LTD Cases Batch 1

8/18/2019 LTD Cases Batch 1

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ELS: Summer 2016 LTD Cases Batch 1 Twenty19 1

1. G.R. No. 168464 January 23, 2006ZENAIDA RAMOS-BALALIO, !"#"#on!r,

$%.

ROLANDO RAMOS, E&SEBIO I. RAMOS E'ANGELIS(O GAR)IA, R!%*on+!n"%.

D E C I S I O N

YNAES!SANTIA"O# $%:

Th&s 'et&t&(n assa&)s the Dec&s&(n1 (* the C(urt (* A''ea)s +ate+ ,e-ruary 16# 200. &n CA!"%% C/ N(% .6reers&n3 the Dec&s&(n2 (* the e3&(na) Tr&a) C(urt 4TC5 (* (as# Isa-e)a# Branch 27# +ate+ $u)y 18# 1996# &nC&&) Case N(% Br% 27!7.8 wh&ch ru)e+ that here&n 'et&t&(ner ena&+a am(s!Ba)a)&( ha+ a su'er&(r r&3ht t('(ssess L(t N(% 20# )s!1.# s&tuate+ at ;uect 'arce) (* )an+ wh&ch she (''(se+% The Bureau (* Lan+s res()e+ the +&s'ute# thus:

In the )&3ht (* the *(re3(&n3 *acts# &t &s c)ear that ,e)&m(n B% D(m&n3( has n(t entere+# '(ssesse+ (r cu)t&ate+the )an+ &n ?uest&(n an+ there*(re he has n(t ac?u&re+ any 're*erence r&3ht theret(% @'(n the (ther han+c(ntestant Susana Buen( /+a% +e am(s an+ her ch&)+ren hae su**&c&ent)y esta-)&she+ the&r r&3ht (* 're*erence(er the )an+ ece't the (ne hectare Cemetery s&te# (n the -as&s (* the&r c(nt&nu(us (ccu'at&(n an+ cu)t&at&(nan+ the&r a)ua-)e &m'r(ements &ntr(+uce+ there(n%

here*(re# &t &s (r+ere+ that the Sa)es A'')&cat&(n N(% 21992 (* ,e)&m(n B% D(m&n3( -e as here-y &t &s re>ecte+#*(r*e&t&n3 &n *a(r (* the "(ernment whateer am(unt hae -een 'a&+ (n acc(unt there(*% The )an+ &n ?uest&(nsha)) -e su-+&&+e+ s( as t( ec)u+e there*r(m the (ne hectare '(rt&(n &n the n(rthwestern 'art (* the )an+#wh&ch sha)) -e resere+ as -arr&( cemetery s&te# wh&)e the rema&n&n3 area &s here-y a))(cate+ t( S@SANAB@ENO /DA DE A;OS wh( sha)) *&)e an a''r('r&ate a'')&cat&(n there*(re w&th&n s&ty 4605 +ays a*ter thesurey there(* at her (wn e'ense# &t n(t a''ear&n3 that th&s O**&ce has rece&e+ the h(mestea+ 4new5a'')&cat&(n a))e3e+)y *&)e+ -y her *(r the same )an+%

SO ODEED%

It was a))e3e+ that as Susana acc(m'an&e+ her hus-an+ Euse-&(# a s()+&er# whereer he was ass&3ne+# Susanas*ather# "e(r3e Buen(# an+ +au3hter# 'et&t&(ner ena&+a c(nt&nue+ the cu)t&at&(n an+ '(ssess&(n (* the su->ect)an+% S(met&me )ater# Susana s()+ the )an+ t( 'et&t&(ner wh(# &n turn# 'art&t&(ne+ &t am(n3 herse)*# her -r(ther#A)ean+er# an+ res'(n+ent ()an+( an+ h&s s&-)&n3s% The 'art&t&(n was n(t re3&stere+ -ut Dee+s (* Sa)e wereeecute+ &n *a(r (* ()an+( an+ A)ean+er%

et&t&(ner therea*ter m(rt3a3e+ her share h(weer# &t came t( her n(w)e+3e that res'(n+ents ()an+( an+Euse-&( ha+ usur'e+ her share an+ +e'r&e+ the m(rt3a3ees (* '(ssess&(n (er the )an+% A*ter sett)&n3 them(rt3a3e# 'et&t&(ner *&)e+ a case *(r rec(ery (* &nher&tance# '(ssess&(n an+ +ama3es w&th a 'et&t&(n *(r're)&m&nary man+at(ry &n>unct&(n%

The tr&a) c(urt ha+ the )an+ sureye+% Su-+&&+&n3 the )an+ &nt( L(ts 20!A t( 20!. -ase+ (n the actua)'(ssess(r (r (ccu'ant# the surey ')an reea)e+ the *())(w&n3:

1% )a&nt&** ena&+a am(s Ba)a)&( has n( '(ssess&(n# (ccu'at&(n# an+ cu)t&at&(n whats(eer (* )(t 20# )s!1.

2% ()an+( am(s &s &n '(ssess&(n an+ cu)t&at&(n (* )(t 20!,# )(t 20!" an+ )(t 20!C# w&th a t(ta) area (*7#9.8 s?% m%# m(re (r )ess

7% Euse-&( am(s &s (ccu'y&n3 an+ cu)t&at&n3 )(t 20!A w&th an area (* #99 s?% m%# m(re (r )ess

% L(t 20!B c(ns&st&n3 (* 18#6. s?% m%# m(re (r )ess# &s '(ssesse+ an+ cu)t&ate+ -y Ean3e)&st( "arc&a#an(ther &nteren(r% &s (ccu'at&(n &s ery much )ess than the tw( 425 hectares s()+ t( h&m -y A)ean+er am(s%It &s sh(rt -y 2#711 s?% m%# m(re (r )ess

.% The t(ta) area (* the )an+ &n ?uest&(n# a*ter +e+uct&n3 (ne 415 hectare (ccu'&e+ -y the cemetery &s 87#1.0 s?%m%# m(re (r )ess%6

On $u)y 18# 1996# the tr&a) c(urt ren+ere+ &ts +ec&s&(n h()+&n3 that 'et&t&(ner was +e'r&e+ (* her r&3ht t(


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cu)t&at&(n an+ '(ssess&(n (* her share (* L(t N(% 20 an+ thus ru)e+:

AS A CONSEF@ENCE O, ALL TE ,OE"OIN"# >u+3ment &s here-y ren+ere+ &n *a(r (* ')a&nt&**# ena&+aam(s an+ a3a&nst ()an+( am(s# +e*en+ant# an+ Euse-&( am(s# &nteren(r%

1% Or+er&n3 Euse-&( am(s t( acate )(t 20!A an+ surren+er &t t( Ean3e)&st( "arc&a -ecause he &s n(t ent&t)e+t( any '(rt&(n (* the )(t &n ?uest&(n# &t -e&n3 the c(n>u3a) 'r('erty (* the *&rst marr&a3e (* Susana Buen( t(A-un+&( am(s

2% Ean3e)&st( "arc&a &s a+>u+&cate+ the *&rst tw( 425 hectares *r(m the N(rth an+ East (* the cemetery# as hea)&+)y -(u3ht the area *r(m A)ean+er am(s% e &s 'resent)y (ccu'y&n3 (n)y 18#69 s?% m%# m(re (r )ess% &s'(ssess&(n n(w &s &ncrease+ t( tw( 425 hectares wh&ch &nc)u+es the area -e&n3 '(ssesse+ -y Euse-&( am(s

7% The rema&n&n3 '(rt&(n (* the share (* A)ean+er am(s &s #10 s?% m%# m(re (r )ess% Th&s &s a+>u+&cate+ &n*a(r (* h&s he&rs% Th&s '(rt&(n n(w c(rres'(n+s t( the area &mme+&ate)y S(uth (* the area (* Ean3e)&st("arc&a# the 'art&t&(n -e&n3 *r(m East t( est

% The m&++)e '(rt&(n c(ns&st&n3 (* 2#10 s?% m%# m(re (r )ess# an+ &mme+&ate)y S(uth (* the cemetery# an+ a)s(S(uth (* the '(rt&(n a+>u+&cate+ t( the he&rs (* A)ean+er &s n(w 3&en t( ena&+a am(s Ba)a)&( as her a)&+share (* )(t 20# the 'art&t&(n -e&n3 a)s( East t( est

.% S(uth (* the share (* ena&+a c(ns&st&n3 a)s( (* 2#10 s?% m%# m(re (r )ess# &s the a)&+ share (* ()an+(

am(s an+ h&s *u)) -)((+e+ -r(ther an+ s&sters name)y (-&n# C(ra=(n# ;yrna an+ ;&)a# a)) surname+ am(s

6% ()an+( am(s an+ Euse-&( am(s are (r+ere+ >(&nt)y an+ seera))y t( 'ay ena&+a am(s:

a% Ten Th(usan+ 410#000%005 es(s as att(rneys *ees

-% One th(usan+ ,&e un+re+ 41#.00%005 es(s as a''earance *ees (* her )awyer

c% Ten Th(usan+ 410#000%005 es(s as &nc&+enta) e'enses re)at&e t( the case

+% One un+re+ Th(usan+ E&3ht un+re+ 4100#00%005 es(s as the reas(na-)e (wners share (* the 'r(+uce(* the )an+ (* ena&+a am(s *r(m 198. t( the 'resent# w&th an &nterest (* 6G 'er annum unt&) *u))y 'a&+

8% The C)er (* C(urt an+ the Sher&** are (r+ere+ t( re'a&r t( the )an+ &n ?uest&(n an+ 'art&t&(n sa&+ )an+ &nacc(r+ance w&th the ten(r (* th&s +ec&s&(n

% An+ t( 'ay the c(st%

SO ODEED%8

On a''ea)# the C(urt (* A''ea)s *(un+ that ne&ther ena&+a n(r A)ean+er c(m')&e+ w&th the h(mestea+a'')&cat&(n re?u&rements &n (r+er t( ac?u&re su'er&(r este+ r&3ht% As a c(nse?uence# &t reerse+ the +ec&s&(n (*the tr&a) c(urt# t( w&t:

As a c(nse?uence (* the *(re3(&n3# the C(urt ru)es &n *a(r (* a''e))ants as t( the *(urth err(r an+ *&n+s that thec(ntract su''(se+)y +&&+&n3 that 'r('erty am(n3 ena&+a# ()an+( am(s an+ A)ean+er am(s cann(t -een*(rce+ -ecause ne&ther (* the 'art&es there&n can c)a&m any este+ r&3ht (er the su->ect 'arce) )an+ wh&ch &sst&)) 'art (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n%

A)s(# 'resc&n+&n3 *r(m the a-(e ru)&n3# the &nterent&(n (* Euse-&( am(s an+ Ean3e)&st( "arc&a sh(u)+)&ew&se -e +&sm&sse+% As t( Euse-&(# s&nce Susana neer *&)e+ an a'')&cat&(n *(r h(mestea+# her r&3ht neerr&'ene+ t( (wnersh&' wh&ch she c(u)+ hae transm&tte+ t( her he&rs% As t( Ean3e)&st( "arc&a wh( su''(se+)y'urchase+ that share (* A)ean+er 4an he&r (* Susana5# s&nce the en+(r neer &nher&te+ anyth&n3 *r(m Susanathere was n(th&n3 wh&ch he 4Ean3e)&st(5 c(u)+ hae -(u3ht% In *&ne# ne&ther (* the &nteren(rs c(u)+ c)a&m anyr&3ht wh&ch they can en*(rce &n c(urt%

EE,OE# the Dec&s&(n (* the e3&(na) Tr&a) C(urt (* (as# Isa-e)a# Branch 27# &n C&&) Case N(% Br% 27!7.8 &s E/ESED an+ the HC(m')a&ntH *&)e+ -y ')a&nt&**!a''e))ee as we)) as the res'ect&e HAnswer &n

Interent&(nH (* Euse-&( am(s an+ Ean3e)&st( "arc&a are a)) here-y (r+ere+ DIS;ISSED%

SO ODEED%

ence# th&s 'et&t&(n (n the *())(w&n3 ass&3ne+ err(rs:

8%1% TE ONOABLE CO@T O, AEALS SEIO@SLY EED IN E/ESIN" TE TIALCO@TS DECISION AND DIS;ISSIN" TE ETITIONES CO;LAINT%


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8%2% TE ONOABLE CO@T O, AEALS "A/ELY EED IN OLDIN" TAT ETITIONE ISNOT IN IO OSSESSION O, TE SAID LAND# AND DECLAIN" TAT SE AS NO I"TATSOE/E TO TE DIS@TED LAND%

8%7% TE ONOABLE CO@T O, AEALS EED IN I"NOIN" TE ISS@E O, ACCION@BLICIANA IN TE CASE AT BA AND CON,INED ITSEL, TO TE CLAI; O, ECO/EY O,INEITANCE%9

The 'et&t&(n &s 'art)y mer&t(r&(us%

@n+er the e3a)&an +(ctr&ne# a)) )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n -e)(n3 t( the State an+ th(se )an+s n(t a''ear&n3 t(-e c)ear)y w&th&n 'r&ate (wnersh&' are 'resume+ t( -e)(n3 t( the State%10 Lan+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n arec)ass&*&e+ &nt( a3r&cu)tura)# *(rest (r t&m-er# m&nera) )an+s# an+ nat&(na) 'ars% A)&ena-)e )an+s (* the 'u-)&c+(ma&n sha)) -e )&m&te+ t( a3r&cu)tura) )an+s%11

C(mm(nwea)th Act N(% 11 419765# (r the u-)&c Lan+ Act# as amen+e+ -y res&+ent&a) Decree N(% 1087419885# rema&ns t( -e the 3enera) )aw 3(ern&n3 the c)ass&*&cat&(n an+ +&s'(s&t&(n (* a)&ena-)e )an+s (* the'u-)&c +(ma&n% It enumerates the +&**erent m(+es (* ac?u&s&t&(n (* these )an+s an+ 'rescr&-es the terms an+c(n+&t&(ns t( ena-)e 'r&ate 'ers(ns t( 'er*ect the&r t&t)e t( them% It &s# there*(re# the a'')&ca-)e )aw t( the case-e*(re us%

