LTD 1_Unit 1 [Compatibility Mode]

8/9/2019 LTD 1_Unit 1 [Compatibility Mode]

1/36

WarmWarmWarmWarm---- up activityup activityup activityup activity


2/36

1. Question 1:

How old is translation?

- Answer: since the dawn of civilizatio

Page 2


3/36

2. Question 2:

When was the first dictionary created

- Answer: 6000-10000 years ago

Page 3


4/36


5/36

4. Question 4:

What is the name of a special tower in the

- Answer: the Babel

Page 5


6/36

5. Question 5:

When was the first School of translators e

- Answer: 12-13th century

Page 6


7/36

6. Question 6:

- What is the most popular religion in the

- Answer: Christianity

Page 7


8/36


9/36

CONTENTS

I. Definitions of Translation

II. Historical overview of Translatio

III. A Quick look at Translation Stud

Page 9Translation Theory 1


10/36

I. Definitions of translation

The term TRANSLATION itself has several me

The general subject field, the PRODUCT

has been translated)

Page 10

The act of producing the translation, the PRO

Translation Theory 1


11/36


Translation is the replacement of textual m

language by equivalent textual material

language (Catford, 1965)



12/36


Translation is the replacementrepresentation of a text in one langurepresentation of another equivalesecond language. (Hartman & Stock -



13/36


Translation involves the rendering of a sou

(SL) text into the target language (TL) sothat: (1) the surface meaning of theapproximately similar and (2) the structure obe preserved as closely as possible, but n

Page 13

a e s ruc ure w e ser ous y s or1980).



14/36


Translation is a craft consisting in the attemptwritten message and/or statement in onethe same message and/or statementlanguage" (Newmark, 1981).



15/36


Translation consists in reproducing in the recethe closest natural equivalent of the soumessage, first in terms of meaning and seconstyle. (Nida & Taber- 1974)



16/36


Translation, consists of (1) studying lexicostructure, communication situation, culturalsource language text, (2) analyzing it in ordits meaning, and then (3) reconstructing thisusing the lexicon and grammatical struct

Page 16

(Larson,1984)



17/36


Translation, as the process of conveying meslinguistic and cultural barriers, is acommunicative activity, one whose use cconsidered in a wider range of teaching situatcurrently be the case (Tudor, in Duff - 1989)



18/36


19/36

1. Translating the Bible

The history of translation begins with religion

The Hebrew Bible was created around 1300 -300 B

In order to disperse the Bible to people who spoke lthan Hebrew, the original Hebrew text had to be rec

in different languages. Thus, several translations of

Page 19

emerge .

9th century: the beginning of Bible translation into E

The Bible is the most translated book in the world, h

translated into over 2000 languages and dialects.


20/36

2. Translation in the East Islam, Hinduism,

After the spread of Islam throughout the MiddleAfrica and Spain, the new Muslim empire underambitious programs of translating the classics, philosophy, astronomy and medicine.

The sacred scriptures of Buddhism were transla

Page 20

Sanskrit into Chinese by the Buddhist monks anIndia


21/36

3. Translators opening the door to the Mo

12

th

13th

century: the most glorious period in ttranslation, represented by the so-called SchooTranslators of Toledo in Spain. The cultures of translated first into Latin and later into new langEurope.

The reat discover of the New World b Colum

Page 21

other discoveries might have never occurred witransmission of knowledge and science that tooToledo in those years.

The Toledo school attracted translators from all

Europe.


22/36

4. Translation in the New World

During the age of the Great Discoveries, interpretbridge between the white people and other races.

The great civilization of the ancient Maya and Cenwas made known to us through the translation int

The conquerors looked down on native people wh

Page 22

and culture were considered worthless, and impolanguage, culture and religion on them.

The European colonists who settled this continentfor translation, and soon developed an insular attireflected to this day.


23/36

5. The 20th century

Translation in this century has seen some goodsome bad times.

As the twentieth century came to a close, two lphenomena became dominant.

- A

Page 23

nearly all the languages of the world, mostly beAmerican pop culture and high tech.

- The second is the reemergence of national lanthroughout the world.


24/36

5. The 20th century

Linguistic diversity as well as a growing influeninternational language, namely English, should the beginning of the next century.

As the twenty-first century begins to unfold, trastanding on the threshold of a new golden age f

Page 24

Translators play a critical role in shaping historycivilization make the translation into the next ag


25/36

III. Translation studies

1. Overview of Translation studies

2. A brief history

3. Scope of research



26/36

1. Overview of Translation Stu

This discipline is now known as "translation studies", thabased US scholar James. S. Holmes. He describes this nbeing concerned with "the complex of problems clusteredphenomenon of translating and translations".

Translation studies has become prominent thanks to twoproliferation of specialized translating and interpreting co

Page 26

books and journals on translation in many languages.

From being a little-established field a relatively short timestudies has now become one of the most active and dynaresearch



27/36


28/36


James S. Homess The name and nature of trastudies is considered to be the founding statefield". Crucially, Holmes put forward an overall fdescribing what translation studies covers. The the "pure" areas of research are:

Page 28

+ the description of the phenomena of translatiotranslation theory);

+ the establishment of general principles to explpredict such phenomena (translation theory).


29/36


According to Newmark (1988), in a narrow sense: translaconcerned with the translation method appropriately usedtype of text.

In a wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowletranslating.

