LSAT*

PrepTest 39December 2002

Test ID: LL3039

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xxxix (39) 3/18/03 4:43 PM Page ii

Analytical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION I

Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION II

Reading Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION III

Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION IV

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Questions 15

Eight files will be ordered from first to eighth. Each filefalls into exactly one of three categories: red files (H, M,O), green files (P, V, X), or yellow files (T, Z). The filesmust be ordered according to the following conditions:

H must be placed into some position before O, but Hcannot immediately precede O.

X must be placed into some position before V.X and V must be separated by the same number of

files as separate H and O.Z must immediately precede M.The first file cannot be a red file.

1. Which one of the following is an acceptable orderingof the files from first to eighth?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(A) H X O V Z M P T(B) P M Z H X O V T (C) P Z M H O T X V(D) X Z M V H T P O(E) Z M H P O X V T

2. The largest possible number of files that can separateZ from H is

(A) two(B) three(C) four(D) five(E) six

3. If each of the three red files is immediately followedby a green file, which one of the following must be ayellow file?

(A) the first(B) the second(C) the third(D) the fourth(E) the fifth

4. The largest possible number of files that can separateX from V is

(A) three (B) four(C) five(D) six (E) seven

5. If Z is placed in the fifth position, then which one ofthe following is a complete and accurate list of thepositions, any one of which could be Hs position?

(A) first, third, fourth(B) first, second, third(C) second, third, fourth(D) second, third, fourth, sixth(E) third, fourth, sixth, seventh

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1 -2- 11SECTION I

Time35 minutes

23 Questions

Directions: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, it may beuseful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken thecorresponding space on your answer sheet.

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Questions 611

Exactly three employees of Capital EnterprisesMaria, Suki,and Tateattend a three-day conference together. Each day,there are exactly three sessions on the three topics of theconferenceone on hiring, one on investing, and one onregulations. The following rules govern the conference:

Each conference participant attends exactly twosessions, which are on different topics and ondifferent days.

Neither Maria nor Suki attends any session oninvesting.

Tate does not attend any session on the third day.At most two Capital employees attend any given

session together.

6. What is the maximum number of sessions attendedby at least one Capital employee?

(A) three (B) four (C) five (D) six (E) seven

7. Which one of the following must be false?

(A) Maria attends sessions only on the first twodays.

(B) Suki attends sessions only on the last two days.(C) Exactly two Capital employees attend a session

together on the second day.(D) Exactly one session is attended by one or more

Capital employees on the second day.(E) Exactly three sessions are attended by one or

more Capital employees on the third day.

8. If exactly two sessions on the third day are attendedby one or more Capital employees, then which one ofthe following must be true?

(A) Exactly two sessions on the first day areattended by one or more Capital employees.

(B) Exactly two sessions on the second day areattended by one or more Capital employees.

(C) Maria and Suki do not attend any sessiontogether.

(D) Maria and Tate do not attend any sessiontogether.

(E) Tate attends a session on investing.

9. Each of the following is possible EXCEPT:

(A) Every session attended by at least one Capitalemployee is attended by exactly one Capitalemployee.

(B) Every session attended by at least one Capitalemployee is attended by exactly two Capitalemployees.

(C) Every session attended by Maria is alsoattended by Suki.

(D) Every session attended by Suki is also attendedby Tate.

(E) Every session attended by Tate is also attendedby Maria.

10. If all three sessions on the first day are attended byone or more Capital employees, then which one ofthe following must be false?

(A) Maria and Suki attend a session together onthe third day.

(B) Suki and Tate attend a session together on thesecond day.

(C) Maria attends a session on hiring on thesecond day.

(D) Suki attends a session on regulations on thethird day.

(E) Tate attends a session on investing on the firstday.

11. If Maria and Tate are the only Capital employees toattend a session on the first day, then each of thefollowing could be true EXCEPT:

(A) Maria and Suki attend exactly two sessionstogether.

(B) Maria and Tate attend exactly two sessionstogether.

(C) Suki and Tate attend exactly one sessiontogether.

(D) Maria attends a session on regulations on thesecond day.

(E) Tate attends a session on hiring on the secondday.

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1 1-3-1

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Questions 1218

Of the five Pohl childrenSara, Theo, Uma, Will, andZoethree are left-handed and two are right-handed.Each of the five children was born in a different one ofseven calendar years, 1990 through 1996. The followingconditions apply:

No two left-handed children were born inconsecutive years.

No two right-handed children were born inconsecutive years.

Sara, who is left-handed, was born before Uma.Zoe was born before both Theo and Will.A left-handed child was born in 1991.Uma, who is right-handed, was born in 1993.

12. Which one of the following could be an accuratematching of each Pohl child with the year in whichthat child was born?

(A) Sara: 1990; Zoe: 1992; Uma: 1993; Will: 1994;and Theo: 1995

(B) Sara: 1991; Uma: 1993; Theo: 1994; Zoe: 1995;and Will: 1996

(C) Zoe: 1990; Sara: 1991; Uma: 1992; Theo: 1994;and Will: 1995

(D) Zoe: 1990; Sara: 1991; Uma: 1993; Theo: 1994;and Will: 1995

(E) Zoe: 1990; Sara: 1991; Uma: 1993; Theo: 1994;and Will: 1996

13. If Sara was born before Zoe was born, then whichone of the following statements CANNOT be true?

(A) Will is left-handed.(B) Zoe is left-handed.(C) Theo was born after Will was born.(D) Uma was born after Zoe was born.(E) No child was born in 1990.

14. Which one of the following must be false?

(A) None of the children was born in 1990, norwas a child born in 1992.

(B) None of the children was born in 1992, norwas a child born in 1995.

(C) None of the children was born in 1994, norwas a child born in 1996.

(D) One of the children was born in 1990, andanother in 1993.

(E) One of the children was born in 1993, andanother in 1995.

15. If Theo was born after Will was born, then how manysequential orderings of the children, from firstbornto lastborn, are possible?

(A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four (E) five

16. If none of the children was born in 1995, then whichone of the following statements must be true?

(A) Theo was born in 1994.(B) Will was born in 1994.(C) Will was born in 1996.(D) Zoe was born in 1990.(E) Zoe was born in 1994.

17. If Theo is right-handed, then each of the followingstatements must be false EXCEPT:

(A) Theo was born in 1996.(B) Will was born in 1995.(C) Uma was born exactly three years before Theo

was born.(D) Zoe was born exactly one year before Theo was

born.(E) Will is right-handed.

18. If Zoe was born before Uma was born, then whichone of the following statements must be false?

(A) No child was born in 1992.(B) No child was born in 1995.(C) Theo is left-handed.(D) Zoe is left-handed.(E) Will is left-handed.

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1 -4- 11

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Questions 1923

Barbara is shopping at a pet store to select fish for her newaquarium from among the following species: J, K, L, M, N,O, and P. For each of the seven species, the store hasseveral fish available. Barbara makes her selection in amanner consistent with the following conditions:

If she selects one or more K, then she does not selectany O.

If she selects one or more M, then she does not selectany N.

If she selects one or more M, then she selects at leastone O.

If she selects one or more N, then she selects at leastone O.

If she selects one or more O, then she selects at leastone P.

If she selects one or more P, then she selects at leastone O.

If she selects any O at all, then she selects at leasttwo O.

19. Which one of the following could be a complete andaccurate list of the fish Barbara selects for heraquarium?

(A) three J, one K, two M(B) one J, one K, one M, three O(C) one J, one M, two O, one P(D) one J, one N, one O, two P(E) one M, one N, two O, one P

20. If Barbara does not select any fish of species P, then itcould be true that she selects fish of species

(A) J and of species K(B) J and of species M(C) K and of species M(D) K and of species N(E) L and of species O

21. If Barbara selects fish of as many species as possible,then she cannot select any fish of which one of thefollowing species?

(A) K(B) L(C) M (D) N(E) P

22. Which one of the following statements must be false?

(A) Barbara selects exactly four fish, at least one ofwhich is a J.

(B) Barbara selects exactly four fish, at least one ofwhich is an L.

(C) Barbara selects exactly three fish, at least oneof which is an M.

(D) Barbara selects exactly three fish, at least oneof which is an O.

(E) Barbara selects exactly three fish, at least oneof which is a P.

23. If Barbara selects at least one fish for her aquarium,then which one of the following lists the minimumand maximum possible numbers, respectively, ofdifferent species of fish that Barbara selects?

