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LTE, LTE-Advanced and Road TowardsIMT 2020 (5G)
LTE, LTE-Advanced and Road TowardsIMT 2020 (5G)
Syed Ismail Shah, PhDChairman, PTA and
Contact: [email protected]
Create a fair regulatory regime to promote investment, encourage competition, protect consumer interestand ensure high quality ICT services.
Introduction• In the area of cellular wireless communication, policy
makers have made mistakes due to lack ofunderstanding of the latest technologies and itsevolution
• Examples include:– Allocating spectrum according to a particular technology– Non-futuristic allocation of spectrum– Regulations/Policies that restricts technology– Allocating the same band of spectrum for different
technologies
• In the area of cellular wireless communication, policymakers have made mistakes due to lack ofunderstanding of the latest technologies and itsevolution
• Examples include:– Allocating spectrum according to a particular technology– Non-futuristic allocation of spectrum– Regulations/Policies that restricts technology– Allocating the same band of spectrum for different
technologies
Introduction (1)
• There is a paradigm shift from voice centric to datacentric applications and technologies
• Some key technologies that are at center of this shiftare the Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced and5G technologies
• LTE is based on packet switched technology and willsupport all forms of electronic communication, i.e.,voice, data and video (unicast, multicast as well asbroadcast)
• There is a paradigm shift from voice centric to datacentric applications and technologies
• Some key technologies that are at center of this shiftare the Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced and5G technologies
• LTE is based on packet switched technology and willsupport all forms of electronic communication, i.e.,voice, data and video (unicast, multicast as well asbroadcast)
Evolution of Cellular Networks
Reference: http:// http://electronicdesign.com/content/evolution-lte
https://i0.wp.com/www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/1649.gif
Evolution 3G and 4G LTE
6https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/the-evolution-of-mobile-technologies-1g-to-2g-to-3g-to-4g-lte.pdf
Releases 13 and Beyond
http://www.3gpp.org/specifications/67-releases
Technical Aspects of LTETechnical Aspects of LTE
Comparison of 1G,2G/3G and LTEArchitecture
9http://sunilmobiletelecom.blogspot.com/2013/02/network-architecture-evolution-1g-to-4g.html
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/Documents/Events/2015/August-MTV/S3A_Scott_Minehane.pdf
Multiple Access Schemes
• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA
• In LTE we have OFDMA and also MIMO
• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA
• In LTE we have OFDMA and also MIMO
FDM vs. OFDM
12http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/eee/performance-analysis-of-ieee-802-16d-system-using-different-modulation-scheme-under-sui-channel-with-fec.html
LTE-Downlink (OFDM)
• Improved spectralefficiency
• Reduce ISI effect bymultipath
• Against frequencyselective fading
13
• Improved spectralefficiency
• Reduce ISI effect bymultipath
• Against frequencyselective fading
http://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/eee/performance-analysis-of-ieee-802-16d-system-using-different-modulation-scheme-under-sui-channel-with-fec.html
OFDM: Motivation
Reference: http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/bitstream/1860/616/8/Chen_Wei.pdf
Multicarrier Modulation
Reference: http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/bitstream/1860/616/8/Chen_Wei.pdf
Carrier Modulation
Multi-Carrier Modulation
https://www.ice.rwth-aachen.de/research/algorithms-projects/ofdm/ofdm-and-the-orthogonality-principle/
Unmodulated Subcarriers Orthogonal Subcarriers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1Unmodulated Sub-Carriers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1Unmodulated Sub-Carriers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8First Carrier Multiplied by the Second Carrier
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8First Carrier Multiplied by the Second Carrier
If add the above mentioned signal over the whole duration sum = 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1First Carrier Multiplied by the Fourth Carrier
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1First Carrier Multiplied by the Fourth Carrier
If add the above mentioned signal over the whole duration sum = 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8Second Carrier Multiplied by the Fourth Carrier
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8Second Carrier Multiplied by the Fourth Carrier
If add the above mentioned signal over the whole duration sum = 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1Modulated Sub-Carriers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
Modulated Subcarriers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1Modulated Sub-Carriers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4Adding the Modulated Subcarriers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
( 1)( 1)2
1
1[ ] ( ) 1k nN jN
kx n X k e n N
N
The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
(1 1)(1 1) (2 1)(1 1) ( 1)(1 1)2 2 2
(1 1)(2 1) (2 1)(2 1) ( 1)(2 1)2 2 2
(1 1)( 1)2 2
1[1] (1) (2) ......... ( )
1[2] (1) (2) ......... ( )
.
