Upload
maximillian-barber
View
214
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
LT Iain McConnell
Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater
HH-60J copilot
Certified Flight Instructor, airplane single engine
Background94-98 USCG Academy
98-00 USCGC Polar Star (WAGB 10)
00-01 Navy Flight School, Pensacola
01-02 Air Station Clearwater
Civil Air Patrol orientation pilot and CFI, Clearwater Composite Squadron
Flight to visit family in Slidell, Louisiana
Archer II -- N8268C
Rented from Clearwater Air ParkMy favorite plane!Two VHF radiosADF (it works sometimes)Endurance Cruise: 650 nm @ 100 ktsDual VOR, ILS, DME, handheld GPSPerformance Cruise: 500 nm @ 115 kts
Preflight planning
Route
Weather
IFR, VFR, or DVFR
FAR compliance
Fault tolerance
Decrease risk
Clearwater to Slidell
396 nm
Route
DistanceSpecial use airspaceAircraft performance (including multi engine)Navigational aidsCommunication “dead zones” Distance to divert fields Notable locations to compute ahead of time: Equal time point (ETP) Point of safe return (PSR)
WeatherSometimes weather is incomplete or inaccurate
offshore. Pay more attention to weather than normal.Destination WX +/- 1hr.Winds.Severe weather (added distance to divert).Forecast altimeter.Visibility and cloud clearance. Horizon may blend with the sky and water. Good visibility needed for making landfall VFR.
IFR, VFR, or DVFR
Why not fly IFR?At least use VFR flight following.ADIZ.DVFR is not hard to do; Just do it right! Read AIM 5-6-1 before you go. File on ground, not in flight. Transponder set to assigned squawk. Penetrate ADIZ +/- 5 minutes and +/- 20 nm over
water. Monitor 121.5 MHz for “Unknown Rider.”
FAR Compliance
14 CFR 91 has no requirements14 CFR 135.165 Extended Overwater Defined as 50nm from shore Redundant radios and nav. systems
14 CFR 135.167 Emergency Equipment Life preservers, rafts, pyrotechnics, ELTs
Fuel reservesCustoms clearance for international flightsDVFR flight plan
Fault Tolerance
How many distractions or imperfections can I handle before changing my plan? Weather deteriorates or headwind strengthens. One anti-collision light is burned out. Copilot’s ICS station doesn’t work. Someone gets sick. I didn’t sleep well last night. My divert field’s AVGAS pump is “inop.” Another renter reports that the transponder may
have a problem “sometimes.” One radio fails.
Decrease Risk
Accept fewer faults when over water than when over land.
I’M SAFE checklist.
Hire a CFI.
Don’t go, or go later.
Go during day, not night.
Choose a route closer to shore.
Ready to go?
Are you gripping your arm rests with fear?
Max range of N8268C!Three family members together.Entire flight over water.No navigation input besides GPS and D.R.Requires DVFR flight plan.Communications dead zones.Warning Areas.Slight headwind increase not tolerable.First-time cross country student. New CFI.I have never pushed N8268C this far before!
Clearwater to Apalachicola
396 nm
159 nm
Breathe a sigh of relief!
This route can be flown mostly on V97.
Furthest point from land reduced.
Stay within the ADIZ.
No fuel reserve concerns.
No communications “dead zones.”
Closer to Air Station Clearwater!
Shorter time between bathroom stops!
Take Off!
In FlightSee and avoid: oil rigs, birds.
Loss of horizon and depth perception.
Keep VFR flight following.
Over-reliance on GPS.
Making landfall through the ADIZ.
Visual landfall is very difficult. Use navaids.
Equal Time Point (ETP)Location where the time required to return to the last suitable airfield is equal to the time required to proceed to the next suitable airfield.
198 nm=half wayNo wind
Distance to ETP = Total distance x GS (return)
GS (return) + GS (cont)
Headwind…
Distance to ETP = 396 nm x 140 kts = 231nm
140 kts + 100 kts
Tailwind…
Distance to ETP = 396 nm x 100 kts = 165 nm
100 kts + 140 kts
Headwind
Tailwind
231 nm
165 nm
wind
wind
Point of Safe Return (PSR)
For figuring out how to max your time offshore. The Coast Guard uses this often. Civilian pilots should not!
Time on route which the aircraft can go and still safely return home, including Holding, Approach, and Landing fuel.
Time to PSR = TGround speed returning from PSR = GSR
Ground speed outbound to PSR = GSO
Total fuel endurance in minutes = F (minus reserve fuel)
T = GSR x F GSO + GSR
Point of Safe Return (PSR)
Ditching!
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Blue WaterInshore 88%
survival
Blue WaterOcean 82%
survival
Lakes 87%survival
Rivers 93%survival
Where Ditchings Occur
Egress Rate vs. Survival Rate
Egress – one or more occupants safely exited the aircraft --- 92%
Survival – all occupants were rescued or swam to shore -- 88%
0
10
20
30
40
50
Highwingtotal
Highwingfatal
Lowwingtotal
Lowwingfatal
High Wing vs. Low Wing
Will the airplane float long enough for everyone to get out?
Study of ditchings does not provide enough data to determine “typical” float times.
Out of 179 ditchings, there were only 7 instances where occupants didn’t escape.3 of these were high wave conditions in the
open sea.
Multi-engine Ditchings
Multi-engine aircraft ditch at a rate equal to their single engine counterparts. In the study of 179 aircraft ditchings, 29 (16%) involved
multi-engine aircraft. About 15% of the GA fleet is multi-engine.
Increased exposure due to greater over-water flight.
No one is immune!
Pre-ditching Checklist
Ditch near a surface vessel if able. Determine appropriate ditch heading. Review ditching technique. Depressurize aircraft (if applicable). Configure aircraft – gear up, flaps as required. Place survival equipment in accessible location. Fasten seat belts. Unlatch main cabin door. Ensure alternate exits are accessible (if able).
Ditch Heading
Ditch parallel to swell – maximize headwind componentWith strong secondary swell, compromise between pri & sec swells and land on the back side of waveWind 30-50 kts – choose compromise between primary swell and head windWind > 50 kts, land into wind
Approach to Water
Choose power-on ditching if able Set power to maintain 10 kts above stall. Multi-engine w/ power to one side – fly slightly
higher approach speed. Nose-high attitude (flaps may not be advisable).
Power-off ditching Fly higher than normal approach speed.
Touchdown
Reduce power, land slightly above stall speed.
Land parallel or on the backside of the swell.
Touchdown with wings trimmed to surface of the sea – not the horizon.
Remove crab angle.
Ditching at Night, IMC, or on Glassy Water
Set 10 deg nose up attitude
100 fpm descent rate
Ditch wings level
Another Safe Flight
It wasn’t an accident