(A) 1, 4(B) 1, 5(C) 1, 6(D) 2, 5(E) 2, 6

1 1-5-1

S T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.

DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

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2 -6- 2

1. A distinguished British judge, Justice Upton, saidthat whether some administrative decision by agovernment minister is reasonable is a question thatjudges, by their training and experience, should bewell-equipped to answer, or else there would besomething badly wrong with the legal system, andthere is little reason to suppose that there is.

Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe conclusion of Justice Uptons argument?

(A) There is nothing much wrong with the legalsystem.

(B) Judges should be given a greater part inadministrative decision making.

(C) Judges are qualified to decide upon thereasonableness of a government ministersadministrative decision.

(D) If something were badly wrong with the legalsystem, judges would be ill-equipped todetermine whether a government ministersdecisions are reasonable.

(E) If judges are well-equipped to determinewhether an administrative decision isreasonable, there is not anything badly wrongwith the legal system.

2. Any course that teaches students how to write is onethat will serve them well in later life. Therefore, sincesome philosophy courses teach students how to write,any student, whatever his or her major, will be servedwell in later life by taking any philosophy course.

A flaw in the reasoning of the argument is that theargument

(A) fails to specify adequately exactly how a coursecan teach students how to write

(B) draws a weaker conclusion than is warrantedby the strength of its premises

(C) presumes, without providing justification, thatwhat is true of a whole must also be true ofeach of its constituent parts

(D) fails to consider the possibility that somestudents in certain majors may be required totake a philosophy course

(E) draws a conclusion about all cases of a certainkind on the basis of evidence that justifies sucha conclusion only about some cases of that kind

3. Letter to the editor: Allowing everyone to voicepersonal views can have the effect of inhibitingsome from voicing their concerns. Thus,allowing unrestricted free speech reallyinhibits free speech.

Which one of the following, if true, does most to justifythe apparently contradictory conclusion above?

(A) When free speech is unrestricted, many peoplewill be shocked by the power of the views ofothers and thereby become afraid to voicetheir own concerns.

(B) When there is unrestricted free speech, therewill be a greater number of diverse viewsexpressed, but the views expressed will bepotentially offensive to many people.

(C) Since unrestricted free speech can be offensive,free speech should be restricted when thepain that it causes is great.

(D) Claiming that unrestricted free speech inhibitsfree speech is like claiming that increasingsomeones salary makes the person poorer.

(E) When free speech is unrestricted, peopleoffended by the views of others are likely tovoice their disagreement, leading toward aresolution of conflict.

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22SECTION II

Time35 minutes

24 Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

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2-7-24. Marie: I gave the cashier at my local convenience

store a 10-dollar bill to pay for my purchase,and he mistakenly gave me change for a 20-dollar bill. I kept the extra 10 dollars. Since Idid not trick, threaten, or physically force thecashier into giving me the extra money, it wasnot morally wrong for me to keep it.

Julia: Nonsense. If you mistakenly hand me yourcoat, thinking it is my coat, then even though Idid not get the coat by means of anydeception, threats, or violence against you, Iam not morally entitled to keep it for myself.

Julias response functions in which one of thefollowing ways?

(A) It strongly questions the application of Mariesprinciple to the case that Marie described,while accepting that principle.

(B) It offers an additional reason to accept Mariesconclusion.

(C) It challenges Maries conclusion by claimingthat the proper conclusion to draw in arelevantly similar situation would be theopposite of Maries.

(D) It uses Maries criterion as a means of solving amoral problem Julia herself faces.

(E) It proposes a radically different principle bywhich Maries action might be judged, butreserves judgment as to whether Marie actedrightly.

5. We are taught that pedestrians should cross the streetat a corner and that jaywalking, in the sense of crossingother than at a corner, is dangerous and illegal. It alsoseems true that drivers anticipate people crossing atcorners more than drivers anticipate people crossingelsewhere. Thus we might infer that crossing at acorner is safer than jaywalking. Nevertheless, statisticsshow that more pedestrians die crossing at cornersthan while jaywalking.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps toexplain the statistical claim cited above?

(A) Far more pedestrians cross at corners thanjaywalk.

(B) Some people jaywalk only when there is littletraffic.

(C) Drivers are often unfamiliar with the lawsconcerning jaywalking.

(D) Traffic laws in most locations state that thepedestrian always has the right of way, whetheror not the pedestrian is crossing at a corner.

(E) Good drivers anticipate jaywalkers as much asthey anticipate pedestrians crossing at corners.

6. Poor writers often express mundane ideas withelaborate syntax and esoteric vocabulary. Inattentivereaders may be impressed but may wellmisunderstand the writing, while alert readers willeasily see through the pretentiousness. Thus, a goodprinciple for writers is: ____________ .

Which one of the following completes the passagemost logically?

(A) the simpler the style, the better the writing(B) inattentive readers are not worth writing for(C) only the most talented writers can successfully

adopt a complex style(D) a writing style should not be more complex

than the ideas expressed(E) alert readers are the only readers who are

sensitive to writing style

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2 -8- 2Questions 78

The kind of thoughts that keep a person from fallingasleep can arise in either half of the brain. Therefore, aperson being prevented from sleeping solely by suchthoughts would be able to fall asleep by closing the eyesand counting sheep, because this activity fully occupies theleft half of the brain with counting and the right half ofthe brain with imagining sheep, thereby excluding thesleep-preventing thoughts.

7. According to the hypothesis, for a person to usecounting imaginary sheep as an effective method ofinducing sleep, which one of the following must betrue?

(A) The person is able to imagine a wide variety ofthings.

(B) The person normally has a difficult timefalling asleep.

(C) Thoughts of sheep would not keep the personawake at that time.

(D) Thoughts of sheep would induce sleep in theperson whenever those thoughts arose.

(E) Thoughts of sheep rarely, if ever, arise in thepersons dreams.

8. Which one of the following most closely parallels thereasoning in the argument above?

(A) Stucco is a poor insulator but brick and woodare good insulators, so a person who wants tobuild a house in an area with a cold climateshould use brick or wood instead of stucco.

(B) Cats can damage furniture with either theirclaws or their teeth, so such damage can beprevented by providing cats with otherobjects that they will claw and bite, such astoy mice.

(C) This map indicates two roads of equal lengtheach leading to Centreville, so a person whowants to take the shortest route to Centrevillecould choose either one.

(D) These chemicals are harmless by themselvesbut explosive when mixed together, so inorder to be kept in the same laboratorywithout risk, they should be stored separately.

(E) This island has two harbors but one of them istoo shallow to permit large ships, so this shipwill have to dock in the other harbor in orderto unload its cargo.

Questions 910

Claude: To introduce greater public accountability intoFrench foreign-policy decisions, France should holdreferenda on major foreign-policy issues. Electionresults are too imprecise to count as a mandate, sinceelections are decided on multiple issues.

Lorraine: The general public, unlike people in government,is unwilling or unable to become informed aboutforeign-policy issues. Therefore, the introduction ofsuch referenda would lead to foreign-policy disaster.

9. Which one of the following responses by Claudewould, if true, most strongly counter Lorrainesobjection?

(A) The mechanics of holding a referendum wouldnot, in the computer age, pose insuperableproblems.

(B) Some of the information on which foreign-policy decisions are based comes fromintelligence sources that must not becompromised by publicity.

(C) Foreign proponents and opponents of aparticular policy would attempt to swayFrench public opinion before a referendum.

(D) The general public has little desire to becomeinformed about foreign-policy issues preciselybecause it has little or no power to influenceforeign-policy decisions.

(E) Foreign governments friendly to France wouldbe reluctant to share information with France ifit might become public in a referendum debate.

10. Which one of the following, if true, provides themost support for Lorraines conclusion?

(A) The public would become better informedabout an issue in foreign policy if areferendum were held on it.

(B) Not every issue would be subject toreferendum, only the major outlines of policy.

(C) Decision by referendum would make theoverall course of policy unpredictable, andcountries friendly to France could not makereasonable decisions based on a consistentFrench line.

(D) Requiring a large minimum number of voterssignatures on a petition for a referendumwould ensure that many people wouldconsider the issue and treat it as important.

(E) Elections decided mainly on foreign-policyissues have perhaps constituted ratificationsby the public of past decisions, but certainlynot judgments about future issues posing newproblems.

