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ALL a IN ONE LPIC-l/CompTIA t TM Lmux+ Certification EXAM GUIDE (Exams LPIC-1/LX0-101 & LXO-102) Robb H. Tracy TECHNISCHE INFORMATIONSBiBLIOTHEK UNIVER! iVJc Graw Hill BIBUOTHEK VER New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto McGraw-Hill is an independent entity from CompTIA® and the Linux Professional Institute (LPI®). This publication and CD may be used in assisting students to prepare for the CompTIA Linux+ exams or the LPIC-1 exam from LPI. Neither CompTIA, nor LPI, nor McGraw-Hill warrant that use of this publication and CD will ensure passing any exam. CompTIA and CompTIA Linux+ are trademarks or registered trademarks of CompTIA in the United States and/or other countries. LPI is a trademark or registered trademark of the Linux Professional Institute. All other trade¬ marks are trademarks of their respective owners.

LPIC-1/CompTIA Linux+ certification : exam guide … · LPIC-1/CompTIA Linux+ certification : exam guide (exams LPIC-1/LX0-101 & LX0-102) ; all-in-one ; [complete coverage of all

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Page 1: LPIC-1/CompTIA Linux+ certification : exam guide … · LPIC-1/CompTIA Linux+ certification : exam guide (exams LPIC-1/LX0-101 & LX0-102) ; all-in-one ; [complete coverage of all

ALL a IN ONE

LPIC-l/CompTIAt • TM

Lmux+

Certification

EXAM GUIDE

(Exams LPIC-1/LX0-101 & LXO-102)

Robb H. TracyTECHNISCHE

INFORMATIONSBiBLIOTHEK

UNIVER! iVJcGrawHill

BIBUOTHEK

VER

New York • Chicago • San Francisco • Lisbon

London • Madrid • Mexico City • Milan • New Delhi

SanJuan • Seoul • Singapore • Sydney • Toronto

McGraw-Hill is an independent entity from CompTIA® and the Linux Professional Institute (LPI®). This publicationand CD may be used in assisting students to prepare forthe CompTIA Linux+ exams or the LPIC-1 exam from LPI.

Neither CompTIA, nor LPI, nor McGraw-Hill warrant that use of this publication and CD will ensure passing anyexam. CompTIA and CompTIALinux+ are trademarks or registered trademarks of CompTIA in the United States

and/or other countries. LPI is a trademark or registered trademark of the Linux Professional Institute. All other trade¬marks are trademarks of their respective owners.

Page 2: LPIC-1/CompTIA Linux+ certification : exam guide … · LPIC-1/CompTIA Linux+ certification : exam guide (exams LPIC-1/LX0-101 & LX0-102) ; all-in-one ; [complete coverage of all

Acknowledgments xxvii

Introduction xxix

Chapter I Introduction to Linux I

The Role and Function of Linux 2

The Historical Development of Linux 4

Linux Distributions 6

Common Linux Roles 8

Linux as a Desktop 8

Linux as a Server 9

Linux as a Firewall 10

Chapter Review 11

Accelerated Review 11

Questions 12

Answers 15

Chapter 2 Working with the Linux Shell 17

How the Linux Shell Works 18

Linux Shells 19

Managing Shell Configuration Files 21

Using the Shell Prompt 24

Entering Commands at the Shell Prompt 24

Using Command History 28

Using Command Completion 30

Getting Help for Linux Commands 31

Using man Pages 33

Using info 39

Working with Environment Variables 42

What Are Environment Variables? 42

Managing Environment Variables 43

Creating a User-Defined Variable 49

Working with Aliases 50

Using Redirection and Piping 52

Standard bash File Descriptors 52

Redirecting Output and Input for Shell Commands 53

Piping Information 56

Chapter Review 58

Accelerated Review 60

Questions 62

Answers 69

XV

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IPIC-l/CompTIA Linux+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide__

.

xvi

Chapter 3 Using the vi Text Editor 71

The Role and Function of the vi Text Editor 72

Editing Text Files in vi 75

Opening Files in vi 76

vi Modes 77

Working in Insert Mode 79

Working in Command-Line Mode 79

Working in Command Mode 80

Chapter Review 83

Accelerated Review 85

Questions 86

Answers 89

Chapter 4 Managing Linux Files and Directories 91

Linux File Systems and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) . 92