A h(mestea+ 'atent# such as the su->ect (* the &nstant case# &s (ne (* the m(+es t( ac?u&re t&t)e t( 'u-)&c )an+ssu&ta-)e *(r a3r&cu)tura) 'ur'(ses% @n+er the u-)&c Lan+ Act# a h(mestea+ 'atent &s (ne &ssue+ t( any c&t&=en (*th&s c(untry# (er the a3e (* 1 years (r the hea+ (* a *am&)y# an+ wh( &s n(t the (wner (* m(re than 212hectares (* )an+ &n the c(untry%17 T( -e ?ua)&*&e+# the a'')&cant must sh(w that he has res&+e+ c(nt&nu(us)y *(rat )east (ne year &n the mun&c&'a)&ty where the )an+ &s s&tuate+ an+ must hae cu)t&ate+ at )east (ne!*&*th (* the)an+ a'')&e+ *(r%1

In the case at -ar# 'et&t&(ner ena&+a asserts her r&3ht t( a 'arce) (* a3r&cu)tura) )an+ that her 'arents Susana an+A-un+&( ha+ '(ssesse+ s&nce 197% She c)a&ms that# *(r s(me t&me# the cu)t&at&(n (* th&s )an+ was )e*t t( heran+ her 3ran+*ather an+ that# *())(w&n3 the +eath (* her *ather A-un+&(# the )an+ was a))e3e+)y s()+ t( her -y herm(ther Susana%

ena&+as ar3ument &s *)awe+ -ecause &t assumes that her 'arents ha+ 'er*ecte+ the&r t&t)e (er the )an+ an+ thatthey c(u)+ a)&+)y c(ney the same t( th&r+ 'ers(ns# whether -y sa)e (r -y &nher&tance% (weer# a care*u)eam&nat&(n (* the rec(r+s sh(ws that 'et&t&(ner has n(t sat&s*act(r&)y esta-)&she+ that a a)&+ a'')&cat&(n *(rh(mestea+ 'atent was *&)e+ -y her 'arents% The +ec&s&(n (* the Bureau (* Lan+s &n 19. (n)y a++resse+ena&+as *am&)ys r&3ht (* 're*erence (er the )an+# &n &ew (* the&r '(ssess&(n an+ cu)t&at&(n (* the )an+%N(nethe)ess# the Bureau (* Lan+s (r+ere+ the *&)&n3 (* an a''r('r&ate a'')&cat&(n *(r &ts re3&strat&(n wh&ch&n+&cates that as (* that t&me# there was as yet n( a)&+ a'')&cat&(n *&)e+%1.

The 'ur'(rte+ sa)e# there*(re# -etween 'et&t&(ner an+ her m(ther cann(t -e 3&en e**ect# n(r can &t -e a s(urce (*r&3ht *(r ena&+a# -ecause Susana +&+ n(t hae the auth(r&ty t( se)) what +&+ n(t -e)(n3 t( her% The &na)&+at&(n(* the sa)e c(nse?uent)y nu))&*&es the 'art&t&(n (* the 'r('erty am(n3 ena&+a# A)ean+er# an+ ()an+( an+ h&ss&-)&n3s -ecause ena&+a c(u)+ n(t hae +&s'(se+ (* the )an+ wh&ch she +&+ n(t (wn%

,(r the same reas(n# ne&ther Euse-&( n(r ()an+( can c)a&m any r&3ht whats(eer as he&rs (* Susana% The&rc)a&m e&+ent)y re)&es (n the 'r(&s&(n (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act wh&ch states:

Sect&(n 10.% I* at any t&me the a'')&cant (r 3rantee sha)) +&e -e*(re the &ssuance (* the 'atent (r the *&na) 3rant (*the )an+# (r +ur&n3 the )&*e (* the )ease# (r wh&)e the a'')&cant (r 3rantee st&)) has (-)&3at&(ns 'en+&n3 t(war+s the"(ernment# &n acc(r+ance w&th th&s Act# he sha)) -e succee+e+ &n h&s r&3hts an+ (-)&3at&(ns w&th res'ect t( the)an+ a'')&e+ *(r (r 3rante+ (r )ease+ un+er th&s Act -y h&s he&rs &n )aw# wh( sha)) -e ent&t)e+ t( hae &ssue+ t(them the 'atent (r *&na) c(ncess&(n &* they sh(w that they hae c(m')&e+ w&th the re?u&rements there*(r# an+wh( sha)) -e su-r(3ate+ &n a)) h&s r&3hts an+ (-)&3at&(ns *(r the 'ur'(ses (* th&s Act% 4Em'has&s a++e+5

The re)&ance &s m&s')ace+ -ecause the c&te+ 'r(&s&(n s'eas (* an a'')&cant# 3rantee# (r )essee% Susana was n(t(ne (* these% In her )&*et&me# +es'&te her '(ssess&(n an+ cu)t&at&(n (* the )an+# she *a&)e+ t( a'')y *(r ah(mestea+ 'atent an+ t( ac?u&re any este+ r&3ht that Euse-&( (r ()an+( can &nher&t% As such# the )an+ rema&ns

'art (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n% ,urtherm(re# Euse-&( an+ ()an+( cann(t &n(e the&r 'r&(r '(ssess&(n an+(ccu'at&(n (* the )an+ -ecause the same cann(t -e c(ns&+ere+ as a+erse# ('en# 'u-)&c# 'eace*u) an+ t( theec)us&(n (* a))%

ence# the su->ect )an+ rema&ns t( -e 'art (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n an+ r&3ht*u))y -e)(n3s t( the State% As he)+ -ythe C(urt (* A''ea)s# n(ne (* the 'art&es (-ta&ne+ a +e*ens&-)e t&t)e t( the 'r('erty wh&ch can -e u'he)+ -y theC(urt% N(nethe)ess# the '(ssess&(n (* the )an+ &s +&**erent *r(m the &ssue (* &ts (wnersh&'% et&t&(ner ar3ues thather 'et&t&(n may -e treate+ as an acc&(n 'u-)&c&ana an+ n(t mere)y an act&(n *(r rec(ery (* &nher&tance%


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ELS: Summer 2016 LTD Cases Batch 1 Twenty19

An acc&(n 'u-)&c&ana &s an act&(n *(r the rec(ery (* the r&3ht t( '(ssess an+ &s a ')enary act&(n &n an (r+&naryc&&) 'r(cee+&n3 t( +eterm&ne the -etter r&3ht (* '(ssess&(n (* rea)ty &n+e'en+ent)y (* t&t)e%16 In th&s case# the&ssue &s whether ena&+a# as an a'')&cant *(r 'u-)&c )an+# may -e c(ns&+ere+ as ha&n3 any r&3ht t( the )an+(ccu'&e+# wh&ch may ent&t)e her t( sue &n c(urts *(r the return (* the '(ssess&(n there(*%

e *&n+ that ena&+a has 'r(en 'r&(r '(ssess&(n (* the '(rt&(n (* )an+ she c)a&ms as her share# wh&ch'(ssess&(n ante+ates the *&)&n3 (* the h(mestea+ a'')&cat&(n% She 'r(+uce+ e&+ence sh(w&n3 that she has *&)e+ aer&*&e+ a'')&cat&(n *(r the re3&strat&(n (* the )an+ w&th the Bureau (* Lan+s (n Au3ust 10# 1981#18 wh&ch &s st&))

'en+&n3% The +(cuments rema&n unc(nteste+ an+ the a'')&cat&(n has n(t -een assa&)e+ -y any (* the 'art&es t(the case% She a))e3e+ that +ur&n3 the )&*et&me (* her m(ther# she an+ her materna) 3ran+*ather cu)t&ate+ an+(ccu'&e+ the )an+%

;(re(er# ena&+a 'resente+ ta +ec)arat&(ns -(th &n her name an+ that (* her 're+ecess(r!&n!&nterest 4m(therSusana Buen(5 c(er&n3 the 'r('erty% T&me an+ a3a&n# we hae he)+ that a)th(u3h ta +ec)arat&(ns (r rea)ty ta'ayments (* 'r('erty are n(t c(nc)us&e e&+ence (* (wnersh&'# neerthe)ess# they are 3((+ &n+&c&a (*'(ssess&(n &n the c(nce't (* (wner *(r n( (ne &n h&s r&3ht m&n+ w(u)+ -e 'ay&n3 taes *(r a 'r('erty that &s n(t&n h&s actua) (r at )east c(nstruct&e '(ssess&(n%1 They c(nst&tute at )east 'r((* that the h()+er has a c)a&m (*t&t)e (er the 'r('erty% The ()untary +ec)arat&(n (* a '&ece (* 'r('erty *(r taat&(n 'ur'(ses man&*ests n(t (n)y(nes s&ncere an+ h(nest +es&re t( (-ta&n t&t)e t( the 'r('erty an+ ann(unces h&s a+erse c)a&m a3a&nst the Statean+ a)) (ther &ntereste+ 'art&es# -ut a)s( the &ntent&(n t( c(ntr&-ute nee+e+ reenues t( the "(ernment%19

A)) t()+# 'et&t&(ner ena&+as unc(nteste+ an+ er&*&e+ a'')&cat&(n *(r a h(mestea+ 'atent c(u')e+ w&th her ('enan+ n(t(r&(us (ccu'at&(n (* the )an+ c(n&nces us (* her 're*erent&a) r&3ht t( '(ssess the )an+ c)a&me+# wh&chent&t)es her t( -e 'r(tecte+ -y the )aw &n such '(ssess&(n%

EE,OE# the 'et&t&(n &s ATIALLY "ANTED% The Dec&s&(n (* the C(urt (* A''ea)s +ate+ ,e-ruary16# 200. &s ;ODI,IED# &ns(*ar as t( 3rant 'et&t&(ner ena&+a am(s!Ba)a)&( 're*erent&a) '(ssess&(n (* the'(rt&(n (* L(t 20# )s!1.# s&tuate+ &n ;u


5/25

ELS: Summer 2016 LTD Cases Batch 1 Twenty19 .

7% That the )an+ su->ect (* the Lan+ e3&strat&(n 'r(cee+&n3 was ancestra))y ac?u&re+ -y Acme )yw((+ /eneer C(%# Inc%# (n Oct(-er 29# 1962# *r(m ;ar&an( In*&e) an+ Acer In*&e)# -(th mem-ers (* the Duma3attr&-e an+ as such are cu)tura) m&n(r&t&es

% That the c(nst&tut&(n (* the e'u-)&c (* the h&)&''&nes (* 197. &s a'')&ca-)e as the sa)e t(( ')ace (nOct(-er 29# 1962

.% That the '(ssess&(n (* the In*&e)s (er the )an+ re)&n?u&she+ (r s()+ t( Acme )yw((+ /eneer C(%#Inc%# +ates -ac -e*(re the h&)&''&nes was +&sc(ere+ -y ;a3e))an as the ancest(rs (* the In*&e)s hae '(ssesse+

an+ (ccu'&e+ the )an+ *r(m 3enerat&(n t( 3enerat&(n unt&) the same came &nt( the '(ssess&(n (* ;ar&an( In*&e)an+ Acer In*&e)

6% That the '(ssess&(n (* the a'')&cant Acme )yw((+ /eneer C(%# Inc%# &s c(nt&nu(us# a+erse an+'u-)&c *r(m 1962 t( the 'resent an+ tac&n3 the '(ssess&(n (* the In*&e)s wh( were 3rante+ *r(m wh(m thea'')&cant -(u3ht sa&+ )an+ (n Oct(-er 29# 1962# hence the '(ssess&(n &s a)rea+y c(ns&+ere+ *r(m t&me&mmem(r&a)%

8% That the )an+ s(u3ht t( -e re3&stere+ &s a 'r&ate )an+ 'ursuant t( the 'r(&s&(ns (* e'u-)&c Act N(%782 3rant&n3 a-s()ute (wnersh&' t( mem-ers (* the n(n!Chr&st&an Tr&-es (n )an+ (ccu'&e+ -y them (r the&rancestra) )an+s# whether w&th the a)&ena-)e (r +&s'(sa-)e 'u-)&c )an+ (r w&th&n the 'u-)&c +(ma&n

% That a'')&cant Acme )yw((+ /eneer C(% Inc%# has &ntr(+uce+ m(re than ,(rty!,&e ;&))&(n

4.#000#000%005 es(s w(rth (* &m'r(ements# sa&+ &m'r(ements were seen -y the C(urt +ur&n3 &ts (cu)ar&nest&3at&(n (* the )an+ s(u3ht t( -e re3&stere+ (n Se'tem-er 1# 192

9% That the (wnersh&' an+ '(ssess&(n (* the )an+ s(u3ht t( -e re3&stere+ -y the a'')&cant was +u)yrec(3n&=e+ -y the 3(ernment when the ;un&c&'a) O**&c&a)s (* ;ac(nac(n# Isa-e)a# hae ne3(t&ate+ *(r the+(nat&(n (* the t(wns&te *r(m Acme )yw((+ /eneer C(%# Inc%# an+ th&s ne3(t&at&(n came t( rea)&ty when theB(ar+ (* D&rect(rs (* the Acme )yw((+ /eneer C(%# Inc%# ha+ +(nate+ a 'art (* the )an+ -(u3ht -y theC(m'any *r(m the In*&e)s *(r the t(wns&te (* ;ac(nac(n Isa-e)a 4Eh% JNJ5 (n N(em-er 1.# 1989# an+ wh&ch+(nat&(n was acce'te+ -y the ;un&c&'a) "(ernment (* ;ac(nac(n# Isa-e)a 4Eh% JN!)J5# +ur&n3 the&r s'ec&a)sess&(n (n N(em-er 22# 1989%