.
1[ ] (1) (2)
Nj j jN N N
Nj j jN N N
Nj jN
x X e X e X N eN
x X e X e X N eN
x N X e X eN
(2 1)( 1) ( 1)( 1)2
......... ( )N N NjN NX N e
(1 1)(1 1) (2 1)(1 1) ( 1)(1 1)2 2 2
(1 1)(2 1) (2 1)(2 1) ( 1)(2 1)2 2 2
(1 1)( 1)2 2
1[1] (1) (2) ......... ( )
1[2] (1) (2) ......... ( )
.
.
1[ ] (1) (2)
Nj j jN N N
Nj j jN N N
Nj jN
x X e X e X N eN
x X e X e X N eN
x N X e X eN
(2 1)( 1) ( 1)( 1)2
......... ( )N N NjN NX N e
OFDM System
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/221787426_fig3_Fig-5-A-typical-multi-user-adaptive-OFDM-downlink-Considering-a-multi-user-adaptive
The MIMO System and Channel
http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced
OFDM and OFDMA
27http://www.conniq.com/WiMAX/fdm-ofdm-ofdma-sofdma-02.htm
Multi-antenna techniques
28
http://www2.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/ltea/projectdescription.html
Bandwidth Supported in LTE– Channel bandwidth: DL bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
– Data subcarriers: the number of data subcarriers varies with the bandwidth• 72 for 1.4 MHz to 1200 for 20 MHz
http://www.telecom-cloud.net/lte-nuggets/basics-of-lte-dimensioning/
E-UTRA Air Interface• Waveform
OFDM in DownlinkSC-FDM in Uplink
• MIMO supportDownlink: SU-MIMO and MU-MIMOUplink: Multi-user Collaborative MIMO
• Modulation orders for data channelsDownlink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAMUplink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM (optional)
• Data RatesDL: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)DL: 300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)
Air Interface CapabilitiesE-UTRA Air Interface
• WaveformOFDM in DownlinkSC-FDM in Uplink
• MIMO supportDownlink: SU-MIMO and MU-MIMOUplink: Multi-user Collaborative MIMO
• Modulation orders for data channelsDownlink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAMUplink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM (optional)
• Data RatesDL: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)DL: 300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/lte_basic_parameters.htm
•This way, after receiving a series of OFDM symbols, as long as theguard time is larger than the delay spread of the channel, eachOFDM symbol will interfere only with itself and ISI will be reduced.
How to avoid Inter Symbol Imterference?
• Insertion of guard time between each OFDM symbol
•This way, after receiving a series of OFDM symbols, as long as theguard time is larger than the delay spread of the channel, eachOFDM symbol will interfere only with itself and ISI will be reduced.
• To have correctable problem of self interference (red above) we use CP.
http://www.slideshare.net/allabout4g/3gpp-lte-rel-8-overview
Downlink Channelization Hierarchy
https://telecom-knowledge.blogspot.com/2014/03/downlink-channelization-hierarchy.html
Downlink - Example
http://telecom-knowledge.blogspot.com/2014/03/lte-dl-reference-signals-tx-antenna.html
Uplink Channelization Hierarchy
CommonControl
DedicatedControl/Traffic
CCCH DCCH DTCHUplinkLogical channels
UplinkTransport channels
Logical channels
UplinkTransport channels
RACH UL-SCH
PhysicalControl
UplinkReferenceSignals
UCIUplinkPhysical channels
SRS DM-RS PRACH PUCCH PUSCH
http://telecom-knowledge.blogspot.com/2014_03_01_archive.html 34
VoLTE• Capacity• Latency Issues
– Possible Solutions
• IMS Availability– Robustness Issues
CSFB Issues• Fall back to 2G/3G
– R99 / cdma2000 / CS over HS on HSPA– GSM?
• Multiple RF chains– Can one get a voice call while on a data session
How is voice Handled in LTE?
