Ls-dyna 970 Manual k

LS-DYNAKEYWORD USER'S MANUAL

April 2003Version 970

Copyright 1992-2003LIVERMORE SOFTWARE

TECHNOLOGY CORPORATIONAll Rights Reserved

Mailing Address:Livermore Software Technology Corporation

2876 Waverley WayLivermore, California 94551

Support Address:Livermore Software Technology Corporation

7374 Las Positas RoadLivermore, California 94551

TEL: 925-449-2500FAX: 925-449-2507

EMAIL: [email protected]

Copyright 1992-2003 by Livermore Software Technology CorporationAll Rights Reserved

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LS-DYNA Version 970 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . 1

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY.................................................................................... I.1

DESCRIPTION OF KEYWORD INPUT....................................................................... I.16

MATERIAL MODELS............................................................................................... I.25

SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION..................................................................................... I.26

CONTACT-IMPACT INTERFACES............................................................................ I.29

INTERFACE DEFINITIONS FOR COMPONENT ANALYSIS........................................ I.30

CAPACITY.............................................................................................................. I.30

SENSE SWITCH CONTROLS.................................................................................... I.30

PRECISION............................................................................................................. I.31

EXECUTION SYNTAX ............................................................................................. I.31

RESTART ANALYSIS.............................................................................................. I.35

VDA/IGES DATABASES........................................................................................... I.36

MESH GENERATION............................................................................................... I.36

LS-PREPOST .......................................................................................................... I.37

EXECUTION SPEEDS .............................................................................................. I.39

UNITS .................................................................................................................. I.40

GENERAL CARD FORMAT...................................................................................... I.40

* A I R B A G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1*AIRBAG_OPTION1_{OPTION2}_{OPTION3}_ ................... 1.1*AIRBAG_INTERACTION........................................................................................ 1.42*AIRBAG_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY_OPTION_OPTION ........................................... 1.44

*ALE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 1

*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP ............................................................................ 2.2

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE ...................................................................... 2.6

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP ...................................................................... 2.8

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE....................................................................... 2.12

*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH................................................................... 2.14

*ALE_SMOOTHING................................................................................................ 2.16

*ALE_TANK_TEST................................................................................................. 2.17

* B O U N D A R Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 1

*BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_COUPLING....................................................................... 3.2

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iv LS-DYNA Version 970

*BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS .................................................................................. 3.3*BOUNDARY_CONVECTION_OPTION ...................................................................... 3.5

*BOUNDARY_CYCLIC............................................................................................. 3.7*BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_OPTION ............................................................ 3.9

*BOUNDARY_FLUX_OPTION.................................................................................. 3.20

*BOUNDARY_MCOL .............................................................................................. 3.23

*BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING........................................................................... 3.25

*BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING_2D ..................................................................... 3.26*BOUNDARY_OUTFLOW_CFD_OPTION .................................................................. 3.28

*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_CFD_OPTION.............................................................. 3.30

*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_{OPTION1}_(OPTION2} ................................. 3.32*BOUNDARY_PRESSURE_CFD_SET....................................................................... 3.37*BOUNDARY_PRESSURE_OUTFLOW_OPTION........................................................ 3.39

*BOUNDARY_RADIATION_OPTION ........................................................................ 3.40

*BOUNDARY_SLIDING_PLANE............................................................................... 3.44*BOUNDARY_SPC_{OPTION1}_{OPTION2}.............................................................. 3.45*BOUNDARY_SPH_FLOW....................................................................................... 3.47

*BOUNDARY_SPH_SYMMETRY_PLANE................................................................. 3.49

*BOUNDARY_SYMMETRY_FAILURE ..................................................................... 3.50*BOUNDARY_TEMPERATURE_OPTION .................................................................. 3.51

*BOUNDARY_THERMAL_WELD............................................................................. 3.52

*BOUNDARY_USA_SURFACE ................................................................................ 3.55

*COMPONENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 1*COMPONENT_GEBOD_OPTION .............................................................................. 4.2

*COMPONENT_GEBOD_JOINT_OPTION ................................................................... 4.4

*COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII ....................................................................................... 4.8*COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII_JOINT_OPTION .............................................................. 4.10

*CONSTRAINED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 1

*CONSTRAINED_ADAPTIVITY ................................................................................ 5.2

*CONSTRAINED_EULER_IN_EULER........................................................................ 5.3*CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES_OPTION............................................................... 5.5

*CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD_OPTION_{OPTION} .................................... 5.7*CONSTRAINED_GLOBAL...................................................................................... 5.20*CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION_{OPTION}......................................................... 5.22*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_OPTION_{OPTION}_{OPTION}_{OPTION} ........................... 5.27

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LS-DYNA Version 970 v

*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION ......................................................... 5.38

*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID ................................................................ 5.50

*CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_GLOBAL........................................................................ 5.56

*CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_LOCAL.......................................................................... 5.59*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY_{OPTION}_{OPTION} ................................. 5.61*CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET_{OPTION}.................................................................. 5.68*CONSTRAINED_POINTS....................................................................................... 5.71

*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES ............................................................................ 5.73

*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS............................................................. 5.75*CONSTRAINED_RIVET_{OPTION}......................................................................... 5.78*CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID....................................................................... 5.80*CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD_{OPTION}_{OPTION} ................................................ 5.82*CONSTRAINED_TIE-BREAK.................................................................................. 5.86

*CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE............................................................... 5.87

*CONTACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 1*CONTACT_OPTION1_{OPTION2}_{OPTION3}_{OPTION4}......................................... 6.2*CONTACT_AUTO_MOVE...................................................................................... 6.41

*CONTACT_COUPLING.......................................................................................... 6.42

*CONTACT_ENTITY............................................................................................... 6.44*CONTACT_GEBOD_OPTION.................................................................................. 6.53

*CONTACT_INTERIOR........................................................................................... 6.56

*CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE ................................................................................ 6.58

*CONTACT_1D ...................................................................................................... 6.61*CONTACT_2D_OPTION1_{OPTION2}_{OPTION3}................................................... 6.62

*CONTROL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 1

*CONTROL_ACCURACY.......................................................................................... 7.4

*CONTROL_ADAPSTEP ........................................................................................... 7.6

*CONTROL_ADAPTIVE............................................................................................ 7.7

*CONTROL_ALE.................................................................................................... 7.12

*CONTROL_BULK_VISCOSITY............................................................................... 7.14

*CONTROL_CFD_AUTO......................................................................................... 7.15

*CONTROL_CFD_GENERAL................................................................................... 7.17

*CONTROL_CFD_MOMENTUM.............................................................................. 7.19

*CONTROL_CFD_PRESSURE................................................................................. 7.22

*CONTROL_CFD_TRANSPORT .............................................................................. 7.24

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vi LS-DYNA Version 970

*CONTROL_CFD_TURBULENCE............................................................................. 7.28*CONTROL_CHECK_{OPTION}............................................................................... 7.29*CONTROL_COARSEN........................................................................................... 7.31