The D&rect(r (* Lan+s taes n( &ssue w&th any (* these *&n+&n3s ece't as t( the a'')&ca-&)&ty (* the 197.C(nst&tut&(n t( the matter at han+% C(ncern&n3 th&s# he asserts that# the re3&strat&(n 'r(cee+&n3s hae -eenc(mmence+ (n)y (n $u)y 18# 191# (r )(n3 a*ter the 1987 C(nst&tut&(n ha+ 3(ne &nt( e**ect# the )atter &s thec(rrect)y a'')&ca-)e )aw an+ s&nce sect&(n 11 (* &ts Art&c)e KI/ 'r(h&-&ts 'r&ate c(r'(rat&(ns (r ass(c&at&(ns*r(m h()+&n3 a)&ena-)e )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n# ece't -y )ease n(t t( ecee+ 1#000 hectares 4a 'r(h&-&t&(nn(t *(un+ &n the 197. C(nst&tut&(n wh&ch was &n *(rce &n 1962 when Acme 'urchase+ the )an+s &n ?uest&(n *r(mthe In*&e)s5# &t was reers&-)e err(r t( +ecree re3&strat&(n &n *a(r (* Acme Sect&(n # 'ara3ra'hs 4-5 an+ 4c5# (*C(mm(nwea)th Act N(% 11# as amen+e+# rea+s:

SEC% % The *())(w&n3 +escr&-e+ c&t&=ens (* the h&)&''&nes# (ccu'y&n3 )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n (rc)a&m&n3 t( (wn any such )an+s (r an &nterest there&n# -ut wh(se t&t)es hae n(t -een 'er*ecte+ (r c(m')ete+#may a'')y t( the C(urt (* ,&rst Instance (* the 'r(&nce where the )an+ &s )(cate+ *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* the&rc)a&ms# an+ the &ssuance (* a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e there*(r# un+er the Lan+ e3&strat&(n Act# t( w&t:

4-5 Th(se wh( -y themse)es (r thr(u3h the&r 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest hae -een &n ('en# c(nt&nu(us#ec)us&e an+ n(t(r&(us '(ssess&(n an+ (ccu'at&(n (* a3r&cu)tura) )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n# un+er a -(na *&+ec)a&m (* ac?u&s&t&(n (r (wnersh&'# *(r at )east th&rty years &mme+&ate)y 'rece+&n3 the *&)&n3 (* the a'')&cat&(n *(rc(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e ece't when 'reente+ -y war (r *(rce ma>eure% These sha)) -e c(nc)us&e)y 'resume+ t(hae 'er*(rme+ a)) the c(n+&t&(ns essent&a) t( a "(ernment 3rant an+ sha)) -e ent&t)e+ t( a cert&*&cate (* t&t)eun+er the 'r(&s&(ns (* th&s cha'ter%

4c5 ;em-ers (* the Nat&(na) Cu)tura) m&n(r&t&es wh( -y themse)es (r thr(u3h the&r 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest hae -een &n ('en% c(nt&nu(us# ec)us&e an+ n(t(r&(us '(ssess&(n an+ (ccu'at&(n (* )an+s (* the 'u-)&c+(ma&n su&ta-)e t( a3r&cu)ture# whether +&s'(sa-)e (r n(t# un+er a -(na *&+e c)a&m (* (wnersh&' *(r at )east 70years sha)) -e ent&t)e+ t( the r&3hts 3rante+ &n su-sect&(n 4-5 here(*%

The et&t&(n *(r e&ew +(es n(t +&s'ute!&n+ee+# &n &ew (* the ?u(te+ *&n+&n3s (* the tr&a) c(urt wh&ch werec&te+ an+ a**&rme+ -y the Interme+&ate A''e))ate C(urt# &t can n( )(n3er c(ntr(ert -e*(re th&s C(urt!the *act that;ar&an( an+ Acer In*&e)# *r(m wh(m Acme 'urchase+ the )an+s &n ?uest&(n (n Oct(-er 29# 1962# are mem-ers(* the nat&(na) cu)tura) m&n(r&t&es wh( ha+# -y themse)es an+ thr(u3h the&r 'r(3en&t(rs# '(ssesse+ an+(ccu'&e+ th(se )an+s s&nce t&me &mmem(r&a)# (r *(r m(re than the re?u&re+ 70!year 'er&(+ an+ were# -y reas(nthere(*# ent&t)e+ t( eerc&se the r&3ht 3rante+ &n Sect&(n (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act t( hae the&r t&t)e >u+&c&a))yc(n*&rme+% N(r &s there any 'retens&(n that Acme# as the success(r!&n!&nterest (* the In*&e)s# &s +&s?ua)&*&e+ t(


6/25


ac?u&re an+ re3&ster (wnersh&' (* sa&+ )an+s un+er any 'r(&s&(ns (* the 1987 C(nst&tut&(n (ther than Sect&(n 11(* &ts Art&c)e KI/ a)rea+y re*erre+ t(%

"&en the *(re3(&n3# the ?uest&(n -e*(re th&s C(urt &s whether (r n(t the t&t)e that the In*&e)s ha+ trans*erre+ t(Acme &n 1962 c(u)+ -e c(n*&rme+ &n *a(r (* the )atter &n 'r(cee+&n3s &nst&tute+ -y &t &n 191 when the 1987C(nst&tut&(n was a)rea+y &n e**ect# ha&n3 &n m&n+ the 'r(h&-&t&(n there&n a3a&nst 'r&ate c(r'(rat&(ns h()+&n3)an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n ece't &n )ease n(t ecee+&n3 1#000 hectares%

The ?uest&(n turns u'(n a +eterm&nat&(n (* the character (* the )an+s at the t&me (* &nst&tut&(n (* the re3&strat&(n

'r(cee+&n3s &n 191% I* they were then st&)) 'art (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n# &t must -e answere+ &n the ne3at&e% I*# (nthe (ther han+# they were then a)rea+y 'r&ate )an+s# the c(nst&tut&(na) 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst the&r ac?u&s&t&(n -y'r&ate c(r'(rat&(ns (r ass(c&at&(ns (-&(us)y +(es n(t a'')y%

In th&s re3ar+# attent&(n has -een &n&te+ t( ;an&)a E)ectr&c C(m'any s% Castr(!Bart()(me# et a)# 1 where as&m&)ar set (* *acts 'rea&)e+% In that case# ;an&)a E)ectr&c C(m'any# a +(mest&c c(r'(rat&(n m(re than 60G (*the ca'&ta) st(c (* wh&ch &s ,&)&'&n(!(wne+# ha+ 'urchase+ &n 198 tw( )(ts &n Tanay# &=a) *r(m the &3u&n3s'(uses% The )(ts ha+ -een '(ssesse+ -y the en+(rs an+# -e*(re them# -y the&r 're+ecess(r!&n!&nterest# O)&m'&aam(s# s&nce 'r&(r t( the (ut-rea (* the ac&*&c ar &n 191% On Decem-er 1# 1986# ;era)c( a'')&e+ t( theC(urt (* ,&rst Instance (* &=a)# ;aat& Branch# *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e t( sa&+ )(ts% The c(urt# assum&n3 thatthe )(ts were 'u-)&c )an+# +&sm&sse+ the a'')&cat&(n (n the 3r(un+ that ;era)c(# a >ur&+&ca) 'ers(n# was n(t?ua)&*&e+ t( a'')y *(r re3&strat&(n un+er Sect&(n 4-5 (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act wh&ch a))(ws (n)y ,&)&'&n( c&t&=ens(r natura) 'ers(ns t( a'')y *(r >u+&c&a) c(n*&rmat&(n (* &m'er*ect t&t)es t( 'u-)&c )an+% ;era)c( a''ea)e+# an+ a

ma>(r&ty (* th&s C(urt u'he)+ the +&sm&ssa)% It was he)+ that:

%%%# the sa&+ )an+ &s st&)) 'u-)&c )an+% It w(u)+ cease t( -e 'u-)&c )an+ (n)y u'(n the &ssuance (* the cert&*&cate (*t&t)e t( any ,&)&'&n( c&t&=en c)a&m&n3 &t un+er sect&(n 4-5% Because &t &s st&)) 'u-)&c )an+ an+ the ;era)c(# as a >ur&+&ca) 'ers(n# &s +&s?ua)&*&e+ t( a'')y *(r &ts re3&strat&(n un+er sect&(n 4-5# ;era)c(Js a'')&cat&(n cann(t -e3&en +ue c(urse (r has t( -e +&sm&sse+%

,&na))y# &t may -e (-sere+ that the c(nst&tut&(na) 'r(h&-&t&(n maes n( +&st&nct&(n -etween 4(n the (ne han+5a)&ena-)e a3r&cu)tura) 'u-)&c )an+s as t( wh&ch n( (ccu'ant has an &m'er*ect t&t)e an+ 4(n the (ther han+5a)&ena-)e )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n as t( wh&ch an (ccu'ant has (n &m'er*ect t&t)e su->ect t( >u+&c&a)c(n*&rmat&(n%

S&nce sect&(n 11 (* Art&c)e KI/ +(es n(t +&st&n3u&sh# we sh(u)+ n(t mae any +&st&nct&(n (r ?ua)&*&cat&(n% The'r(h&-&t&(n a'')&es t( a)&ena-)e 'u-)&c )an+s as t( wh&ch a T(rrens t&t)e may -e secure+ un+er sect&(n 4-5% The'r(cee+&n3 un+er sect&(n 4-5 J'resu''(ses that the )an+ &s 'u-)&cJ 4;&n+ana( s% D&rect(r (* Lan+s# L!19.7.#$u)y 70# 1968# 20 SCA 61# 65%

The 'resent Ch&e* $ust&ce entere+ a &3(r(us +&ssent# trac&n3 the )&ne (* cases -e3&nn&n3 w&th Car&n( &n 1909 2thru Sus& &n 192. 7 +(wn t( er&c( &n 190# wh&ch +ee)('e+# a**&rme+ an+ rea**&rme+ the +(ctr&ne that ('en#ec)us&e an+ un+&s'ute+ '(ssess&(n (* a)&ena-)e 'u-)&c )an+ *(r the 'er&(+ 'rescr&-e+ -y )aw creates the )e3a)*&ct&(n where-y the )an+# u'(n c(m')et&(n (* the re?u&s&te 'er&(+ &'s( >ure an+ w&th(ut the nee+ (* >u+&c&a) (r(ther sanct&(n# ceases t( -e 'u-)&c )an+ an+ -ec(mes 'r&ate 'r('erty% That sa&+ +&ssent e'resse+ what &s the-etter an+# &n+ee+# the c(rrect# &ew!-ec(mes e&+ent *r(m a c(ns&+erat&(n (* s(me (* the 'r&nc&'a) ru)&n3sc&te+ there&n#

The ma&n theme was 3&en -&rth# s( t( s'ea# &n Car&n( &n()&n3 the DecreeMe3u)at&(ns (* $une 2.# 10 *(ra+>ustment (* r(ya) )an+s wr(n3*u))y (ccu'&e+ -y 'r&ate &n+&&+ua)s &n the h&)&''&ne Is)an+s% It was ru)e+ that:

It &s true that the )an3ua3e (* art&c)es an+ . . attr&-utes t&t)e t( th(se Jwh( may 'r(eJ '(ssess&(n *(r thenecessary t&me an+ we +( n(t (er)(( the ar3ument that th&s means may 'r(e &n re3&strat&(n 'r(cee+&n3s% Itmay -e that an En3)&sh c(neyancer w(u)+ hae rec(mmen+e+ an a'')&cat&(n un+er the *(re3(&n3 +ecree# -utcerta&n)y &t was n(t ca)cu)ate+ t( c(ney t( the m&n+ (* an I3(r(t ch&e* the n(t&(n that anc&ent *am&)y '(ssess&(nswere &n +an3er# &* he ha+ rea+ eery w(r+ (* &t% The w(r+s Jmay 'r(eJ 4acre+&ten5 as we)) (r -etter# &n &ew (*the (ther 'r(&s&(ns# m&3ht -e taen t( mean when ca))e+ u'(n t( +( s( &n any )&t&3at&(n% There are &n+&cat&(nsthat re3&strat&(n was e'ecte+ *r(m a)) -ut n(ne su**&c&ent t( sh(w that# *(r want (* &t# (wnersh&' actua))y 3a&ne+w(u)+ -e )(st% The e**ect (* the 'r((*# whereer ma+e# was n(t t( c(n*er t&t)e# -ut s&m')y t( esta-)&sh &t# asa)rea+y c(n*erre+ -y the +ecree# &* n(t -y ear)&er )aw% %%%

That ru)&n3 assume+ a m(re +(ctr&na) character -ecause e'resse+ &n m(re cate3(r&ca) )an3ua3e# &n Sus&:

%%%% In *a(r (* /a)ent&n Sus there &s# m(re(er# the 'resum't&(n >ur&s et +e >ure esta-)&she+ &n 'ara3ra'h 4-5 (*sect&(n . (* Act N(% 28# amen+&n3 Act N(% 926# that a)) the necessary re?u&rements *(r a 3rant -y the"(ernment were c(m')&e+ w&th# *(r he has -een &n actua) an+ 'hys&ca) '(ssess&(n# 'ers(na))y an+ thr(u3h h&s're+ecess(rs# (* an a3r&cu)tura) )an+ (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n ('en)y# c(nt&nu(us)y# ec)us&e)y an+ 'u-)&c)y s&nce$u)y 26# 19# w&th a r&3ht t( a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e t( sa&+ )an+ un+er the 'r(&s&(ns (* Cha'ter /III (* sa&+ Act%S( that when An3e)a a=(n a'')&e+ *(r the 3rant &n her *a(r# /a)ent&n Sus& ha+ a)rea+y ac?u&re+# -y ('erat&(n


