indigenous - ---native, originating in a placesubjective - ---relating to the mind as the subject of experienceparadox - ---seeming contradiction or an actual contradictionanomalous - ---irregular, unusualviscous - ---having a thick consistency, gelatinousephemeral - ---fleeting, or short life or durationcorroborate - ---to confirm or make certainimplicit - ---implied, tacitly understoodlucid - ---clear, understandableprodigal - ---foolishly generous, not thriftyfeign - ---to pretendspecious - ---having the deceptive look of trutharbitrary - ---random, capricious, impartialintrepid - ---bold, fearlessantagonism - ---hostility, enmityantipathy - ---strong feeling against, dislike fordogma - ---firmly held disbeliefpertinent - ---clearly relevantvariance - ---difference, disagreementincompatible - ---not well matched, unsuitedisolate - ---to separate and make alone or singlesever - ---to cut off completelysynthesis - ---the combination of diverse elements into oneengender - ---to create, fosterdiscrete - ---distinct, separatedisperse - ---to spread outeccentric - ---unusual, strangeredundant - ---repetitive, and thus unnecessaryprecursor - ---a necessary predecessordefer - ---to postpone or to submit to anothercatalyst - ---a thing that sets another in motion or causes changedisarm - ---to deprive of weapons or to win over, ingratiateprone - ---inclined, or the position of lying face downprofound - ---deep, thoughtfultorque - ---rotational force, twistdigress - ---to move away fromdiverge - ---to go apart in different directionstangential - ---peripheral, no on the subject at handporous - ---having pores, having minute holesplummet - ---to fall suddenlycircumlocution - ---excessive speaking, wordinessperturb - ---to disquiet, upsetopaque - ---not transparent, not letting light throughimpenetrable - ---unable to penetrate, pierceddesiccate - ---to dry out, dehydratephenomenon - ---an occurrencetacit - ---unspoken yet understoodwhimsy - ---caprice, a playful thingabstract - ---theoretical or to summarize or a summaryinherent - ---in the essential nature of a thingdubious - ---doubtful, questionableplatitude - ---a trite saying, bromidefallacy - ---a logical flaw, mistakedemur - ---to hesitate, protestassert - ---to state without need of proofrefute - ---to disprove, to argue againstinquisitive - ---curious, seeking knowledgemundane - ---everything, pedestraincoherent - ---intelligible, consistentequivocal - ---wavering, vacillatingharangue - ---long, complaining speechjargon - ---specialized vocabularysuccinct - ---concise, stating in few wordsdiffuse - ---to spread thinly, or scatteredarticulate - ---well- spoken, intelligible, speak clearly and distinctlygarrulous - ---extremely talkativeorate - ---to make a speech, esp. pompouslylaconic - ---few words, reticentobscure - ---to hide or hidden, vague, not easily understoodchicanery - ---flim-flam, trickeryfurtive - ---secret, sneakyvolatile - ---unstable, likely to explode or vaporizeextemporize - ---to speak spontaneouslyzealot - ---one who has great enthusiasm esp for a causeespouse - ---to take to oneself, to adopt a beliefprovocative - ---tending to simulatesuperfluous - ---excess, extraexpend - ---to use upmalevolent - ---evil, having evil intentparagon - ---an ideal, perfect modelnullify - ---negate, make invalidconsummate - ---complete, accomplish, perfect, to a high degreearduous - ---difficult, strenuousfelicity - ---happiness, pleasantnessprodigy - ---very talented childguile - ---cunning, trickeryingenious - ---extremely clever, originalimperative - ---necessary, immediately importantconstrain - ---restrict, confinesuppress - ---keep secret, contain, inhibitcapitulate - ---give in, surrenderobsequious - ---sycophantic-flatter, fawningplacate - ---please, pacifyaffluent - ---wealthyzeal - ---fanatical enthusiasminhibit - ---restrain, forbidplasticity - ---malleability, stretchinesscynic - ---one who has an attitude of contempt, distrustbolster - ---supportresolute - ---determined, faithfulconnoisseur - ---one who appreciates fine thingsdecorous - ---in good taste, very propereuphemism - ---mild word or phrase substituted for an offensive onepedantic - ---overly scholarlybombast - ---pompous speecharrogant - ---overbearing, proudmisanthrope - ---one who hates humanityjeer - ---taunt, deridedisingenuous - ---seemingly honest while not being sopropriety - ---appropriateness, social acceptabilityheretic - ---one who holds unorthodox or unapproved beliefsauthentic - ---genuine, trustworthyeradicate - ---to eliminate completelygist - ---general meeting, essenceobjective - ---empirically provable, existing independentlyaffiliation - ---connecting, associationapposite - ---relevant, to the pointantithesis - ---direct oppositeheterogeneous - ---mixed, made up of unlike elementsstereotype - ---generalized judgment of a groupparadigm - ---model, theoretical frameworkprecedent - ---earlier example setting a ruleconform - ---adapt or compliant withcorrespond - ---to match, to conform, to paralleldissent - ---to disagreenuance - ---slight distinctionnegligible - ---insignificant, not to be consideredtrivial - ---minor, not importantsubordinate - ---depending on, subservientdepletion - ---lesseningalloy - ---mixture esp of metaleclectic - ---having varying elementsconvoluted - ---intricate, coiled, twistedinextricable - ---not able to be untangledlabyrinth - ---mazemultifarious - ---diverse, of great varietyconsolidate - ---to join together, mergecomponent - ---essential elementshard - ---fragment esp glass or potterycomprehensive - ---all inclusivepervasive - ---throughout, in every partplethora - ---multiplicity, excessive amountfracas - ---riot, flightgratuitous - ---uncalled for, not warrantedpandemonium - ---noisy chaos, bedlamsporadic - ---occasional, infrequentprologue - ---introductory passageincipient - ---beginning, buddingdefinitive - ---authoritativenexus - ---connection, centersequential - ---in order, arranged seriallyconflate - ---to blend together, esp a textquorum - ---number of members of a governing body necessary in order to proceedtroupe - ---group of performersintrinsic - ---essential nature of a thingorthodox - ---adhering to a strict set of beliefsmaverick - ---intrepid person, innovatoraberrant - ---deviating from the normenumerate - ---to countfusion - ---merging of diverse parts into a wholedichotomy - ---separation into two partsanachronism - ---a thing or person out of place in timefledging - ---young, inexperiencedexigent - ---needing swift actioninopportune - ---not timely, inappropriatealacrity - ---promptness, eagernessadjourn - ---to suspend, as a meetingprevalent - ---common, frequentstasis - ---stagnation, equilibriumlabile - ---unstable, open to changeequilibrium - ---state of balanceriveting - ---commanding full attention, fascinatingcessation - ---stoppage, ceasingrelinquish - ---to let go of, give uprenegade - ---an outlaw, one who is unconventionalsupersede - ---to supplantreciprocate - ---to give and take, to return, to pay backcrusade - ---a zealous campaign for a causeseminal - ---original or relating to seed or semenendow - ---to grant, as a giftnugatory - ---negligible, having no effectunassailable - ---not questionable, not doubtableflaccid - ---limp, droopingdynamic - ---in motionviable - ---capable of living, capable of workingproliferate - ---multiply, procreatefallow - ---barren, not cultivated or sownfabricate - ---to createincubation - ---period of gestationsusceptible - ---prone to, open topropensity - ---inclinationcollaborate - ---to work together, cooperateconnive - ---to conspire, to be in secret sympathy withsynchronous - ---at the same timerecalcitrant - ---stubborn, defiantbucolic - ---pastoral, relating to country lifeubiquitous - ---everywhere, in all placesacculturate - ---to adapt to a culturecolossus - ---giant statue, very large thingdimension - ---property of space, as in height, width, depthburgeon - ---to bloom, flourishcontigeous - ---adjacent with, borders touchingrift - ---a gap or fissurerecapitulate - ---to repeat, sum uptenuous - ---not solid, weaknadir - ---low point, point opposite the zenithrudimentary - ---basicrecumbent - ---lying down, restingbuttress - ---supporting piece of a structure, strengthen, supporttranspose - ---change from one place to mode to anotherfacade - ---false frontperipheral - ---outside, surrounding, auxiliarynucleate - ---to cluster, to form a nucleusstrata - ---layerlateral - ---sideways, on the sideamorphous - ---without shape, unclassifiableellipse - ---ovaltortuous - ---twisting, winding, trickyobtuse - ---difficult to understand, unable to understand, stupidstriate - ---to stripeconstrict - ---to compress, constractocclude - ---to obstruct, block updormant - ---asleep, inactivehalcyon - ---happy, prosperous, peacefulplacid - ---quiet, calmstagnant - ---stale, foul, motionlessaccelerate - ---speed upprecipitate - ---sudden or steep, rain, snow, to bring about suddenlysaunter - ---to walk in an easygoing swaggeramble - ---walk leisurelyreconnaissance - ---survey, esp military actionpulverize - ---smash into dustavert - ---turn away, avoiderrant - ---wandering, travelingconverge - ---come together, mergeegress - ---exitlactate - ---to produce milksecrete - ---give off or to hidewelter - ---chaotic messcyclical - ---periodic and repeatingtepid - ---lukewarm, room temperaturepigment - ---coloring element in paintspectrum - ---range of all colors, complete rangeflorid - ---flowery or reddishiridescent - ---having shiny rainbow colors, shimmerymosaic - ---picture made of many small parts such as tilespied - ---multi- colored and blotchystipple - ---speckle or fleck esp with paint, effect of many small dotstranscendental - ---abstract, supernaturalimpalpable - ---not physical, not able to be touchedmonolith - ---a single, huge structure, or a large organization acting as one forcehydrate - ---add wateremollient - ---lotion that moisturizesferrous - ---with ironturbid - ---muddy, obscurdarid - ---dryaerate - ---to supply or combine with oxygen or airresuscitate - ---to revive, renewcarrion - ---animal remainsdemise - ---death, cessationvapid - ---uninteresting, without livelinesscloying - ---sweet, sentimentalpungent - ---strong tasting or smellingredolent - ---aromatic, having an odorostensible - ---apparent, under pretextdiscord - ---argument, strifefatuous - ---foolish, sillyinane - ---silly, empty-headedludicrous - ---ridiculous, absurddilettante - ---amateur, dabblercogitate - ---to think hard, ponderforage - ---look for foodperuse - ---study thoroughlyperspicacious - ---keen, mentally sharpdoctrine - ---creed, beliefnaivete - ---unsophisticatedness, artlessnessbelie - ---contradict, give false cover toimplausible - ---not believablepontifical - ---like a pontiff, pope, extremely authoritativefalter - ---stumble, hesitaterelic - ---remnant, souvenir, venerated objectjuggernaut - ---large vehicle that crushes anything in its pathproscribe - ---condemn, forbidcensure - ---disapprove, condemn, disapproval, condemnationimpunity - ---without fear of punishmentindictment - ---formal charge against a persongourmand - ---one who likes to eat alotascetic - ---austere, disciplinedhedonist - ---one who lives for pleasureprofligate - ---extravagent, prodigalobdurate - ---stubborn, unfeelingaltruism - ---unselfish behaviorquisling - ---traitorveracity - ---truthfulnessprobity - ---honestycandor - ---straightforwardness, sincerityartlessness - ---crudeness, naturalnessvituperate - ---scold with excessively harsh languagetirade - ---long, harsh, highly critical speechreprobate - ---depraved, condemnedculpable - ---deserving of blamecastigate - ---scold severelycountenance - ---face, expression or allow to happenapprobation - ---praise, approvaladulation - ---admirationtravesty - ---mockery, parodyderision - ---scorning, ridiculevindictive - ---vengeful, spitefultruculent - ---ferocious, extremely harshaffable - ---friendly, pleasanturbane - ---sophisticated, wordlylionize - ---make much ofaggrandize - ---praise greatly, make seem greatereffrontery - ---boldnessgrandiloquent - ---having high sounding speechspurious - ---false, fradulenttimorous - ---timid, fearfulredoubtable - ---formidable, illustriousaesthetic - ---artistic, relating to beautyunprepossessing - ---homely, plaintentative - ---hesitantm, uncertaindiscreet - ---having good judgment, prudentdaunt - ---subdue or tamesolicitude - ---over-attentive care, anxietydisquiet - ---disturb or upsetcommodious - ---having ample spaceexacerbate - ---aggravate, make worsecontrite - ---sorry, repentantlevity - ---lightness, good humorquerulous - ---complaining, whiningpique - ---offense, resentment, provoke or exciteintuitive - ---known through immediate insight not gained through rational thoughtsybil - ---witchmeticulous - ---extremely careful, fastidiousprescience - ---ability to foretell eventsintelligible - ---understandable, comprehensiblelimpid - ---clear, serene, transparent`inadvertence - ---oversight, unwillingnessconcede - ---to yield, grantretract - ---take back, recantideology - ---set of beliefstemperament - ---disposition, sensibilitypeer - ---equalchauvinist - ---extreme patriot, one who believes one group is superior to anothercontend - ---fight with, opposescruple - ---have moral qualms about, moral principleconcur - ---agreeprattle - ---babble, as a childoblivious - ---unknowing, unheedingarcane - ---secret, esotericconundrum - ---riddle, puzzleallusive - ---referring to or hinting t something esp in literatureelucidate - ---make clear, explainflagrant - ---bold, open, apparentsalient - ---noticeable, prominenterudition - ---knowledge, esp gained from booksproctor - ---one who supervises students at an examcharade - ---pretensehallmark - ---distinguishing markvestige - ---remnant, tracetapestry - ---decorative wall hangingvernacular - ---common speech, ordinary languageconcise - ---exactterse - ---short, curtcircuitous - ---round-about, indirectsuperfluity - ---excessverbiage - ---excessive wordinessgregarious - ---outgoing, friendlyloquacioius - ---extremely talkative and articulateprate - ---chatter, talk meaninglesslyvoluble - ---fluent, talkativediscourse - ---conversation, long paper or speech on a subjectrunic - ---like runes, mysterious, secretreticent - ---not talkativecryptic - ---encoded, secret, indecipherableesoteric - ---hidden, available only to the initiateeclipse - ---overshadowing, esp sun or moonlatent - ---potential, hidden qualityapocryphal - ---spurious, not genuinedissemble - ---lieprevaricate - ---liesimulate - ---imitate, make seem realhyperbole - ---excessive exaggerationtout - ---solicit or promoteseine - ---fishnetamenable - ---agreeable, obediantdiffident - ---shy, reservedadamant - ---hard, unyielding, very hard stoneimplacable - ---not able to be changedintransigent - ---stubborn, uncompromisingobstinate - ---stubborn, unmovingambivalent - ---uncertain, having conflicting feelingsfluctuate - ---vary widelycaprice - ---impulsive action, whimfickle - ---changeable, not constantimpromptu - ---spontaneous, spur of the momentabscond - ---run away secretlyelusive - ---difficult to find or pin downparry - ---fend off, dodgeshirk - ---neglect or ignoreaspiration - ---hope, ambition, breathing inavarice - ---greedproclivity - ---tendencypredestine - ---determined ahead of timeinstigate - ---urge, inciteinveigle - ---acquire through sneakinesspiquant - ---spicy, as in hot sauce, stimulating, provocativetantalize - ---tease, give taste ofprofuse - ---plentifulAmalgamation - ---a combinationAnalgesic - ---capable of relieving painAnthropocentrism - ---theory that regards humans as the central element of the universeAvuncular - ---resembling an uncle in kindness or indulgenceBromide - ---a common sayingByzantine - ---highly complex or intricateCacophony - ---harsh, jarring soundCalumny - ---a false statement intended to harm someone's reputationCanonical - ---authorized or acceptedChicanery - ---the use of tricks to deceive someoneChurlish - ---rude and vulgarCircumlocution - ---an indirect way of expressing somethingConcomitant - ---existing or occurring at the same timeCorpulent - ---excessively fatCumbersome - ---clumsy, awkward, and heavyDemarcate - ---set, mark, or draw the boundaries of somethingDisenfranchise - ---to deprive of voting rightsDraconian - ---harsh and severeEgalitarian - ---characterized by the belief in equal rights for all peopleEgregious - ---outrageously bad or offensiveEmollient - ---having a softening or soothing effect, especially to the skinEphemeral - ---lasting a very short timeEpistolary - ---relating to lettersErudition - ---knowledge gained from studyExculpate - ---to clear from blameExegesis - ---an explanation or critical interpretationFlotsam - ---useless discarded itemsFoible - ---a minor flaw or weakness of characterFomentation - ---a push for trouble or rebellionFoppish - ---affecting extreme elegance in dress and mannerGustatory - ---relating to the sense of tasteHalcyon - ---joyful, peaceful, or prosperousHistrionic - ---overly dramaticIgnominious - ---disgraceful and shamefulImpious - ---lacking respect or devotion, usually for a god or religionImpute - ---to attribute or credit toInchoate - ---in the early stages of developmentInimical - ---harmful or hostileInsidious - ---intended to entrap, deceive, or harmInvidious - ---intended to hurt, offend or discriminateIrascible - ---quickly aroused by angerLexicography - ---the act of writing dictionariesLoquacious - ---extremely talkativeLugubrious - ---excessively mournful, sad and gloomyMalediction - ---a curseMalodorous - ---having an unpleasant smellMelange - ---a mixtureMendicant - ---beggingMorass - ---difficult situationMoratorium - ---suspension of an ongoing activityMunificent - ---very generousMyopic - ---lacking long-term visionNascent - ---being born or beginningNeophyte - ---a beginnerNihilism - ---belief in the rejection of rules and the destruction of social and political orderObfuscate - ---to confuse or make unclearObstreperous - ---noisy and difficult to controlPanacea - ---a cure for all diseases, or a solution to all problemsParsimonious - ---extremely reluctant to spend moneyPenurious - ---stingy and frugal or extremely poorPerfidious - ---tending to betrayPernicious - ---exceedingly harmfulPerquisite - ---a payment or benefit in addition to one's regular payPicayune - ---small and of little importancePolyglot - ---able to speak, read, or write in many languagesPotentate - ---a powerful rulerProgenitor - ---a direct ancestor or originatorProletarian - ---of the working classProselytize - ---to convert someone to another belief, religion, party, or causePugnacious - ---tending to quarrel or fight easilyPunctilious - ---marked by precise