*CONTROL_CONTACT........................................................................................... 7.33

*CONTROL_COUPLING.......................................................................................... 7.39

*CONTROL_CPU.................................................................................................... 7.41

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION .................................................................... 7.42

*CONTROL_EFG .................................................................................................... 7.44

*CONTROL_ENERGY ............................................................................................. 7.45

*CONTROL_EXPLOSIVE_SHADOW......................................................................... 7.46*CONTROL_HOURGLASS_{OPTION} ...................................................................... 7.47*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO.................................................................................. 7.49

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_BUCKLE ............................................................................. 7.51

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS......................................................................... 7.52

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE...................................................................... 7.54

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL ........................................................................... 7.56

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_MODES............................................................................... 7.58

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION .......................................................................... 7.60

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER.............................................................................. 7.64

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION .................................................................. 7.67

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_AUTOMATIC.................................................. 7.68

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CHECK_SPEED.............................................. 7.69

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CONTACT_DISTRIBUTE................................. 7.70

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CONTACT_ISOLATE ...................................... 7.71

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_FILE .............................................................. 7.72

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_METHOD ....................................................... 7.73

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_NUMPROC..................................................... 7.74

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_RCBLOG........................................................ 7.75

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_SHOW............................................................ 7.76

*CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_TRANSFORMATION....................................... 7.77

*CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOD3DUMP........................................................................... 7.79

*CONTROL_MPP_IO_NODUMP............................................................................... 7.80

*CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOFILL ................................................................................. 7.81

*CONTROL_MPP_IO_SWAPBYTES ......................................................................... 7.82

*CONTROL_NONLOCAL......................................................................................... 7.83

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LS-DYNA Version 970 vii

*CONTROL_OUTPUT ............................................................................................. 7.84

*CONTROL_PARALLEL ......................................................................................... 7.86

*CONTROL_REMESHING....................................................................................... 7.88

*CONTROL_RIGID ................................................................................................. 7.89

*CONTROL_SHELL................................................................................................ 7.91

*CONTROL_SOLID................................................................................................. 7.96

*CONTROL_SOLUTION.......................................................................................... 7.98

*CONTROL_SPH.................................................................................................... 7.99*CONTROL_STRUCTURED_{OPTION}.................................................................. 7.101*CONTROL_SUBCYCLE....................................................................................... 7.102

*CONTROL_TERMINATION.................................................................................. 7.103

*CONTROL_THERMAL_NONLINEAR.................................................................... 7.104

*CONTROL_THERMAL_SOLVER.......................................................................... 7.105

*CONTROL_THERMAL_TIMESTEP....................................................................... 7.107

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP ........................................................................................ 7.108

*DAMPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 1

*DAMPING_FREQUENCY_RANGE............................................................................ 8.1*DAMPING_GLOBAL................................................................................................ 8.3

*DAMPING_PART_MASS......................................................................................... 8.5

*DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS................................................................................. 8.7

*DAMPING_RELATIVE............................................................................................. 8.9

*DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . 1*DATABASE_OPTION ............................................................................................... 9.2

*DATABASE_ADAMS............................................................................................... 9.7*DATABASE_BINARY_OPTION................................................................................. 9.8

*DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION_OPTION1_{OPTION2}............................................. 9.12*DATABASE_EXTENT_OPTION .............................................................................. 9.17

*DATABASE_FORMAT........................................................................................... 9.25

*DATABASE_FSI.................................................................................................... 9.26*DATABASE_HISTORY_OPTION............................................................................. 9.28

*DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP.................................................................... 9.31

*DATABASE_SPRING_FORWARD .......................................................................... 9.32

*DATABASE_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING ............................................................... 9.33

*DATABASE_TRACER ........................................................................................... 9.34

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viii LS-DYNA Version 970

*DEFINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 . 1

*DEFINE_BOX........................................................................................................ 10.2

*DEFINE_BOX_ADAPTIVE...................................................................................... 10.3

*DEFINE_BOX_COARSEN....................................................................................... 10.5

*DEFINE_BOX_DRAWBEAD.................................................................................... 10.6

*DEFINE_BOX_SPH................................................................................................ 10.7

*DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES............................................................................. 10.9

*DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM ........................................................................ 10.10

*DEFINE_COORDINATE_VECTOR ........................................................................ 10.12

*DEFINE_CURVE ................................................................................................. 10.13

*DEFINE_CURVE_FEEDBACK .............................................................................. 10.15

*DEFINE_CURVE_SMOOTH.................................................................................. 10.18*DEFINE_CURVE_TRIM_{OPTION}....................................................................... 10.20*DEFINE_SD_ORIENTATION................................................................................. 10.25

*DEFINE_TABLE .................................................................................................. 10.27

*DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION.............................................................................. 10.29

*DEFINE_VECTOR ............................................................................................... 10.33

* D E F O R M A B L E _ T O _ R I G I D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 1

*DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID..................................................................................... 11.2

*DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_AUTOMATIC................................................................ 11.3

*DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_INERTIA ...................................................................... 11.7

*ELEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . 1*ELEMENT_BEAM_{OPTION}_{OPTION}................................................................. 12.2*ELEMENT_DIRECT_MATRIX_INPUT................................................................... 12.10

*ELEMENT_DISCRETE......................................................................................... 12.12*ELEMENT_INERTIA_{OPTION}............................................................................ 12.13*ELEMENT_MASS................................................................................................ 12.16

*ELEMENT_PLOTEL............................................................................................. 12.17

*ELEMENT_SEATBELT......................................................................................... 12.18

*ELEMENT_SEATBELT_ACCELEROMETER.......................................................... 12.19

*ELEMENT_SEATBELT_PRETENSIONER .............................................................. 12.21

*ELEMENT_SEATBELT_RETRACTOR................................................................... 12.25

*ELEMENT_SEATBELT_SENSOR.......................................................................... 12.31

*ELEMENT_SEATBELT_SLIPRING........................................................................ 12.35*ELEMENT_SHELL_{OPTION} .............................................................................. 12.37

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LS-DYNA Version 970 ix

*ELEMENT_SOLID_{OPTION}............................................................................... 12.41*ELEMENT_SPH .................................................................................................. 12.47

*ELEMENT_TRIM ................................................................................................ 12.48

*ELEMENT_TSHELL ............................................................................................ 12.49

*EOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 . 1

*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL ................................................................................ 13.4

*EOS_JWL ............................................................................................................. 13.6

*EOS_SACK_TUESDAY.......................................................................................... 13.7

*EOS_GRUNEISEN................................................................................................. 13.8

*EOS_RATIO_OF_POLYNOMIALS ........................................................................ 13.10

*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL_WITH_ENERGY_LEAK........................................... 13.14