7/25


(* )aw n(t (n)y a r&3ht t( a 3rant# -ut a 3rant (* the "(ernment# *(r &t &s n(t necessary that a cert&*&cate (* t&t)esh(u)+ -e &ssue+ &n (r+er that sa&+ 3rant may -e sanct&(ne+ -y the c(urts# an a'')&cat&(n there*(re &s su**&c&ent#un+er the 'r(&s&(ns (* sect&(n 8 (* Act N(% 28% I* -y a )e3a) *&ct&(n# /a)ent&n Sus& ha+ ac?u&re+ the )an+ &n?uest&(n -y a 3rant (* the State# &t ha+ a)rea+y cease+ t( -e (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n an+ ha+ -ec(me 'r&ate'r('erty# at )east -y 'resum't&(n# (* /a)ent&n Sus -ey(n+ the c(ntr() (* the D&rect(r (* Lan+s% C(nse?uent)y# &nse))&n3 the )an+ &n ?uest&(n (* An3e)a a=(n# the D&rect(r (* Lan+s +&s'(se+ (* a )an+ (er wh&ch he ha+ n()(n3er any t&t)e (r c(ntr()# an+ the sa)e thus ma+e was (&+ an+ (* n( e**ect# an+ An3e)a a=(n +&+ n(t there-yac?u&re any r&3ht% 6

Succee+&n3 cases# (* wh&ch (n)y s(me nee+ -e ment&(ne+# )&e(* Lacaste s% D&rect(r (* Lan+s# 8 ;es&na s%/+a% +e S(n=a# ;anar'ac s% Ca-anatuan# 9 ;&3ue) s% C(urt (* A''ea)s 10 an+ er&c( s% Dar# su'ra# -y&n(&n3 an+ a**&rm&n3 the Sus& +(ctr&ne hae *&rm)y r((te+ &t &n >ur&s'ru+ence%

er&c(# &n 'art&cu)ar# a''ears t( -e s?uare)y a**&rmat&e: 11

%%%% Sec(n+)y# un+er the 'r(&s&(ns (* e'u-)&c Act N(% 192# wh&ch the res'(n+ent C(urt he)+ t( -e &na'')&ca-)et( the 'et&t&(nerJs case# w&th the )atterJs 'r(en (ccu'at&(n an+ cu)t&at&(n *(r m(re than 70 years s&nce 191# -yh&mse)* an+ -y h&s 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest# t&t)e (er the )an+ has este+ (n 'et&t&(ner s( as t( se3re3ate the )an+*r(m the mass (* 'u-)&c )an+% Therea*ter# &t &s n( )(n3er +&s'(sa-)e un+er the u-)&c Lan+ Act as -y *ree'atent% %%%%

As &nter'rete+ &n seera) cases# when the c(n+&t&(ns as s'ec&*&e+ &n the *(re3(&n3 'r(&s&(n are c(m')&e+ w&th#the '(ssess(r &s +eeme+ t( hae ac?u&re+# -y ('erat&(n (* )aw# a r&3ht t( a 3rant# a 3(ernment 3rant# w&th(ut thenecess&ty (* a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e -e&n3 &ssue+% The )an+# there*(re# ceases t( -e (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n an+ -ey(n+the auth(r&ty (* the D&rect(r (* Lan+s t( +&s'(se (*% The a'')&cat&(n *(r c(n*&rmat&(n &s mere *(rma)&ty# the )ac(* wh&ch +(es n(t a**ect the )e3a) su**&c&ency (* the t&t)e as w(u)+ -e e&+ence+ -y the 'atent an+ the T(rrenst&t)e t( -e &ssue+ u'(n the stren3th (* sa&+ 'atent% 12

N(th&n3 can m(re c)ear)y +em(nstrate the )(3&ca) &ne&ta-&)&ty (* c(ns&+er&n3 '(ssess&(n (* 'u-)&c )an+ wh&ch &s(* the character an+ +urat&(n 'rescr&-e+ -y statute as the e?u&a)ent (* an e'ress 3rant *r(m the State than the+&ctum (* the statute &tse)* 17 that the '(ssess(r4s5 H%%% sha)) -e c(nc)us&e)y 'resume+ t( hae 'er*(rme+ a)) thec(n+&t&(ns essent&a) t( a "(ernment 3rant an+ sha)) -e ent&t)e+ t( a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e %%%% H N( 'r((* -e&n3a+m&ss&-)e t( (erc(me a c(nc)us&e 'resum't&(n# c(n*&rmat&(n 'r(cee+&n3s w(u)+# &n truth -e )&tt)e m(re than a*(rma)&ty# at the m(st )&m&te+ t( ascerta&n&n3 whether the '(ssess&(n c)a&me+ &s (* the re?u&re+ character an+)en3th (* t&me an+ re3&strat&(n thereun+er w(u)+ n(t c(n*er t&t)e# -ut s&m')y rec(3n&=e a t&t)e a)rea+y este+%The 'r(cee+&n3s w(u)+ n(t (r&3&na))y c(nert the )an+ *r(m 'u-)&c t( 'r&ate )an+# -ut (n)y c(n*&rm such ac(ners&(n a)rea+y a**ecte+ -y ('erat&(n (* )aw *r(m the m(ment the re?u&re+ 'er&(+ (* '(ssess&(n -ecamec(m')ete% As was s( we)) 'ut &n Car&n(# H%%% 4T5here are &n+&cat&(ns that re3&strat&(n was e'ecte+ *r(m a))# -utn(ne su**&c&ent t( sh(w that# *(r want (* &t# (wnersh&' actua))y 3a&ne+ w(u)+ -e )(st% The e**ect (* the 'r((*#whereer ma+e# was n(t t( c(n*er t&t)e# -ut s&m')y t( esta-)&sh &t# as a)rea+y c(n*erre+ -y the +ecree# &* n(t -year)&er )aw%H

I* &t &s acce'te+!as &t must -e!that the )an+ was a)rea+y 'r&ate )an+ t( wh&ch the In*&e)s ha+ a )e3a))y su**&c&entan+ trans*era-)e t&t)e (n Oct(-er 29# 1962 when Acme ac?u&re+ &t *r(m sa&+ (wners# &t must a)s( -e c(nce+e+that Acme ha+ a 'er*ect r&3ht t( mae such ac?u&s&t&(n# there -e&n3 n(th&n3 &n the 197. C(nst&tut&(n then &n*(rce 4(r# *(r that matter# &n the 1987 C(nst&tut&(n wh&ch came &nt( e**ect )ater5 'r(h&-&t&n3 c(r'(rat&(ns *r(mac?u&r&n3 an+ (wn&n3 'r&ate )an+s%

Een (n the 'r('(s&t&(n that the )an+ rema&ne+ techn&ca))y H'u-)&cH )an+# +es'&te &mmem(r&a) '(ssess&(n (* theIn*&e)s an+ the&r ancest(rs# unt&) t&t)e &n the&r *a(r was actua))y c(n*&rme+ &n a''r('r&ate 'r(cee+&n3s un+er theu-)&c Lan+ Act# there can -e n( ser&(us ?uest&(n (* Acmes r&3ht t( ac?u&re the )an+ at the t&me &t +&+# there a)s(-e&n3 n(th&n3 &n the 197. C(nst&tut&(n that m&3ht -e c(nstrue+ t( 'r(h&-&t c(r'(rat&(ns *r(m 'urchas&n3 (rac?u&r&n3 &nterests &n 'u-)&c )an+ t( wh&ch the en+(r ha+ a)rea+y ac?u&re+ that ty'e (* s(!ca))e+ H&nc(m')eteH(r H&m'er*ectH t&t)e% The (n)y )&m&tat&(n then etant was that c(r'(rat&(ns c(u)+ n(t ac?u&re# h()+ (r )ease 'u-)&ca3r&cu)tura) )an+s &n ecess (* 1#02 hectares% The 'ure)y acc&+enta) c&rcumstance that c(n*&rmat&(n 'r(cee+&n3swere -r(u3ht un+er the ae3&s (* the 1987 C(nst&tut&(n wh&ch *(r-&+s c(r'(rat&(ns *r(m (wn&n3 )an+s (* the'u-)&c +(ma&n cann(t +e*eat a r&3ht a)rea+y este+ -e*(re that )aw came &nt( e**ect# (r &na)&+ate transact&(nsthen 'er*ect)y a)&+ an+ 'r('er% Th&s C(urt has a)rea+y he)+# &n ana)(3(us c&rcumstances# that the C(nst&tut&(n

cann(t &m'a&r este+ r&3hts%

e h()+ that the sa&+ c(nst&tut&(na) 'r(h&-&t&(n 1 has n( retr(act&e a'')&cat&(n t( the sa)es a'')&cat&(n (*B&nan Dee)('ment C(%# Inc% -ecause &t ha+ a)rea+y ac?u&re+ a este+ r&3ht t( the )an+ a'')&e+ *(r at the t&methe 1987 C(nst&tut&(n t(( e**ect%

That este+ r&3ht has t( -e res'ecte+% It c(u)+ n(t -e a-r(3ate+ -y the new C(nst&tut&(n% Sect&(n 2# Art&c)e KIII(* the 197. C(nst&tut&(n a))(ws 'r&ate c(r'(rat&(ns t( 'urchase 'u-)&c a3r&cu)tura) )an+s n(t ecee+&n3 (ne


8/25

ELS: Summer 2016 LTD Cases Batch 1 Twenty19

th(usan+ an+ twenty!*(ur hectares% et&t&(nerJ 'r(h&-&t&(n act&(n &s -arre+ -y the +(ctr&ne (* este+ r&3hts &nc(nst&tut&(na) )aw%

The +ue 'r(cess c)ause 'r(h&-&ts the ann&h&)at&(n (* este+ r&3hts% JA state may n(t &m'a&r este+ r&3hts -y)e3&s)at&e enactment# -y the enactment (r -y the su-se?uent re'ea) (* a mun&c&'a) (r+&nance# (r -y a chan3e &nthe c(nst&tut&(n (* the State# ece't &n a )e3&t&mate eerc&se (* the '()&ce '(werJ416 C%$%S% 1188!85%

In the &nstant case# &t &s &nc(ntesta-)e that 'r&(r t( the e**ect&&ty (* the 1987 C(nst&tut&(n the r&3ht (* thec(r'(rat&(n t( 'urchase the )an+ &n ?uest&(n ha+ -ec(me *&e+ an+ esta-)&she+ an+ was n( )(n3er ('en t( +(u-t(r c(ntr(ersy%

Its c(m')&ance w&th the re?u&rements (* the u-)&c Lan+ Law *(r the &ssuance (* a 'atent ha+ the e**ect (*se3re3at&n3 the sa&+ )an+ *r(m the 'u-)&c +(ma&n% The c(r'(rat&(nJs r&3ht t( (-ta&n a 'atent *(r the )an+ &s'r(tecte+ -y )aw% It cann(t -e +e'r&e+ (* that r&3ht w&th(ut +ue 'r(cess 4D&rect(r (* Lan+s s% CA# 127 h&)%9195%rePPanQR1w 1.

The *act# there*(re# that the c(n*&rmat&(n 'r(cee+&n3s were &nst&tute+ -y Acme &n &ts (wn name must -e re3ar+e+as s&m')y an(ther acc&+enta) c&rcumstance# 'r(+uct&e (* a +e*ect har+)y m(re than 'r(ce+ura) an+ &n n(w&se

a**ect&n3 the su-stance an+ mer&ts (* the r&3ht (* (wnersh&' s(u3ht t( -e c(n*&rme+ &n sa&+ 'r(cee+&n3s# there-e&n3 n( +(u-t (* AcmeJs ent&t)ement t( the )an+% As &t &s un?uest&(na-)e that &n the )&3ht (* the un+&s'ute+ *acts#the In*&e)s# un+er e&ther the 197. (r the 1987 C(nst&tut&(n# c(u)+ hae ha+ t&t)e &n themse)es c(n*&rme+ an+re3&stere+# (n)y a r&3&+ su-ser&ence t( the )etter (* the )aw w(u)+ +eny the same -ene*&t t( the&r )aw*u)success(r!&n!&nterest -y a)&+ c(neyance wh&ch &()ates n( c(nst&tut&(na) man+ate%

The C(urt# &n the )&3ht (* the *(re3(&n3# &s (* the &ew# an+ s( h()+s# that the ma>(r&ty ru)&n3 &n ;era)c( must -erec(ns&+ere+ an+ n( )(n3er +eeme+ t( -e -&n+&n3 'rece+ent% The c(rrect ru)e# as enunc&ate+ &n the )&ne (* casesa)rea+y re*erre+ t(# &s that a)&ena-)e 'u-)&c )an+ he)+ -y a '(ssess(r# 'ers(na))y (r thr(u3h h&s 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest# ('en)y# c(nt&nu(us)y an+ ec)us&e)y *(r the 'rescr&-e+ statut(ry 'er&(+ 470 years un+er The u-)&cLan+ Act# as amen+e+5 &s c(nerte+ t( 'r&ate 'r('erty -y the mere )a'se (r c(m')et&(n (* sa&+ 'er&(+# &'s( >ure%,())(w&n3 that ru)e an+ (n the -as&s (* the un+&s'ute+ *acts# the )an+ su->ect (* th&s a''ea) was a)rea+y 'r&ate'r('erty at the t&me &t was ac?u&re+ *r(m the In*&e)s -y Acme% Acme there-y ac?u&re+ a re3&stra-)e t&t)e# there-e&n3 at the t&me n( 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst sa&+ c(r'(rat&(nJs h()+&n3 (r (wn&n3 'r&ate )an+% The (->ect&(n that# asa >ur&+&ca) 'ers(n# Acme &s n(t ?ua)&*&e+ t( a'')y *(r >u+&c&a) c(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e un+er sect&(n 4-5 (* theu-)&c Lan+ Act &s techn&ca)# rather than su-stant&a) an+# a3a&n# *&n+s &ts answer &n the +&ssent &n ;era)c(:

6% T( u'h()+ res'(n+ent >u+3eJs +en&a) (* ;era)c(Js a'')&cat&(n (n the techn&ca)&ty that the u-)&c Lan+Act a))(ws (n)y c&t&=ens (* the h&)&''&nes wh( are natura) 'ers(ns t( a'')y *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* the&r t&t)e w(u)+-e &m'ract&ca) an+ w(u)+ >ust 3&e r&se t( mu)t&')&c&ty (* c(urt act&(ns% Assum&n3 that there was a techn&ca) err(rn(t ha&n3 *&)e+ the a'')&cat&(n *(r re3&strat&(n &n the name (* the &3u&n3 s'(uses as the (r&3&na) (wners an+en+(rs# st&)) &t &s c(nce+e+ that there &s n( 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst the&r sa)e (* the )an+ t( the a'')&cant ;era)c( an+ne&ther &s there any 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst the a'')&cat&(n -e&n3 re*&)e+ w&th retr(act&e e**ect &n the name (* the(r&3&na) (wners an+ en+(rs 4as such natura) 'ers(ns5 w&th the en+ resu)t (* the&r a'')&cat&(n -e&n3 3rante+#-ecause (* the&r &n+&s'uta-)e ac?u&s&t&(n (* (wnersh&' -y ('erat&(n (* )aw an+ the c(nc)us&e 'resum't&(nthere&n 'r(&+e+ &n the&r *a(r% It sh(u)+ n(t -e necessary t( 3( thr(u3h a)) the r&tua)s at the 3reat c(st (* re*&)&n3(* a)) such a'')&cat&(ns &n the&r names an+ a++&n3 t( the (ercr(w+e+ c(urt +(cets when the C(urt can a*ter a))these years +&s'(se (* &t here an+ n(w% 4See ,ranc&sc( s% C&ty (* Daa(5

The en+s (* >ust&ce w(u)+ -est -e sere+# there*(re# -y c(ns&+er&n3 the a'')&cat&(ns *(r c(n*&rmat&(n as amen+e+t( c(n*(rm t( the e&+ence# &%e% as *&)e+ &n the names (* the (r&3&na) 'ers(ns wh( as natura) 'ers(ns are +u)y?ua)&*&e+ t( a'')y *(r *(rma) c(n*&rmat&(n (* the t&t)e that they ha+ ac?u&re+ -y c(nc)us&e 'resum't&(n an+man+ate (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act an+ wh( therea*ter +u)y s()+ t( the here&n c(r'(rat&(ns 4-(th a+m&tte+)y,&)&'&n( c(r'(rat&(ns +u)y ?ua)&*&e+ t( h()+ an+ (wn 'r&ate )an+s5 an+ 3rant&n3 the a'')&cat&(ns *(rc(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e t( the 'r&ate )an+s s( ac?u&re+ an+ s()+ (r echan3e+%

There &s a)s( n(th&n3 t( 'reent Acme *r(m rec(ney&n3 the )an+s t( the In*&e)s an+ the )atter *r(m themse)esa'')y&n3 *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e an+# a*ter &ssuance (* the cert&*&cateMs (* t&t)e &n the&r names# +ee+&n3 the )an+s

-ac t( Acme% But th&s w(u)+ -e mere)y &n+u)3&n3 &n em'ty chara+es# whereas the same resu)t &s m(ree**&cac&(us)y an+ s'ee+&)y (-ta&ne+# w&th n( 're>u+&ce t( any(ne# -y a )&-era) a'')&cat&(n (* the ru)e (namen+ment t( c(n*(rm t( the e&+ence su33este+ &n the +&ssent &n ;era)c(%

h&)e th&s ('&n&(n seem&n3)y reerses an ear)&er ru)&n3 (* c(m'arat&e)y recent &nta3e# &n a rea) sense# &t -reasn( 'rece+ent# -ut (n)y rea**&rms an+ re!esta-)&she+# as &t were# +(ctr&nes the s(un+ness (* wh&ch has 'asse+ thetest (* search&n3 eam&nat&(n an+ &n?u&ry &n many 'ast cases% In+ee+# &t &s w(rth n(t&n3 that the ma>(r&ty('&n&(n# as we)) as the c(ncurr&n3 ('&n&(ns (* Ch&e* $ust&ce ,ernan+( an+ $ust&ce A-a+ Sant(s# &n ;era)c(


9/25


reste+ ch&e*)y (n the 'r('(s&t&(n that the 'et&t&(ner there&n# a >ur&+&ca) 'ers(n# was +&s?ua)&*&e+ *r(m a'')y&n3 *(rc(n*&rmat&(n (* an &m'er*ect t&t)e t( 'u-)&c )an+ un+er Sect&(n 4-5 (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act% e*erence t( the1987 C(nst&tut&(n an+ &ts Art&c)e KI/# Sect&(n 11# was (n)y tan3ent&a) )&m&te+ t( a -r&e* 'ara3ra'h &n the ma&n('&n&(n# an+ may# &n that c(ntet# -e c(ns&+ere+ as essent&a))y (-&ter% ;era)c(# &n sh(rt# +ec&+e+ n(c(nst&tut&(na) ?uest&(n%

EE,OE# there -e&n3 n( reers&-)e err(r &n the a''ea)e+ >u+3ment (* the Interme+&ate A''e))ate C(urt#the same &s here-y a**&rme+# w&th(ut c(sts &n th&s &nstance%

SO ODEED%

,er&a# Ya'# ,ernan# A)am'ay# Cru=# aras an+ ,e)&c&an(# $$%# c(ncur%

Se'arate O'&n&(ns

"@TIEE# $%# $%# c(ncurr&n3:

I re&terate my c(ncurrence &n ;era)c( % Castr(!Bart()(me# an+# there*(re# +&ssent here%

TEEANUEE# C%$%# c(ncurr&n3:

I am h(n(re+ -y my -rethrenJs >u+3ment at -ar that my +&ssent&n3 ('&n&(n &n the $une# 192 ;era)c( an+ I3)es&a

n& Cr&st( cases# 1 wh&ch &s here&n u'he)+# He'resse+ what &s the -etter% % % % an+ &n+ee+ the c(rrect &ew%H ;y+&ssent was anch(re+ (n the )an+mar 1909 case (* Car&n( 2 thr(u3h the 192. case (* Sus& 7 an+ the )(n3 )&ne(* cases c&te+ there&n t( the )atest 190 case (* er&c( that H&t &s esta-)&she+ +(ctr&ne%%%%%%% that an ('en#c(nt&nu(us# a+erse an+ 'u-)&c '(ssess&(n (* a )an+ (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n *(r the 'er&(+ 'r(&+e+ &n the u-)&cLan+ Act 'r(&s&(n &n *(rce at the t&me 4*r(m $u)y 26# 19 &n Sus& un+er the ()+ )aw Vth&s 'er&(+ was re+uce+ t(Jat )east th&rty years &mme+&ate)y 'rece+&n3 the *&)&n3 (* the a'')&cat&(n *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)eJ -y amen+ment(* C(mm(nwea)th Act N(% 11# e?u&a)ent t( the 'er&(+ (* ac?u&s&t&e 'rescr&'t&(n . W5 -y a 'r&ate &n+&&+ua)'ers(na))y an+ thr(u3h h&s 're+ecess(rs c(n*ers an e**ect&e t&t)e (n sa&+ '(ssess(r# where-y the )an+ ceases t(-e )an+ (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n an+ -ec(mes 'r&ate 'r('erty%H I here-y re'r(+uce the same -y re*erence *(r-re&tyJs sae% But s&nce we are reert&n3 t( the ()+ a-(e!c&te+ esta-)&she+ +(ctr&ne an+ 'rece+ents an++&scar+&n3 the ;era)c( an+ I3)es&a n& Cr&st( cases wh&ch +e'arte+ there*r(m &n the recent 'ast# I *ee) c(nstra&ne+t( wr&te th&s c(ncurrence &n am')&*&cat&(n (* my &ews an+ rat&( +ec&+en+&%

@n+er the e'ress tet an+ man+ate (* the c&te+ Act# such '(ssess(rs Hsha)) -e c(nc)us&e)y 'resume+ t( hae'er*(rme+ a)) the c(n+&t&(ns essent&a) t( a "(ernment 3rant an+ sha)) -e ent&t)e+ t( a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e un+erthe 'r(&s&(ns (* th&s cha'ter% H

The C(urt thus he)+ &n Sus& that un+er the 'resum't&(n >ur&s et +e >ure esta-)&she+ &n the Act# the r&3ht*u)'(ssess(r (* the 'u-)&c )an+ *(r the statut(ry 'er&(+ Ha)rea+y ac?u&re+# -y ('erat&(n (* )aw# n(t (n)y a r&3ht t( a3rant# -ut a 3rant (* the "(ernment# *(r &t &s n(t necessary that cert&*&cate (* t&t)e sh(u)+ -e &ssue+ an (r+er thatsa&+ 3rant may -e sanct&(ne+ -y the c(urts# an a'')&cat&(n there*(re &s su**&c&ent % % % % I* -y a )e3a) *&ct&(n#/a)ent&n Sus& ha+ ac?u&re+ the )an+ &n ?uest&(n -y a 3rant (* the State# &t ha+ a)rea+y cease+ t( -e (* the 'u-)&c+(ma&n an+ ha+ -ec(me 'r&ate 'r('erty# at )east -y 'resum't&(n# (* /a)ent&n Sus -ey(n+ the c(ntr() (* theD&rect(r (* Lan+s Van+ -ey(n+ h&s auth(r&ty t( se)) t( any (ther 'ers(nW% H 6

The r((t (* the +(ctr&ne 3(es -ac t( the 'r(n(uncement (* $ust&ce O)&er en+e)) ()mes *(r the @%S%Su'reme C(urt &n the 1909 case (* Car&n( 4the I3(r(t ch&e* wh( w(u)+ hae -een +e'r&e+ (* ancestra) *am&)y)an+s -y the +&sm&ssa) (* h&s a'')&cat&(n *(r re3&strat&(n5 wh&ch reerse+ the +&sm&ssa) (* the re3&strat&(n c(urt4as a**&rme+ -y the Su'reme C(urt5 an+ a+('te+ the )&-era) &ew that un+er the +ecree an+ re3u)at&(ns (* $une2.# 10# HThe w(r+s Jmay 'r(eJ 4acre+&ten5# as we))# (r -etter# &n &ew (* the (ther 'r(&s&(ns# m&3ht -e taent( mean when ca))e+ u'(n t( +( s( &n any )&t&3at&(n% There are &n+&cat&(ns that re3&strat&(n was e'ecte+ *r(ma))# -ut n(ne su**&c&ent t( sh(w that# *(r want (* &t# (wnersh&' actua))y 3a&ne+ w(u)+ -e )(st% The e**ect (* the'r((*# wheneer ma+e# was n(t t( c(n*er t&t)e# -ut s&m')y t( esta-)&sh &t# as a)rea+y c(n*erre+ -y the +ecree# &*n(t -y ear)&er )aw%H

The C(urtJs +ec&s&(n at -ar n(w e'ress)y (erturns the ;era)c( an+ re)ate+ cases su-se?uent theret( wh&ch*a&)e+ t( a+here t( the a*(rec&te+ esta-)&she+ +(ctr&ne +at&n3 -ac t( 1909 an+ was c(ns&stent)y a'')&e+ u' t($une 29# 192 4when the ;era)c( +ec&s&(n was 'r(mu)3ate+5% e rea**&rm the esta-)&she+ +(ctr&ne that such

ac?u&s&t&e 'rescr&'t&(n (* a)&ena-)e 'u-)&c )an+s taes ')ace &'s( >ure (r -y ('erat&(n (* )aw w&th(ut thenecess&ty (* a 'r&(r &ssuance (* a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e% The )an+ &'s( >ure ceases t( -e (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n an+-ec(mes 'r&ate 'r('erty# wh&ch may -e )aw*u))y s()+ t( an+ ac?u&re+ -y ?ua)&*&e+ c(r'(rat&(ns such asres'(n+ent c(r'(rat&(n% 4As stresse+ &n er&c( su'ra# Hthe a'')&cat&(n *(r c(n*&rmat&(n &s a mere *(rma)&ty# the)ac (* wh&ch +(es n(t a**ect the )e3a) su**&c&ency (* the t&t)e%H5

Such &'s( >ure c(ners&(n &nt( 'r&ate 'r('erty (* 'u-)&c )an+s 'u-)&c)y he)+ un+er a -(na *&+e c)a&m (*ac?u&s&t&(n (r (wnersh&' &s the 'u-)&c '()&cy (* the Act an+ &s s( e'ress)y state+ there&n% By &rtue (* such


10/25


c(ners&(n &nt( 'r&ate 'r('erty# ?ua)&*&e+ c(r'(rat&(ns may )aw*u))y ac?u&re them an+ there &s n( Ha)terat&(n (r+e*eat&n3H (* the 1987 C(nst&tut&(nJs 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst c(r'(rat&(ns h()+&n3 (r ac?u&r&n3 t&t)e t( )an+s (* the'u-)&c +(ma&n# as c)a&me+ &n the +&ssent&n3 ('&n&(n# *(r the s&m')e reas(n that n( 'u-)&c )an+s are &n()e+%

It sh(u)+ -e n(te+ that res'(n+ent c(r'(rat&(n 'urchase+ the )an+ *r(m the In*&e)s (n Oct(-er 16# 1962 un+er theae3&s (* the 197. C(nst&tut&(n wh&ch c(nta&ne+ n( 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst c(r'(rat&(ns h()+&n3 'u-)&c )an+s 4ece'ta )&m&t (* 1#02 hectares5 un)&e the )ater 1987 C(nst&tut&(n wh&ch &m'(se+ an a-s()ute 'r(h&-&t&(n% Een (n theerr(ne(us assum't&(n that the )an+ rema&ne+ 'u-)&c )an+ +es'&te the In*&e)sJ ('en '(ssess&(n there(* as (wners*r(m t&me &mmem(r&a)# res'(n+ent c(r'(rat&(nJs )aw*u) 'urchase *r(m them (* the )an+ &n 1962 an+ .m&))&(n

&nestments re+(un+&n3 'resuma-)y t( the we)*are an+ 'r(3ress (* the c(mmun&ty# 'art&cu)ar)y the mun&c&'a)&ty(* ;ac(nac(n# Isa-e)a t( wh&ch &t +(nate+ 'art (* the )an+ *(r the t(wns&te create+ a este+ r&3ht wh&ch c(u)+n(t -e &m'a&re+ -y the 'r(h&-&t&(n a+('te+ e)een years )ater% But as su**&c&ent)y stresse+# the )an+ (* the In*&e)sha+ -een &'s( >ure c(nerte+ &nt( 'r&ate )an+ an+ they ha+ a )e3a))y su**&c&ent an+ trans*era-)e t&t)e c(n*erre+ -ythe c(nc)us&e 'resum't&(n (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act 4wh&ch nee+e+ (n)y t( -e esta-)&she+ &n c(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e'r(cee+&n3s *(r *(rma)&=at&(n an+ &ssuance (* the cert&*&cate (* t&t)e5 wh&ch they )aw*u))y an+ a)&+)y trans*erre+t( res'(n+ent c(r'(rat&(n%