accordance with detailsQuixotic - ---not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealisticRaiment - ---clothesRecalcitrant - ---stubbornly resistant to authority or controlRemuneration - ---paymentRhapsodize - ---to talk with great enthusiasmSchism - ---division of a group into opposing factionsSentient - ---experiencing sense perception and consciousnessSibilant - ---having a hissing soundSomnolent - ---sleepy or drowsySonorous - ---full and loud and deep, as a soundSophistry - ---a false argument meant to trick someoneSoporific - ---tending to make sleepy or drowsySpecious - ---plausible but falseStevedore - ---a laborer who loads and unloads vessels in a portStricture - ---a criticismStultify - ---to make one appear foolish, stupid, or uselessSupercilious - ---having an arrogant appearanceTemerity - ---fearless, daringTinder - ---easily combustible material used for starting a fireTreacly - ---overly sweet or sentimentalTruncate - ---shorten by cutting offTurpitude - ---vile, shameful behaviorUnctuous - ---unpleasantly and excessively suaveVainglorious - ---feeling excessive self-importance or pride for one's own accomplishmentVerisimilitude - ---the appearance of truth, the quality of seeming to be trueVitiate - ---to make imperfect, to corruptVitriolic - ---harsh or corrosive in toneindigenous - ---native, originating in a placesubjective - ---relating to the mind as the subject of experienceparadox - ---seeming contradiction or an actual contradictionanomalous - ---irregular, unusualviscous - ---having a thick consistency, gelatinousephemeral - ---fleeting, or short life or durationcorroborate - ---to confirm or make certainimplicit - ---implied, tacitly understoodlucid - ---clear, understandableprodigal - ---foolishly generous, not thriftyfeign - ---to pretendspecious - ---having the deceptive look of trutharbitrary - ---random, capricious, impartialintrepid - ---bold, fearlessantagonism - ---hostility, enmityantipathy - ---strong feeling against, dislike fordogma - ---firmly held disbeliefpertinent - ---clearly relevantvariance - ---difference, disagreementincompatible - ---not well matched, unsuitedisolate - ---to separate and make alone or singlesever - ---to cut off completelysynthesis - ---the combination of diverse elements into oneengender - ---to create, fosterdiscrete - ---distinct, separatedisperse - ---to spread outeccentric - ---unusual, strangeredundant - ---repetitive, and thus unnecessaryprecursor - ---a necessary predecessordefer - ---to postpone or to submit to anothercatalyst - ---a thing that sets another in motion or causes changedisarm - ---to deprive of weapons or to win over, ingratiateprone - ---inclined, or the position of lying face downprofound - ---deep, thoughtfultorque - ---rotational force, twistdigress - ---to move away fromdiverge - ---to go apart in different directionstangential - ---peripheral, no on the subject at handporous - ---having pores, having minute holesplummet - ---to fall suddenlycircumlocution - ---excessive speaking, wordinessperturb - ---to disquiet, upsetopaque - ---not transparent, not letting light throughimpenetrable - ---unable to penetrate, pierceddesiccate - ---to dry out, dehydratephenomenon - ---an occurrencetacit - ---unspoken yet understoodwhimsy - ---caprice, a playful thingabstract - ---theoretical or to summarize or a summaryinherent - ---in the essential nature of a thingdubious - ---doubtful, questionableplatitude - ---a trite saying, bromidefallacy - ---a logical flaw, mistakedemur - ---to hesitate, protestassert - ---to state without need of proofrefute - ---to disprove, to argue againstinquisitive - ---curious, seeking knowledgemundane - ---everything, pedestraincoherent - ---intelligible, consistentequivocal - ---wavering, vacillatingharangue - ---long, complaining speechjargon - ---specialized vocabularysuccinct - ---concise, stating in few wordsdiffuse - ---to spread thinly, or scatteredarticulate - ---well- spoken, intelligible, speak clearly and distinctlygarrulous - ---extremely talkativeorate - ---to make a speech, esp. pompouslylaconic - ---few words, reticentobscure - ---to hide or hidden, vague, not easily understoodchicanery - ---flim-flam, trickeryfurtive - ---secret, sneakyvolatile - ---unstable, likely to explode or vaporizeextemporize - ---to speak spontaneouslyzealot - ---one who has great enthusiasm esp for a causeespouse - ---to take to oneself, to adopt a beliefprovocative - ---tending to simulatesuperfluous - ---excess, extraexpend - ---to use upmalevolent - ---evil, having evil intentparagon - ---an ideal, perfect modelnullify - ---negate, make invalidconsummate - ---complete, accomplish, perfect, to a high degreearduous - ---difficult, strenuousfelicity - ---happiness, pleasantnessprodigy - ---very talented childguile - ---cunning, trickeryingenious - ---extremely clever, originalimperative - ---necessary, immediately importantconstrain - ---restrict, confinesuppress - ---keep secret, contain, inhibitcapitulate - ---give in, surrenderobsequious - ---sycophantic-flatter, fawningplacate - ---please, pacifyaffluent - ---wealthyzeal - ---fanatical enthusiasminhibit - ---restrain, forbidplasticity - ---malleability, stretchinesscynic - ---one who has an attitude of contempt, distrustbolster - ---supportresolute - ---determined, faithfulconnoisseur - ---one who appreciates fine thingsdecorous - ---in good taste, very propereuphemism - ---mild word or phrase substituted for an offensive onepedantic - ---overly scholarlybombast - ---pompous speecharrogant - ---overbearing, proudmisanthrope - ---one who hates humanityjeer - ---taunt, deridedisingenuous - ---seemingly honest while not being sopropriety - ---appropriateness, social acceptabilityheretic - ---one who holds unorthodox or unapproved beliefsauthentic - ---genuine, trustworthyeradicate - ---to eliminate completelygist - ---general meeting, essenceobjective - ---empirically provable, existing independentlyaffiliation - ---connecting, associationapposite - ---relevant, to the pointantithesis - ---direct oppositeheterogeneous - ---mixed, made up of unlike elementsstereotype - ---generalized judgment of a groupparadigm - ---model, theoretical frameworkprecedent - ---earlier example setting a ruleconform - ---adapt or compliant withcorrespond - ---to match, to conform, to paralleldissent - ---to disagreenuance - ---slight distinctionnegligible - ---insignificant, not to be consideredtrivial - ---minor, not importantsubordinate - ---depending on, subservientdepletion - ---lesseningalloy - ---mixture esp of metaleclectic - ---having varying elementsconvoluted - ---intricate, coiled, twistedinextricable - ---not able to be untangledlabyrinth - ---mazemultifarious - ---diverse, of great varietyconsolidate - ---to join together, mergecomponent - ---essential elementshard - ---fragment esp glass or potterycomprehensive - ---all inclusivepervasive - ---throughout, in every partplethora - ---multiplicity, excessive amountfracas - ---riot, flightgratuitous - ---uncalled for, not warrantedpandemonium - ---noisy chaos, bedlamsporadic - ---occasional, infrequentprologue - ---introductory passageincipient - ---beginning, buddingdefinitive - ---authoritativenexus - ---connection, centersequential - ---in order, arranged seriallyconflate - ---to blend together, esp a textquorum - ---number of members of a governing body necessary in order to proceedtroupe - ---group of performersintrinsic - ---essential nature of a thingorthodox - ---adhering to a strict set of beliefsmaverick - ---intrepid person, innovatoraberrant - ---deviating from the normenumerate - ---to countfusion - ---merging of diverse parts into a wholedichotomy - ---separation into two partsanachronism - ---a thing or person out of place in timefledging - ---young, inexperiencedexigent - ---needing swift actioninopportune - ---not timely, inappropriatealacrity - ---promptness, eagernessadjourn - ---to suspend, as a meetingprevalent - ---common, frequentstasis - ---stagnation, equilibriumlabile - ---unstable, open to changeequilibrium - ---state of balanceriveting - ---commanding full attention, fascinatingcessation - ---stoppage, ceasingrelinquish - ---to let go of, give uprenegade - ---an outlaw, one who is unconventionalsupersede - ---to supplantreciprocate - ---to give and take, to return, to pay backcrusade - ---a zealous campaign for a causeseminal - ---original or relating to seed or semenendow - ---to grant, as a giftnugatory - ---negligible, having no effectunassailable - ---not questionable, not doubtableflaccid - ---limp, droopingdynamic - ---in motionviable - ---capable of living, capable of workingproliferate - ---multiply, procreatefallow - ---barren, not cultivated or sownfabricate - ---to createincubation - ---period of gestationsusceptible - ---prone to, open topropensity - ---inclinationcollaborate - ---to work together, cooperateconnive - ---to conspire, to be in secret sympathy withsynchronous - ---at the same timerecalcitrant - ---stubborn, defiantbucolic - ---pastoral, relating to country lifeubiquitous - ---everywhere, in all placesacculturate - ---to adapt to a culturecolossus - ---giant statue, very large thingdimension - ---property of space, as in height, width, depthburgeon - ---to bloom, flourishcontigeous - ---adjacent with, borders touchingrift - ---a gap or fissurerecapitulate - ---to repeat, sum