VoLTE• Capacity• Latency Issues
– Possible Solutions
• IMS Availability– Robustness Issues
CSFB Issues• Fall back to 2G/3G
– R99 / cdma2000 / CS over HS on HSPA– GSM?
• Multiple RF chains– Can one get a voice call while on a data session
35
E-UTRA Air Interface Peak Data Rates
Downlink• ~300 Mbps in 20 MHz• Assumptions:
– 4 stream MIMO– 14.29% Pilot overhead
(4 Tx antennas)– 10% common channel
overhead Note: This overhead level is
adequate to serve 1UE/subframe.
– 6.66% waveform overhead(CP + window)
– 10% guard band– 64-QAM code rate ~1
Uplink• ~75 Mbps in 20 MHz
• Assumptions:
– 1 Tx antenna
– 14.3% Pilot overhead
– 0.625% random accessoverhead
– 6.66% waveform overhead(CP + window)
– 10% guard band
– 64-QAM code rate ~1
Downlink• ~300 Mbps in 20 MHz• Assumptions:
– 4 stream MIMO– 14.29% Pilot overhead
(4 Tx antennas)– 10% common channel
overhead Note: This overhead level is
adequate to serve 1UE/subframe.
– 6.66% waveform overhead(CP + window)
– 10% guard band– 64-QAM code rate ~1
Uplink• ~75 Mbps in 20 MHz
• Assumptions:
– 1 Tx antenna
– 14.3% Pilot overhead
– 0.625% random accessoverhead
– 6.66% waveform overhead(CP + window)
– 10% guard band
– 64-QAM code rate ~1
MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION
Regulatory and Policy Consideration of LTE
• LTE can work with the existing technologies andin many different frequency bands.
• The UHF band (300 to 3000 MHz) is consider thebest for land based mobile communication due toits propagation characteristics (in terms ofrange/coverage)
• However, lesser bandwidth is available at lowerfrequencies
• LTE can work with the existing technologies andin many different frequency bands.
• The UHF band (300 to 3000 MHz) is consider thebest for land based mobile communication due toits propagation characteristics (in terms ofrange/coverage)
• However, lesser bandwidth is available at lowerfrequencies
Carrier Aggregation in LTE
• The latest versions of LTE can aggregatespectrum across different frequency bands
• This poses lots of regulatory challenges interms of:– Spectrum allocation.
– Base price, band class and
– Lot/block size selection
• The latest versions of LTE can aggregatespectrum across different frequency bands
• This poses lots of regulatory challenges interms of:– Spectrum allocation.
– Base price, band class and
– Lot/block size selection
LTE-Advanced and its evolution
• Carrier Aggregation
• Advanced MIMO
• HetNet
• Carrier Aggregation
• Advanced MIMO
• HetNet
Career Aggregation
http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced
The MIMO System and Channel
Reference: Modeling of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Radio Propagation Channels by Kai Yu of KTHhttp://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced
LTE Frequency Bands
Reference: http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/136100_136199/136101/12.05.00_60/ts_136101v120500p.pdf
Whatbandwidth
can beused in
differentbands?
Whatbandwidth
can beused in
differentbands?