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2-9-211. A gift is not generous unless it is intended to benefit

the recipient and is worth more than what isexpected or customary in the situation; a gift isselfish if it is given to benefit the giver or is lessvaluable than is customary.

Which one of the following judgments most closelyconforms to the principle above?

(A) Charles, who hates opera, was given twoexpensive tickets to the opera. He in turn gavethem to his cousin, who loves opera, as abirthday gift. Charless gift was selfish becausehe paid nothing for the tickets.

(B) Emily gives her brother a years membership ina health club. She thinks that this will allowher brother to get the exercise he needs.However, the gift is selfish because Emilysbrother is hurt and offended by it.

(C) Amanda gives each of her clients an expensivebottle of wine every year. Amandas gifts aregenerous, since they cause the clients tocontinue giving Amanda business.

(D) Olga gives her daughter a computer as agraduation gift. Since this is the gift that allchildren in Olgas family receive forgraduation, it is not generous.

(E) Michael gave his nephew $50 as a birthday gift,more than he had ever given before. Michaelsnephew, however, lost the money. Therefore,Michaels gift was not generous because it didnot benefit the recipient.

12. Politician: It is wrong for the government to restrictthe liberty of individuals, except perhaps inthose cases when to fail to do so would allowindividuals to cause harm. Yet, to publishsomething is a liberty, and to offend is not tocause harm.

Which one of the following can be properly inferredfrom the politicians statements?

(A) It is not right for the government to restrictthe publication of literature that is onlyoffensive.

(B) It is not wrong for the government to restrictindividuals liberty when failing to do sowould allow individuals to cause harm.

(C) It is offensive for the government to restrictthe liberty of individuals to publish, but it isnot harmful.

(D) It is not wrong for individuals to publishliterature that is offensive.

(E) It is not right for the government to restrictthe publication of literature that does notcause serious harm.

13. Jenkins: Research on the properties of snow at theNorth Pole should be conducted in Januaryand February. The weather is then cold enoughto ensure that the snow will not melt. It isimportant that research money not be wasted;if we wait until a later month, we risk sendingresearchers when they will be unable to carryout research successfully.

Lurano: I disagree. The weather will likely still bequite cold in April and May, and by going later,researchers run less risk of suffering dangerousexposure to the cold.

The dialogue lends the most support to the claimthat Jenkins and Lurano disagree on whether

(A) there is a possibility of snow melting at theNorth Pole during April and May

(B) it is impossible to investigate the properties ofsnow at the North Pole later than February

(C) funding will be wasted if research on snow iscarried out at the North Pole later thanFebruary

(D) the temperatures at the North Pole in Januaryand February are lower than are thetemperatures in April and May

(E) research funding considerations outweigh therisk to researchers posed by the temperaturesat the North Pole in January and February

14. Activist: Although the environmental bill before thelegislature is popular with voters, it will havemainly negative economic consequences if it ispassed, especially when we try to lure newbusinesses to our country. Great leaders havethe courage to look beyond popularity to whatis sound policy; legislators ought to do thesame by not voting for this bill.

The activists argumentation is most vulnerable tocriticism on the grounds that it

(A) presumes, without providing justification, thatmost of the legislators are great leaders

(B) presumes, without providing justification, thata bill is less likely to pass if it is deemed tohave negative economic consequences

(C) fails to consider whether there arenoneconomic reasons for supporting the billthat outweigh the reason given for rejecting it

(D) fails to specify whether legislators usuallyconsider economic consequences when a billis before the legislature

(E) takes for granted that if a bill is popular, it willnot be sound economically

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2 -10- 215. More and more academic institutions are using

citation analysis as the main technique for measuringthe quality of scientific research. This techniqueinvolves a yearly scanning of scientific journals tocount the number of references to a researcherswork. Although academic institutions want toencourage good research, use of citation analysisactually works against this goal since scientistsseeking to maximize citation counts will avoidmultiyear projects in favor of short-term projects infaddish areas.

Which one of the following, if true, provides thestrongest support for the argument?

(A) In general scientific research is not referred toin journals until the research is completed.

(B) Areas of science that are faddish at some pointare not necessarily lacking in significance.

(C) Research that is initially criticized in scientificjournals sometimes turns out to be ground-breaking work.

(D) Scientists are sometimes hostile to interimassessments of ongoing research, since suchassessments might threaten continuity offunding.

(E) Scientists often cite their colleagues workwhen they think it is unfairly neglected by thescientific establishment.

16. Biologists agree that human beings evolved from afish, but they disagree about which species of fish.Since biologists agree that frogs are definitely relatedto the species of fish from which human beingsevolved, on the basis of a close match between themitochondrial DNA of lungfish and that of frogs Dr.Stevens-Hoyt claims that this ancestor must belungfish. Dr. Grover, on the other hand, contends thatmitochondrial DNA evolves too rapidly to be a reliableindicator of relationships between species over longperiods of time, and citing the close chemical matchbetween the hemoglobin of coelacanths (a saltwaterfish) and that of tadpoles, claims that human beingsmust be descended from coelacanths.

Which one of the following most accurately describesthe role played in the dispute above by theproposition that frogs are definitely related to thespecies of fish from which human beings evolved?

(A) Since it implies that human beings are notdescended from lungfish, it is cited asevidence against the claim that humans aredescended from lungfish.

(B) Since it implies that human beings are notdescended from coelacanths, it is offered asevidence against the claim that human beingsare descended from coelacanths.

(C) It is offered as evidence for the contention thathuman beings must be descended from eitherlungfish or coelacanths.

(D) It is an assumption that both parties to thedispute use as a starting point for theirarguments about human evolution.

(E) It implies that either a match of mitochondrialDNA or a match of hemoglobin betweenlungfish and coelacanths would show thathuman beings evolved from one of these twospecies.

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2-11-217. Columnist: Over the last 20 years the demand in

North America for Japanese-made automobileshas increased, whereas the Japanese demandfor North American-made automobiles hasbeen stagnant. Until recently, this imbalancecould plausibly be attributed to Japanesemodels superior fuel efficiency and reliability,but now cars made in North America are bythese standards the equal of any Japanesemodel. What North American exporterscontinue to ignore is that the Japanese driveon the left side of the road. Therefore, oneobstacle to reducing the automotive tradeimbalance will be removed if North Americanmanufacturers simply produce more cars withright-side steering wheels.

Which one of the following is an assumptionrequired by the columnists argument?

(A) The fuel efficiency and reliability of cars madein North America will continue to increase.

(B) If the Japanese drive on the left side of theroad, then they are not inclined to buy carswith left-side steering wheels.

(C) Japanese automotive safety standards requirethat all new domestic automobiles have right-side steering wheels.

(D) Given a choice between similar Japanese andNorth American models, all with right-sidesteering wheels, most Japanese would choosethe North American model.

(E) The automotive trade imbalance can belessened only if North Americanmanufacturers produce automobiles that moreeffectively meet the needs of Japanese buyers.

18. All historians are able to spot trends. But anyone ableto spot trends is able to distinguish the significant fromthe insignificant. Thus anyone who can distinguish thesignificant from the insignificant is a historian.

The flawed reasoning in which one of the followingarguments most closely resembles that in theargument above?

(A) All expressions used for emotional impact areexpressions used by poets. All figures ofspeech are expressions used for emotionalimpact. So any expression used by poets is afigure of speech.

(B) Political systems whose laws originate inelected legislatures are prone to factionalism.Factionalism leads to civil disorder. Thuspolitical systems not run by autocrats have atendency to fall into civil disorder.

(C) Animals that possess horns or antlers use themnot to attack prey but for intraspeciescombat. In fact, animals so equipped neverhave the claws or fangs that are possessed bypredators. Thus any animal that fights withmembers of its own species is not a predator.

(D) No one without a deep desire to communicatecan be a blues musician. So short-storywriters, all of whom have that same desire tocommunicate, could also have become bluesmusicians.

(E) People living in open and democraticcountries have customs that are determinedat least in part by an inherited past. But nocountrys past is a product of free choice.Thus people living in open and democraticcountries can never be entirely free.

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2 -12- 219. Jeff: Proposed regulations concerning the use of

animals in scientific experimentation wouldprohibit experimentation on those species thathumans empathize with: dogs and horses, forexample. But extensive neurological researchon mammals shows that they are all capable offeeling pain, just as dogs and horses are.Hence, this proposal should be extended to allexperimentation on all mammals.