In *act# the many amen+ments t( the Act eten+&n3 the 'er&(+ *(r the *&)&n3 (* such a'')&cat&(ns *(r >u+&c&a)c(n*&rmat&(n (* &m'er*ect an+ &nc(m')ete t&t)es t( a)&ena-)e an+ +&s'(sa-)e 'u-)&c )an+s e'ress)y re&terate that&t has a)ways -een the H'()&cy (* the State t( hasten the sett)ement# a+>u+&cat&(n an+ ?u&et&n3 (* t&t)es t( VsuchWunre3&stere+ )an+s#H &%e% t( rec(3n&=e that such )an+s 'u-)&c)y an+ n(t(r&(us)y (ccu'&e+ an+ cu)t&ate+ un+er-(na *&+e c)a&m (* ac?u&s&t&(n (r (wnersh&' hae &'s( >ure -een c(nerte+ &nt( 'r&ate 'r('erty an+ 3rant the

'(ssess(rs the (''(rtun&ty t( esta-)&sh an+ rec(r+ such *act% Thus# the +ea+)&ne *(r the *&)&n3 (* such a'')&cat&(nwh&ch w(u)+ hae (r&3&na))y e'&re+ *&rst (n Decem-er 71# 197 was success&e)y eten+e+ t( Decem-er 71#191# then eten+e+ t( Decem-er 71# 19.8# then t( Decem-er 71# 196# *urther eten+e+ t( Decem-er 71# 1986an+ )ast)y eten+e+ t( Decem-er 71# 198% 8

The c&te+ ActJs 'r(&s&(n that (n)y natura) 'ers(ns may a'')y thereun+er *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e &s &n e**ect atechn&ca)&ty (* 'r(ce+ure an+ n(t (* su-stance% ;y su-m&tta) &n ;era)c(# mutat&s mutan+&s# &s 'r('er)ya'')&ca-)e: HThe en+s (* >ust&ce w(u)+ -est -e sere+# there*(re# -y c(ns&+er&n3 the a'')&cat&(ns *(rc(n*&rmat&(n as amen+e+ t( c(n*(rm t( the e&+ence# &%e% as *&)e+ &n the names (* the (r&3&na) 'ers(ns wh( asnatura) 'ers(ns are +u)y ?ua)&*&e+ t( a'')y *(r *(rma) c(n*&rmat&(n (* the t&t)e that they ha+ ac?u&re+ -yc(nc)us&e 'resum't&(n an+ man+ate (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act an+ wh( therea*ter +u)y s()+ t( the here&nc(r'(rat&(ns 4-(th a+m&tte+)y ,&)&'&n( c(r'(rat&(ns +u)y ?ua)&*&e+ t( h()+ an+ (wn 'r&ate )an+s5 an+ 3rant&n3the a'')&cat&(ns *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e t( the 'r&ate )an+s s( ac?u&re+ an+ s()+ (r echan3e+%H In+ee+# thenCh&e* $ust&ce Enr&?ue ;% ,ernan+( )&ew&se +&ssente+ a)(n3 the same )&ne *r(m the ma>(r&ty ru)&n3 there&n an+he)+: HI +&ssent &ns(*ar as the ('&n&(n (* the C(urt w(u)+ character&=e such >ur&s+&ct&(na) +e*ect that thea'')&cant was ;era)c(# a >ur&+&ca) 'ers(n rather than the natura) 'ers(ns!trans*er(rs# un+er the 'art&cu)arc&rcumstances (* th&s case# as an &nsurm(unta-)e (-stac)e t( the re)&e* s(u3ht% I w(u)+ a'')y -y ana)(3y#a)th(u3h the *acts c(u)+ -e +&st&n3u&she+# the a''r(ach *())(we+ -y us &n ,ranc&sc( % C&ty (* Daa(# where the)e3a) ?uest&(n ra&se+# &nstea+ (* -e&n3 +e*erre+ an+ '(ss&-)y taen u' &n an(ther case# was res()e+% By )e3a)*&ct&(n an+ &n the eerc&se (* (ur e?u&ta-)e >ur&s+&ct&(n# I *ee) that the rea)&st&c s()ut&(n w(u)+ -e t( +ec&+e thematter as &* the a'')&cat&(n un+er Sect&(n 4-5 were *&)e+ -y the &3u&n3 s'(uses# wh( I assume su**er *r(m n(such +&sa-&)&ty%H 9 $ust&ce /&cente A-a+ Sant(s# n(w ret&re+# wh&)e c(ncurr&n3 &n the 'r(ce+ura) resu)t# )&ew&se#&n e**ect +&ssente+ *r(m the there&n ma>(r&ty ru)&n3 (n the ?uest&(n (* su-stance# an+ state+ h&s ('&n&(n that Hthe)(ts wh&ch are s(u3ht t( -e re3&stere+ hae cease+ t( -e )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n at the t&me they wereac?u&re+ -y the 'et&t&(ner c(r'(rat&(n% They are a)rea+y 'r&ate )an+s -ecause (* ac?u&s&t&e 'rescr&'t&(n -y the're+ecess(rs (* the 'et&t&(ner an+ a)) that &s nee+e+ &s the c(n*&rmat&(n (* the t&t)e% Acc(r+&n3)y# thec(nst&tut&(na) 'r(&s&(n that n( 'r&ate c(r'(rat&(n (r ass(c&at&(n may h()+ a)&ena-)e )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n&s &na'')&ca-)e% H 10

T( my m&n+# the reas(n why the Act )&m&ts the *&)&n3 (* such a'')&cat&(ns t( natura) c&t&=ens wh( may 'r(e the&run+&s'ute+ an+ ('en '(ssess&(n (* 'u-)&c )an+s *(r the re?u&re+ statut(ry th&rty!year 'er&(+# tac&n3 (n the&r're+ecess(rsJ!&n!&nterest '(ssess&(n &s that (n)y natura) 'ers(ns# t( the ec)us&(n (* >ur&+&ca) 'ers(ns such asc(r'(rat&(ns# can actua))y# 'hys&ca))y an+ &n rea)&ty '(ssess 'u-)&c )an+s *(r the re?u&re+ statut(ry 70!year'er&(+% That >ur&+&ca) 'ers(ns (r c(r'(rat&(ns cann(t +( s( &s (-&(us% But when the natura) 'ers(ns hae*u)*&))e+ the re?u&re+ statut(ry 'er&(+ (* '(ssess&(n# the Act c(n*ers (n them a )e3a))y su**&c&ent an+ trans*era-)et&t)e% It &s 're*era-)e t( *())(w the )etter (* the )aw that they *&)e the a'')&cat&(ns *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* the&r t&t)e#a)th(u3h they hae )aw*u))y trans*erre+ the&r t&t)e t( the )an+% But such 'r(ce+ura) *a&)ure cann(t an+ sh(u)+ n(t+e*eat the su-stance (* the )aw# as stresse+ &n the a-(e!c&te+ ('&n&(ns# that the )an+s are a)rea+y 'r&ate )an+s

-ecause (* ac?u&s&t&e 'rescr&'t&(n -y the c(r'(rat&(nJs 're+ecess(rs an+ the rea)&st&c s()ut&(n w(u)+ -e t(c(ns&+er the a'')&cat&(n *(r c(n*&rmat&(n as *&)e+ -y the natura) 'ers(ns!trans*er(rs# an+ &n acc(r+ance w&th thee&+ence# c(n*&rm the&r t&t)e t( the 'r&ate )an+s s( c(nerte+ -y ('erat&(n (* )aw an+ )aw*u))y trans*erre+ -ythem t( the c(r'(rat&(n% The )aw# a*ter a))# rec(3n&=es the a)&+&ty (* the trans*er an+ sa)e (* the 'r&ate )an+ t(the c(r'(rat&(n% It sh(u)+ n(t -e necessary t( 3( &n a r(un+!a-(ut way an+ hae the c(r'(rat&(n reass&3n &tsr&3hts t( the 'r&ate )an+ t( natura) 'ers(ns!4as I un+erstan+5# was +(ne a*ter the +ec&s&(n &n the ;era)c( an+I3)es&a n& Cr&st( cases5 >ust *(r the 'ur'(se (* c(m')y&n3 (n 'a'er w&th the techn&ca)&ty (* ha&n3 natura)'ers(ns *&)e the a'')&cat&(n *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e t( the 'r&ate )an+%


11/25


;ELENCIO!EEA# $%# +&ssent&n3:

Sect&(n (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act# &n 'art# 'r(&+es:

SEC% % The *())(w&n3 +escr&-e+ c&t&=ens (* the h&)&''&nes# (ccu'y&n3 )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n (rc)a&m&n3 t( (wn any such )an+s (r an &nterest there&n# -ut wh(se t&t)es hae n(t -een 'er*ecte+ (r c(m')ete+#may a'')y t( the C(urt (* ,&rst Instance (* the 'r(&nce where the )an+ &s )(cate+ *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* the&rc)a&ms an+ the &ssuance (* a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e there*(r# un+er the Lan+ e3&strat&(n Act# t( w&t:

4a5 %%%

4-5 Th(se wh( -y themse)es (r thr(u3h the&r 're+ecess(rs &n &nterest hae -een &n ('en# c(nt&nu(us#ec)us&e# an+ n(t(r&(us '(ssess&(n an+ (ccu'at&(n (* a3r&cu)tura) )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n# un+er a -(na *&+ec)a&m (* ac?u&s&t&(n (* (wnersh&'# *(r at )east th&rty years &mme+&ate)y 'rece+&n3 the *&)&n3 (* the a'')&cat&(n *(rc(n*&rmat&(n (* t&t)e ece't when 'reente+ -y war (r *(rce ma>eure% These sha)) -e c(nc)us&e)y 'resume+ t(hae 'er*(rme+ are the c(n+&t&(ns essent&a) t( a "(ernment 3rant an+ sha)) -e ent&t)e+ t( a cert&*&cate (* t&t)eun+er the 'r(&s&(ns (* th&s cha'ter%

4c5 %%%

Art&c)e KI/# Sect&(n 11# (* the 1987 C(nst&tut&(n# &n 'art# 'r(&+es:

SEC% 11% %%%% N( 'r&ate c(r'(rat&(n (r ass(c&at&(n may h()+ a)&ena-)e )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n ece't -y )easen(t t( ecee+ (ne th(usan+ hectares &n area n(r may any c&t&=en h()+ such )an+s -y )ease &n ecess (* *&ehun+re+ hectares %%%%

It has t( -e c(nce+e+ that# )&tera))y# statut(ry )aw an+ c(nst&tut&(na) 'r(&s&(n 'reent a c(r'(rat&(n *r(m +&rect)ya'')y&n3 t( the C(urts *(r the &ssuance (* Or&3&na) Cert&*&cates (* T&t)e t( )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n 4;an&)aE)ectr&c C(m'any s% Castr(!Bart()(me# 11 SCA 899 e'u-)&c s% /&))anuea# 11 SCA 8. e'u-)&c s%C(urt (* A''ea)s# 119 SCA 9 I3)es&a n& Cr&st( s% (n% $u+3e# C,I (* Nuea Ec&>a# Br% 15% It &s my ('&n&(nthat the )&tera)&sm sh(u)+ -e a+here+ t( &n th&s case%

The reas(n&n3 (* the ma>(r&ty can -e restate+ &n s&m')e terms as *())(ws:

4a5 The IN,IELS can success*u))y *&)e an a'')&cat&(n *(r a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e (er the )an+ &n()e+ &n thecase%

4-5 A*ter the IN,IELS secure a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e# they can se)) the )an+ t( AC;E%

4c5 As AC;E can eentua))y (wn the cert&*&cate (* t&t)e# &t sh(u)+ -e a))(we+ t( +&rect)y a'')y t( theC(urts *(r the Cert&*&cate (* T&t)e# thus a(&+&n3 the c&rcu&tu(us H)&tera)H re?u&rement that the IN,IELS sh(u)+*&rst a'')y t( the c(urts *(r the t&t)es# an+ a*terwar+s trans*er the t&t)e t( AC;E%

The ma>(r&ty ('&n&(n# &n e**ect# a+('te+ the *())(w&n3 ecer't *r(m a +&ssent &n ;an&)a E)ectr&c C(m'any s%Castr(!Bart()(me 411 SCA 899# 27 V192W5%

T( u'h()+ res'(n+ent >u+3eJs +en&a) (* ;era)c(Js a'')&cat&(n (n the techn&ca)&ty that the u-)&c Lan+ Act a))(ws(n)y c&t&=ens (* the h&)&''&nes wh( are natura) 'ers(ns t( a'')y *(r c(n*&rmat&(n (* the&r t&t)e w(u)+ -e&m'ract&ca) an+ w(u)+ >ust 3&e r&se t( mu)t&')&c&ty (* c(urt act&(ns% Assum&n3 that there was a techn&ca) err(r &nn(t ha&n3 *&)e+ the a'')&cat&(n *(r re3&strat&(n &n the name (* the &3u&n3 s'(uses as the (r&3&na) (wners an+en+(rs#

st&)) &t &s c(nce+e+ that there &s n( 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst the&r sa)e (* the )an+ t( the a'')&cant ;era)c(

an+ ne&ther &s there any 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst the a'')&cat&(n -e&n3 re*&)e+ w&th retr(act&e e**ect &n the name (* the(r&3&na) (wners an+ en+(rs 4as such natura) 'ers(ns5 w&th the en+ resu)t (* the&r a'')&cat&(n -e&n3 3rante+#-ecause (* the&r &n+&s'uta-)e ac?u&s&t&(n (* (wnersh&' -y ('erat&(n (* )aw an+ the c(nc)us&e 'resum't&(nthere&n 'r(&+e+ &n the&r *a(r%