*EOS_IGNITION_AND_GROWTH_OF_REACTION_IN_HE ....................................... 13.16

*EOS_TABULATED_COMPACTION....................................................................... 13.20

*EOS_TABULATED .............................................................................................. 13.22

*EOS_PROPELLANT_DEFLAGRATION ................................................................. 13.24

*EOS_TENSOR_PORE_COLLAPSE........................................................................ 13.29

*EOS_IDEAL_GAS................................................................................................ 13.32

*EOS_JWLB ......................................................................................................... 13.34

*HOURGLASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 . 1

*HOURGLASS........................................................................................................ 14.1

*INCLUDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 . 1*INCLUDE_{OPTION}............................................................................................. 15.1

*INITIAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 . 1

*INITIAL_CFD........................................................................................................ 16.2

*INITIAL_DETONATION ......................................................................................... 16.4

*INITIAL_FOAM_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY............................................................ 16.7

*INITIAL_GAS_MIXTURE....................................................................................... 16.8

*INITIAL_MOMENTUM .......................................................................................... 16.9

*INITIAL_STRAIN_SHELL .................................................................................... 16.10

*INITIAL_STRESS_BEAM..................................................................................... 16.11

*INITIAL_STRESS_SHELL.................................................................................... 16.13

*INITIAL_STRESS_SOLID..................................................................................... 16.15*INITIAL_TEMPERATURE_OPTION ...................................................................... 16.17

*INITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS ........................................................................ 16.18

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x LS-DYNA Version 970

*INITIAL_VELOCITY ............................................................................................ 16.21

*INITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE.................................................................................. 16.24

*INITIAL_VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY....................................................................... 16.25

*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION...................................................................... 16.26*INITIAL_VOID_OPTION ....................................................................................... 16.28

*INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION ............................................................................ 16.29

*INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY ........................................................ 16.30

*INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 . 1

*INTEGRATION_BEAM........................................................................................... 17.1

*INTEGRATION_SHELL.......................................................................................... 17.6

* I N T E R F A C E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 . 1*INTERFACE_COMPONENT_OPTION...................................................................... 18.1

*INTERFACE_LINKING_DISCRETE_NODE_OPTION................................................. 18.2

*INTERFACE_LINKING_SEGMENT ......................................................................... 18.3

*INTERFACE_LINKING_EDGE ................................................................................ 18.4

*INTERFACE_JOY.................................................................................................. 18.5*INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_OPTION1_OPTION2 .................................................... 18.6

*LOAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 . 1*LOAD_BEAM_OPTION .......................................................................................... 19.2

*LOAD_BLAST....................................................................................................... 19.4*LOAD_BODY_OPTION ........................................................................................... 19.6

*LOAD_BODY_GENERALIZED.............................................................................. 19.10

*LOAD_BRODE .................................................................................................... 19.12

*LOAD_DENSITY_DEPTH..................................................................................... 19.14*LOAD_HEAT_GENERATION_OPTION .................................................................. 19.16

*LOAD_MASK...................................................................................................... 19.17*LOAD_NODE_OPTION ......................................................................................... 19.19

*LOAD_RIGID_BODY............................................................................................ 19.22

*LOAD_SEGMENT................................................................................................ 19.24

*LOAD_SEGMENT_SET........................................................................................ 19.26*LOAD_SHELL_OPTION ....................................................................................... 19.28

*LOAD_SSA......................................................................................................... 19.30

*LOAD_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING...................................................................... 19.33*LOAD_THERMAL_OPTION.................................................................................. 19.35

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*MAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 . 1

*MAT_ADD_EROSION.......................................................................................... 20.15

*MAT_NONLOCAL............................................................................................... 20.17*MAT_ELASTIC_{OPTION}................................................................................... 20.21*MAT_OPTIONTROPIC_ELASTIC ......................................................................... 20.24

*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC............................................................................... 20.30

*MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_THERMAL.................................................................. 20.33

*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM ..................................................................................... 20.36

*MAT_VISCOELASTIC......................................................................................... 20.40

*MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER.................................................................................. 20.41

*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN .......................................................................... 20.42

*MAT_NULL........................................................................................................ 20.45*MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO_{OPTION}...................................................... 20.47*MAT_STEINBERG............................................................................................... 20.51

*MAT_STEINBERG_LUND.................................................................................... 20.55

*MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC................................................................. 20.58

*MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_FAILURE ................................................................ 20.59

*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE...................................................................... 20.61

*MAT_JOHNSON_COOK....................................................................................... 20.62

*MAT_PSEUDO_TENSOR..................................................................................... 20.66

*MAT_ORIENTED_CRACK................................................................................... 20.74

*MAT_POWER_LAW_PLASTICITY ....................................................................... 20.76

*MAT_STRAIN_RATE_DEPENDENT_PLASTICITY................................................. 20.78

*MAT_RIGID........................................................................................................ 20.81

*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_THERMAL........................................................................ 20.85

*MAT_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE.............................................................................. 20.89

*MAT_TEMPERATURE_DEPENDENT_ORTHOTROPIC .......................................... 20.93

*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY............................................................. 20.98

*MAT_GEOLOGIC_CAP_MODEL ......................................................................... 20.102

*MAT_HONEYCOMB........................................................................................... 20.108

*MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER....................................................................... 20.115

*MAT_RESULTANT_PLASTICITY........................................................................ 20.118

*MAT_FORCE_LIMITED...................................................................................... 20.119

*MAT_SHAPE_MEMORY .................................................................................... 20.125

*MAT_FRAZER_NASH_RUBBER_MODEL............................................................ 20.129

*MAT_LAMINATED_GLASS................................................................................ 20.132

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xii LS-DYNA Version 970

*MAT_BARLAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTICITY...................................................... 20.134

*MAT_BARLAT_YLD96 ...................................................................................... 20.137

*MAT_FABRIC................................................................................................... 20.141

*MAT_PLASTIC_GREEN-NAGHDI_RATE............................................................. 20.147

*MAT_3-PARAMETER_BARLAT ......................................................................... 20.148

*MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC............................... 20.152

*MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM.................................................................................... 20.155

*MAT_FLD_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC ..................................................... 20.156

*MAT_NONLINEAR_ORTHOTROPIC................................................................... 20.158

*MAT_USER_DEFINED_MATERIAL_MODELS..................................................... 20.162

*MAT_BAMMAN................................................................................................ 20.165

*MAT_BAMMAN_DAMAGE................................................................................ 20.170

*MAT_CLOSED_CELL_FOAM............................................................................. 20.173

*MAT_ENHANCED_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE ........................................................ 20.175

*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM............................................................................. 20.181

*MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC ......................................................... 20.185*MAT_COMPOSITE_FAILURE_OPTION_MODEL ................................................. 20.191

*MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY .................................................................... 20.195

*MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC........................................................ 20.198

*MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM ..................................................................................... 20.200

*MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM................................................................................ 20.202

*MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POWERLAW_PLASTICITY........................................... 20.204

*MAT_MODIFIED_ZERILLI_ARMSTRONG .......................................................... 20.206

*MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM....................................................... 20.209

*MAT_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM................................................ 20.211

*MAT_NONLINEAR_PLASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM................................................ 20.214

*MAT_SID_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM ............................................................. 20.219

*MAT_HYDRAULIC_GAS_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM....................................... 20.223

*MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE_BEAM........................................................................ 20.225

*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE ............................................................................. 20.227

*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM............................................................. 20.231

*MAT_ELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM....................................................... 20.235

*MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM........................................................................... 20.237

*MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC ...................................................................... 20.239

*MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER........................................................................ 20.242

*MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER..................................................................................... 20.246

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LS-DYNA Version 970 xiii

*MAT_SOIL_CONCRETE..................................................................................... 20.250

*MAT_HYSTERETIC_SOIL .................................................................................. 20.254

*MAT_RAMBERG-OSGOOD................................................................................. 20.257*MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE_{OPTION} .................................................. 20.259*MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM................................................................................... 20.264

*MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE ............................................................................ 20.270

*MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE_REINFORCEMENT............................................... 20.274

*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC............................................................... 20.276

*MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER................................................................................ 20.279

*MAT_MTS......................................................................................................... 20.284

*MAT_PLASTICITY_POLYMER........................................................................... 20.289

*MAT_ACOUSTIC............................................................................................... 20.291*MAT_SOFT_TISSUE_{OPTION}.......................................................................... 20.293*MAT_ELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM.............................................. 20.297

*MAT_INELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM .................................................... 20.298

*MAT_INELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM .......................................... 20.301

*MAT_BRITTLE_DAMAGE .................................................................................. 20.302

*MAT_GENERAL_JOINT_DISCRETE_BEAM......................................................... 20.305

*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK.................................................................. 20.307

*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK_ORTHOTROPIC_DAMAGE......................... 20.310*MAT_SPOTWELD_{OPTION}.............................................................................. 20.312*MAT_GEPLASTIC_SRATE_2000a........................................................................ 20.321

*MAT_INV_HYPERBOLIC_SIN............................................................................. 20.323

*MAT_ANISOTROPIC_VISCOPLASTIC ................................................................ 20.325

*MAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTIC .......................................................................... 20.330

*MAT_DAMAGE_1.............................................................................................. 20.334

*MAT_DAMAGE_2.............................................................................................. 20.340

*MAT_ELASTIC_VISCOPLASTIC_THERMAL....................................................... 20.344

*MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CERAMICS......................................................... 20.347*MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CONCRETE ........................................................ 20.350*MAT_FINITE_ELASTIC_STRAIN_PLASTICITY.................................................... 20.353

*MAT_LAYERED_LINEAR_PLASTICITY.............................................................. 20.356

*MAT_UNIFIED_CREEP ...................................................................................... 20.359

*MAT_COMPOSITE_LAYUP................................................................................ 20.360

*MAT_COMPOSITE_MATRIX.............................................................................. 20.363

*MAT_COMPOSITE_DIRECT............................................................................... 20.366

TABLE OF CONTENTS

xiv LS-DYNA Version 970

*MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_6DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM .................................... 20.368

*MAT_GURSON ................................................................................................. 20.375

*MAT_GURSON_RCDC ...................................................................................... 20.379

*MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_1DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM .................................... 20.385

*MAT_HILL_3R.................................................................................................. 20.387

*MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY.......................................... 20.390

*MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION................................................... 20.393

*MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB ........................................................................ 20.395

*MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE_RUBBER...................................................................... 20.403

*MAT_HEART_TISSUE....................................................................................... 20.406

*MAT_LUNG_TISSUE......................................................................................... 20.409

*MAT_SPECIAL_ORTHOTROPIC ........................................................................ 20.412

*MAT_MODIFIED_FORCE_LIMITED ................................................................... 20.415

*MAT_VACUUM ................................................................................................ 20.426

*MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POLYMER .................................................................. 20.427

*MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_CRUSHABLE_FOAM............................. 20.429*MAT_WOOD_{OPTION}..................................................................................... 20.432*MAT_PITZER_CRUSHABLE_FOAM................................................................... 20.438

*MAT_SHWER_MURRAY_CAP_MODEL ............................................................. 20.440

*MAT_1DOF_GENERALIZED_SPRING................................................................. 20.446

*MAT_FHWA_SOIL ............................................................................................ 20.447

*MAT_FHWA_SOIL_NEBRASKA......................................................................... 20.450

*MAT_GAS_MIXTURE........................................................................................ 20.451*MAT_CFD_{OPTION}........................................................................................ 20.452*MAT_DESHPANDE_FLECK_FOAM.................................................................... 20.454*MAT_COMPOSITE_{OPTION}_MSC................................................................... 20.456*MAT_MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM .............................................................. 20.467

*MAT_QUASILINEAR_VISCOELASTIC................................................................ 20.469*MAT_HILL_FOAM ............................................................................................ 20.472

*MAT_VISCOELASTIC_HILL_FOAM................................................................... 20.475*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM_{OPTION} ........................................ 20.479*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER.............................................................................. 20.482

*MAT_SEISMIC_BEAM....................................................................................... 20.484

*MAT_SOIL_BRICK............................................................................................ 20.487

*MAT_DRUCKER_PRAGER................................................................................ 20.489

*MAT_RC_SHEAR_WALL................................................................................... 20.491

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LS-DYNA Version 970 xv

*MAT_CONCRETE_BEAM................................................................................... 20.497

*MAT_GENERAL_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM...................................................... 20.500

*MAT_SEISMIC_ISOLATOR ................................................................................ 20.503

*MAT_JOINTED_ROCK ....................................................................................... 20.507

*MAT_SPRING_ELASTIC .................................................................................... 20.511

*MAT_DAMPER_VISCOUS.................................................................................. 20.512

*MAT_SPRING_ELASTOPLASTIC........................................................................ 20.513

*MAT_SPRING_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC................................................................ 20.514

*MAT_DAMPER_NONLINEAR_VISCOUS............................................................. 20.515

*MAT_SPRING_GENERAL_NONLINEAR.............................................................. 20.516

*MAT_SPRING_MAXWELL ................................................................................. 20.518

*MAT_SPRING_INELASTIC................................................................................. 20.519

*MAT_SPRING_TRILINEAR_DEGRADING............................................................ 20.520

*MAT_SPRING_SQUAT_SHEARWALL................................................................. 20.521*MAT_SPRING_MUSCLE .................................................................................... 20.522