uptenuous - ---not solid, weaknadir - ---low point, point opposite the zenithrudimentary - ---basicrecumbent - ---lying down, restingbuttress - ---supporting piece of a structure, strengthen, supporttranspose - ---change from one place to mode to anotherfacade - ---false frontperipheral - ---outside, surrounding, auxiliarynucleate - ---to cluster, to form a nucleusstrata - ---layerlateral - ---sideways, on the sideamorphous - ---without shape, unclassifiableellipse - ---ovaltortuous - ---twisting, winding, trickyobtuse - ---difficult to understand, unable to understand, stupidstriate - ---to stripeconstrict - ---to compress, constractocclude - ---to obstruct, block updormant - ---asleep, inactivehalcyon - ---happy, prosperous, peacefulplacid - ---quiet, calmstagnant - ---stale, foul, motionlessaccelerate - ---speed upprecipitate - ---sudden or steep, rain, snow, to bring about suddenlysaunter - ---to walk in an easygoing swaggeramble - ---walk leisurelyreconnaissance - ---survey, esp military actionpulverize - ---smash into dustavert - ---turn away, avoiderrant - ---wandering, travelingconverge - ---come together, mergeegress - ---exitlactate - ---to produce milksecrete - ---give off or to hidewelter - ---chaotic messcyclical - ---periodic and repeatingtepid - ---lukewarm, room temperaturepigment - ---coloring element in paintspectrum - ---range of all colors, complete rangeflorid - ---flowery or reddishiridescent - ---having shiny rainbow colors, shimmerymosaic - ---picture made of many small parts such as tilespied - ---multi- colored and blotchystipple - ---speckle or fleck esp with paint, effect of many small dotstranscendental - ---abstract, supernaturalimpalpable - ---not physical, not able to be touchedmonolith - ---a single, huge structure, or a large organization acting as one forcehydrate - ---add wateremollient - ---lotion that moisturizesferrous - ---with ironturbid - ---muddy, obscurdarid - ---dryaerate - ---to supply or combine with oxygen or airresuscitate - ---to revive, renewcarrion - ---animal remainsdemise - ---death, cessationvapid - ---uninteresting, without livelinesscloying - ---sweet, sentimentalpungent - ---strong tasting or smellingredolent - ---aromatic, having an odorostensible - ---apparent, under pretextdiscord - ---argument, strifefatuous - ---foolish, sillyinane - ---silly, empty-headedludicrous - ---ridiculous, absurddilettante - ---amateur, dabblercogitate - ---to think hard, ponderforage - ---look for foodperuse - ---study thoroughlyperspicacious - ---keen, mentally sharpdoctrine - ---creed, beliefnaivete - ---unsophisticatedness, artlessnessbelie - ---contradict, give false cover toimplausible - ---not believablepontifical - ---like a pontiff, pope, extremely authoritativefalter - ---stumble, hesitaterelic - ---remnant, souvenir, venerated objectjuggernaut - ---large vehicle that crushes anything in its pathproscribe - ---condemn, forbidcensure - ---disapprove, condemn, disapproval, condemnationimpunity - ---without fear of punishmentindictment - ---formal charge against a persongourmand - ---one who likes to eat alotascetic - ---austere, disciplinedhedonist - ---one who lives for pleasureprofligate - ---extravagent, prodigalobdurate - ---stubborn, unfeelingaltruism - ---unselfish behaviorquisling - ---traitorveracity - ---truthfulnessprobity - ---honestycandor - ---straightforwardness, sincerityartlessness - ---crudeness, naturalnessvituperate - ---scold with excessively harsh languagetirade - ---long, harsh, highly critical speechreprobate - ---depraved, condemnedculpable - ---deserving of blamecastigate - ---scold severelycountenance - ---face, expression or allow to happenapprobation - ---praise, approvaladulation - ---admirationtravesty - ---mockery, parodyderision - ---scorning, ridiculevindictive - ---vengeful, spitefultruculent - ---ferocious, extremely harshaffable - ---friendly, pleasanturbane - ---sophisticated, wordlylionize - ---make much ofaggrandize - ---praise greatly, make seem greatereffrontery - ---boldnessgrandiloquent - ---having high sounding speechspurious - ---false, fradulenttimorous - ---timid, fearfulredoubtable - ---formidable, illustriousaesthetic - ---artistic, relating to beautyunprepossessing - ---homely, plaintentative - ---hesitantm, uncertaindiscreet - ---having good judgment, prudentdaunt - ---subdue or tamesolicitude - ---over-attentive care, anxietydisquiet - ---disturb or upsetcommodious - ---having ample spaceexacerbate - ---aggravate, make worsecontrite - ---sorry, repentantlevity - ---lightness, good humorquerulous - ---complaining, whiningpique - ---offense, resentment, provoke or exciteintuitive - ---known through immediate insight not gained through rational thoughtsybil - ---witchmeticulous - ---extremely careful, fastidiousprescience - ---ability to foretell eventsintelligible - ---understandable, comprehensiblelimpid - ---clear, serene, transparent`inadvertence - ---oversight, unwillingnessconcede - ---to yield, grantretract - ---take back, recantideology - ---set of beliefstemperament - ---disposition, sensibilitypeer - ---equalchauvinist - ---extreme patriot, one who believes one group is superior to anothercontend - ---fight with, opposescruple - ---have moral qualms about, moral principleconcur - ---agreeprattle - ---babble, as a childoblivious - ---unknowing, unheedingarcane - ---secret, esotericconundrum - ---riddle, puzzleallusive - ---referring to or hinting t something esp in literatureelucidate - ---make clear, explainflagrant - ---bold, open, apparentsalient - ---noticeable, prominenterudition - ---knowledge, esp gained from booksproctor - ---one who supervises students at an examcharade - ---pretensehallmark - ---distinguishing markvestige - ---remnant, tracetapestry - ---decorative wall hangingvernacular - ---common speech, ordinary languageconcise - ---exactterse - ---short, curtcircuitous - ---round-about, indirectsuperfluity - ---excessverbiage - ---excessive wordinessgregarious - ---outgoing, friendlyloquacioius - ---extremely talkative and articulateprate - ---chatter, talk meaninglesslyvoluble - ---fluent, talkativediscourse - ---conversation, long paper or speech on a subjectrunic - ---like runes, mysterious, secretreticent - ---not talkativecryptic - ---encoded, secret, indecipherableesoteric - ---hidden, available only to the initiateeclipse - ---overshadowing, esp sun or moonlatent - ---potential, hidden qualityapocryphal - ---spurious, not genuinedissemble - ---lieprevaricate - ---liesimulate - ---imitate, make seem realhyperbole - ---excessive exaggerationtout - ---solicit or promoteseine - ---fishnetamenable - ---agreeable, obediantdiffident - ---shy, reservedadamant - ---hard, unyielding, very hard stoneimplacable - ---not able to be changedintransigent - ---stubborn, uncompromisingobstinate - ---stubborn, unmovingambivalent - ---uncertain, having conflicting feelingsfluctuate - ---vary widelycaprice - ---impulsive action, whimfickle - ---changeable, not constantimpromptu - ---spontaneous, spur of the momentabscond - ---run away secretlyelusive - ---difficult to find or pin downparry - ---fend off, dodgeshirk - ---neglect or ignoreaspiration - ---hope, ambition, breathing inavarice - ---greedproclivity - ---tendencypredestine - ---determined ahead of timeinstigate - ---urge, inciteinveigle - ---acquire through sneakinesspiquant - ---spicy, as in hot sauce, stimulating, provocativetantalize - ---tease, give taste ofprofuse - ---plentifulCannot be false - def - ---Must be trueCannot be true - opposite - ---could be trueCannot be false - opposite - ---not necessarily trueCould be false - def - ---not necessarily trueCould be false - opposite - ---Must be trueCould be true - opposite - ---Cannot be trueMust be false - def - ---cannot be trueMust be false - opposite - ---could be trueMust be true - opposite - ---not necessarily trueAs indicated by - ---premiseBecause - ---premiseDue to - ---premiseFor - ---premiseFor example - ---premiseFor the reason that - ---premiseGiven that - ---premiseIn that - ---premiseOwing to - ---premiseSince - ---premisethis can be seen by - ---premiseAll - ---sufficientAny - ---sufficientEvery - ---sufficientIf in order to - ---sufficientPeople who - ---sufficientWhen - ---sufficientWhenever - ---sufficientNot necessarily true - opposite - ---must be trueNot necessarily false - def - ---could be trueNot necessarily false - opposite - ---cannot be trueThen - ---NecessaryOnly - ---NecessaryOnly if - ---NecessaryMust - ---NecessaryRequired - ---NecessaryUntil - ---NecessaryExcept - ---NecessaryUnless - ---NecessaryWithout - ---Necessaryinconsistent - ---2 things that cannot be trueconsistent - ---2 things that CAN be trueIf it is snowing, then it must be cold. - ---If S happens then C happens.It is snowing only if it is cold. - ---If S happens then C happensIt cannot snow unless it is cold. - ---If S happens then C happensWe know it is cold if it is snowing. - ---If S happens then C happensSierra goes for a walk if and only if Columbine goes for a walk. - ---Both or us go or neither of us goSara cannot be second unless Trang is first. - ---If S is second then T is first. Or if T is not first then S is not second. (Get rid of the cannot - arrow through the unless)Cannot/Unless - ---Get rid of the cannot - arrow through the unlessR B - ---No person who buys the red shirt does not buy the blue shirt.