It sh(u)+ n(t -e necessary t( 3( thr(u3h a)) the r&tua)s at the 3reat c(st (* re*&)&n3 (* a)) such a'')&cat&(ns &n the&r

names an+ a++&n3 t( the (ercr(w+e+ c(urt +(cets when the C(urt can a*ter a)) these years +&s'(se (* &t herean+ n(w%H 4ara3ra'h&n3 su'')&e+5

The e**ect &s that the ma>(r&ty ('&n&(n n(w nu))&*&es the statut(ry 'r(&s&(n that (n)y c&t&=ens 4natura) 'ers(ns5can a'')y *(r cert&*&cates (* t&t)e un+er Sect&(n 4-5 (* the u-)&c Lan+ Act# as we)) as the c(nst&tut&(na)'r(&s&(n 4Art&c)e KI/# Sect&(n 115 wh&ch 'r(h&-&ts c(r'(rat&(ns *r(m ac?u&r&n3 t&t)e t( )an+s (* the 'u-)&c+(ma&n% That &nter'retat&(n (r c(nstruct&(n a+('te+ -y the ma>(r&ty cann(t -e >ust&*&e+% HA c(nstruct&(n a+('te+sh(u)+ n(t -e such as t( nu))&*y# +estr(y (r +e*eat the &ntent&(n (* the )e3&s)atureH 4New Y(r State De't% (*


12/25


S(c&a) Ser&ces % Du-)&n( V@ST 78 L% E+ 2+ 6# 97 S Ct 2.08 @n&te+ States % A)'ers 77 @S 60# 9 L E+.8# 80 S Ct 7.2 c&te+ &n 87 Am $ur% 2n+%# '% 7.15%

It has a)s( -een sa&+ that:

In the c(nstruct&(n (* statutes# the c(urts start w&th the assum't&(n that the )e3&s)ature &nten+e+ t( enact ane**ect&e )aw# an+ the )e3&s)ature &s n(t t( -e 'resume+ t( hae +(ne a a&n th&n3 &n the enactment (* a statute%ence# &t &s a 3enera) 'r&nc&')e that the c(urts sh(u)+# &* reas(na-)y '(ss&-)e t( +( s( &nter'ret the statute# (r the'r(&s&(n -e&n3 c(nstrue+# s( as t( 3&e &t e**&c&ent ('erat&(n an+ e**ect as a wh()e% An &nter'retat&(n sh(u)+# &*

'(ss&-)e# -e a(&+e+# un+er wh&ch the statute (r 'r(&s&(n -e&n3 c(nstrue+ &s +e*eate+# (r as (therw&see'resse+# nu))&*&e+# +estr(ye+# emascu)ate+# re'ea)e+# e')a&ne+ away# (r ren+ere+ &ns&3n&*&cant# mean&n3)ess#&n('erat&e# (r nu3at(ry% I* a statute &s *a&r)y susce't&-)e (* tw( c(nstruct&(ns# (ne (* wh&ch w&)) 3&e e**ect t(the act# wh&)e the (ther w&)) +e*eat &t# the *(rmer c(nstruct&(n &s 're*erre+% One 'art (* a statute may n(t -ec(nstrue+ s( as t( ren+er an(ther 'art nu3at(ry (r (* n( e**ect% ;(re(er# n(tw&thstan+&n3 the 3enera) ru)ea3a&nst the en)ar3ement (* etens&(n (* a statute -y c(nstruct&(n# the mean&n3 (* a statute may -e eten+e+-ey(n+ the 'rec&se w(r+s use+ &n the )aw# an+ w(r+s (r 'hrases may -e a)tere+ (r su'')&e+# where th&s &snecessary t( 'reent a )aw *r(m -ec(m&n3 a nu))&ty% hereer the 'r(&s&(n (* a statute &s 3enera) eeryth&n3wh&ch &s necessary t( mae such 'r(&s&(n e**ectua) &s su'')&e+ -y &m')&cat&(n% 4)&a(s s% I))&n(&s L&?u(rC(ntr() C(m% 11 III 2+ .6# 17 NE2+ 8 c&te+ &n 87 A; $ur% 2+ ''% 22!275

The statut(ry 'r(&s&(n an+ the c(nst&tut&(na) 'r(h&-&t&(n e'ress a 'u-)&c '()&cy% The 'r('er c(urse *(r theC(urt t( tae &s t( 'r(m(te &n the *u))est manner the '()&cy thus )a&+ +(wn an+ t( a(&+ a c(nstruct&(n wh&ch

w(u)+ a)ter (r +e*eat that '()&cy%

In *&ne# I c(n*&rm my a+herence t( the ru)&n3 (* th&s C(urt &n ;era)c( s% (n% Castr(!Bart()(me# 11 SCA899 V192W an+ re)ate+ cases%

DI"EST:

"%% N(% 87002 Decem-er 29# 196Less(ns A'')&ca-)e: Sec% 7 Art% KII# 198 C(nst&tut&(n 4Lan+ T&t)es an+ Dee+s5,ACTS:Acme )yw((+ /eneer C(%# Inc%# a c(r'% re'resente+ -y ;r% (+()*( Na=ar&(# ac?u&re+ *r(m ;ar&an( an+Acer In*&e)# mem-ers (* the Duma3at tr&-e . 'arce)s (* )an+'(ssess&(n (* the In*&e)s (er the )an++ates -ac -e*(re the h&)&''&nes was +&sc(ere+ -y ;a3e))an)an+ s(u3ht t( -e re3&stere+ &s a 'r&ate )an+ 'ursuant t( A 782 3rant&n3 a-s()ute (wnersh&' t( mem-ers (*the n(n!Chr&st&an Tr&-es (n )an+ (ccu'&e+ -y them (r the&r ancestra) )an+s# whether w&th the a)&ena-)e (r+&s'(sa-)e 'u-)&c )an+ (r w&th&n the 'u-)&c +(ma&nAcme )yw((+ /eneer C(% Inc%# has &ntr(+uce+ m(re than .; w(rth (* &m'r(ements(wnersh&' an+ '(ssess&(n (* the )an+ s(u3ht t( -e re3&stere+ was +u)y rec(3n&=e+ -y the 3(ernment when the;un&c&'a) O**&c&a)s (* ;ac(nac(n# Isa-e)a+(nate+ 'art (* the )an+ as the t(wns&te (* ;ac(nac(n Isa-e)aIAC a**&rme+ C,I: &n *a(r (*ISS@ES:MN the )an+ &s a)rea+y a 'r&ate )an+ ! YESMN the c(nst&tut&(na) 'r(h&-&t&(n a3a&nst the&r ac?u&s&t&(n -y 'r&ate c(r'(rat&(ns (r ass(c&at&(ns a'')&es! NOELD: IAC a**&rme+ Acme )yw((+ /eneer C(%# IncYESa)rea+y ac?u&re+# -y ('erat&(n (* )aw n(t (n)y a r&3ht t( a 3rant# -ut a 3rant (* the "(ernment# *(r &t &s n(tnecessary that a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e sh(u)+ -e &ssue+ &n (r+er that sa&+ 3rant may -e sanct&(ne+ -y the c(urts# ana'')&cat&(n there*(re &s su**&c&ent&t ha+ a)rea+y cease+ t( -e (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n an+ ha+ -ec(me 'r&ate 'r('erty# at )east -y 'resum't&(nThe a'')&cat&(n *(r c(n*&rmat&(n &s mere *(rma)&ty# the )ac (* wh&ch +(es n(t a**ect the )e3a) su**&c&ency (* thet&t)e as w(u)+ -e e&+ence+ -y the 'atent an+ the T(rrens t&t)e t( -e &ssue+ u'(n the stren3th (* sa&+ 'atent%The e**ect (* the 'r((*# whereer ma+e# was n(t t( c(n*er t&t)e# -ut s&m')y t( esta-)&sh &t# as a)rea+y c(n*erre+ -ythe +ecree# &* n(t -y ear)&er )aw 2% NOI* &t &s acce'te+!as &t must -e!that the )an+ was a)rea+y 'r&ate )an+ t( wh&ch the In*&e)s ha+ a )e3a))y su**&c&entan+ trans*era-)e t&t)e (n Oct(-er 29# 1962 when Acme ac?u&re+ &t *r(m sa&+ (wners# &t must a)s( -e c(nce+e+that Acme ha+ a 'er*ect r&3ht t( mae such ac?u&s&t&(n

The (n)y )&m&tat&(n then etant was that c(r'(rat&(ns c(u)+ n(t ac?u&re# h()+ (r )ease 'u-)&c a3r&cu)tura) )an+s &necess (* 1#02 hectares

Note: The proceedings would not originally convert the land from pulic to private land ut only confirm such a

conversion already affected y operation of law from the moment the reuired period of possession ecamecomplete. [/irector of 0ands vs. $cme 1lywood and 2eneer Corp. 3 4$C 5!* SCR$ %#6.


13/25


3. G.R. No. 1631 Mar7 31, 2006ANE)I(O )ALIMONG an+ #9! :NAR)ISA G&AS;,< !"#"#on!r%,

$%.

EIRS O ILOMENA G&MELA r!*r!%!n"!+ /y LA'IA MOLINA, R!%*on+!n".

D E C I S I O N

CAIO ;OALES#$%:

C(m')y&n3 w&th the (r+er &ssue+ (n Decem-er 10# 1928 -y Au&)&ary $u+3e ;ar&an( Buys(n Lam'a (* the thenC(urt (* ,&rst Instance (* am-(an3a &n Ca+astra) Case N(% .# "%L%%O% ec(r+ N(% 8.8 *(r the re3&strat&(n# &nacc(r+ance w&th the 'r(&s&(ns (* the Lan+ e3&strat&(n Act# (* L(t N(% 7017 (* the Ca+astra) Surey (*D&'()(3 4the )(t5 )(cate+ &n Anastac&(# ()anc(# am-(an3a +e) N(rte &n the names (* ,&)(mena# D&(n&s&(#Euse-&(# /&ct(r&a# ,(rtunata# Sera'&(# &'()&t(# /&ct(r# (mua)+( an+ ;&3ue)# a)) surname+ "ume)a1 wh( werethere&n +ecree+ Hthe (wners &n *ee s&m')eH (* the )(t# Decree N(% 7267 was &ssue+ (n Oct(-er 19# 192# asatteste+ -y Enr&?ue A)taas# Ch&e* (* the "enera) Lan+ e3&strat&(n O**&ce% Des'&te the &ssuance (* the +ecree# &ta''ears that n( cert&*&cate (* t&t)e was &ssue+ an+ re3&stere+ &n the names (* the "ume)as%

By the c)a&m (* the e&rs (* the "ume)as 4the he&rs5# they h&re+ an (erseer &n!char3e (* the cu)t&at&(n (* the)(t%

In 1992# the he&rs a3ree+ t( 'art&t&(n the estate (* the&r 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest wh&ch &nc)u+es the )(t% They

s((n )earne+# h(weer# that the )(t was -e&n3 (ccu'&e+ -y Anec&t( Ca)&m'(n3 4Ca)&m'(n35%

It turne+ (ut that Ca)&m'(n3 *&)e+ &n 1986 an a'')&cat&(n *(r ,ree atent (er the )(t# wh&ch a'')&cat&(n he*())(we+ u' w&th the Bureau (* Lan+s when h&s '(ssess&(n was H+&stur-e+H -y the he&rs%

The he&rs thus *&)e+ (n $u)y 28# 1997 -e*(re the e3&(na) Tr&a) C(urt (* D&'()(3 C&ty a c(m')a&nt2 *(r ?u&et&n3(* t&t)e# +ama3es# w&th 'rayer *(r 're)&m&nary &n>unct&(n a3a&nst Ca)&m'(n3 an+ h&s w&*e%

In the meant&me# r(&nc&a) En&r(nment an+ Natura) es(urces O**&cer 4ENO5 &)ar&(n L% am(s a''r(e+Ca)&m'(n3s ,ree atent a'')&cat&(n# -y Or+er7 (* Au3ust 18# 1997# &n )&3ht (* the *())(w&n3 *&n+&n3s:

1% That the a'')&cant &s a natura)!-(rn c&t&=en (* the h&)&''&nes an+ &s (therw&se ?ua)&*&e+ t( ac?u&re 'u-)&c )an+sthr(u3h ,ree atent

2% That the )an+ a'')&e+ *(r has -een c)ass&*&e+ as a)&ena-)e an+ +&s'(sa-)e an+ &s su->ect t( +&s'(s&t&(n un+er the'u-)&c )an+ )aws

7% That u'(n &nest&3at&(n c(n+ucte+ -y De'uty u-)&c Lan+ Ins'ect(r ;arc&an( I% Caran3an# wh(se re'(rt was+u)y &n+(rse+ -y L;O!III Des&3nate# am(n S% acatan3# &t was *(un+ (ut that the )an+ a'')&e+ *(r has -een(ccu'&e+ an+ cu)t&ate+ -y the a'')&cant h&mse)* an+M(r thr(u3h h&s 're+ecess(r!&n!&nterest# s&nce $u)y # 19. (r'r&(r theret(

% That the N(t&ce (* the ac?u&s&t&(n (* the )an+ -y the A'')&cant un+er th&s a'')&cat&(n has -een 'u-)&she+ &nacc(r+ance w&th Law an+ that n( 'ers(n has 'r(en a -etter r&3ht t( the )an+ a'')&e+ *(r

.% That the c)a&m (* the a'')&cant &s &n a)) (ther res'ects# c(m')ete an+ there &s n( rec(r+s &n th&s (**&ce (r any(-stac)e t( the &ssuance (* 'atent an+

6% That there &s n( a+erse c)a&m &n()&n3 the )an+ a'')&e+ *(r st&)) 'en+&n3 +eterm&nat&(n &n th&s (**&ce4@n+ersc(r&n3 su'')&e+5

Acc(r+&n3)y# the Or+er +&s'(se+ as *())(ws:

EE,OE# the (ccu'at&(n an+ cu)t&at&(n (* the )an+ a'')&e+ *(r as +escr&-e+ &n the ca't&(n here(* &shere-y c(n*&rme+ an+ th&s a'')&cat&(n &s then here-y entere+ &n the rec(r+s (* th&s (**&ce as ,ree atent EntryN(% 782%

As the a'')&cant has a)rea+y c(m')&e+ w&th a)) the re?u&rements (* the )aw *(r the &ssuance (* the c(rres'(n+&n3

'atent t( the )an+# &t &s a)s( here-y (r+ere+ that the necessary 'atent -e 're'are+ *(r the &ssuance &n *a(r (* theA'')&cant% 4@n+ersc(r&n3 su'')&e+5

On Au3ust 18# 1997# atent N(% 09821097961 was &ssue+ t( Ca)&m'(n3 wh&ch was *(rwar+e+ t( the e3&ster (*Dee+s (* am-(an3a +e) N(rte *(r re3&strat&(n an+ &ssuance (* the c(rres'(n+&n3 cert&*&cate (* t&t)e%.