Miranda: Yet the issue of pain is not the crux of thematter. Experimentation on any nonhumananimal undermines respect for life itselfbecause only humans are capable ofconsenting to an experiment. Since any activitythat undermines respect for life diminishes thequality of all of our lives, the new regulationsshould ban all such experimentation.

Which one of the following is a principle that, ifestablished, would best support Jeff s conclusion?

(A) Regulations on the use of animals in scientificexperimentation should be primarilyconcerned with respecting the feelings of thehumans who will perform those experiments.

(B) Whatever means are used to determine whetherdogs and horses feel pain should also be used todetermine whether other animals feel pain.

(C) Only those experiments on animals that areknown to cause those animals pain should beprohibited.

(D) Scientists who perform experiments on animalsshould empathize with any mammal as muchas they empathize with dogs or horses.

(E) Scientific experimentation should be prohibitedon any creature that is capable of feeling pain.

20. Productivity is average output per worker per unit oftime. High productivity cannot be achieved withoutadequate training of workers. So high productivitydoes not depend on having high-tech equipment.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable tocriticism on the grounds that the argument

(A) confuses a stated requirement for having high-tech equipment with a sufficient condition forhaving high-tech equipment

(B) ignores the possibility that having high-techequipment is required for adequate trainingof workers

(C) overlooks the fact that increases in productivitymay not be desirable in some circumstances

(D) presumes without giving justification thateducating workers always results in anincrease in their productivity

(E) presumes without giving justification thathigh-tech equipment cannot contribute toincreases in productivity

21. Cognitive psychologist: The majority of skilled artistsare very creative people, and all people who arevery creative are also good at abstract reasoning.However, not all skilled artists are famous. Itfollows that some people who are good atabstract reasoning are famous.

The cognitive psychologists conclusion followslogically if which one of the following is assumed?

(A) Most skilled artists are good at abstractreasoning.

(B) Most people who are very creative are skilledartists.

(C) Some skilled artists are not famous.(D) All people who are good at abstract reasoning

are very creative.(E) Most skilled artists are famous.

22. The relaxation of regulations governing themanufacture and sale of new medicines to increasetheir availability should not be accompanied by alifting of all regulations that restrict industrialactivity generally. Unless strict environmentalregulations are maintained, endangered species ofplants and animals will become extinct. And since alarge majority of new medicines are derived fromplants and animals, a general deregulatory approachcould actually undermine the original intent of therelaxation of regulations governing the manufactureand sale of new medicines.

The statement that a large majority of new medicinesare derived from plants and animals plays which oneof the following roles in the argument?

(A) a reason for not restricting research into themedical usefulness of plants and animals

(B) evidence for a point of view that the argumentis designed to undermine

(C) an illustration of the potential disaster thatcould result from continued overregulation ofindustrial activity

(D) a link between the extinction of species andthe potentially decreased availability of newmedicines

(E) support for the hypothesis that only verynarrowly focused efforts at deregulation ofindustrial activity actually have beneficialresults

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2-13-223. Councilperson X: We have an obligation to help

ensure that electricity rates are the lowestpossible. Since the proposed design for a newgenerating station would clearly allow for thelowest rates, it must be the design we endorseif we agree that we have no choice but toapprove construction of a new plant.

Councilperson Y: Helping to ensure the lowestelectricity rates is not the councils only job; wealso have an obligation not to lower the qualityof life of our community. A plant of the typespecified by the design would damage ourcommunitys air quality to such an extent thatthe benefit of lower rates would be outweighed.

Which one of the following is an issue about whichthe two councilpersons disagree?

(A) The council should recommend the building ofa new generating station.

(B) It is the councils responsibility to improve thecommunitys quality of life.

(C) A plant of the type specified by the design inquestion would damage the air quality of thecommunity.

(D) If a new generating station is to be built, thecouncil should endorse a plant of the typespecified by the design in question.

(E) A plant of the type specified by the design inquestion would allow for the lowest electricityrates.

24. Good students learn more than what their parents andteachers compel them to learn. This requires that thesestudents derive pleasure from the satisfaction of theircuriosity, and one cannot experience such pleasureunless one is capable of concentrating on a topic sointently that one loses track of ones own identity.

If the statements above are true, each of thefollowing could also be true EXCEPT:

(A) Some people who are capable of becoming soabsorbed in a topic that they lose track oftheir own identities are nevertheless incapableof deriving pleasure from the satisfaction oftheir curiosity.

(B) Most good students do not derive pleasurefrom the satisfaction of their curiosity.

(C) Many people who derive pleasure simply fromthe satisfaction of their curiosity are not goodstudents.

(D) Some people who are not good students derivepleasure from losing track of their ownidentities.

(E) Most people who are capable of becoming soabsorbed in a topic that they lose track oftheir own identities are not good students.

22

S T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.

DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

xxxix (39) 3/18/03 4:43 PM Page 13

33 -14-

The contemporary Mexican artistic movementknown as muralism, a movement of public art thatbegan with images painted on walls in an effort torepresent Mexican national culture, is closely linkedideologically with its main sponsor, the new Mexicangovernment elected in 1920 following the MexicanRevolution. This government promoted an ambitiouscultural program, and the young revolutionary statecalled on artists to display Mexicos richness andpossibility. But the theoretical foundation of themovement was formulated by the artists themselves.The major figures in the muralist movement, DavidAlfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and Jos ClementeOrozco, all based their work on a common premise:that art should incorporate images and familiar ideas asit commented upon the historic period in which it wascreated. In the process, they assimilated into their workthe customs, myths, geography, and history of the localcommunities that constitute the basis of Mexicannational culture.

But while many muralist works express populist ornationalist ideas, it is a mistake to attempt to reduceMexican mural painting to formulaic, officialgovernment art. It is more than merely the result of thechanges in political and social awareness that theMexican Revolution represented; it also reflectedimportant innovations in the art world. In creating awide panorama of Mexicos history on the walls ofpublic buildings throughout the country, muralistsoften used a realist style. But awareness of theseinnovations enabled them to be freer in expression thanwere more traditional practitioners of this style.

Moreover, while they shared a common interest inrediscovering their Mexican national identity, theydeveloped their own distinct styles. Rivera, forexample, incorporated elements from pre-Columbiansculpture and the Italian Renaissance fresco into hismurals and used a strange combination of mechanicalshapes to depict the faces and bodies of people.Orozco, on the other hand, showed a moreexpressionist approach, with loose brushwork and anopenly emotional treatment of form. He relied on astrong diagonal line to give a sense of heightenedmovement and drama to his work. Siqueiros developedin a somewhat similar direction as Orozco, butincorporated asymmetric compositions, a high degreeof action, and brilliant color.

This stylistic experimentation can be seen asresulting from the demands of a new medium. Instretching their concepts from small easel paintingswith a centralized subject to vast compositions with

mural dimensions, muralists learned to think big and torespect the sweeping gesture of the armthe brushstroke required to achieve the desired bold effect ofmural art. Furthermore, because they were paintingmurals, they thought in terms of a continuum; theirworks were designed to be viewable from manydifferent vantage points, to have an equally strongimpact in all parts, and to continue to be viewable aspeople moved across in front of them.

1. Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe main point of the passage?

(A) Muralism developed its political goals inMexico in service to the revolutionarygovernment, while its aesthetic aspects wereborrowed from other countries.

(B) Inspired by political developments in Mexicoand trends in modern art, muralist paintersdevised an innovative style of large-scalepainting to reflect Mexican culture.

(C) The stylistic features of muralism represent aconsistent working out of the implications ofits revolutionary ideology.

(D) Though the Mexican government supportedmuralism as a means of promotingnationalist ideology, muralists such asSiqueiros, Rivera, and Orozco developed themovement in contradictory, morecontroversial directions.

(E) Because of its large scale and stylisticinnovations, the type of contemporaryMexican art known as muralism is capable ofexpressing a much wider and more complexview of Mexicos culture and history thanprevious artistic movements could express.

2. The author mentions Riveras use of pre-Columbiansculpture and the Italian Renaissance fresco(lines 3637) primarily in order to provide anexample of Riveras

(A) assimilation of elements of Mexican customsand myth

(B) movement beyond single, centralized subjects(C) experimentation with expressionist techniques(D) distinctive manner of artistic expression(E) underlying resistance to change

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33 3SECTION III

Time35 minutes

28 Questions

Directions: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated orimplied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However,you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blackenthe corresponding space on your answer sheet.