*MAT_SEATBELT ............................................................................................... 20.527*MAT_THERMAL_OPTION .................................................................................. 20.529

* N O D E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 1

*NODE................................................................................................................... 21.2

*NODE_RIGID_SURFACE....................................................................................... 21.4

*NODE_SCALER.................................................................................................... 21.5

*PARAMETER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . 1

*PART. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 . 1*PART_{OPTION1}_{OPTION2}_{OPTION3}_{OPTION4}........................................... 23.2*PART_ADAPTIVE_FAILURE ............................................................................... 23.10

*PART_MODES.................................................................................................... 23.11

*PART_SENSOR .................................................................................................. 23.14

*PART_MOVE...................................................................................................... 23.15

* R A I L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 . 1

*RAIL_TRACK....................................................................................................... 24.2

*RAIL_TRAIN ........................................................................................................ 24.7

*RIGIDWALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 . 1*RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRIC_OPTION_{OPTION}_{OPTION}...................................... 25.2*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR_{OPTION}_{OPTION}_{OPTION} ....................................... 25.12

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xvi LS-DYNA Version 970

*SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 . 1

*SECTION_BEAM................................................................................................... 26.2

*SECTION_DISCRETE ............................................................................................ 26.9

*SECTION_POINT_SOURCE.................................................................................. 26.12

*SECTION_POINT_SOURCE_MIXTURE................................................................. 26.14

*SECTION_SEATBELT.......................................................................................... 26.19*SECTION_SHELL_{OPTION}................................................................................ 26.20*SECTION_SOLID_{OPTION} ................................................................................ 26.29*SECTION_SPH.................................................................................................... 26.34

*SECTION_TSHELL.............................................................................................. 26.36

*SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 . 1*SET_BEAM_{OPTION}........................................................................................... 27.2*SET_DISCRETE_{OPTION}.................................................................................... 27.5*SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST .................................................................. 27.8*SET_NODE_{OPTION}........................................................................................... 27.9*SET_PART_{OPTION} ......................................................................................... 27.13*SET_SEGMENT_{OPTION} .................................................................................. 27.16*SET_SHELL_{OPTION}........................................................................................ 27.20*SET_SOLID_{OPTION} ........................................................................................ 27.24*SET_TSHELL_{OPTION}...................................................................................... 27.27

*TERMINATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 . 1

*TERMINATION_BODY........................................................................................... 28.2

*TERMINATION_CONTACT.................................................................................... 28.3

*TERMINATION_CURVE ........................................................................................ 28.4

*TERMINATION_NODE........................................................................................... 28.5

* T I T L E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . 1

*TITLE................................................................................................................... 29.1

*TRANSLATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 . 1*TRANSLATE_ANSYS_OPTION .............................................................................. 30.1

*TRANSLATE_IDEAS_{OPTION}............................................................................. 30.3*TRANSLATE_NASTRAN ....................................................................................... 30.5

*USER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 . 1*USER_INTERFACE_OPTION.................................................................................. 31.1

*USER_LOADING................................................................................................... 31.3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LS-DYNA Version 970 xvii

RESTART INPUT DATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 . 1*CHANGE_OPTION ................................................................................................ 32.3

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION.................................................................. 32.15

*CONTROL_SHELL.............................................................................................. 32.17

*CONTROL_TERMINATION.................................................................................. 32.19

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP ........................................................................................ 32.20

*DAMPING_GLOBAL............................................................................................ 32.21*DATABASE_OPTION ........................................................................................... 32.22

*DATABASE_BINARY_OPTION............................................................................. 32.24

*DELETE_OPTION ................................................................................................ 32.25

*INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK................................................................................. 32.27*RIGID_DEFORMABLE_OPTION ........................................................................... 32.29

*STRESS_INITIALIZATION_{OPTION}................................................................... 32.32*TERMINATION_OPTION ..................................................................................... 32.35

*TITLE................................................................................................................. 32.37

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REF.1

APPENDIX A

USER DEFINED MATERIALS................................................................................... A.1

APPENDIX B

USER DEFINED AIRBAG SENSOR ........................................................................... B.1

APPENDIX C

USER DEFINED SOLUTION CONTROL..................................................................... C.1

APPENDIX D

USER DEFINED INTERFACE CONTROL................................................................... D.1

APPENDIX E

USER DEFINED INTERFACE FRICTION................................................................... E.1

APPENDIX F

OCCUPANT SIMULATION INCLUDING COUPLING TO CAL3D AND MADYMO......... F.1

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... F.1

THE LS-DYNA/OCCUPANT SIMULATION PROGRAM LINK...................................... F.1

DUMMY MODELING............................................................................................... F.3

AIRBAG MODELING................................................................................................ F.3

KNEE BOLSTER...................................................................................................... F.4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

xviii LS-DYNA Version 970

COMMON ERRORS................................................................................................. F.5

APPENDIX G

INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS COMMANDS.................................................................. .G.1

APPENDIX H

INTERACTIVE MATERIAL MODEL DRIVER............................................................. H.1

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... H.1

INPUT DEFINITION.................................................................................................. H.1

INTERACTIVE DRIVER COMMANDS....................................................................... H.3

APPENDIX I

VDA DATABASE ...................................................................................................... I.1

APPENDIX JCOMMANDS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL REZONING................................................... J.1

REZONING COMMANDS BY FUNCTION ................................................................... J.2

APPENDIX K

RIGID BODY DUMMIES........................................................................................... K.1

APPENDIX L

LS-DYNA MPP USER GUIDE.................................................................................... L.1

APPENDIX M

IMPLICIT SOLVER ................................................................................................. M.1

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... M.1

SETTING UP AN IMPLICIT SOLVER........................................................................ M.1

LINEAR EQUATION SOLVER.................................................................................. M.2NONLINEAR EQUATION SOLVER........................................................................... M.3ELEMENT FORMULATIONS FOR IMPLICIT ANALYSIS........................................... M.4

APPLYING LOADS DURING IMPLICIT ANALYSIS................................................... M.4

AUTOMATIC TIME STEP SIZE CONTROL ............................................................... M.5

IMPLICIT STRESS INITIALIZATION ........................................................................ M.5

TROUBLESHOOTING CONVERGENCE PROBLEMS.................................................. M.6

APPENDIX N

UERS-WRITTEN WELD FAILURE............................................................................. N.1

INTRODUCTION

LS-DYNA Version 970 I.1 (INTRODUCTION)

LS-DYNA USERS MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORYDYNA3D originated at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [Hallquist 1976] . The

early applications were primarily for the stress analysis of structures subjected to a variety of impactloading. These applications required what was then significant computer resources, and the need fora much faster version was immediately obvious. Part of the speed problem was related to theinefficient implementation of the element technology which was further aggravated by the fact thatsupercomputers in 1976 were much slower than todays PC. Furthermore, the primitive slidinginterface treatment could only treat logically regular interfaces that are uncommon in most finiteelement discretizations of complicated three dimensional geometries; consequently, defining asuitable mesh for handling contact was often very difficult. The first version contained trusses,membranes, and a choice of solid elements. The solid elements ranged from a one-point quadratureeight-noded element with hourglass control to a twenty-noded element with eight integration points.Due to the high cost of the twenty node solid, the zero energy modes related to the reduced 8-pointintegration, and the high frequency content which drove the time step size down, higher orderelements were all but abandoned in later versions of DYNA3D. A two-dimensional version,DYNA2D, was developed concurrently.