Translation theor includes the followin thin s:

Page 29

+ identify and define a translation problem

+ indicate all the factors that have to be taken into accounproblem

+ list all the possible translation procedures

+ recommend the most suitable translation procedures, anappropriate translation


30/36

References:

Morry, S. The translator's handbook. (1999). Maryland: SPublishing

Munday, J. (2008). Introducing Translation Studies(2nd eCanada: Routledge.

Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. UK: Pren

International Ltd.

Page 30


31/36

LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION STUDIES

Already in the early 1980s Susan Bassnett (Translation Studies) stated in quite clear terms: No

introduction to Translation Studies could be complete without consideration of the discipline in

an historical perspective (1980, 39); and again, a few pages later: The history of Translation

should therefore be seen as an essential field of study for the contemporary theorist (1980, 75).

On the same lines,

Antoine Berman (1984, 12): The construction of a history of translation is the first task of a

modern theory of translation.

1.

Definitions of translation

The term TRANSLATION itself has several meanings. It can refer to:

-

The general subject field, the PRODUCT (the text that has been translated)

-

The act of producing the translation, the PROCESS.

The process of translation between 2 written languages involves the translator changing an

original written text (Source Text ST) into another written text (Target Text TT)

- Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual

material in another language (Catford, 1965)

- Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a

representation of another equivalent in a second language.

(Hartman & Stock - 1972)

Key points


32/36

- Translation is the transformation of a speech product in one language into that of other

language keeping the content (or meaning) unchanged (L.S. Barkhudarov, 1975)

- Translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language

(TL) so as to ensure that: (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar

and (2) the structure of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible, but not so closely that

the TL structure will be seriously distorted (McGuire, 1980).

- Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement

in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language" (Newmark,

1981).

-

Translation is the process of changing speech or writing from one language (the Source

Language) into another (the Target Language), or the target-language version that results

from this process (Richards et al - 1992)

-

Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of

the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida

& Taber- 1974)

-

Translation, then, consists of (1) studying lexicon, grammatical structure, communication

situation, cultural context of the source language text, (2) analyzing it in order to determine

its meaning, and then (3) reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and

grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context

(Larson,1984).

2. Historical overview of Translation Core reading 1 Text 1 "The translator's handbook"

P.19 P.29

Translation is one of the oldest occupations in the world.

One of the earliest dictionaries was discovered in the ancient town of Ebla, in the Middle

East, dating back anywhere between 6,000 and 10,000 years, to the dawn of civilization.

2.1. Translating the Bible

The history of translation begins with religion and eventually leads into secular culture.

The Hebrew Bible was created around 1000 years ago (1300 -300 B.C).

In order to disperse the Bible around the Middle East to people who spoke languages other

than Hebrew, the original Hebrew text had to be recited and written in different languages.

Thus, several translations of the Bible emerged.


33/36

9thcentury: the beginning of Bible translation into English.

The Bible is the most translated book in the world, having been translated into over 2000

languages and dialects.

2.2. Translation in the East Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

After the spread of Islam throughout the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, the new

Muslim empire undertook ambitious programs of translating the classics, notably Greek

philosophy, astronomy and medicine.

The sacred scriptures of Buddhism were translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by the Chinese

monks and pilgrim to India.

2.3. Translators opening the door to the Modern World

12nd 13thcentury: the most glorious period in the history of translation, represented by the

so-called Schools of Translators of Toledo in Spain. The cultures of antiquity were translated

first into Latin and later into new languages of Europe.

The great discovery of the New World by Columbus and other discoveries might have never

occurred without the transmission of knowledge and science that took place in Toledo in

those years. The modern world as we know it today might not exist.

The Toledo school attracted translators from all parts of Europe.

2.4. Translation in the New World

During the age of the Great Discoveries, interpreters became bridge between the whitepeople and other races.

The European colonists who settled this continent had little need for translation, and soon

developed an insular attitude still reflected to this day.

2.5. The 20th

century

Translation in this century has seen some good times and some bad times.

As the twentieth century came to a close, two linguistic phenomena became dominant. The

first is the growing incursion of American English into nearly all the languages of the world,

mostly because of American pop culture and high tech. The second is the reemergence of

national languages throughout the world.

What is clear at this time is that linguistic diversity as well as a growing influence of one

international language, namely English, should characterize the beginning of the next

century.


34/36


35/36

+ recommend the most suitable translation procedures, and the most appropriate translation

References:

Morry, S. The translator's handbook. (1999). Maryland: Schreiber Publishing

Munday, J. (2008).Introducing Translation Studies(2nd

ed). USA, Canada: Routledge.

Newmark, P. (1988).A Textbook of Translation. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd.


36/36

Case study 1:

The book "Charting the future of translation history" writes "In spite of the progress made so far, particularly

in keeping with current trends in the humanities and the social sciences, the history of translation is still

largely viewed essentially as the straightforward documenting of past translating practices and theories, how

these relate to the present, and how they can help us chart the course to the future. In this regard, translation

history is often appraised as a subdiscipline of translation studies, mainly secondary in nature, and

translation historians as mere archivists whose main task is to record and document the various trends and

discourses that hold sway within the ever-expanding discipline of translation studies (p45-46).

Discuss the idea in the above paragraph.

Case study 2:

The book "In other words" writes: "Throughout its long history, translation has never really enjoyed the kind

of recognition and respect that other professions such as medicine and engineering enjoy" (p2)

Do you agree or disagree with the above statement. Give reasons to support your view.

Documents

LTD 1_Unit 1 [Compatibility Mode]