(5)

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3-15-33. Which one of the following aspects of muralist

painting does the author appear to value mosthighly?

(A) its revolutionary ideology(B) its use of brilliant color(C) its tailoring of style to its medium(D) its use of elements from everyday life(E) its expression of populist ideas

4. Based on the passage, with which one of thefollowing statements about art would the muralistsbe most likely to agree?

(A) Art should be evaluated on the basis of its styleand form rather than on its content.

(B) Government sponsorship is essential to theflourishing of art.

(C) Realism is unsuited to large-scale public art.(D) The use of techniques borrowed from other

cultures can contribute to the rediscovery ofones national identity.

(E) Traditional easel painting is an elitist art form.

5. According to the passage, the Mexican governmentelected in 1920 took which one of the followingapproaches to art following the Mexican Revolution?

(A) It encouraged the adoption of moderninnovations from abroad.

(B) It encouraged artists to pursue the realisttradition in art.

(C) It called on artists to portray Mexicos heritageand future promise.

(D) It developed the theoretical base of themuralist movement.

(E) It favored artists who introduced stylisticinnovations over those who worked in therealist tradition.

6. Which one of the following, if true, most supportsthe authors claim about the relationship betweenmuralism and the Mexican Revolution (lines 2427)?

(A) The major figures in muralism also createdimportant works in that style that weredeliberately not political in content.

(B) Not all muralist painters were familiar with theinnovations being made at that time in the artworld.

(C) The changes taking place at that time in the artworld were revivals of earlier movements.

(D) Officials in the Mexican government were notfamiliar with the innovations being made atthat time in the art world.

(E) Only those muralist works that reflectednationalist sentiments were permitted to beviewed by the public.

7. Which one of the following does the author explicitlyidentify as a characteristic of Mexican mural art?

(A) Its subject matter consisted primarily ofcurrent events.

(B) It could be viewed outdoors only.(C) It used the same techniques as are used in easel

painting.(D) It exhibited remarkable stylistic uniformity.(E) It was intended to be viewed from more than

one angle.

8. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is to

(A) describe the unifying features of muralism(B) provide support for the argument that the

muralists often did not support governmentcauses

(C) support the claim that muralists always usedtheir work to comment on their ownhistorical period

(D) illustrate how the muralists appropriatedelements of Mexican tradition

(E) argue that muralism cannot be understood byfocusing solely on its political dimension

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33 -16-Fairy tales address themselves to two communities,

each with its own interests and each in periodic conflictwith the other: parents and children. Nearly everystudy of fairy tales has taken the perspective of theparent, constructing the meaning of the tales by usingthe reading strategies of an adult bent on identifyinguniversally valid tenets of moral instruction forchildren.

For example, the plot of Hansel and Gretel is setin motion by hard-hearted parents who abandon theirchildren in the woods, but for psychologist BrunoBettelheim the tale is really about children who learn togive up their unhealthy dependency on their parents.According to Bettelheim, this storyin which thechildren ultimately overpower a witch who has takenthem prisoner for the crime of attempting to eat thewitchs gingerbread houseforces its young audienceto recognize the dangers of unrestrained greed. Asdependent children, Bettelheim argues, Hansel andGretel had been a burden to their parents, but on theirreturn home with the witchs jewels, they become thefamilys support. Thus, says Bettelheim, does the storytrain its young listeners to become mature children.

There are two ways of interpreting a story: one is asuperficial reading that focuses on the tales manifestcontent, and the other is a deeper reading that looksfor latent meanings. Many adults who read fairy talesare drawn to this second kind of interpretation in orderto avoid facing the unpleasant truths that can emergefrom the tales when adultseven parentsareportrayed as capable of acting out of selfish motivesthemselves. What makes fairy tales attractive toBettelheim and other psychologists is that they can beused as scenarios that position the child as atransgressor whose deserved punishment provides alesson for unruly children. Stories that run counter tosuch orthodoxies about child-rearing are, to a largeextent, suppressed by Bettelheim or rewrittenthrough reinterpretation. Once we examine hisinterpretations closely, we see that his readingsproduce meanings that are very different from thoseconstructed by readers with different culturalassumptions and expectations, who, unlike Bettelheim,do not find inflexible tenets of moral instruction in thetales.

Bettelheim interprets all fairy tales as driven bychildrens fantasies of desire and revenge, and in doingso suppresses the true nature of parental behaviorranging from abuse to indulgence. Fortunately, thesecharacterizations of selfish children and innocent adultshave been discredited to some extent by recentpsychoanalytic literature. The need to deny adult evilhas been a pervasive feature of our society, leading usto position children not only as the sole agents of evilbut also as the objects of unending moral instruction,hence the idea that a literature targeted for them muststand in the service of pragmatic instrumentality ratherthan foster an unproductive form of playful pleasure.

9. Which one of the following most accurately states themain idea of the passage?

(A) While originally written for children, fairytales also contain a deeper significance foradults that psychologists such as Bettelheimhave shown to be their true meaning.

(B) The superficial reading of a fairy tale, whichdeals only with the tales content, is actuallymore enlightening for children than thedeeper reading preferred by psychologistssuch as Bettelheim.

(C) Because the content of fairy tales hashistorically run counter to prevailingorthodoxies about child-rearing, psychologistssuch as Bettelheim sometimes reinterpret themto suit their own pedagogical needs.

(D) The pervasive need to deny adult evil has ledpsychologists such as Bettelheim toerroneously view fairy tales solely asinstruments of moral instruction for children.

(E) Although dismissed as unproductive bypsychologists such as Bettelheim, fairy talesoffer children imaginative experiences that helpthem grow into morally responsible adults.

10. Based on the passage, which one of the followingelements of Hansel and Gretel would most likely bede-emphasized in Bettelheims interpretation of thetale?

(A) Hansel and Gretel are abandoned by theirhard-hearted parents.

(B) Hansel and Gretel are imprisoned by the witch.(C) Hansel and Gretel overpower the witch.(D) Hansel and Gretel take the witchs jewels.(E) Hansel and Gretel bring the witchs jewels

home to their parents.

11. Which one of the following is the most accuratedescription of the authors attitude towardBettelheims view of fairy tales?

(A) concern that the view will undermine theability of fairy tales to provide moralinstruction

(B) scorn toward the views supposition that moraltenets can be universally valid

(C) disapproval of the views depiction of childrenas selfish and adults as innocent

(D) anger toward the views claim that childrenoften improve as a result of deservedpunishment

(E) disappointment with the views emphasis onthe manifest content of a tale

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3-17-312. The author of the passage would be most likely to

agree with which one of the following statements?

(A) Children who never attempt to look for thedeeper meanings in fairy tales will miss outon one of the principal pleasures of readingsuch tales.

(B) It is better if children discover fairy tales ontheir own than for an adult to suggest thatthey read the tales.

(C) A child who is unruly will behave better afterreading a fairy tale if the tale is suggested tothem by another child.

(D) Most children are too young to comprehendthe deeper meanings contained in fairy tales.

(E) Children should be allowed to enjoy literaturethat has no instructive purpose.

13. Which one of the following principles most likelyunderlies the authors characterization of literaryinterpretation?

(A) Only those trained in literary interpretationcan detect the latent meanings in stories.

(B) Only adults are psychologically mature enoughto find the latent meanings in stories.

(C) Only one of the various meanings readers mayfind in a story is truly correct.

(D) The meanings we see in stories are influencedby the assumptions and expectations we bringto the story.

(E) The latent meanings a story contains aredeliberately placed there by the author.

14. According to the author, recent psychoanalyticliterature suggests that

(A) the moral instruction children receive fromfairy tales is detrimental to their emotionaldevelopment

(B) fewer adults are guilty of improper child-rearing than had once been thought

(C) the need to deny adult evil is a pervasivefeature of all modern societies

(D) the plots of many fairy tales are similar tochildrens revenge fantasies

(E) the idea that children are typically selfish andadults innocent is of questionable validity

15. It can be inferred from the passage that Bettelheimbelieves that children are

(A) uninterested in inflexible tenets of moralinstruction

(B) unfairly subjected to the moral beliefs of theirparents

(C) often aware of inappropriate parental behavior(D) capable of shedding undesirable personal

qualities(E) basically playful and carefree

16. Which one of the following statements is leastcompatible with Bettelheims views, as those viewsare described in the passage?

(A) The imaginations of children do not drawclear distinctions between inanimate objectsand living things.