A new version of DYNA3D was released in 1979 that was programmed to provide nearoptimal speed on the CRAY-1 supercomputers, contained an improved sliding interface treatment thatpermitted triangular segments and was an order of magnitude faster than the previous contacttreatment. The 1979 version eliminated structural and higher order solid elements and some of thematerial models of the first version. This version also included an optional element-wiseimplementation of the integral difference method developed by Wilkins et al. [1974].

The 1981 version [Hallquist 1981a] evolved from the 1979 version. Nine additional materialmodels were added to allow a much broader range of problems to be modeled including explosive-structure and soil-structure interactions. Body force loads were implemented for angular velocitiesand base accelerations. A link was also established from the 3D Eulerian code, JOY [Couch, et. al.,1983] for studying the structural response to impacts by penetrating projectiles. An option wasprovided for storing element data on disk thereby doubling the capacity of DYNA3D.

The 1982 version of DYNA3D [Hallquist 1982] accepted DYNA2D [Hallquist 1980] materialinput directly. The new organization was such that equations of state and constitutive models of anycomplexity could be easily added. Complete vectorization of the material models had been nearlyachieved with about a 10 percent increase in execution speed over the 1981 version.

In the 1986 version of DYNA3D [Hallquist and Benson 1986], many new features wereadded, including beams, shells, rigid bodies, single surface contact, interface friction, discretesprings and dampers, optional hourglass treatments, optional exact volume integration, and VAX/VMS, IBM, UNIX, COS operating systems compatibility, that greatly expanded its range ofapplications. DYNA3D thus became the first code to have a general single surface contact algorithm.

In the 1987 version of DYNA3D [Hallquist and Benson 1987] metal forming simulations andcomposite analysis became a reality. This version included shell thickness changes, the Belytschko-Tsay shell element [Belytschko and Tsay, 1981], and dynamic relaxation. Also included were non-

INTRODUCTION

I.2 (INTRODUCTION) LS-DYNA Version 970

reflecting boundaries, user specified integration rules for shell and beam elements, a layeredcomposite damage model, and single point constraints.

New capabilities added in the 1988 DYNA3D [Hallquist 1988] version included a costeffective resultant beam element, a truss element, a C0 triangular shell, the BCIZ triangular shell[Bazeley et al. 1965], mixing of element formulations in calculations, composite failure modeling forsolids, noniterative plane stress plasticity, contact surfaces with spot welds, tie break slidingsurfaces, beam surface contact, finite stonewalls, stonewall reaction forces, energy calculations forall elements, a crushable foam constitutive model, comment cards in the input, and one-dimensionalslidelines.

By the end of 1988 it was obvious that a much more concentrated effort would be required inthe development of this software if problems in crashworthiness were to be properly solved;therefore, Livermore Software Technology Corporation was founded to continue the development ofDYNA3D as a commercial version called LS-DYNA3D which was later shortened to LS-DYNA.The 1989 release introduced many enhanced capabilities including a one-way treatment of slidesurfaces with voids and friction; cross-sectional forces for structural elements; an optional userspecified minimum time step size for shell elements using elastic and elastoplastic material models;nodal accelerations in the time history database; a compressible Mooney-Rivlin material model; aclosed-form update shell plasticity model; a general rubber material model; unique penaltyspecifications for each slide surface; external work tracking; optional time step criterion for 4-nodeshell elements; and internal element sorting to allow full vectorization of right-hand-side forceassembly.

During the last ten years, considerable progress has been made as may be seen in thechronology of the developments which follows.

Capabilities added in 1989-1990: arbitrary node and element numbers, fabric model for seat belts and airbags, composite glass model, vectorized type 3 contact and single surface contact, many more I/O options, all shell materials available for 8 node thick shell, strain rate dependent plasticity for beams, fully vectorized iterative plasticity, interactive graphics on some computers, nodal damping, shell thickness taken into account in shell type 3 contact, shell thinning accounted for in type 3 and type 4 contact, soft stonewalls, print suppression option for node and element data, massless truss elements, rivets based on equations of rigid body dynamics, massless beam elements, spot welds based on equations of rigid body dynamics, expanded databases with more history variables and integration points, force limited resultant beam, rotational spring and dampers, local coordinate systems for discrete elements, resultant plasticity for C0 triangular element, energy dissipation calculations for stonewalls, hourglass energy calculations for solid and shell elements, viscous and Coulomb friction with arbitrary variation over surface, distributed loads on beam elements, Cowper and Symonds strain rate model, segmented stonewalls, stonewall Coulomb friction,

INTRODUCTION


stonewall energy dissipation, airbags (1990), nodal rigid bodies, automatic sorting of triangular shells into C0 groups, mass scaling for quasi static analyses, user defined subroutines, warpage checks on shell elements, thickness consideration in all contact types, automatic orientation of contact segments, sliding interface energy dissipation calculations, nodal force and energy database for applied boundary conditions, defined stonewall velocity with input energy calculations,

Capabilities added in 1991-1992: rigid/deformable material switching, rigid bodies impacting rigid walls, strain-rate effects in metallic honeycomb model 26, shells and beams interfaces included for subsequent component analyses, external work computed for prescribed displacement/velocity/accelerations, linear constraint equations, MPGS database, MOVIE database, Slideline interface file, automated contact input for all input types, automatic single surface contact without element orientation, constraint technique for contact, cut planes for resultant forces, crushable cellular foams, urethane foam model with hysteresis, subcycling, friction in the contact entities, strains computed and written for the 8 node thick shells, good 4 node tetrahedron solid element with nodal rotations, 8 node solid element with nodal rotations, 2 2 integration for the membrane element, Belytschko-Schwer integrated beam, thin-walled Belytschko-Schwer integrated beam, improved TAURUS database control, null material for beams to display springs and seatbelts in TAURUS, parallel implementation on Crays and SGI computers, coupling to rigid body codes, seat belt capability.