On Au3ust 19# 1997# Or&3&na) Cert&*&cate (* T&t)e 4OCT5 N(% !77806 was &ssue+ -y an+ re3&stere+ &n thee3&ster (* Dee+s *(r the r(&nce (* am-(an3a +e) N(rte &n the name (* Ca)&m'(n3%


14/25


T( the c(m')a&nt (* the he&rs# the s'(uses Ca)&m'(n3 a))e3e+ &n the&r Se'tem-er 7# 1997 Answer w&thC(unterc)a&m8 that# &nter a)&a# assum&n3 that the )(t was a+>u+&cate+ t( the "ume)as# Hthe same haV+W -eenc(ns&+ere+ )(n3 a-an+(ne+ -ecause ne&ther the a+>u+&cateeVsW n(r any (* the he&rs hae 'ursue+ the t&t)&n3 (* the)an+# cu)t&at&(n# &m'r(ement an+ '(ssess&(n%H In any eent# the s'(uses Ca)&m'(n3 &n*(rme+ that a ,reeatent an+ an OCT (er the )(t ha+ a)rea+y -een &ssue+ &n the name (* Ca)&m'(n3 -y the e3&ster (* Dee+s (*am-(an3a +e) N(rte%

The he&rs thus *&)e+ a ;(t&(n t( A+m&t Amen+e+ C(m')a&nt &m')ea+&n3 as a++&t&(na) +e*en+ants ENO an+the e3&ster (* Dee+s (* am-(an3a +e) N(rte# see&n3 as a++&t&(na) re)&e*s the nu))&*&cat&(n (* OCT N(% !

7780 an+ ,ree atent N(% 09821097961%

The amen+e+ c(m')a&nt9 was a+m&tte+ -y the D&'()(3 TC# -y es()ut&(n10 (* ,e-ruary # 199%

A*ter tr&a) (n the mer&ts# the tr&a) c(urt# -y Dec&s&(n11 (* ,e-ruary 2# 2001# ren+ere+ >u+3ment &n *a(r (* thehe&rs% It he)+ that# am(n3 (ther th&n3s# the t&t)e (* the he&rs &s -ase+ (n a 3rant there(* t( the&r 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest -y the 3(ernment &n ca+astra) 'r(cee+&n3s an+ -y such 3rant# the )(t cease+ t( -e 'art (* 'u-)&c +(ma&nas &t ha+ -ec(me 'r&ate 'r('erty# hence# n(t su->ect t( *ree 'atent a'')&cat&(n% It thus c(nc)u+e+ that the *ree'atent an+ the t&t)e &ssue+ t( Ca)&m'(n3 were nu)) an+ (&+% The +ecreta) '(rt&(n (* the tr&a) c(urts +ec&s&(nrea+s:

EE,OE# 'rem&ses c(ns&+ere+# the C(urt +ec)ares the here&n ')a&nt&**s -e&n3 the here+&tary success(rs (*the a+>u+&catees ment&(ne+ &n the Decree 4Eh&-&t HLH5# are the r&3ht*u) (wners (* L(t N(% 7017# Ca+% Surey (*

D&'()(3 un+er Ca+% Case N(% .# L%%C% Ca+% ec(r+ N(% 8.8# s&tuate+ at Anastac&(# ()anc(# am-(an3a +e)N(rte an+# as 'raye+ *(r &n the c(m')a&nt# &n (r+er t( rem(e c)(u+s cast (n &t -y the c)a&m (* the +e*en+ants,ree atent N(% 09821097961 &ssue+ -y the ENO (* am-(an3a +e) N(rte# as we)) as the Or&3&na) Cert&*&cate(* T&t)e N(% !7780 &ssue+ -y sa&+ (**&ce an+ the O**&ce (* the e3&ster (* Dee+s (* am-(an3a +e) N(rte# arehere-y +ec)are+ nu)) an+ (&+ the +e*en+ants are here-y (r+ere+ t( turn (er the 'eace*u) '(ssess&(n (* the )an+&n ?uest&(n unt( ')a&nt&**s the ')a&nt&**s# u'(n 'r('er 'et&t&(n *&)e+ &n C(urt# may as the e3&ster (* Dee+s (*am-(an3a +e) N(rte t( cause the &ssuance (* a Cert&*&cate (* T&t)e un+er the same terms an+ c(n+&t&(ns asstate+ &n the Decree &ssue+ t( L(t N(% 7017# w&th such +ecree as -as&s there(*%

N( +ama3es awar+e+# the same n(t -e&n3 'r(e+%12 4@n+ersc(r&n3 su'')&e+5

On a''ea)# the a''e))ate c(urt# -y the cha))en3e+ Dec&s&(n17 (* $anuary 26# 200# a**&rme+ &n t(t( that (* thetr&a) c(urt%

ence# the 'resent 'et&t&(n (* the s'(uses Ca)&m'(n3 4herea*ter 'et&t&(ners5 *au)t&n3 the a''e))ate c(urt &n:

1% % % % Vn(tW h()+&n3 that Vthey are theW true an+ rea) (wners (* the )an+ &n ?uest&(nV%W

2% % % % Vn(tW +ec)ar&n3 % % % Or&3&na) Cert&*&cate (* T&t)e N(% !7780 %% as a)&+ an+ )e3a))y &ssue+V%W

7% % % % 3&&n3 we&3ht t( the a))e3e+ t&t)e &n the name (* res'(n+ents 're+ecess(rs &n &nterest wh&ch was n(t *(un+(r e&st&n3 &n the rec(r+s (* the e3&ster (* Dee+s ne&ther 'resente+ (r (**ere+ &n e&+ence -y themV%W

% % % % a''rec&at&n3 &n res'(n+ents *a(r the&r &na-&)&ty t( sh(w 'r((* that they eer *&)e+ a 'et&t&(n *(r >u+&c&a)rec(nst&tut&(n (* sa&+ t&t)e# &* at a))# &t actua))y e&ste+V%W

.% % % % *a&)&n3 t( c(ns&+er res'(n+ents a))e3e+ 'ayment (* taes t( the )an+ starte+ (n)y &n 1997 at the t&me thatth&s case ha+ a)rea+y -een &nst&tute+ &n c(urtV%W

6% % % % Vn(tW h()+&n3 that )aches# m(re than 'rescr&'t&(n# a'')&es &n th&s caseV%W

8% % % % res()&n3 that the e&st&n3 Or&3&na) Cert&*&cate (* T&t)e &ssue+ &n *a(r (* 'et&t&(ners c(u')e+ w&th the)atters actua) '(ssess&(n# n(t the 3h(st# a))e3e+ t&t)e (* the res'(n+ents 're+ecess(rsV!W&nV!W&nterest# sh(u)+ent&t)e the &n+e*eas&-&)&ty (* the t(rrens systemV%W1

The 'et&t&(n *a&)s%

It &s un+&s'ute+ that the )(t was >u+&c&a))y a+>u+&cate+ an+ an (r+er *(r the re3&strat&(n (* the )(t &n the name (*

the 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest (* the he&rs 4herea*ter res'(n+ent5 as H(wners &n *ee s&m')eH was &ssue+ (nDecem-er 10# 1928# an+ that a +ecree (* re3&strat&(n was &ssue+ (n Oct(-er 19# 192# t( w&t:

There*(re# &t &s (r+ere+ -y the C(urt that sa&+ )an+ -e re3&stere+ &n acc(r+ance w&th the 'r(&s&(ns (* the Lan+e3&strat&(n Act &n the name (* sa&+ ,&)(mena "ume)a# D&(n&s&( "ume)a# % % % su->ect# h(weer# t( such (* theVeWncum-rances ment&(ne+ &n art&c)e 79 (* sa&+ Law as may -e su-s&st&n3# an+ t( a *&rst )&en &n *a(r (* the


15/25

ELS: Summer 2016 LTD Cases Batch 1 Twenty19 1.

Insu)ar "(ernment t( 3uarantee the 'ayment (* the s'ec&a) taes assesse+ 'ursuant t( the 'r(&s&(ns (* sect&(n1 (* Act 22.9# as amen+e+%

&tness the (n(ra-)e ;ar&an( Buys(n Lam'a# Au&)&ary $u+3e (* sa&+ C(urt# the 10th +ay (* Decem-er# A%D%# n&neteen hun+re+ an+ twenty!seen%

Issue+ at ;an&)a# %I# the 19th +ay (* Oct(-er A% D% 192# at 10:07 a%m%

1.

N(th&n3 &n the rec(r+s sh(ws that the (r+er (* a+>u+&cat&(n was a''ea)e+# ?uest&(ne+ (r set as&+e%

In De )a ;erce+ % C(urt (* A''ea)s#16 th&s C(urt he)+:

% % % VTWhe t&t)e (* (wnersh&' (n the )an+ &s este+ u'(n the (wner u'(n the e'&rat&(n (* the 'er&(+ t( a''ea)*r(m the +ec&s&(n (r a+>u+&cat&(n -y the ca+astra) c(urt# w&th(ut such a''ea) ha&n3 -een 'er*ecte+% Thecert&*&cate (* t&t)e w(u)+ then -e necessary *(r 'ur'(ses (* e**ect&n3 re3&strat&(n (* su-se?uent +&s'(s&t&(n (* the)an+ where c(urt 'r(cee+&n3s w(u)+ n( )(n3er -e necessary%1aw'h&)%net

As we hae here a +ecree &ssue+ -y the ca+astra) c(urt# (r+er&n3 the &ssuance t( In(cenc&( +e )(s Sant(s (* thecert&*&cate (* t&t)e (er L(t N(% 79. a*ter the +ec&s&(n a+>u+&cat&n3 (wnersh&' t( h&m (* the sa&+ 'r('erty ha+a)rea+y -ec(me *&na)# an+ there -e&n3 n( &m'utat&(n (* &rre3u)ar&ty &n the sa&+ ca+astra) 'r(cee+&n3s# t&t)e (*

(wnersh&' (n the sa&+ a+>u+&catee was este+ as (* the +ate (* the &ssuance (* such >u+&c&a) +ecree% The )an+# *(ra)) &ntents an+ 'ur'(ses# ha+ -ec(me *r(m that t&me# re3&stere+ 'r('erty wh&ch c(u)+ n(t -e ac?u&re+ -y a+erse'(ssess&(n%18 4Em'has&s an+ un+ersc(r&n3 su'')&e+5

,())(w&n3 the &mme+&ate)y!?u(te+ 'r(n(uncement &n De )a ;erce+# the t&t)e (* (wnersh&' (n the a+>u+&catees#the "ume)as!'re+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest (* res'(n+ent# was este+ (n Decem-er 10# 1928%

hether a cert&*&cate (* t&t)e was &ssue+ &n the name (* res'(n+ents 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest &s &mmater&a)% ,(r#*())(w&n3 De )a ;erce+# the t&t)e (* (wnersh&' (n res'(n+ents 're+ecess(rs!&n!&nterest was este+ as (* 1928%The )(t# *(r a)) &ntents an+ 'ur'(ses# ha+ -ec(me *r(m sa&+ +ate re3&stere+ 'r('erty wh&ch c(u)+ n(t -e ac?u&re+-y a+erse '(ssess&(n an+ was# there*(re# -ey(n+ the >ur&s+&ct&(n (* the Lan+ ;ana3ement Bureau (* theDEN 4*(rmer)y the Bureau (* Lan+s5 t( su->ect &t t( *ree 'atent%

@n+er the 'r(&s&(n (* Act N(% 28 'ursuant t( wh&ch the t&t)e (* 'r&ate res'(n+ents 're+ecess(r &n &nterestwas &ssue+# the res&+ent (* the h&)&''&nes (r h&s a)ter e3(# the D&rect(r (* Lan+s# has n( auth(r&ty t( 3rant a*ree 'atent *(r )an+ that has cease+ t( -e a 'u-)&c )an+ an+ has 'asse+ t( 'r&ate (wnersh&'# an+ a t&t)e s( &ssue+&s nu)) an+ (&+% The nu))&ty ar&ses n(t# *r(m the *rau+ (r +ece&t# -ut *r(m the *act that the )an+ &s n(t un+er the >ur&s+&ct&(n (* the Bureau (* Lan+s% The >ur&s+&ct&(n (* the D&rect(r (* Lan+s &s )&m&te+ (n)y t( 'u-)&c )an+s an++(es n(t c(er )an+s 'r&ate)y (wne+% The 'ur'(se (* the )e3&s)ature &n a+('t&n3 the *(rmer u-)&c Lan+ Act#Act N(% 28# was an+ &s t( )&m&t &ts a'')&cat&(n t( )an+s (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n# an+ )an+s he)+ &n 'r&ate(wnersh&' are n(t &nc)u+e+ there&n an+ are n(t a**ecte+ &n any manner whats(eer there-y% Lan+ he)+ &n *reeh()+(r *ee t&t)e# (r (* 'r&ate (wnersh&'# c(nst&tute n( 'art (* the 'u-)&c +(ma&n an+ cann(t '(ss&-)y c(me w&

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LTD Cases Batch 1