Reference: http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/136100_136199/136101/12.05.00_60/ts_136101v120500p.pdf
DifferentCombinations
and bands
Reference: http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/136100_136199/136101/12.05.00_60/ts_136101v120500p.pdf
APT700 Band for LTE
• 50+ countries and territories allocated, committed to, orrecommend APT700 FDD (band 28) for LTE system deployments:
• LAC region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curaçao,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru,Suriname, Venezuela
• APAC/Oceania: Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei,Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia,Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, St. Maarten, Taiwan, Thailand,Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
• Middle East: UAE confirmed adoption of the APT700 lower 2 x 30MHz duplexer. This is also the preferred frequency arrangement for700 MHz allocations in Europe and throughout ITU Region 1
• Europe: Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, and UK
• 50+ countries and territories allocated, committed to, orrecommend APT700 FDD (band 28) for LTE system deployments:
• LAC region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curaçao,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru,Suriname, Venezuela
• APAC/Oceania: Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei,Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia,Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, St. Maarten, Taiwan, Thailand,Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
• Middle East: UAE confirmed adoption of the APT700 lower 2 x 30MHz duplexer. This is also the preferred frequency arrangement for700 MHz allocations in Europe and throughout ITU Region 1
• Europe: Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, and UK
http://gsacom.com/
APT 700Deploy-ments
http://gsacom.com/
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/arb/ARO/2014/DB/Docs/S2-Peter.pdf
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/arb/ARO/2014/DB/Docs/S2-Peter.pdf
5G Requirements
UserPerspective
Performance
Perspective
Management
Perspective
Operation
Perspective
Architecture
Perspective
ms LatencySeamless
work1-10GB/s
NewContents
Low BatteryConsumption
Ultra HighCapacity
(Peak datarate >
50Gbps/cell)Massive
Connectivity(IoT)
EnergyEfficient
InfrastructureTCO Reduction
FlexibleConfiguration
FlatStructure/High Scalability
Analyticsbased NI/BINetwork-as-
a-Service
ms LatencySeamless
work1-10GB/s
NewContents
Low BatteryConsumption
Ultra HighCapacity
(Peak datarate >
50Gbps/cell)Massive
Connectivity(IoT)
EnergyEfficient
InfrastructureTCO Reduction
FlexibleConfiguration
HighReliability
and SecurityAutomatic
Optimization& Recovery
FlatStructure/High Scalability
Analyticsbased NI/BINetwork-as-
a-Service
Source: SK Telecom 5G White Paper: SK Telecom view on 5G vision, Architecture, Technology, Service andSpectrum. 20-October-2014
5G Concept = “A Core KPI + A Group of Key Technologies”
5G Concept and Key Technologies
Gbps User Experienced Data RateGbps User Experienced Data RateThe coreKPI
Keytechnologies
• Connectiondensity
• Traffic volume density • Spectralefficiency
• Energyefficiency
• Mobility• Peak data
rate
• E2E LatencyOther KPIs
MassiveMIMO
MassiveMIMO
Ultra-Dense
Network
Ultra-Dense
Network
NovelMultipleAccess
NovelMultipleAccess
All-Spectrum
Access
All-Spectrum
Access
New Network ArchitectureNew Network Architecture
Keytechnologies
F-OFDM FlexibleDuplex
Polarcodes
Fullduplex FBMC M-ary
LDPCNetworkcoding D2D
D2D:Device toDevice
LPDC: Low Density Parity Codeshttps://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsc/19/Documents/201507/GSC-19_307_Research_Activities_of_IMT-2020_%20(5G)_Promotion%20Group.pptx
5G Network Technology FeaturesThe innovative features of 5G network can be summarized as diversifiedRAN networking, flexible function deployment, and on-demand slicing.
Diversified RANnetworking
Flexible functiondeployment
On-demand slicing
• Support diverse networkingmode: C-RAN, D-RAN,mesh,D2D, BS plug-in
• To fit different 5G wirelessscenarios
Plug-in
• Modularized Network function
• Network functions can bedeployed flexibly based on NFVplatform
• One Logical Architecture, maps tomultiple Service Slices.
• Orchestrating network resourceon-demand for each slice.
• Isolated slices ensure efficiency,elasticity, security and robustness
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsc/19/Documents/201507/GSC-19_307_Research_Activities_of_IMT-2020_%20(5G)_Promotion%20Group.pptx
Potential Candidate Bands for 5G
• Several potential candidate bands within 6~100GHz areselected.
• With different channel properties and coexistencesituations.
• Studies on channel measurement, modeling andcoexistence are ongoing work.
2015 2019Low-frequency bands below 6GHzare always necessary for IMT
High-frequency bands within 6-100GHz can be introduced in 2019 and
beyond
• Exploit the bands identified for IMTin the Radio Regulations, including450-470MHz, 698-806MHz, and3400-3600MHz
• Several potential candidate bands within 6~100GHz areselected.
• With different channel properties and coexistencesituations.
• Studies on channel measurement, modeling andcoexistence are ongoing work.