Capabilities added in 1993-1994: Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian brick elements, Belytschko-Wong-Chiang quadrilateral shell element, Warping stiffness in the Belytschko-Tsay shell element, Fast Hughes-Liu shell element, Fully integrated thick shell element, Discrete 3D beam element, Generalized dampers, Cable modeling, Airbag reference geometry,

INTRODUCTION


Multiple jet model, Generalized joint stiffnesses, Enhanced rigid body to rigid body contact, Orthotropic rigid walls, Time zero mass scaling, Coupling with USA (Underwater Shock Analysis), Layered spot welds with failure based on resultants or plastic strain, Fillet welds with failure, Butt welds with failure, Automatic eroding contact, Edge-to-edge contact, Automatic mesh generation with contact entities, Drawbead modeling, Shells constrained inside brick elements, NIKE3D coupling for springback, Barlats anisotropic plasticity, Superplastic forming option, Rigid body stoppers, Keyword input, Adaptivity, First MPP (Massively Parallel) version with limited capabilities. Built in least squares fit for rubber model constitutive constants, Large hystersis in hyperelastic foam, Bilhku/Dubois foam model, Generalized rubber model,

Capabilities added in 1995: Belytschko - Leviathan Shell Automatic switching between rigid and deformable bodies. Accuracy on SMP machines to give identical answers on one, two or more processors. Local coordinate systems for cross-section output can be specified. Null material for shell elements. Global body force loads now may be applied to a subset of materials. User defined loading subroutine. Improved interactive graphics. New initial velocity options for specifying rotational velocities. Geometry changes after dynamic relaxation can be considered for initial velocities.. Velocities may also be specified by using material or part IDs. Improved speed of brick element hourglass force and energy calculations. Pressure outflow boundary conditions have been added for the ALE options. More user control for hourglass control constants for shell elements.

Full vectorization in constitutive models for foam, models 57 and 63. Damage mechanics plasticity model, material 81,

General linear viscoelasticity with 6 term prony series. Least squares fit for viscoelastic material constants. Table definitions for strain rate effects in material type 24.

Improved treatment of free flying nodes after element failure. Automatic projection of nodes in CONTACT_TIED to eliminate gaps in the surface. More user control over contact defaults.

Improved interpenetration warnings printed in automatic contact. Flag for using actual shell thickness in single surface contact logic rather than the default.

Definition by exempted part IDs. Airbag to Airbag venting/segmented airbags are now supported.

INTRODUCTION


Airbag reference geometry speed improvements by using the reference geometry for thetime step size calculation.

Isotropic airbag material may now be directly for cost efficiency. Airbag fabric material damping is specified as the ratio of critical damping.

Ability to attach jets to the structure so the airbag, jets, and structure to move together. PVM 5.1 Madymo coupling is available. Meshes are generated within LS-DYNA3D for all standard contact entities.

Joint damping for translational motion. Angular displacements, rates of displacements, damping forces, etc. in JNTFORC file.

Link between LS-NIKE3D to LS-DYNA3D via *INITIAL_STRESS keywords. Trim curves for metal forming springback.

Sparse equation solver for springback. Improved mesh generation for IGES and VDA provides a mesh that can directly be used

to model tooling in metal stamping analyses.

Capabilities added in 1996-1997 in Version 940: Part/Material IDs may be specified with 8 digits. Rigid body motion can be prescribed in a local system fixed to the rigid body. Nonlinear least squares fit available for the Ogden rubber model. Lease squares fit to the relaxation curves for the viscoelasticity in rubber. Fu-Chang rate sensitive foam. 6 term Prony series expansion for rate effects in model 57-now 73 Viscoelastic material model 76 implemented for shell elements. Mechanical threshold stress (MTS) plasticity model for rate effects. Thermoelastic-plastic material model for Hughes-Liu beam element. Ramberg-Osgood soil model Invariant local coordinate systems for shell elements are optional. Second order accurate stress updates. Four noded, linear, tetrahedron element. Co-rotational solid element for foam that can invert without stability problems. Improved speed in rigid body to rigid body contacts. Improved searching for the a_3, a_5 and a10 contact types. Invariant results on shared memory parallel machines with the a_n contact types. Thickness offsets in type 8 and 9 tie break contact algorithms. Bucket sort frequency can be controlled by a load curve for airbag applications. In automatic contact each part ID in the definition may have unique:

-Static coefficient of friction-Dynamic coefficient of friction-Exponential decay coefficient-Viscous friction coefficient-Optional contact thickness-Optional thickness scale factor-Local penalty scale factor

Automatic beam-to-beam, shell edge-to-beam, shell edge-to-shell edge and single surfacecontact algorithm.

Release criteria may be a multiple of the shell thickness in types a_3, a_5, a10, 13, and26 contact.

Force transducers to obtain reaction forces in automatic contact definitions. Definedmanually via segments, or automatically via part IDs.

Searching depth can be defined as a function of time. Bucket sort frequency can be defined as a function of time. Interior contact for solid (foam) elements to prevent "negative volumes." Locking joint

INTRODUCTION


Temperature dependent heat capacity added to Wang-Nefske inflator models. Wang Hybrid inflator model [Wang, 1996] with jetting options and bag-to-bag venting. Aspiration included in Wangs hybrid model [Nusholtz, Wang, Wylie, 1996]. Extended Wangs hybrid inflator with a quadratic temperature variation for heat capacities

[Nusholtz, 1996]. Fabric porosity added as part of the airbag constitutive model . Blockage of vent holes and fabric in contact with structure or itself considered in venting

with leakage of gas. Option to delay airbag liner with using the reference geometry until the reference area is

reached. Birth time for the reference geometry. Multi-material Euler/ALE fluids,

-2nd order accurate formulations.-Automatic coupling to shell, brick, or beam elements-Coupling using LS-DYNA contact options.-Element with fluid + void and void material-Element with multi-materials and pressure equilibrium

Nodal inertia tensors. 2D plane stress, plane strain, rigid, and axisymmetric elements 2D plane strain shell element 2D axisymmetric shell element. Full contact support in 2D, tied, sliding only, penalty and constraint techniques. Most material types supported for 2D elements. Interactive remeshing and graphics options available for 2D. Subsystem definitions for energy and momentum output. Boundary element method for incompressible fluid dynamics and fluid-structure

interaction problems.