(B) Children must learn that their own needs andfeelings are to be valued, even when thesediffer from those of their parents.

(C) As their minds mature, children tend toexperience the world in terms of the dynamicsof the family into which they were born.

(D) The more secure that children feel within theworld, the less they need to hold ontoinfantile notions.

(E) Childrens ability to distinguish betweenstories and reality is not fully developed untilpuberty.

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33 -18-With the approach of the twentieth century, the

classical wave theory of radiationa widely acceptedtheory in physicsbegan to encounter obstacles. Thistheory held that all electromagnetic radiationtheentire spectrum from gamma and X rays to radiofrequencies, including heat and lightexists in theform of waves. One fundamental assumption of wavetheory was that as the length of a wave of radiationshortens, its energy increases smoothlylike a volumedial on a radio that adjusts smoothly to any settingand that any conceivable energy value could thus occurin nature.

The major challenge to wave theory was thebehavior of thermal radiation, the radiation emitted byan object due to the objects temperature, commonlycalled blackbody radiation because experimentsaimed at measuring it require objects, such as blackvelvet or soot, with little or no reflective capability.Physicists can monitor the radiation coming from ablackbody object and be confident that they areobserving its thermal radiation and not simply reflectedradiation that has originated elsewhere. Employing theprinciples of wave theory, physicists originallypredicted that blackbody objects radiated much more atshort wavelengths, such as ultraviolet, than at longwavelengths. However, physicists using advancedexperimental techniques near the turn of the centurydid not find the predicted amount of radiation at shortwavelengthsin fact, they found almost none, a resultthat became known among wave theorists as theultraviolet catastrophe.

Max Planck, a classical physicist who had madeimportant contributions to wave theory, developed ahypothesis about atomic processes taking place in ablackbody object that broke with wave theory andaccounted for the observed patterns of blackbodyradiation. Planck discarded the assumption ofradiations smooth energy continuum and took the thenbizarre position that these atomic processes could onlyinvolve discrete energies that jump between certainunits of valuelike a volume dial that clicksbetween incremental settingsand he thereby obtainednumbers that perfectly fit the earlier experimentalresult. This directly opposed wave theorys picture ofatomic processes, and the physics community was atfirst quite critical of Plancks hypothesis, in partbecause he presented it without physical explanation.

Soon thereafter, however, Albert Einstein and otherphysicists provided theoretical justification forPlancks hypothesis. They found that upon being hitwith part of the radiation spectrum, metal surfaces giveoff energy at values that are discontinuous. Further,they noted a threshold along the spectrum beyondwhich no energy is emitted by the metal. Einsteintheorized, and later found evidence to confirm, thatradiation is composed of particles, now called photons,which can be emitted only in discrete units and atcertain wavelengths, in accordance with Plancksspeculations. So in just a few years, what wasconsidered a catastrophe generated a new vision inphysics that led to theories still in place today.

17. Which one of the following most accurately states themain point of the passage?

(A) If classical wave theorists had never focused onblackbody radiation, Plancks insights wouldnot have developed and the stage would nothave been set for Einstein.

(B) Classical wave theory, an incorrect formulationof the nature of radiation, was corrected byPlanck and other physicists after Planckperformed experiments that demonstratedthat radiation exists as particles.

(C) Plancks new model of radiation, thoughnumerically consistent with observed data,was slow to win the support of the scientificcommunity, which was critical of his ideas.

(D) Prompted by new experimental findings,Planck discarded an assumption of classicalwave theory and proposed a picture ofradiation that matched experimental resultsand was further supported by theoreticaljustification.

(E) At the turn of the century, Planck and Einsteinrevolutionized studies in radiation bymodifying classical wave theory in responseto experimental results that suggested theenergy of radiation is less at shortwavelengths than at long ones.

18. Which one of the following does the author use toillustrate the difference between continuous energiesand discrete energies?

(A) radio waves(B) black velvet or soot(C) microscopic particles(D) metal surfaces(E) radio volume dials

19. Which one of the following can most clearly beinferred from the description of blackbody objects inthe second paragraph?

(A) Radiation reflected by and radiation emittedby an object are difficult to distinguish fromone another.

(B) Any object in a dark room is a nearly idealblackbody object.

(C) All blackbody objects of comparable size giveoff radiation at approximately the samewavelengths regardless of the objectstemperatures.

(D) Any blackbody object whose temperature isdifficult to manipulate would be of little usein an experiment.

(E) Thermal radiation cannot originate from ablackbody object.

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3-19-320. The authors attitude toward Plancks development of

a new hypothesis about atomic processes can mostaptly be described as

(A) strong admiration for the intuitive leap thatled to a restored confidence in wave theoryspicture of atomic processes

(B) mild surprise at the bizarre position Plancktook regarding atomic processes

(C) reasoned skepticism of Plancks lack ofscientific justification for his hypothesis

(D) legitimate concern that the hypothesis wouldhave been abandoned without the furtherstudies of Einstein and others

(E) scholarly interest in a step that led to a moreaccurate picture of atomic processes

21. The passage provides information that answers eachof the following questions EXCEPT:

(A) What did Plancks hypothesis about atomicprocesses try to account for?

(B) What led to the scientific communitysacceptance of Plancks ideas?

(C) Roughly when did the blackbody radiationexperiments take place?

(D) What contributions did Planck make toclassical wave theory?

(E) What type of experiment led Einstein toformulate a theory regarding the compositionof radiation?

22. The primary function of the first two paragraphs ofthe passage is to

(A) describe the process by which one theorysassumption was dismantled by a competingtheory

(B) introduce a central assumption of a scientifictheory and the experimental evidence that ledto the overthrowing of that theory

(C) explain two competing theories that are basedon the same experimental evidence

(D) describe the process of retesting a theory inlight of ambiguous experimental results

(E) provide the basis for an argument intended todismiss a new theory

23. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) discussing the value of speculation in ascientific discipline

(B) summarizing the reasons for the rejection ofan established theory by the scientificcommunity

(C) describing the role that experimental researchplays in a scientific discipline

(D) examining a critical stage in the evolution oftheories concerning the nature of a physicalphenomenon

(E) comparing the various assumptions that lie atthe foundation of a scientific discipline

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33 -20-The following passage was written in the mid-1990s.

Users of the Internetthe worldwide network ofinterconnected computer systemsenvision it as a wayfor people to have free access to information via theirpersonal computers. Most Internet communicationconsists of sending electronic mail or exchanging ideason electronic bulletin boards; however, a growingnumber of transmissions are of copyrighted worksbooks, photographs, videos and films, and soundrecordings. In Canada, as elsewhere, the goals ofInternet users have begun to conflict with reality ascopyright holders look for ways to protect theirmaterial from unauthorized and uncompensateddistribution.

Copyright experts say that Canadian copyright law,which was revised in 1987 to cover works such aschoreography and photography, has not kept pace withtechnologyspecifically with digitalization, theconversion of data into a series of digits that aretransmitted as electronic signals over computernetworks. Digitalization makes it possible to create anunlimited number of copies of a book, recording, ormovie and distribute them to millions of people aroundthe world. Current law prohibits unauthorized partiesfrom reproducing a work or any substantial part of it inany material form (e.g., photocopies of books orpirated audiotapes), but because digitalization merelytransforms the work into electronic signals in acomputers memory, it is not clear whetherdigitalization constitutes a material reproductionandso unauthorized digitalization is not yet technically acrime.

Some experts propose simply adding unauthorizeddigitalization to the list of activities proscribed undercurrent law, to make it clear that copyright holders ownelectronic reproduction rights just as they own rights toother types of reproduction. But criminalizingdigitalization raises a host of questions. For example,given that digitalization allows the multiple recipientsof a transmission to re-create copies of a work, wouldonly the act of digitalization itself be criminal, orshould each copy made from the transmission beconsidered a separate instance of piracyeven thoughthose who made the copies never had access to theoriginal? In addition, laws against digitalization mightbe virtually unenforceable given that an estimated20 million people around the world have access to theInternet, and that copying and distributing material is arelatively simple process. Furthermore, even anexpanded law might not cover the majority oftransmissions, given the vast numbers of users who areacademics and the fact that current copyright lawallows generous exemptions for those engaged inprivate study or research. But even if the law is revisedto contain a more sophisticated treatment ofdigitalization, most experts think it will be hard toresolve the clash between the Internet community,which is accustomed to treating information as rawmaterial available for everyone to use, and thepublishing community, which is accustomed to treatingit as a commodity owned by its creator.

24. Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe main point of the passage?

(A) Despite the widely recognized need to reviseCanadian copyright law to protect worksfrom unauthorized reproduction anddistribution over the Internet, users of theInternet have mounted many legal challengesto the criminalizing of digitalization.

(B) Although the necessity of revising Canadiancopyright law to protect works fromunauthorized reproduction and distributionover the Internet is widely recognized,effective criminalizing of digitalization islikely to prove highly complicated.

(C) While the unauthorized reproduction anddistribution of copyrighted works over theInternet is not yet a crime, legal expertsbelieve it is only a matter of time beforeCanadian copyright law is amended toprohibit unauthorized digitalization.

(D) Despite the fact that current Canadian copyrightlaw does not cover digitalization, theunauthorized reproduction and distribution ofcopyrighted works over the Internet clearlyought to be considered a crime.

(E) Although legal experts in Canada disagreeabout the most effective way to punish theunauthorized reproduction and distributionof copyrighted works over the Internet, theynonetheless agree that such digitalizationshould clearly be a punishable crime.

25. Given the authors argument, which one of thefollowing additions to current Canadian copyrightlaw would most likely be an agreeable compromise toboth the Internet community and the publishingcommunity?

(A) Digitalization of copyrighted works ispermitted to Internet users who pay a smallfee to copyright holders.

(B) Digitalization of copyrighted works isprohibited to Internet users who are notacademics.

(C) Digitalization of copyrighted works ispermitted to all Internet users withoutrestriction.

(D) Digitalization of copyrighted works isprohibited to all Internet users withoutexception.

(E) Digitalization of copyrighted works ispermitted to Internet users engaged inresearch.

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3-21-326. The discussion in the second paragraph is intended

primarily to explain which one of the following?

(A) how copyright infringement of protectedworks is punished under current Canadiancopyright law

(B) why current Canadian copyright law is noteasily applicable to digitalization

(C) how the Internet has caused copyright holdersto look for new forms of legal protection

(D) why copyright experts propose protectingcopyrighted works from unauthorizeddigitalization

(E) how unauthorized reproductions of copyrightedworks are transmitted over the Internet

27. The passage supports each of the following inferencesEXCEPT:

(A) It is unlikely that every instance ofdigitalization could be detected under acopyright law revised to criminalizedigitalization.

(B) Criminalizing unauthorized digitalizationappears to be consistent with the publishingcommunitys treatment of information as anowned commodity.

(C) When copyright law is revised to coverdigitalization, the revised law will include aprohibition on making copies from anunauthorized digitalization of a copyrightedwork.

(D) The number of instances of unauthorizeddigitalization would likely rise ifdigitalization technology were made eveneasier to use.

(E) Under current law, many academics areallowed to make copies of copyrighted worksas long as they are used only for privateresearch.

28. Which one of the following views can most reasonablybe attributed to the experts cited in line 32?

(A) Unauthorized digitalization of a copyrightedwork should be considered a crime exceptwhen it is done for purposes of private studyor research.

(B) Unauthorized digitalization of a copyrightedwork should be considered a crime even whenit is done for purposes of private study orresearch.

(C) Making a copy of a copyrighted work from anunauthorized digitalization of the workshould not be considered a crime.

(D) Making a copy of a copyrighted work from anunauthorized digitalization of the workshould be punished, but not as severely asmaking the original digitalization.

(E) Making a copy of a copyrighted work from anunauthorized digitalization of the workshould be punished just as severely as makingthe original digitalization.

33 3

S T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.

DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

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44 -22-

1. A study comparing infant care revealed that theamount of stimulation babies receive affects theirsleep. At six months of age, the babies in the studywith a less stimulating daytime routine slept anaverage of two hours more per day than those with amore stimulating routine. Since sleep plays a veryimportant role in a childs development, parentswould be wise to reduce the amount of stimulationtheir babies receive.

Which one of the following statements, if true, mostseriously weakens the argument?

(A) Babies muscular coordination is unaffected bythe amount of stimulation they receive.

(B) Babies with less stimulating routines usuallyget extra sleep during the day.

(C) Studies showed no correlation betweenstimulation and amount of sleep for childrenthree years of age or older.

(D) The babies who had a less stimulating routinegained weight at an average rate.

(E) The stimulation that babies receive helps themto develop intellectually.

Questions 23

Tom: Critics of recent high court decisions claim thatjudges willingness to abide by earlier decisions isnecessary to avoid legal chaos. Since high courts of thepast often repudiated legal precedents and no harm tothe legal system ensued, these critics objections mustbe politically motivated and ought to be ignored.

Mary: High courts have repudiated precedents in the past,but they were careful to do so only when the previousrulings were old and had clearly become outdated. Therecently overturned rulings were themselves recent.Overturning any recent legal ruling diminishes the law,which comes to be viewed as unstable and capricious.

2. Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe point at issue between Tom and Mary?

(A) whether the overturning of recent high courtprecedents will harm the legal system

(B) whether the overturning of recent high courtprecedents was politically motivated

(C) whether critics of recent high court decisionsin fact advanced the claim Tom cites

(D) whether a precedent that is clearly outdated isin need of being overturned

(E) whether judicial decisions that seem progressiveat first can quickly become outdated

3. Mary responds to Toms argument in which one ofthe following ways?

(A) She questions Toms claim about the effects ofreversals by high courts of the past.

(B) She agrees to Toms evaluation of certaincritics motives, but introduces evidence toshow that it is usually difficult to discern suchmotives in practice.

(C) She defends a practice against Toms criticismsby citing evidence to show that it has usuallybeen resorted to only after due deliberation.

(D) She points out that Toms conclusion rests onan assumption that is contradicted by theevidence Tom presents.

(E) She introduces a distinction between two kindsof situations in which precedents areoverturned, in order to argue for a differencethat Tom fails to take into account.

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44 44SECTION IV

Time35 minutes

26 Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

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4-23-44. Among North American school-age children, there is

a strong positive correlation between obesity and theamount of television watched. Therefore, with thearrival of interactive television, obesity among NorthAmerican school-age children will increase.

The argument requires the assumption that

(A) a sedentary lifestyle is among the mostimportant causes of childhood obesity

(B) obesity among North American school-agechildren increased as cable television becamewidely available

(C) genetics makes no significant contribution toobesity

(D) North American school-age children willincrease their television viewing with thearrival of interactive television

(E) within a decade of its introduction, interactivetelevision will be almost universally available

5. Lactose, a sugar found in milk, aids in the absorptionof calcium, which in turn is required for bone repair.In addition to there being shortages of milk intropical areas, inhabitants of these areas lose theability to absorb lactose, unlike people fromnontropical areas. Yet inhabitants of tropical areashave no more problems with bone repair than dopeople who inhabit nontropical areas.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps toresolve the apparent paradox described above?

(A) People living in tropical areas periodically taketablets containing lactose when there areshortages of milk.

(B) Milk consumption has fallen in both tropicaland nontropical areas.

(C) The abundant sunlight in tropical areas causesthe human body to produce vitamin Dnaturally, which aids in the absorption ofcalcium.

(D) Consumption of dairy products other thanmilk has risen slightly in tropical areas.

(E) The extent to which people living in tropicalareas lose the ability to absorb lactosedepends on a genetic predisposition.

6. A politician can neither be reelected nor avoidcensure by his or her colleagues if that politician isknown to be involved in any serious scandals. Severalprominent politicians have just now been shown tobe involved in a conspiracy that turned into a seriousscandal. These politicians will therefore not bereelected.

If the statements above are all true, which one of thefollowing statements must also be true?

(A) The prominent politicians cannot escapecensure by their colleagues.

(B) If there had been no scandal, the prominentpoliticians would be reelected.

(C) No politician is censured unless he or she isknown to be involved in a serious scandal.

(D) The prominent politicians initially benefitedfrom the conspiracy that caused the scandal.

(E) Some politicians who are involved inscandalous conspiracies avoid detection andcensure.

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44 44

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44 -24-Questions 78

Jorge: You wont be able to write well about the rock musicof the 1960s, since you were just an infant then. Rockmusic of the 1960s was created by and for people whowere then in their teens and early twenties.