3GHz 6GHz 100GHz2G/3Grefarming
3.3~3.43.3~3.4
4.4~4.54.4~4.5
4.8~4.994.8~4.99
Get new bands below6GHz
25-3025-30 40-5040-50 71-7671-76 81-8681-86450MHz450MHz
3.4~3.63.4~3.6
• Exploit the bands identified for IMTin the Radio Regulations, including450-470MHz, 698-806MHz, and3400-3600MHz
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsc/19/Documents/201507/GSC-19_307_Research_Activities_of_IMT-2020_%20(5G)_Promotion%20Group.pptx
Spectrum requirements• Existing bands
To support a wide range of applications will require access to arange of spectrum bands with differing characteristics in orderto address a wide range of requirements for coverage,throughputs and latency in the most cost efficient manner andto make effective use of the spectrum.
• Additional Network Spectrum RequirementsAdditional spectrum allocations to support 5G requirementsshould be identified within the global framework provided bythe ITU Radio Regulations and implemented in regional andnational allocation and assignment decisions.
• Need for backhaul network spectrumIn addition to fixed line backhaul solutions, for some scenarioswireless backhaul solutions using in-band or out-of-bandspectrum may be required.
• Existing bandsTo support a wide range of applications will require access to arange of spectrum bands with differing characteristics in orderto address a wide range of requirements for coverage,throughputs and latency in the most cost efficient manner andto make effective use of the spectrum.
• Additional Network Spectrum RequirementsAdditional spectrum allocations to support 5G requirementsshould be identified within the global framework provided bythe ITU Radio Regulations and implemented in regional andnational allocation and assignment decisions.
• Need for backhaul network spectrumIn addition to fixed line backhaul solutions, for some scenarioswireless backhaul solutions using in-band or out-of-bandspectrum may be required.
Source1: 3GPP RAN workshop on 5G, 17-18. September 2015 :The road to 5G Orange vision and priorities forNext Generation Radio TechnologySource2: Ericsson White paper on 5G radio access: February 2015
Spectrum Requirements (1)• License-exempt use of spectrum may be a useful
supplement for certain applications
• Explore flexible utilization of MNO’s licensedbands
• Optimized coexistence with other radiotechnologies and dynamic use of radio resources
• Smart carrier aggregation to benefit from anyspare frequencies.
• License-exempt use of spectrum may be a usefulsupplement for certain applications
• Explore flexible utilization of MNO’s licensedbands
• Optimized coexistence with other radiotechnologies and dynamic use of radio resources
• Smart carrier aggregation to benefit from anyspare frequencies.
Source1: 3GPP RAN workshop on 5G, 17-18. September 2015 :The road to 5G Orange vision and priorities forNext Generation Radio Technology
Challenges• Capacity
Increasing cell numbers will be a much efficient way toimprove the system capacity However, it is impossible toincrease the number of the current small cells by orders ofmagnitude due to compatibility, cost, interference, cellmanagement and cell sites
• Spectrum Impact
A global consensus is forming that 500 MHz to 1 GHz BWof additional mobile spectrum is needed for futuregenerations. Exactly how, all available and new IMT bandswill be used to achieve 1 Gb/s for an individual end user isa major challenge to design working 5G systems.
• Capacity
Increasing cell numbers will be a much efficient way toimprove the system capacity However, it is impossible toincrease the number of the current small cells by orders ofmagnitude due to compatibility, cost, interference, cellmanagement and cell sites
• Spectrum Impact
A global consensus is forming that 500 MHz to 1 GHz BWof additional mobile spectrum is needed for futuregenerations. Exactly how, all available and new IMT bandswill be used to achieve 1 Gb/s for an individual end user isa major challenge to design working 5G systems.
Source: Ericsson White paper on 5G radio access: February 2015
Challenges (1)• Energy Consumption:
Network energy efficiency will remain very important inthe future and is a key requirement for 5G
• Reliability and Low-Latency
The combination of extreme reliability and ultra-lowlatency provides a particularly interesting challenge. Thiswill require different trade-offs and design choices thanthose made for today’s mobile broadband systems.
• Energy Consumption:
Network energy efficiency will remain very important inthe future and is a key requirement for 5G
• Reliability and Low-Latency
The combination of extreme reliability and ultra-lowlatency provides a particularly interesting challenge. Thiswill require different trade-offs and design choices thanthose made for today’s mobile broadband systems.