Capabilities added during 1997-1998 in Version 950: Adaptive refinement can be based on tooling curvature with FORMING contact. The display of drawbeads is now possible since the drawbead data is output into the

D3PLOT database. An adaptive box option, *DEFINE_BOX_ADAPTIVE, allows control over the

refinement level and location of elements to be adapted. A root identification file, ADAPT.RID, gives the parent element ID for adapted elements. Draw bead box option,*DEFINE_BOX_DRAWBEAD, simplifies drawbead input. The new control option, CONTROL_IMPLICIT, activates an implicit solution scheme. 2D Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian elements are available. 2D automatic contact is defined by listing part ID's. 2D r-adaptivity for plane strain and axisymmetric forging simulations is available. 2D automatic non-interactive rezoning as in LS-DYNA2D. 2D plane strain and axisymmetric element with 2x2 selective-reduced integration are

implemented. Implicit 2D solid and plane strain elements are available. Implicit 2D contact is available. The new keyword, *DELETE_CONTACT_2DAUTO, allows the deletion of 2D

automatic contact definitions. The keyword, *LOAD_BEAM is added for pressure boundary conditions on 2D

elements. A viscoplastic strain rate option is available for materials:

*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC*MAT_JOHNSON_COOK*MAT_POWER_LAW_PLASTICITY

INTRODUCTION


*MAT_STRAIN_RATE_DEPENDENT_PLASTICITY*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY*MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POWERLAW_PLASTICITY*MAT_ZERILLI-ARMSTRONG*MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE*MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION

Material model, *MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE, has a piecewise linear damagecurve given by a load curve ID.

The Arruda-Boyce hyper-viscoelastic rubber model is available, see *MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE.

Transverse-anisotropic-viscoelastic material for heart tissue, see *MAT_HEART_TISSUE.

Lung hyper-viscoelastic material, see *MAT_LUNG_TISSUE. Compression/tension plasticity model, see *MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_

TENSION. The Lund strain rate model, *MAT_STEINBERG_LUND, is added to Steinberg-Guinan

plasticity model. Rate sensitive foam model, *MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM, has been extended to include

engineering strain rates, etc. Model, *MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY, is added for

modeling the failure of aluminum. Material model, *MAT_SPECIAL_ ORTHOTROPIC, added for television shadow mask

problems. Erosion strain is implemented for material type, *MAT_BAMMAN_DAMAGE. The equation of state, *EOS_JWLB, is available for modeling the expansion of

explosive gases. The reference geometry option is extended for foam and rubber materials and can be used

for stress initialization, see *INITIAL_FOAM_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY. A vehicle positioning option is available for setting the initial orientation and velocities,

see *INITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS. A boundary element method is available for incompressible fluid dynamics problems. The thermal materials work with instantaneous coefficients of thermal expansion:

*MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_THERMAL*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_THERMAL*MAT_TEMPERATURE_DEPENDENT_ORTHOTROPIC*MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY.

Airbag interaction flow rate versus pressure differences. Contact segment search option, [bricks first optional] A through thickness Gauss integration rule with 1-10 points is available for shell

elements. Previously, 5 were available. Shell element formulations can be changed in a full deck restart. The tied interface which is based on constraint equations, TIED_SURFACE_TO_

SURFACE, can now fail if _FAILURE, is appended. A general failure criteria for solid elements is independent of the material type, see

*MAT_ADD_EROSION Load curve control can be based on thinning and a flow limit diagram, see *DEFINE_

CURVE_FEEDBACK. An option to filter the spotweld resultant forces prior to checking for failure has been

added the the option, *CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD, by appending, _FILTERED_FORCE, to the keyword.

Bulk viscosity is available for shell types 1, 2, 10, and 16. When defining the local coordinate system for the rigid body inertia tensor a local

coordinate system ID can be used. This simplifies dummy positioning.

INTRODUCTION


Prescribing displacements, velocities, and accelerations is now possible for rigid bodynodes.

One way flow is optional for segmented airbag interactions. Pressure time history input for airbag type, LINEAR_FLUID, can be used. An option is available to independently scale system damping by part ID in each of the

global directions. An option is available to independently scale global system damping in each of the global

directions. Added option to constrain global DOF along lines parallel with the global axes. The

keyword is *CONSTRAINED_GLOBAL. This option is useful for adaptive remeshing. Beam end code releases are available, see *ELEMENT_BEAM. An initial force can be directly defined for the cable material, *MAT_CABLE_

DISCRETE_BEAM. The specification of slack is not required if this option is used. Airbag pop pressure can be activated by accelerometers. Termination may now be controlled by contact, via *TERMINATION_CONTACT. Modified shell elements types 8, 10 and the warping stiffness option in the Belytschko-

Tsay shell to ensure orthogonality with rigid body motions in the event that the shell isbadly warped. This is optional in the Belytschko-Tsay shell and the type 10 shell.

A one point quadrature brick element with an exact hourglass stiffness matrix has beenimplemented for implicit and explicit calculations.

Automatic file length determination for D3PLOT binary database is now implemented.This insures that at least a single state is contained in each D3PLOT file and eliminates theproblem with the states being split between files.

The dump files, which can be very large, can be placed in another directory by specifyingd=/home/user /test/d3dump on the execution line.

A print flag controls the output of data into the MATSUM and RBDOUT files by partID's. The option, PRINT, has been added as an option to the *PART keyword.

Flag has been added to delete material data from the D3THDT file. See *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY and column 25 of the 19th control card in the structured input.

After dynamic relaxation completes, a file is written giving the displaced state which canbe used for stress initialization in later runs.

Capabilities added during 1998-2000 in Version 960. Most new capabilities work on both the MPPand SMP versions; however, the capabilities that are implemented for the SMP version only, whichwere not considered critical for this release, are flagged below. These SMP unique capabilities arebeing extended for MPP calculations and will be available in the near future. The implicit capabilitiesfor MPP require the development of a scalable eigenvalue solver, which is under development for alater release of LS-DYNA.

Incompressible flow solver is available. Structural coupling is not yet implemented. Adaptive mesh coarsening can be done before the implicit springback calculation in metal

forming applications. Two-dimensional adaptivity can be activated in both implicit and explicit calculations.

(SMP version only) An internally generated smooth load curve for metal forming tool motion can be activated

with the keyword: *DEFINE_CURVE_SMOOTH. Torsional forces can be carried through the deformable spot welds by using the contact

type: *CONTACT_SPOTWELD_WITH_TORSION (SMP version only with a highpriority for the MPP version if this option proves to be stable.)

Tie break automatic contact is now available via the *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_..._TIEBREAK options. This option can be used for glued panels. (SMP only)

*CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE option is now available for modeling road surfaces(SMP version only).

INTRODUCTION


Fixed rigid walls PLANAR and PLANAR_FINITE are represented in the binary outputfile by a single shell element.

Interference fits can be modeled with the INTERFERENCE option in contact. A layered shell theory is implemented for several constitutive models including the

composite models to more accurately represent the shear stiffness of laminated shells. Damage mechanics is available to smooth the post-failure reduction of the resultant forces

in the constitutive model *MAT_SPOTWELD_DAMAGE. Finite elastic strain isotropic plasticity model is available for solid elements. *MAT_

FINITE_ELASTIC_STRAIN_PLASTICITY. A shape memory alloy material is available: *MAT_SHAPE_MEMORY. Reference geometry for material, *MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB, can be set at

arbitrary relative volumes or when the time step size reaches a limiting value. This optionis now available for all element types including the fully integrated solid element.

Non orthogonal material axes are available in the airbag fab

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