If someone buys the red shirt, that person buys the blue shirt. In other words, buying the blue shirt is a necessary condition for buying the red shirt.

Since it is impossible to buy the red shirt without also buying the blue shirt, buying the blue shirt is a necessary condition for buying the red shirt. In other words, one can't buy the red shirt without buying the blue shirt, too.Jameson does not attend the concert unless Steve does. - ---J --> SMost - ---51% or moreMost + Most - ---SomeSome - ---1 to everyoneSome + Some - ---some or mostOn the day after the day - ---2 days next to each otherimpugn - ---Dispute the truthinculcate - ---Instill by persistent instructionpetulance - ---irritable, peevish, or impatientpreceding - ---come beforeFewer than three - ---two or lessefficacy - ---the capacity to produce an effecttransgression - ---A violation of a law, command, or dutyA occurred before B, so A must have caused B. - ---Common Causal FlawA and B tend to occur together, so A must cause B. - ---Common Causal FlawA is one possible cause, so A must be the only cause. - ---Common Causal FlawWeaken a causal argument - ---Provide an alternate causeShow that cause and effect are reversedShow there is no causal relationship (merely a coincidence)Reading comprehension 4 points - ---Cast of CharactersAuthor's OpinionMain IdeaPassage StructureReading Comprehension pay attention - ---What's interestingWhat questions would you ask yourselfAny ideas that are compared or contrastedPredictionsunprecedented - ---Never done or known beforeimmediately/far - ---be on the look outsome/most - ---be on the look out~h --> s - ---not s --> h can have both but must have at least oneh --> ~ s - ---s --> not h can have none but not bothIf wrens are in the forest, then so are grosbeaks. - ---W--> G or no G --> no WIf harriers are in the forest, then grosbeaks are not. - ---H --> no G or G --> no H (not both)If jays, martins, or both are in the forest, then so are harriers. - ---J or M --> H or no H --> no J and no MWendy appears in every photograph that Selma appears in. - ---S -> WRaimundo appears in every photograh that Yakira does not appear in - ---Not Y--> Rbecause of - ---causal termcaused by - ---causal termdetermined by - ---causal termis an effect of - ---causal terminduced by - ---causal termleads to - ---causal termpromoted by - ---causal termproduced by - ---causal termplayed a role in - ---causal termproduct of - ---causal termresponsible for - ---causal termreason for - ---causal termwas a factor in - ---causal termSocrates is a manAll men are mortal - ---Socrates is mortalNo budget committee member serves on the planning committee. - ---P -->not BNeither giraffes nor bears are on display - ---no giraffes and no bears. Make sure that you are looking at the NOT ~ conditional.Some professors at the school teach Spanish.Some Spanish teachers have been to Spain. - ---This tells you nothing because you don't know that the Spanish teachers are from the school.Tautology - ---needless repetition of an idea, statement, or wordTwo types of Conclusions - ---Descriptive or Prescriptive which are either absolute or possible.Types of Descriptive Conclusion - ---1. Assertions of Truth2. Comparisons3.Predictions4.ConditionalsDefine Assertion of Truth - ---In an Assertion of Truth, the author states that something is or is not the case."So, there are always situations in which it is healthy to try to express one's anger.""Clearly, then, our patrons prefer not to eat potatoes."Comparison - ---In a Comparison, the author makes a claim about one thing in relation to another thing."This advantage makes B.t. toxins preferable tochemical insecticides for use as components of insect pest management programs.""On the basis of these results the official concluded that the new pesticide was more effective thanthe old pesticide, at least in the short term, in limiting the loss of certain fruit to insects."Prediction - ---In a Prediction, the author states what will happen or what is likely to happen in the future."So once humans begin to tap into this tremendous source of creativity and innovation, many problems that today seem insurmountable will be within our ability to solve."Conditional - ---In a Conditional, the author states the conclusion in terms of, "if...then...""Clearly, ifyou buy a Sturdimade, you can rely on being able to drive it for a very long distance.""So ifthey were not so brittle, one could reliably determine a rattlesnake's age simply from the number of sections in its rattle."Prescriptive Conclusion - ---Prescriptive Conclusionsstate what "should" or "ought" to be the case.Prescriptive Conclusions are always some form of recommendation.Recommendation Conclusion - ---In a Recommendation, the author proposes a course of action."Additional restrictions should be placed on driver's licenses of teenagers.""So individuals who want to reduce their risk of cancer should reduce their fat intake."Absolute Certainty - ---Absolute