The Role of the Linux File System 92

The Hierarchical Structure ofthe Linux File System 92

Types of Files Used by Linux 99

Finding Files in the Linux File System 101

Using find 101

Using locate 102

Using which 104

Using whereis 104

Using type 104

Managing Directories from the Command Line 106

Navigating the File System 106

Viewing Directory Contents 108

Creating New Directories Ill

Copying, Moving, and Deleting Directories Ill

Managing Files from the Command Line 112

Creating New Files 112

Viewing File Contents 113

Deleting Files 114

Copying and Moving Files 115

Determining the File Type 115

Working with Link Files 116

Finding Content Within Files 118

Chapter Review 121

Accelerated Review 122

Questions 124

Answers 126

Chapter 5 Installing Linux 127

Designing a Linux Installation 128

Conducting a Needs Assessment 130

Selecting a Distribution 133

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Contents

xvii

Verifying System Requirements and Hardware

Compatibility 135

Planning the File System 139

Selecting Software Packages 146

Specify User Accounts 147

Gathering Network Information 148

Selecting an Installation Source 149

Installing Linux 156

Configuring Locale Settings 163

Configuring Time Zone Settings 166

How Time Works on Linux 166

Configuring the Time Zone 168

Chapter Review 169

Accelerated Review 171

Questions 174

Answers 179

Chapter 6 Managing the Linux Boot Process 181

The Linux Boot Process 181

The BIOS Phase 183

The Bootloader Phase 184

The Kernel Phase 185

Configuring the Bootloader 187

Configuring LILO 188

Configuring GRUB 192

Managing Linux Runlevels 203

How Runlevels Work 203

Managing Runlevels and init Scripts 206

Shutting Down the System 217

Chapter Review 218

Accelerated Review 221

Questions 223

Answers 227

Chapter 7 Managing the Graphical Environment 229

How the X Environment Works 230

Configuring the X Environment 235

Configuring the X Server 235

Configuring an X Font Server 245

Configuring a Display Manager 248

Trying Out Desktop Environments 248

Configuring a Display Manager 249

Configuring Accessibility 253

Keyboard Accessibility 254

Mouse Accessibility 256

Screen Readers 257

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LPIC-1/CompTIA llnux+ Certification All-ln-One Exam Guide_

xviii

Screen Magnifiers 257

Braille Devices 260

High-Contrast, Large-Text Themes 261

Chapter Review 263

Accelerated Review 266

Questions 270

Answers 273

Chapter 8 Managing Linux Software 275

Managing Software with RPM 276

Installing Software with RPM 276

Managing Installed Software with RPM 288

Using yum to Install RPM Packages 295

Installing Software from Source Code 298

Preparing the Installation Files 299

Compiling the Executable 301

Installing the Executable 302

Uninstalling Software Compiled from Source Code 303

Managing Debian Software Packages 304

Debian Package Naming 305

Installing Packages with dpkg 305

Viewing Package Information with apt-cache 308

Installing Packages with apt-get 310

Using aptitude 312

Managing Shared Libraries 313

How Shared Libraries Work 314

Managing Shared Library Dependencies 315

Chapter Review 318

Accelerated Review 320

Questions 322

Answers 327

Chapter 9 Managing Linux Users and Groups 329

Understanding Linux Users and Groups 331

Linux User Accounts 332

Linux Groups 347

Chapter Review 350

Accelerated Review 352

Questions 353

Answers 355

Chapter 10 Managing Linux File Systems 357

Managing Disk Partitions 357

Using fdisk to Manage Disk Partitions 358

Building a File System with mkfs 363

Understanding LVM 367

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Contents

xix

Mounting a Partition with mount 368

Maintaining Linux File Systems 371

Mounting Removable Media 381

Working with Floppies 381

Working with Optical Devices 382

Working with USB and FireWire Devices 383

Backing Up Data 384

Selecting a Backup Medium 385

Selecting a Backup Strategy 386

Using Linux Backup Utilities 389

Chapter Review 394

Accelerated Review 396

Questions 398

Answers 401

Chapter I I Managing Ownership, Permissions, and Quotas 403

Managing Ownership 403

How Ownership Works 403

Managing Ownership from the Command Line 404

Managing File and Directory Permissions 407

How Permissions Work 407

Managing Permissions from the

Command Line with chmod 409

Working with Default Permissions 413

Working with Special Permissions 415

Implementing Disk Quotas 417

Chapter Review 422

Accelerated Review 424

Questions 425

Answers 427

Chapter 12 Managing Hardware Under Linux 429

Managing PC Hardware 429

Identifying Mass Storage Devices 430

Working with Removable Hardware Interfaces 441

Managing System Resources 444

Managing Integrated Devices 449

Managing Systems Without External Peripherals 451

Working with Linux Drivers 451

What Exactly Is a Driver Anyway? 452

How Drivers Are Implemented Under Linux 454

Managing Kernel Modules 455

Working with Hotplug and Coldplug Devices 462

Chapter Review 463

Accelerated Review 466

Questions 469

Answers 473

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LPIC-l/CompTIA Linux* Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

