approachingdo not maintain fairness if deadline is expected to be violated,
packets with lower priorities are delayed in a rst time and laterdropped if necessary
In addition, SVC coding is tuned, leading to a generalizedscalability scheme including regions of interest (ROI) (combiningROI coding with SNR and temporal scalability)
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Conclusions
Outline
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 LTE Architecture
3 LTE Radio Interface
4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
5 LTE Deployment Considerations
6 Work Related to Video Streaming
7 Conclusions
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Conclusions
Conclusions
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Conclusions
LTE and SAE will be the unied 4G wireless networkBackwards compatibleMultiple upgrade pathsSignicant carrier commitment
eMBMS seems promising for delivering multimedia content overLTE (at least in theory) and without the need for a separateinfrastructureLTE still faces some deployment challenges (but are currentlybeing studied)Research interest in optimized streaming video via eMBMS
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Conclusions
References
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e e e ces
[Ergen’09]Mustafa Ergen, Mobile Broadband: Including WiMAX and LTE ,Springer, 2009.
[STB’09]S. Sesia, I. Touk, and M. Baker, LTE - The UMTS Long Term
Evolution: From Theory to Practice , Wiley, 2009.[DPS’08]E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Sköld, and P. Beming, 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband , Academic Press, 2008.
[Agilent’08]Agilent Technologies, 3GPP Long Term Evolution: System Overview, Product Development, and Test Challenges , TechnicalReport, 2008.
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