Something definitely is or is not the case.A course of action should definitely be undertaken.Possible Certainty - ---Something is likely or maybe the case.A course of action should perhaps be undertaken.Ways that author supports conclusion. - ---Offer an alternative explanation?Eliminate possible alternative explanations?Apply a general principle to a specific case?Argue by analogy?Use an example to prove a point?Cite a relevant authority?How should you attack a Method of Argument question? - ---1. Identify what the question is asking you to do.What is your job?2. Engage the stimulus as directed by the question.How do you do your job?3. Consider the requirements of the correct answer.What should the correct answer look like?4. Evaluate the choices looking for the correct answer.Which answer looks like your prediction?Eliminate answer choices that do not accurately describe the author's method of reasoning.What is the evidence and the conclusion?

It is inaccurate to say that a diet high in refined sugar cannot cause adult-onset diabetes, since a diet high in refined sugar can make a person overweight, and being overweight can predispose a person to adult-onset diabetes. - ---Evidence:A diet high in refined sugar can make a person overweight.Being overweight can predispose a person to adult-onset diabetes.

Conclusion: It is inaccurate to say that a diet high in refined sugar cannot cause adult-onset diabetes.

Method of Argument:It is inaccurate to say that A cannot cause C because A can cause B and B can cause C.Any language learned by the geologist is learned by the the historian. - ---g --> hIf the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? - ---Must Be TrueThe main point of the argument is that - ---Main PointLarew and Mendota disagree about whether - ---Point at IssueWhich one of the following is an assumption required by the argument above? - ---AssumptionWhich one of the following, if assumed, allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn? - ---JustifyWhich one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? - ---StrengthenWhich one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the statement above - ---StrengthenWhich one of the following, if true, would most effectively resolve the apparent paradox above? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following describes the technique of reasoning used above? - ---MethodThe reasoning in the astronomer's argument is flawed because this argument - ---FlawWhich one of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above? - ---ParallelThe answer to which one of the following questions would contribute most to an evaluation of the argument? - ---EvaluateIf the statements above are true, which one of the following CANNOT be true? - ---Cannot Be TrueWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the viewpoint of the historians described above? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following can be properly inferred from Rosen's statement? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the reasoning above? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following is an assumption required by the argument above? - ---AssumptionWhich one of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above? - ---ParallelOf the following, which one most accurately expresses the main point of the argument? - ---Main PointWhich one of the following, if true, would provide the most support for the economists' assertion? - ---StrengthenThe argument is flawed because it - ---FlawThe dialogue most supports the claim that Tony and Raoul disagree about whether - ---Point at IssueIf the statements above are true, which one of the following must be false? - ---Cannot Be TrueThe advertisement proceeds by - ---MethodWhich one of the following, if assumed, would allow the conclusion to be properly drawn? - ---JustifyThe answer to which one of the following questions would most help in evaluating the columnist's argument? - ---EvaluateSue challenges Anne's reasoning by - ---MethodThe statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following? - ---Must Be TrueEach of the following, if true, supports the claim above EXCEPT - ---Strengthen XEach of the following, if true, weakens the argument EXCEPT - ---Weaken XWhich one of the following, if all of them are true is LEAST helpful in establishing that the conclusion above is properly drawn? - ---Strengthen XEach of the following describes a flaw in the psychologist's reasoning EXCEPT - ---Flaw XWhich one of the following, if true, does NOT help to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the safety report and the city's public safety record? - ---Resolve XIf the statements above are true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT - ---Cannot Be TrueIf the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? - ---Must Be TrueIf the information above is correct, which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following can be inferred from the statement above? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? - ---Must Be TrueIf the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? - ---Must Be TrueIf the information above is correct, which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn on the basis of it? - ---Must Be TrueThe statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following is most strongly supported by the statements above, if they are true? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following inferences is most supported by the information above? - ---Must Be TrueIf all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following can be logically inferred from the passage? - ---Must Be TrueThe statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following logically follows from the statements above? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the information above? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following inferences is most strongly supported by the information above? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument? - ---Main PointWhich one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument? - ---Main PointWhich one of the following most accurately restates the main point of the passage? - ---Main PointThe main point of the argument is that - ---Main PointWhich one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the journalist's argument? - ---Main PointWhich one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument? - ---Main PointWhich one of the following most logically completes the passage - ---Main Point (fill in the blank)The information above provides the LEAST support for which one of the following? - ---Must Be True XWhich one of the following most logically completes the argument? - ---Main PointThe educators' reasoning provides grounds for accepting which of the following statements? - ---Must Be TrueWhich one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following, if true, most undermines the researcher's argument? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following, if shown to be a realistic possibility, would undermine the argument? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following, if true, would most call into question the analysts' explanation of the price increase? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following, if true, could be used by Cora to counter Bernard's rejection of her explanation? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following, if true, is the strongest logical counter parent P can make to parent Q's objection? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following, if true, most calls into question the claim above? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the conclusion above? - ---WeakenWhich one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the speaker's argument? - ---WeakenAll of the following weakens the politician's argument EXCEPT? - ---Weaken XThe reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument - ---FlawWhich one of the following, if true, most strongly strengthens the argument? - ---StrengthenWhich one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the statement above? - ---StrengthenWhich one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the statement above? - ---StrengthenWhich one of the following, if true, does most to justify the conclusion above? - ---StrengthenEach of the following, if true, supports the claim above EXCEPT: - ---Strengthen XWhich one of the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the argument above? - ---Strengthen XEach of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT - ---Strengthen XWhich one of the following discoveries, if it were made, would most support the above hypothesis about South America and Africa? - ---StrengthenWhich one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the medical doctor's argument? - ---StrengthenEach of the following, if true, strengthens the toxicologist's argument EXCEPT - ---Strengthen XWhich one of the following, if true, most supports the argument - ---StrengthenThe conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? - ---JustifyWhich one of the following, if assumed, would allow the conclusion to be properly drawn? - ---JustifyWhich one of the following, if true, enables the conclusion to be properly drawn? - ---JustifyWhich one of the following, if assumed, enables the argument's conclusion to be properly inferred? - ---JustifyWhich one of the following is an assumption that would serve to justify the conclusion above? - ---JustifyThe environmentalist's conclusion would be properly drawn if it were true that the - ---JustifyThe conclusion above is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? - ---JustifyWhich one of the following is an assumption required by the argument above? - ---AssumptionWhich one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends? - ---AssumptionThe argument assumes which one of the following? - ---AssumptionThe conclusion in the passage above relies on which of the following assumptions? - ---AssumptionThe argument assumes which one of the following? - ---AssumptionThe conclusion in the passage above relies on which one of the following assumptions? - ---AssumptionThe position taken above presupposes which one of the following? - ---AssumptionThe conclusion cited does not follow unless - ---AssumptionWhich one of the following is an assumption that the art historian's argument requires in order for its conclusion to be properly drawn? - ---AssumptionOn which one of the following assumptions does the argument rely? - ---AssumptionWhich one of the following is an assumption on which the columnist's argument depends? - ---AssumptionWhich one of the following is an assumption on which Barnes's argument depends? - ---AssumptionWhich one of the following, if true, would most effectively resolve the apparent paradox above? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the passage above? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the puzzling fact cited above? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the discrepancy indicated above? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent conflict described above? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the safety experts' belief with the apparently contrary evidence described above? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the finding of the nicotine study? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to explain why raisins contain more iron per calorie than do grapes? - ---ResolveWhich one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the behavior of the vervet monkeys described above? - ---ResolveThe method of the argument is to - ---MethodThe argument proceeds by - ---MethodThe argument derives its conclusion by - ---MethodWhich one of the following describes the technique of reasoning used above? - ---MethodWhich one of the following is an argumentative strategy employed in the argument? - ---MethodWhich one of the following is an argumentative strategy employed in the argument? - ---MethodThe argument employs which one of the following reasoning techniques? - ---MethodAiesha responds to Adam's argument by - ---MethodWhich one of the following most accurately describes the relationship between Jane's argument and Mark's argument? - ---MethodThe claim that people have positive or negative responses to many nonsense words plays which one of the following roles in the argument? - ---MethodWhich one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the psychologist's argument by the claim that the obligation to express gratitude cannot be fulfilled anonymously? - ---MethodRuth responds to Jorge's criticism by - ---MethodSue challenges Anne's reasoning by - ---MethodWhich one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the statement that zooplankton feed upon phytoplankton? - ---MethodThe claim that humans are still biologically adapted to a diet of wild foods plays which one of the following roles in the nutritionist's argument? - ---MethodThe phrase, "certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs" serves which one of the following functions in the argument? - ---MethodWhich one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument's reasoning? - ---FlawThe reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the ground that the argument - ---FlawThe reasoning above is flawed because it fails to recognize that - ---FlawA questionable aspect of the reasoning above is that it - ---FlawThe reasoning in the argument is fallacious because the argument - ---FlawWhich one of the following is most closely parallel in its reasoning to the reasoning in the argument above? - ---ParallelWhich one of the following exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the argument above? - ---ParallelWhich one of the following arguments is most similar in its logical features to the argument above? - ---ParallelWhich one of the following arguments is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above? - ---ParallelThe structure of the reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to that in which one of the following? - ---ParallelWhich one of the following exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that in the argument above? - ---Parallel FlawThe flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following? - ---Parallel FlawThe pattern of reasoning displayed in the argument above is most closely paralleled by that in which one of the following arguments? - ---Parallel FlawThe questionable reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by that in which one of the following? - ---Parallel FlawWhich one fo the following arguments exhibits flawed reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the argument above? - ---Parallel FlawThe flawed reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to that in the commentator's argument? - ---Parallel FlawWhich one of the following arguments has a flawed pattern of reasoning most like the flawed reasoning in the argument above? - ---Parallel FlawWhich one of the following exhibits both of the logical flaws exhibited by the argument above? - ---Parallel FlawThe answer to which one of the following questions would contribute most to an evaluation of the argument? - ---EvaluateClarification of which one of the following issues would be most important to an evaluation of the skeptics' position? - ---EvaluateWhich one of the following would be most important to know in evaluating the hypothesis in the passage? - ---EvaluateWhich one of the following would it be most relevant to investigate in evaluating the conclusion of George's argument? - ---EvaluateWhich one of the following would it be most helpful to know in order to judge whether what the scientist subsequently learned calls into question the hypothesis? - ---EvaluateIf the statements above are true, which one of the following CANNOT be true? - ---Cannot Be TrueThe argument can most reasonably be interpreted as an objection to which one of the following claims? - ---Cannot Be TrueThe statements above, if accurate, can best be used as evidence against which one of the following hypotheses? - ---Cannot Be TrueThe statements above, if true, most seriously undermine which one of the following assertions? - ---Cannot Be TrueIf all of the claims made above are true, then each of the following could be true EXCEPT: - ---Cannot Be TrueIf the statements above are true, then which one of the following must be false? - ---Cannot Be TrueWhich one of the following most accurately expresses the point at issue between Ted and Mary? - ---Point at IssueWhich one of the following most accurately represents what is at issue between Jorge and Ruth? - ---Point at IssueThe dialogue above lends the most support to claim that Sherrie and Fran disagree with each other about which one of the following statements? - ---Point at IssueOn the basis of their sentiment, Logan and Mendez are committed to disagreeing over whether - ---Point at IssueWhich one of the following judgments most closely conforms to the principle above? - ---Must PRWhich one of the following judgments best illustrates the principle illustrated by the argument above? - ---Must PRThe principle above, if established, would justify which one of the following judgments? - ---Must PRThe information above most closely conforms to which one of the following principles? - ---Strengthen PRWhich one of the following most accurately expresses the principle underlying the argumentation above? - ---Justify PREach of the following principles is logically consistent with the columnist's conclusion EXCEPT - ---Cannot PRWhich one of the following principles most helps to justify the reasoning above? - ---Strengthen PRWhich one of the following propositions most helps to justify the reasoning above? - ---Strengthen PREach of the following precepts is logically consistent with the columnist's conclusion EXCEPT - ---Cannot PRWhich one of the following most accurately conforms to the principle above? - ---Must PRThe principle above conforms most to which of the following? - ---Strengthen PR[ A _ B ] ... A in inspected __?__ B - ---before / ahead of[ A _ B ] ... B is inspected __?__ A - ---after / behind[ A _ _ _ B ] ... There are exactly three spaces __?__ A and B / A and B are __?__ three spaces. - ---between / separated byD is inspected exactly two days before E is inspected. - ---[ D _ E ]H is inspected exactly two days ahead of when L is inspected. - ---[ H _ L ]F marches exactly three groups behind G. - ---[ G _ _ F ]K marches exactly three groups after J. - ---[ J _ _ K ]R and Q are separated by four spaces, and R is ahead of Q. - ---[ R _ _ _ _ Q ]There are four spaces between D and H, and D is behind H. - ---[ H _ _ _ _ D ]First part (*X* --> Y) - ---If / WhenSecond part (X --> *Y*) - ---Then / Only / Only if / UnlessThe "unless" rule - ---1. Changes the other part into the opposite.2. The part with the unless goes last.G does not speak fourth unless Q speaks second. - ---Unless Q speaks second, G does not speak fourth. - ---P sings seventh if G sings fourth. - ---P sings seventh only if G sings fourth. - ---T dances sixth only if P dances third - ---B swims immediately after F only if D does not swim immediately ahead of K. - ---Unless P swims immediately after T, J swims immediately after S. - ---T dances sixth unless P dances third. - ---Unless A eats cake, B cannot eat cake. - ---If A sits next to B, then B does not sit next to C. - ---Most people diagram this as AB --> -B-C-. This is incorrect!When F dances third, then G dances 7th - ---J dances fifth only if M dances second - ---R jumps into the pool immediately ahead of P unless Q jumps into the pool after H. - ---S and T are displayed on consecutive days. - ---There are two days between the day Q is inspected and the day R is inspected. - ---Q is not inspected the day before R is inspected. - ---D is not inspected exactly two days before E is inspected. - ---Q is inspected before R is inspected. - ---Q > RQ is inspected before R is inspected but after H is inspected. - ---H > Q > RH and Q are both inspected before R is inspected. - ---A is inspected before B, C, and D are inspected. - ---F is displayed immediately prior to G, and G is displayed at some point before I. - ---Either H or J must be inspected on the third day. - ---H must be inspected on the third day or the fifth day. - ---A, B, or C must be displayed on the first day. - ---What is a sufficient condition? - ---an event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.

If a sufficient occurrence occurs, then you automatically know that the necessary condition also occurs.

If (sufficient), then (necessary)What is a necessary condition? - ---an event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.

If a sufficient occurrence occurs, then you automatically know that the necessary condition also occurs.

If (sufficient), then (necessary)SUFFICIENT/NECESSARY CONDITIONSIf you get an A+, then you must have studied. - ---Sufficient: If you get an A +

Necessary: Then you must have studied.