XX

Chapter 13 Managing Linux Processes 475

How Linux Handles Processes 475

What Exactly Is a Process? 476

The Heredity of Linux Processes 478

Managing Running Processes 482

Starting System Processes 482

Viewing Running Processes 484

Prioritizing Processes 489

Managing Foreground and Background Processes 491

Ending a Running Process 494

Keeping a Process Running After Logout 495

Scheduling Processes 498

Using the at Daemon 498

Using the cron Daemon 501

Chapter Review 506

Accelerated Review 509

Questions 512

Answers 515

Chapter 14 Writing Shell Scripts 517

Working with Shell Scripts 517

The Components of a Shell Script 517

How Shell Scripts Are Executed 518

Creating a Basic Script 520

Displaying Text on the Screen 520

Adding Commands to a Script 520

Reading Input from the User 521

Using Control Structures in Scripts 523

Using if/then Structures 523

Using case Structures 525

Using Looping Structures 527

Processing Text Streams 529

cut 530

expand and unexpand 530

fmt 531

join and paste 532

nl 533

od 533

pr 535

sed and awk 535

sort 539

split 539

tr 540

uniq 540

wc 541

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Contents

xxi

Using Command Substitution and Shell Functions 542

Using Command Substitution 542

Using Shell Functions 543

Chapter Review 544

Accelerated Review 548

Questions 549

Answers 553

Chapter 15 Managing Linux Network Settings 555

IP Networking Overview 556

What Is a Protocol? 557

How IP Addresses Work 561

How the Subnet Mask Works 564

Specifying the DNS Server and

Default Gateway Router Addresses 566

Configuring Network Addressing Parameters 568

Installing the Ethernet Board 569

Configuring IP Parameters 570

Configuring Routing Parameters 576

Configuring Name Resolver Settings 578

Troubleshooting Network Problems 581

Using a Standardized Troubleshooting Model 581

Using ping 583

Using netstat 585

Using traceroute 585

Using Name Resolution Tools 587

host 588

Chapter Review 589

Accelerated Review 592

Questions 594

Answers 598

Chapter 16 Managing Network Services on Linux 601

Configuring Printing with CUPS 602

How Linux Printing Works 602

Installing CUPS 604

Configuring CUPS 605

Using the Line Printer Daemon (lpd) 613

Troubleshooting Printing Issues 613

Maintaining System Time 616

Setting the Hardware Clock with hwclock 617

Synchronizing Time with netdate 618

Synchronizing Time with NTP 618

Managing an MTA 625

How E-Mail Works 625

Using MTA Management Commands on Linux 629

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LPIC-l/CompTIA Linux* Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

xxii

Managing SQL Data 632

How Databases Work 632

Installing MySQL 633

Managing Data in the SQL Server 635

Chapter Review 638

Accelerated Review 642

Questions 646

Answers 649

Chapter 17 Securing Linux 651

Secure the System 651

Securing the Physical Environment 651

Securing Access to the Operating System 653

Control User Access 655

To root Or Not to root? 655

Implementing a Strong Password Policy 659

Configuring User Limits 661

Disabling User Login 663

Auditing Files 665

Defending Against Network Attacks 668

Mitigating Network Vulnerabilities 668

Implementing a Firewall with iptables 672

Managing System Logs 679

Configuring Log Files 679

Using Log Files to Troubleshoot Problems 684

Using Log Files to Detect Intruders 686

Configuring xinetd and inetd 688

Configuring xinetd 689

Configuring inetd 692

Chapter Review 695

Accelerated Review 700

Questions 704

Answers 707

Chapter 18 Using Encryption 709

How Encryption Works 710

Symmetric Encryption 711

Asymmetric Encryption 712

Encrypting Remote Access with OpenSSH 715

How OpenSSH Works 715

Configuring OpenSSH 717

Tunneling Traffic Through SSH 721

Configuring SSH to Use Public Key Authentication 726

Encrypting Linux Files 730

How GPG Works 730

Using GPG to Encrypt Files 731

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XXIII

Chapter Review 737

Accelerated Review 742

Questions 745

Answers 748

AppendixA Exam Objective Reference 751

Exam LXO-101 751

Exam LXO-102 760

Appendix B About the CD 769

System Requirements 769

Accessing the MasterExam Practice

Exams in Linux 769

Installing and Running MasterExam 770

MasterExam 770

Video Training Clips 771

PDF Copy of the Book 771

Help 771

Removing Installation(s) 771

Technical Support 771

LearnKey Technical Support 771

Index 773