Source: Ericsson White paper on 5G radio access: February 2015
ITU Recommendations• ITU established the overall roadmap for the development of 5G mobile and
defined the term it will apply to it as “IMT-2020”
• With the finalization of its work on the “Vision” for 5G systems, ITU has nowdefined the overall goals, process and timeline for the development of 5Gmobile systems. This process is now well underway within ITU, in closecollaboration with governments and the global mobile industry
• The next step is to establish detailed technical performance requirements forthe radio systems to support 5G, taking into account the needs of a wideportfolio of future scenarios and use cases, and then to specify the evaluationcriteria for assessment of candidate radio interface technologies to join theIMT-2020 family.
• ITU established the overall roadmap for the development of 5G mobile anddefined the term it will apply to it as “IMT-2020”
• With the finalization of its work on the “Vision” for 5G systems, ITU has nowdefined the overall goals, process and timeline for the development of 5Gmobile systems. This process is now well underway within ITU, in closecollaboration with governments and the global mobile industry
• The next step is to establish detailed technical performance requirements forthe radio systems to support 5G, taking into account the needs of a wideportfolio of future scenarios and use cases, and then to specify the evaluationcriteria for assessment of candidate radio interface technologies to join theIMT-2020 family.
Source: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rsg5/rwp5d/imt-2020/Pages/default.aspx
The Fourth Industrial Revolution
Internet of things (IoT)
• A global infrastructure for theinformation society, enablingadvanced services byinterconnecting (physical andvirtual) things based on, existingand evolving, interoperableinformation and communicationtechnologies.Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060
• A global infrastructure for theinformation society, enablingadvanced services byinterconnecting (physical andvirtual) things based on, existingand evolving, interoperableinformation and communicationtechnologies.Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060
Source: http://tblocks.com/internet-of-things/
Applications
SMART HOMES Smart Home is the residential
extension of building automation andinvolves the control and automationof lighting, heating, ventilation, airconditioning, appliances, andsecurity
Smart Home clearly stands out in theranking as highest IoT application.The total amount of funding forSmart Home startups currentlyexceeds $2.5bn.
SMART HOMES Smart Home is the residential
extension of building automation andinvolves the control and automationof lighting, heating, ventilation, airconditioning, appliances, andsecurity
Smart Home clearly stands out in theranking as highest IoT application.The total amount of funding forSmart Home startups currentlyexceeds $2.5bn.
Source: http://tblocks.com/internet-of-things/
Artificial intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is theintelligence exhibited by machines.
• An ideal "intelligent" machine is aflexible rational agent that perceives itsenvironment and takes actions thatmaximize its chance of success at anarbitrary goal.
• The term "artificial intelligence" is likelyto be applied when a machine usescutting-edge techniques tocompetently perform or mimic"cognitive" functions that we intuitivelyassociate with human minds, such as"learning" and "problem solving".
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is theintelligence exhibited by machines.
• An ideal "intelligent" machine is aflexible rational agent that perceives itsenvironment and takes actions thatmaximize its chance of success at anarbitrary goal.
• The term "artificial intelligence" is likelyto be applied when a machine usescutting-edge techniques tocompetently perform or mimic"cognitive" functions that we intuitivelyassociate with human minds, such as"learning" and "problem solving".
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligenceSource: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/
Applications
Intelligent RobotsAn intelligent robot has many different sensors, largeprocessors and a large memory. The robots will learn fromtheir mistakes and be able to adapt to any new situation.
Work 24/7, 365 days/year. Cheaper; not getting paid. More accurate Safer than sending a human into dangerous places.
Artificial Neural Systems (ANS)A neural network is an electronic model of the brainconsisting of many interconnected simple processors.This imitates how your actual brain works.
Learning to read postcodes Stock market prediction Debt risk assessment
Source: http://eng-cs.syr.edu/research/artificial-intelligence
Intelligent RobotsAn intelligent robot has many different sensors, largeprocessors and a large memory. The robots will learn fromtheir mistakes and be able to adapt to any new situation.
Work 24/7, 365 days/year. Cheaper; not getting paid. More accurate Safer than sending a human into dangerous places.
Drones
Games playing RobotsAutomated Cars
Examples
Search Engines
Source: http://eng-cs.syr.edu/research/artificial-intelligence