Depicted as: A+ --> StudyIf Chris goes fishing with Steve, then Jason will join them as well. - ---Terms that introduce the sufficient condition - ---IfWhenTerms that introduce the necessary condition - ---ThenOnlyOnly ifUnlessSUFFICIENT/NECESSARY CONDITIONSUnless a person studies, he or she will not receive an A+. - ---Laron performs second only if Nancy performs sixth. - ---If V is displayed immediately before W, then S must be displayed third. - ---If Kahlil performs first, then Martin performs at some time before Paulo. - ---If R is delivered first, then X is delivered fourth. - ---If R is inspected on the third day, S is not inspected on the fifth day. - ---If F's delivery is earlier than M's, then L's delivery is earlier than H's. - ---G is recorded earlier than H - ---Z is selected during one of the first two days. - ---C must sit 4 chairs behind D, and E must sit 3 chairs before C. - ---Either S or T must speak on the third day. - ---Tom can sit neither immediately before nor immediately after Pat. - ---If J is performed fourth, K is performed sixth. - ---A is not shorter than B. - ---If A sits next to B, then B does not sit next to C. - ---Y is inspected before both X and Z are inspected. - ---M and T must be performed on consecutive days. - ---R cannot be inspected first. - ---Three speakers--F, G, and H--give six consecutive one-hour speeches, two speeches per speaker. Exactly one speaker speaks during each hour. The speaker that gives the first speech must also give the second speech. - ---K must be played before L.L must be played before M. - ---If Q is displayed fourth, then R must be displayed first.R and S are displayed consecutively. - ---If Q is displayed fourth, then R must be displayed second.R and S are displayed consecutively. - ---W and X cannot speak consecutively.X must speak third of fifth. - ---Six lawyers--H, J, K, L, M, and O--must speak at a convention. The six speeches are delivered one at a time, consecutively, according to the following restrictions:K and L must speak consecutively.O must speak fifth. - ---A salesman must visit five families--the Browns, the Chans, the Duartes, the Egohs, and the Feinsteins--one after another, not necessarily in that order. The visit must conform to the following restrictions:The Browns must be visited first or fifth.The Feinsteins cannot be visited third.The Chans must be visited fourth. - ---A child must play five games--P, Q, R, S, and T--one after another, not necessarily in that order. The games must be played according to the following conditions:The child plays exactly two games between playing S and playing T, whether or not S is played before T.P is played immediately before Q is played. - ---A doctor must see six patients--C, D, E, F, G, and H--one after another, not necessarily in that order. The patients must be seen according to the following conditions:E is seen exactly three patients after C.D is seen immediately before F is seen.

* If G is seen third, which one of the following must be true? - ---The CE split-block must be placed into slots 1-4 because if it is placed in slots 2-5 there will be no room for the DF block.When M is shown first, then O is shown sixth. - ---M1 --> O6Each rock classic is immediately preceded on the CD by a new composition. - ---[NR] is wrong because it doesn't state that each new composition is immediately followed by a rock classic.B is not inspected the day before C is inspected.

C cannot be inspected second. - ---A tutor is planning a daily schedule of individual tutoring sessions for each of six students--S, T, W, X, Y, and Z. The tutor will meet with exactly one student at a time, for exactly one hour each session. The tutor will meet students starting at 1 P.M., for six consecutive hours. - ---This is a 1-1-1-1-1-1 relationship (balanced).Dr. Saitawa schedules six patients--G, H, L, M, O, and P--for surgery during a single week on Monday through Friday. Dr. Saitawa will operate on exactly one patient each day, except for one of the days when Dr. Saitawa will operate on two patients in separate, non-simultaneous sessions. - ---This is a 2-1-1-1-1 relationship (overloaded).

One a patient has been assigned a day, it is still possible that another patient could be assigned to that day and thus the day is not "closed off" from further consideration.Seven passengers--G, H, L, M, O, P, and S are assigned to nine seats. - ---This is a 1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 relationship (underfunded).

The deficit of variables can be countered by creating two "E" placeholder variables to represent the two empty seats.Six swimmers--H, J, K, L, N, and P--are assigned to six swimming lanes numbered 1 through 6. Exactly one swimmer is assigned to each lane. The lane assignments conform to the following conditions:Swimmer K is assigned a lower-numbered lane than is swimmer J.Swimmer P is assigned a lower-numbered lane than is swimmer K. - ---Five dogs--an Akita, a Bulldog, a Cocker Spaniel, a Doberman, and an English Settler--compete in the final round of a dog show. Each dog will be shown alone to the judges exactly once in accordance with the following conditions:The Doberman can be shown neither immediately before nor immediately after the English Settler.The Akita must be shown two places before the Doberman.

Which one of the following must be true?(A) If the Akita is shown third, the English Settler must be shown second.(B) If the Bulldog is shown fourth, the Akita must be shown third.(C) If the Cocker Spaniel is shown third, the English Settler must be shown first.(D) If the Doberman is shown third, the Bulldog must be shown second.(E) If the English Settler is shown second, the Cocker Spaniel must be shown fourth. - ---A manager must schedule five meetings--Accounting, Finance, Management, Resources, and Training--during a single workweek, Monday through Friday. Each meeting will be scheduled for exactly one day, and exactly one meeting is held per day. The meeting schedule must observe the following constraints:The Management meeting is held the day before the Finance meeting.The Resources meeting is held at some time after the Finance meeting.The Accounting meeting is held second. - ---Six students--T, V, W, X, Y, and Z--are scheduled to speak at a debate contest. Each student will speak exactly once, and no two speakers will speak at the same time. The schedule must satisfy the following requirements:T speaks at some time before W.X must be the fourth speaker.V speaks immediately after T. - ---A jazz band director is selecting the songs for an evening's performance. Seven songs--F, G, H, J, Q, R, and S--will be played one after another, not necessarily in that order. Each song will be played exactly once, according to the following conditions:F must be played immediately before or immediately after G.H must be played immediately before or immediately after J.S must be played fourth.G must be played after F.H must be played before J.

Which one of the following cannot be true?(A) F and R are played consecutively.(B) G and Q are played consecutively.(C) H and R are played consecutively.(D) J and Q are played consecutively.(E) Q and R are played consecutively. - ---A college dormitory manager must assign five students--P, Q, R, S, and T--to five different floors of the dormitory--floors 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. The assignments must comply with the following restrictions:P must be assigned to the floor directly above Q.R must be assigned to floor 6. - ---Seven attorneys--C, D, F, G, H, J, and K--are scheduled to interview for a position with a local law firm. The seven interviews are conducted on six different days, Monday through Saturday. On one of the days two attorneys will be interviewed and on all other days exactly one attorney will be interviewed. The interview schedule must conform to the following conditions:F and K must be interviewed on the same day.J must be interviewed on Thursday.F must be interviewed after C but before G.D and H cannot be interviewed on consecutive days.K must be interviewed on either Tuesday or Friday.

Which one of the following could be true?(A) C is interviewed on Wednesday.(B) C is interviewed on Friday.(C) D is interviewed on Tuesday.(D) G is interviewed on Wednesday.(E) G is interviewed on Friday. - ---Each of six patrons--L, M, N, O, P, and Q--will be assigned to exactly one of seven tables. The tables stand consecutively and are numbered 1 through 7, and each table is assigned no more than one patron. Table assignments must meet the following requirements:N cannot be assigned to table 3, 5, or 7.P and Q must sit at lower-numbered tables than M.Tables 5, 6, and 7 must be occupied by a patron.O sits at a higher-numbered table than M. - ---There are exactly seven office buildings numbered 1 through 7 on a street. Each building is occupied by exactly one of seven companies: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. All of the buildings are on the same side of the street, which runs from east to west. Building 1 is the westernmost building. The following restrictions apply:Company A does not occupy building 1, 3, 5, or 7.Company C occupies the building immediately to the west of Company D.Company B occupies one of the three westernmost buildings.Company F is the third building to the east of Company E.The easternmost building is not occupied by Company G. - ---A dance academy instructor must schedule eight dance classes--a charleston class, a foxtrot class, a jitterbug class, a limbo class, a polka class, a rumba class, a tango class, and a waltz class--for a single day. Exactly two classes will be scheduled at a time, and the scheduling must be made according to the following conditions:The limbo class and the rumba class are not scheduled for the same time.The charleston class and the polka class must be scheduled for the same time.The limbo class is scheduled at some time after the polka class.The rumba class and the waltz class are not scheduled for the same time.

If the tango class is scheduled for the same time as the foxtrot class, which one of the following must be true?(A) The jitterbug class and the limbo class must be scheduled for the same time.(B) The jitterbug class and the rumba class must be scheduled for the same time.(C) The jitterbug class and the waltz class must be scheduled for the same time.(D) The limbo class and the rumba class must be scheduled for the same time.(E) The rumba class and the waltz class must be scheduled for the same time. - ---Answer choice (B) is correct. If F is scheduled with T, then only J remains to be paired with R.A driver must pick up exactly eight passengersP, R, S, T, V, X, Y, and Zone at a time, not necessarily in that order. The pickups must be made in accordance with the following conditions: Either T or V must be picked up fifth. Either Y or Z must be picked up third. The driver picks up exactly one passenger between picking up T and picking up Z. S is picked up eighth when Y is picked up third. Z must be picked up ahead of T.

If V is picked up fifth, which one of the following must be true?(A) P is picked up first. (B) R is picked up sixth.(C) S is picked up eighth. (D) X is picked up seventh. (E) Z is picked up sixth. - ---Answer choice (C) is correct. If V is picked up fifth, Y must be picked up third, and when Y is picked up third then S must be picked up eighth.A doctor must schedule nine patientsL, M, O, P, R, S, T, V, and Xduring a given week, Monday through Sunday. At least one patient must be scheduled for each day, and the schedule must observe the following constraints: M and S must be scheduled for the same day. On the day P is scheduled, P must be the only patient scheduled to see the doctor. Exactly one patient is scheduled for Wednesday. T cannot be scheduled for Thursday. If P is scheduled for Monday, then V and X must be scheduled for Saturday. R is not scheduled for Thursday unless L is scheduled for Monday.

If L is scheduled for Monday, which one of the following must be true? (A) R is scheduled for Thursday. (B) V is scheduled for Saturday. (C) S is scheduled for Saturday. (D) P is not scheduled for Monday. (E) V is not scheduled for Monday.

Which one of the following statements about the doctor's schedule must be true? (A) The maximum number of patients scheduled for Monday is one. (B) The maximum number of patients scheduled for Tuesday is two.(C) The maximum number of patients scheduled for Friday is three. (D) The minimum number of patients scheduled for Saturday is two. (E) The minimum number of patients scheduled for Sunday is two. - ---Answer choice (D) is the correct answer. If L is scheduled for Monday, then according to the second rule P cannot be scheduled for Monday.