Ruth: Your reasoning is absurd. There are living writerswho write well about ancient Roman culture, eventhough those writers are obviously not a part ofancient Roman culture. Why should my youth aloneprevent me from writing well about the music of aperiod as recent as the 1960s?

7. Which one of the following most accuratelyrepresents what is at issue between Jorge and Ruth?

(A) whether only those people who were in theirteens or early twenties during the 1960s canbe qualified to write about the rock music ofthat period

(B) whether people who were in their teens orearly twenties during the 1960s can write wellabout the rock music of that period

(C) whether only people who are past their earlytwenties can write well about ancient cultures

(D) whether people who are not now in their teensor early twenties can write well about the rockmusic of the 1960s

(E) whether Ruths ideas about the rock music ofthe 1960s are likely to appeal to people whowere in their teens or early twenties duringthat period

8. Ruth responds to Jorges criticism by

(A) challenging his claim that she was not in herteens or early twenties during the 1960s

(B) clarifying a definition of popular culture thatis left implicit in Jorges argument

(C) using the example of classical culture in orderto legitimize contemporary culture as anobject worthy of serious consideration

(D) offering an analogy to counter an unstatedassumption of Jorges argument

(E) casting doubt on her opponents qualificationto make judgments about popular culture

9. In each of the last ten years, there have been fewcomplaints to law enforcement agencies oftelemarketing fraud. Yet, in the last ten years,fraudulent telemarketing schemes have become amore and more serious problem, bilking victims outof millions of dollars annually.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps toresolve the apparent conflict described above?

(A) Telemarketers convicted of fraud tend to bepunished more severely than other peopleconvicted of nonviolent crimes.

(B) Most complaints of telemarketing fraud thatauthorities investigate involve the use ofcredit cards, which makes it extremelydifficult for law enforcement agencies to trackdown the perpetrators.

(C) Some fraudulent telemarketers have concoctedphony investment schemes which make itunlikely that victims will detect the frauduntil a year or two after the fact, by whichtime their swindlers are long gone.

(D) Fraudulent telemarketers typically base theiroperations outside the legal jurisdictioninhabited by the people they solicit, so theymust be prosecuted in higher courts.

(E) The majority of those who have beendefrauded by telemarketers have beeninclined not to seek any legal remedy, out ofembarrassment at being duped.

10. The wholesale price of one bottle of Veritas Vineyardswine, always a profitable brand, is the same today as itwas in 1991. The winegrowers profit is equal to thewholesale price minus the costs of producing thebottled wine, which include the cost to the winegrowerof the glass bottles themselves and of the corks. Between1991 and the present, all of the costs to the winegrowerof producing a bottle of Veritas Vineyards wine haveremained constant, except that of the corks, which costnearly twice as much today as they did in 1991.

If the statements above are true, which one of thefollowing must also be true on the basis of them?

(A) The number of bottles of Veritas Vineyardswine sold has remained unchanged between1991 and the present.

(B) Each bottle of Veritas Vineyards wine that issold today brings the winegrower less profitthan did each bottle sold in 1991.

(C) The cost to the cork maker of producing thecorks used in bottles of Veritas Vineyardswine has increased since 1991.

(D) The aggregate profit generated by thewinegrowers sales of Veritas Vineyards winethis year is smaller than the aggregate profitgenerated in 1991.

(E) The cost of each cork used in bottling VeritasVineyards wine is currently greater than thecost of each glass bottle itself.

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44 44

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4-25-411. Letter to the editor: According to your last editions

anonymous article, we should all be requiredto carry identification cards and show them ondemand. This opinion is wrong. After all, thewriters of the article should not have assertedthat the right to remain anonymous wastrivial, unless they were prepared to put theirnames to that assertion.

The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticismon the grounds that it

(A) criticizes the editor rather than the writers ofthe article

(B) diverts attention from the content of thearticle by focusing on the writers actions

(C) commits the same error in reasoning that itaccuses the writers of committing

(D) attacks the integrity of the writers withoutknowing anything about them

(E) confuses two meanings of the termanonymous

12. The higher a dam, the more exposed it is to forcesthat can cause it to collapse. Of the worlds hundredsof arch dams, more than half are over 100 metershigh. Yet all six of the arch dam collapses that haveoccurred during the past 40 years have occurred inarch dams under 100 meters high.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps toresolve the apparent paradox?

(A) The higher a dam must be, the greater thelikelihood that it will be built as an arch dam.

(B) Arch dams are generally more complicated andmore costly to construct than other types ofdams of comparable size.

(C) The larger the structure, the more careful theattention it received in design andconstruction.

(D) The basic engineering principles behind thedesign and construction of arch dams havebeen known for more than 100 years.

(E) Arch dams under 100 meters high are lesssubject to collapse than are dams of othertypes also under 100 meters high.

13. Nearly every criminal trial includes eyewitnesstestimony, and cognitive psychologists havehypothesized that misidentification by eyewitnessesis a common reason for mistaken convictions incriminal trials.

Each of the following, if true, supports the cognitivepsychologists hypothesis EXCEPT:

(A) Eyewitnesses reports are the most commonreason for conviction.

(B) In most crimes, eyewitnesses have seen theperpetrator only briefly, and people aregenerally poor at remembering the faces ofpeople they have seen only briefly.

(C) The shock of witnessing a crime makes it likelythat a witnesss memory of the perpetratorsface will be distorted.

(D) Judges often instruct juries about thosecircumstances under which testimony ofeyewitnesses is fallible.

(E) Jurors are very likely to believe eyewitnesseswho appear confident, and unreliablewitnesses usually appear very confident.

14. The mathematics of the scientific theory known ascomplexity describes those phenomena that are notquite stable and not quite chaotic. For example, themathematics of complexity can be used to describesand dunes: although sand dunes generally retaintheir shape, the addition of a tiny amount of sandcan cause a sandslide. Certain scientists haveconcluded that there is good evidence thatcomplexity is correct. After entering complexity-based mathematical models of real-worldphenomena in computers, they found that thecomputerized mathematical models evolve much likethe real-world phenomena actually evolve.

Which one of the following principles, if valid, mostjustifies the scientists conclusion?

(A) If computerized models based on a theorybehave like their real-world counterpartsbehave, then that theory is probably correct.

(B) If a scientific theory is correct, thencomputerized mathematical models based onthat theory behave like their real-worldcounterparts.

(C) If actual phenomena can be pictured ascomputerized models, computers themselveswill eventually discover the mathematics of thecorrect theory explaining those phenomena.

(D) If they evolve exactly like real-worldphenomena, computer models are neitherpurely stable nor purely chaotic, which iswhat complexity predicts.

(E) If computers verify that there aremathematical errors in the calculations ofscientists, then the theories of those scientistsare probably incorrect.

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44 -26-15. Ruth: To become a politician, a person should be

required to have a diversity of experience. Themore diverse ones experience, the more onewill understand the need for compromise.

Stephanie: To be worthy of public trust, it is notenough, as you suggest, that one simply havevaried experience. Such a person would notnecessarily be worthy of public trust.

Which one of the following most accurately describesa flaw in the reasoning in Stephanies response toRuths statements?

(A) The response simply asserts a point of viewopposite to Ruths without giving reasons for it.

(B) The response fails to provide evidence for itsassumption that experience is not beneficialto the practice of politics.

(C) The response attributes to Ruth a view that ismore vulnerable to criticism than any sheactually expresses.

(D) The response fails to make a neededdistinction between personal experience andrelevant professional experience.

(E) The response fails to provide evidence for itsassumption that flexibility is unimportant inthe practice of politics.

16. Czannes art inspired the next generation of artists,twentieth-century modernist creators of abstract art.While most experts rank Czanne as an earlymodernist, a small few reject this idea. FranoiseCachin, for example, bluntly states that such anascription is overplayed, and says that Czanneswork is too often observed from a modern point ofview.

Which one of the following statements is moststrongly supported by the information above?

(A) Czannes work is highly controversial.(B) Czanne was an early creator of abstract art.(C) Czannes work helped to develop modernism.(D) Modern art owes less to Czanne than many

experts believe.(E) Czannes work tends to be misinterpreted as

modernist.

17. Ecologist: Forest fires, the vast majority of whichare started by lightning, are not only a naturalphenomenon to which all forest ecosystems arewell adapted, but are required for many foreststo flourish. Forest fires facilitate the openingand spreading of seed pods, prevent anoverabundance of insects, and promote thediversity of forests by preventing certainvarieties of aggressive weeds from dominat