Answer choice (C) is correct since the maximum number of patients that can ever be scheduled for a single day is three (3-1-1-1-1-1-1).Opposite of "Cannot Be True" - ---Could Be TrueOpposite of "Could Be True" - ---Cannot Be TrueOpposite of "Not Necessarily True" - ---Must Be TrueOpposite of "Must Be True" - ---Not Necessarily True[Logical Opposition]If G is seated second, which one of the following could be true? - ---1 = Could Be True4 = Cannot Be True[Logical Opposition]Which one of the following cannot be true? - ---1 = Cannot Be True4 = Could Be True[Logical Opposition]If R is selected fifth, which one of the following must be true? - ---1 = Must Be True4 = Not Necessarily True[Logical Opposition]Which one of the following must be true? - ---1 = Must Be True4 = Not Necessarily True[Logical Opposition]Each of the following must be true except: - ---1 = Not Necessarily True4 = Must Be True"Must Be False" - ---Cannot Be True"Not Necessarily False" - ---Could Be True"Could Be False" - ---Not Necessarily True"Cannot Be False" - ---Must Be Truean argument vs. a set of facts - ---An argument:

" All professors are ethical (premise). Mason is a professor (premise). So Mason is ethical (conclusion). "

A set of facts:

" The Jacksonville area has just over one million residents. The Cincinnati area has almost two million residents. The New York area has almost twenty million residents. "

(a set of facts does not include a conclusion)TIP: Always read each of the five answer choices before deciding which answer is correct. ALWAYS choose the BEST answer. - ---TIP: On average, you have 1 minute and 25 seconds to complete each question.What is a premise? - ---A fact, proposition, or statement from which a conclusion is made.

A premise gives a reason why something should be believed.

"What reasons has the author used to persuade me? Why should I believe this argument? What evidence exists?"What is a conclusion? - ---A statement or judgement that follows from one or more reasons.

A conclusion is the point the author tries to prove by using another statement.

"What is the author driving at? What does the author want me to believe? What point follows from the others?"PREMISE/CONCLUSIONHumans cannot live on Venus because the surface temperature is too high. - ---P: because the surface temperature is too high.C: Humans cannot live on Venus.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONThe economy is in tatters. Therefore, we must end this war. - ---P: The economy is in tatters.C: Therefore, we must end this war.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONWe must reduce our budget due to the significant cost overruns we experienced during production. - ---P: due to the significant cost overruns we experienced during production.

C: we must reduce our budget.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONFraud has cost the insurance industry millions of dollars in lost revenue. Thus, congress will pass a stricter fraud control bill since the insurance industry has one of the most powerful lobbies. - ---P1: fraud has cost the insurance industry millions of dollars in lost revenue.

P2: since the insurance industry has one of the most powerful lobbies.

C: thus, congress will pass a stricter fraud control bill.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONThe data show that people who eat chocolate are generally happy people. As a result, more and more people are buying chocolates. - ---P: people who eat chocolate are generally happy people.

C: more and more people are buying chocolates.TIP: Always identify the conclusion, if one exists. - ---TIP:PREMISE/CONCLUSIONTherefore, since higher debt has forced consumers to lower their savings, they now have less money to loan. - ---P: since higher debt has forced consumers to lower their savings

C: therefore, banks now have less money to loan.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONGiven that the price of steel is rising, we will no longer be able to offer discounts on our car parts. - ---P: given that the price of steel is rising

C: we will no longer be able to offer discounts on our car partsPREMISE/CONCLUSIONThe political situation in Somalia is unstable owing to the ability of individual warlords to maintain powerful armed forces. - ---P: owing to the ability of individual warlords to maintain powerful armed forces.

C: the political situation in Somalia is unstable.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONSince we need to have many different interests to sustain us, the scientists' belief must be incorrect. - ---P: since we need to have many different interests to sustain us.

C: the scientists' belief must be incorrect.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONSo, as indicated by the newly released data, we should push forward with our efforts to recolonize the forest with snowy tree crickets. - ---P: as indicated by the newly released data.

C: so we should push forward with our efforts to recolonize the forest with snowy tree crickets.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONTelevision has a harmful effect on society. This can be seen from the poor school performance of children who watch significant amounts of television and from the fact that children who watch more than six hours of television a day tend to read less than non-television watching children. - ---P1: This can be seen from the poor school performance of children who watch significant amounts of television

P2: from the fact that children who watch more than six hours of television a day tend to read less than non-television watching children.

C: Television has a harmful effect on society.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONThe rapid diminishment of the ecosystem of the Amazon threatens the entire planet. Consequently, we must take immediate steps to convince the Brazilian government that planned development projects need to be curtailed for the simple reason that these development projects will greatly accelerate the loss of currently protected land. - ---P1: The rapid diminishment of the ecosystem of the Amazon threatens the entire planet.

P2: for the simple reason that these development projects will greatly accelerate the loss of currently protected land.

C: Consequently, we must take immediate steps to convince the Brazilian government that planned development projects need to be curtailedPREMISE/CONCLUSIONEvery professor at Fillmore University teaches exactly one class per semester. Fillmore's Professor Jackson, therefore, is teaching exactly one class this semester. Moreover, I heard Professor Jackson say she was teaching only a single class. - ---P1: Every professor at Fillmore University teaches exactly one class per semester.

P2: Moreover, I heard Professor Jackson say she was teaching only a single class.

C: Fillmore's Professor Jackson, therefore, is teaching exactly one class this semester.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONWine is made by crushing grapes and eventually separating the juice from the grape skins. However, the separated juice contains impurities and many wineries do not filter the juice. These wineries claim the unfiltered juice ultimately produces a more flavorful and intense wine. Since these winemakers are experts, we should trust their judgement and not shy away from unfiltered wine. - ---P1: Wine is made by crushing grapes and eventually separating the juice from the grape skins.

P2: These wineries claim the unfiltered juice ultimately produces a more flavorful and intense wine.

P3: Since these winemakers are experts

CP: However, the separated juice contains impurities and many wineries do not filter the juice.

C: we should trust their judgement and not shy away from unfiltered wine.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONPhenylketonurics are people who cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. There are dangers associated with phenylketonuria, and products containing phenylalanine must carry a warning label that states, "Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine." In addition, all children in developed societies receive a phenylketonuria test at birth. Hence, at the moment, we are doing as much as possible to protect against this condition. - ---P1: Phenylketonurics are people who cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.

P2: There are dangers associated with phenylketonuria, and products containing phenylalanine must carry a warning label that states, "Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine."

P3: In addition, all children in developed societies receive a phenylketonuria test at birth.

C: Hence, at the moment, we are doing as much as possible to protect against this condition.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONDuring last nights robbery, the thief was unable to open the safe. Thus, last nights robbery was unsuccessful despite the fact that the thief stole several documents. After all, nothing in those documents was as valuable as the money in the safe. - ---P1: During last nights robbery, the thief was unable to open the safe.

P2: After all, nothing in those documents was as valuable as the money in the safe.

CP: despite the fact that the thief stole several documents.

C: Thus, last nights robbery was unsuccessfulConclusion Identification Method - ---Because...

We can conclude that...PREMISE/CONCLUSIONThe best way of eliminating traffic congestion will not be easily found. There are so many competing possibilities that it will take millions of dollars to study every option, and implementation of most options carries an exorbitant price tag. - ---P: There are so many competing possibilities that it will take millions of dollars to study every option, and implementation of most options carries an exorbitant price tag.

C: The best way of eliminating traffic congestion will not be easily found.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONBecause the Vikings have the best quarterback in football, they therefore have the best offense in football. Because they have the best offense in football, they will win the Super Bowl next year. - ---P: Because the Vikings have the best quarterback in football

Sub-C: they therefore have the best offense in football

C: They will win the Super Bowl next year.PREMISE/CONCLUSIONAnne: Halley's Comet, now in a part of its orbit relatively far from the Sun, recently flared brightly enough to be seen by telescope. No comet has ever been observed to flare so far from the Sun before, so such a flare must be highly unusual.

Sue: Nonsense. Usually no one bothers to try to observe comets when they are so far from the Sun. This flare was observed only because an observatory was tracking Halley's Comet very carefully. - ---P1: Halley's Comet, now in a part of its orbit relatively far from the Sun, recently flared brightly enough to be seen by telescope.

P2: No comet has ever been observed to flare so far from the Sun before

C: so such a flare must be highly unusual.

P: Usually no one bothers to try to observe comets when they are so far from the Sun.

C: This flare was observed only because an observatory was tracking Halley's Comet very carefully.because - ---Premise Indicatorsince - ---Premise Indicatorfor - ---Premise Indicatorfor example - ---Premise Indicatorfor the reason that - ---Premise Indicatorin that - ---Premise Indicatorgiven that - ---Premise Indicatoras indicated by - ---Premise Indicatorthis can be seen from - ---Premise Indicatordue to - ---Premise Indicatorowing to - ---Premise Indicatorwe know this by - ---Premise Indicatorfurthermore - ---Additional Premise Indicatormoreover - ---Additional Premise Indicatorbesides - ---Additional Premise Indicatorin addition - ---Additional Premise Indicatorwhat's more - ---Additional Premise Indicatorafter all - ---Additional Premise Indicatorthus - ---Conclusion Indicatortherefore - ---Conclusion Indicatorhence - ---Conclusion Indicatorconsequently - ---Conclusion Indicatoras a result - ---Conclusion Indicatorso - ---Conclusion Indicatoraccordingly - ---Conclusion Indicatorclearly - ---Conclusion Indicatormust be that - ---Conclusion Indicatorshows that - ---Conclusion Indicatorconclude that - ---Conclusion Indicatorfollows th